ib american studies notes

8/10/2019 IB American Studies Notes

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Unit 1: Colonization to Revolution

Joint Stock Companies - Businesses that were financed by multiple people investing in

people to go and settle in America.

Proprietary Colonies - Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of

ownership by the King.

Royal Colonies - Colonies owned by the British monarch, but ran by a governor

appointed by the King.

Charter Colonies - Colonies that were self-governed by the people where the King did

not have power.

Puritans - A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to

America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Pilgrims - The first Puritans to come and settle Plymouth.

Separatists - A tiny group of extreme puritans who vowed to break away from the

Church of England.

Congregationalists - The term that Puritans used to define themselves.

Quaker - A branch of Protestants that believed that in the eyes of God, all men and

women were equal and both could speak freely during religious meetings, a concept

rare and new for the time.

Deism - The belief that God created the universe, the stepped back to just chill and

watch. Denies supernatural revelation. Deists believed that humans need to create

technology, science and government based on reason.

Interaction with Natives (Virginia) - The colonists of Virginia traded with the native

Americans, but also killed them for land.


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Motivation (Virginia) - Many went to spread Christianity, some went to escape religious

persecution, start a new life, or for all the land.

Early Setbacks (Virginia) - The early settlers were dumb and forgot to bring farmanimals, didn't have enough food, and didn't want to work.

Nathaniel Bacon/Bacon's Rebellion - A rebellion led by Bacon who was pissed at the

government for trying to be nice and negotiate with the Indians for land. He wanted

more land, an Indian genocide and killed off some Indians then burned Jamestown. The

rebellion resulted in new lands opening up to the colonists and all the wealthy planters

became more cooperative.

John Smith - A colonist of Jamestown, who saved the colony during the harsh winter bybeing extremely strict and forcing all the colonists to work and farm.

John Rolfe - An English settler in Jamestown and the husband of Pocahontas. He

discovered how to successfully grow tobacco, which became a huge source of wealth

for the colonists.

Pocahontas - The daughter to Powhatan who helped develop Native American and

colonist relations, by marrying John Rolfe and creating peace between the two groups

for a time.

Powhatan - An Indian chief who led Powhatan's Confederacy, an alliance of Indian

tribes, and made peace with the colonists once his daughter, Pocahontas, married John

Rolfe.

Tobacco - Great source of wealth in the colonies and it sold excellently in Britain, despite

King James I's hatred of it.

Maryland Colony - A colony founded by Calvert, who intended it to be a catholic refuge.

Plymouth - A colony founded by separatists looking for religious freedom.

Mayflower - The boat that carried the settlers of Plymouth to the new world in 1620. On

board they signed the Mayflower Compact.


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Jamestown - Founded in 1607.

Massachusetts Bay Colony - A colony originally founded by the Massachusetts Bay

Company, which John Winthrop had a huge hand in forming.

John Winthrop - The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He wrote the City

upon a Hill speech.

City upon a Hill - John Winthrop wrote how their new settlement (Massachusetts Bay)

would serve as a "city upon a hill" and model to all others how a great city should be.

The Mayflower Compact - A "blank" contract signed by the all the men of the Mayflower

before they got off the boat, requiring them to follow all laws, whatever they may be.

Interaction with natives (New England) - The colonists believed that God was giving

them all this land and to "take what was theirs" so they killed natives and stole land

freely.

Squanto - A native american who taught the pilgrims from the Mayflower how to grow

maize and catch fish.

Pequot War - A war where a dumb colonist claimed a Pequot Indian murdered acolonist, so a militia went and burned their village and slaughtered them all, claiming

God guided these actions. Surviving Pequot attacked back and then colonists killed

more and sold the rest into slavery.

King Philip's War - New England missionaries began aggressively converting native

Americans, leading to huge tensions. King Philip's (an american name for an Indian

chief) tribe, Wampanoag, was rumored to be preparing for attack, so colonists murdered

a few of them, leading to a huge war between colonists and Indians. Colonists

eventually won and mounted King Philip's head on a spike for 20 years.

Roger Williams - Founder of Rhode Island who questioned the need for churches, as he

believed one's salvation was already predetermined. People didn't like his ideas so he

fled and founded Rhode Island as a safe haven from religious persecution.


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Anne Hutchinson - A puritan dissenter who didn't like the way the Puritan church was

running. She believed in the idea of predestination and was exiled and eventually killed

by Indians.

Thomas Hooker - Founded Connecticut.

History of Slavery - Slavery started from indentured servants, and briefly there was the

slavery of native americans. Then a Dutch ship brought the first African slaves over, and

slavery became more and more common.

Indentured Servants - Colonists who received free passage to America in exchange for

working without pay for usually 7 years.

Women in the colonies - They had very busy lives and ran the households.Unfortunately, they were not given much power at all and always remained under the

authority of their husbands. They could not vote, preach, hold property or make

contracts.

New England women vs. Virginia women - Both had basically no rights, but southern

women could own property if they were widows.

Triangle Trade - A phrase used to describe the trade route between England, Africa, and

America. England gave manufactured goods, America gave raw products, and Africagave slaves. The other triangle trade was between America, Africa, an West indies.

Mercantilism - An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth

and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than

they bought.

Salem Witch Trials - An odd event in 1692, in which several girls claimed to be

possessed and the people began to hang "witches". Interestingly, the hangings were not

by a mob, but the accused women would go through court processes to be proclaimed

as a witch. Often these accused women were simply women who did not fit to the roles

in which they were supposed to be confined.

The Enlightenment - A movement in which freedom of thought, freedom of expression,

and rationalism over religion become common.


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John Locke - A philosopher whose idea that people had the right to rebel against unfair

or unjust governments was strongly felt in America. He also said people had a natural

right to life, liberty and property.

Ben Franklin - An Enlightenment thinker who prized reason over religion. He helped

write the Albany Plan and was active in the revolutionary movement.

Thomas Jefferson - A quiet and well-liked Virginian who wrote the draft of the

Deceleration of Independence.

The Great Awakening - An event when a large number of the common people thought

they were becoming too far from God, so they become even more religious. It had an

emphasis on individual relationships with God and led to the creation of many colleges.

George Whitefield - The catalyst of the Great Awakening. He was a super enthusiastic

preacher who wanted to make sermons less boring and more appealing.

Jonathan Edwards - A very passionate Puritan, whose writings like "Sinners in the

Hands of an Angry God" helped inspire people to renew their Puritan faith.

The Impact of the Glorious Revolution - Most colonies became royal colonies and

resulted in the policy of salutary neglect. Also started the idea that you had the right torebel against crappy governments.

Salutary Neglect - An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies.

Contributed to American self-government

Navigation Acts - A series of acts that required all colonial exports to go through

England first, more taxes to be paid, and 3/4 of a ship's crew had to be British. Since

this was hard to enforce and the colonists obviously hated it, the British created the Lord

of Trade to monitor and enforce this.

Habit of Self-Government - Colonists were used to governing themselves, transforming

self-government from a habit to a perceived right

Spanish colonization - Sucked pretty badly because they were too focused on gold and


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spreading religion to pay any attention to creating a good economy.

French colonization - The French were very peaceful and cool with the Indians, settling

on unclaimed land and creating great relationships through fur trade industry and the

lack of French women, causing the men to need to get with the native american women.

French and Indian War - A long and tiring war that resulted in a British victory, with the

French being kicked out of America. War was instigated by George Washington, who at

the time fought for the British.

Tea Act - An act that made it so the East India Company didn't have to pay taxes to sell

tea to America, which the colonists (especially smugglers) didn't like.

The Stamp Act - An act that required just about every piece of paper to have a specialBritish stamp on it, to produce more revenue for the British.

Declaratory Act - An act that gave Parliament full power to make laws binding the

colonies "in all cases whatsoever". Passed at the same time the Stamp Act was

repealed.

The Sugar Act - Cut the duty on molasses in half, but also put in more taxes on wine,

coffee, indigo, etc. This was the first act to be designed for raising revenues instead of

regulating trade.

The Currency Act - Prohibited the colonies from printing money. This caused the value

of existing paper money to plummet.

The Quartering Act - Required the colonists to supply British troops with provisions and

housing.

Royal Proclamation of 1763 - Made it illegal for colonists to settle west of the

Appalachian Mountains.

King George III - The stubborn and young King of England during the American

Revolution.

Protests - Protests against the British were usually peaceful and increased as the


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number of taxes grew.

Boycotts - As a method of protesting against British taxes and acts, the colonists would

boycott British goods.

Propaganda - Thomas Paine's "Common Sense", Dickinson's "Letters from a Farmer in

Pennsylvania", and others were forms of colonist propaganda against the British.

John Dickinson - A moderate leader who wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"

to protest the Townshend Acts.

Sons of Liberty - An organization created by Sam Adams to protest the British's control

over the colonists.

Sam Adams - Revolutionist who organized the Sons of Liberty and many protests.

Boston Massacre - An incident where several rowdy men were taunting and throwing

icicles at British soldiers, resulting in the British firing into a crowd, killing 5 men, and

wounding another 8. The men who died here were seen as the first martyrs for the war.

Paxton Boys/Regulators - A few thousand angry men, wanted protection and justice for

the recent Indian attacks. So naturally, they went and found a peaceful native american

village and slaughtered them all. They then proceeded to march to Pennsylvania,threatening to burn it down, until Ben Franklin came out and convinced them to just talk

to the government about it.

Boston Tea Party - As an act of defiance against the Tea Act, several men boarded an

English ship dressed as Indians and threw a couple hundred crates into the harbor.

Coercive/Intolerable Acts - Acts that were imposed upon the colonists after the Boston

Tea Party, which really pissed them off. These included the quartering acts, closing

Boston port, creating a military government, and made it so British soldiers were no

longer tried on technicalities.

1st Continental Congress - 12 delegates came and met up in Philadelphia to discuss the

Intolerable Acts. They ended up deciding to boycott all British goods until the Intolerable

Acts were lifted.


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Lexington and Concord - British soldiers wanted to take the American militia supply

depot, so they began to march to Concord to seize it. Militia heard about it and came to

confront them. Someone shot a bullet and then everyone started firing, with the

colonists sending the British back through a road filled with colonist ambushes.

Militia/minuetemen - Relatively unorganized and violent group of men that was very

different from the army. The minutemen were a more organized militia before the war

had actually began and they were known to be "ready to fight in a minutes notice".

Bunker Hill - A very costly battle for both sides, that ultimately resulted in a British win.

The Americans had the advantage of being uphill, and having the British seriously

underestimate them. British were more cautious in late fights.

Howe British leadership - A British general that seized New York but failed to capture it.

He also missed several opportunities to quickly end the rebellion and resigned after

Saratoga.

Burgoyne British leadership - A relatively wealthy British general that was extravagantly

dressed, and a bit too cocky, shown by the fact that he had the supply wagon carry

around champagne. He was defeated when he pulled back to Saratoga, where he and

his troops were surrounded by Gates' men.

Cornwallis British leadership - The British general in charge of the troops in the south.

When he surrendered to Washington's troops in Yorktown the war was ended.

George Washington - Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. He had previously

started the French and Indian war and he was an excellent commander. He used a

strategy of continually wearing down the British (attrition) and with his leadership he

turned his initially sucky army into something strong and formidable.

Battle of Long Island - A British victory where Washington's troops faced an army too

large to fight and they suffered a humiliating defeat. The only reason they could retreat

was a very well timed storm.

Trenton - On Christmas night, 1776, Washington led 2,400 men across the Delaware

River to attack the drunken Hessians who were sleeping. The win was a great boost to


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American morale.

Loyalists - American colonist who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolutionary

War. They had it pretty rough and were treated poorly for their siding, often having

property seized or plundered.

Moderates - Colonists who took a more moderate approach to the conflict between

Americans and British. John Dickinson and Thomas Jefferson were both moderates.

Patriots - American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American

independence was won.

Saratoga - American forces led by Horatio Gates, surrounded British general Burgoyne

in Saratoga, forcing him and his men to surrender. It was also a turning point in the war,as Lord North then realized the war could not be won. However the king refused to let

him surrender/negotiate.

French Intervention - The French officially joined the war after Saratoga, and they took

the side of the Americans. French help was a crucial point in the American victory.

Paying for the war - The army often had to seize colonists' possessions and property to

pay for the war, which they all promised to pay back after the war.

Thomas Paine - Author of the widely successful pamphlet, "Common Sense", that was

super important in swaying the public opinion of favoring the war.

"Common Sense" - A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, in words the common man

could understand, to persuade the american population to support the war. It worked

and printed more than 150,000 copies and gave the army a much-needed morale boost.

War in the South - The British began to focus their attention in the south because they

believed a strong Loyalists presence here would help them fight. Unfortunately for them,

the loyalists force wasn't too strong and the British forces behaved so bad that the

Loyalists didn't even like them. The loyalists and patriots frequently clashed here as well.

Battle of Yorktown - The battle that ended the Revolution. Washington's troops along

with French troops surrounded the British led by Cornwallis. His surrender ended the


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Revolution.

After-War Negotiations - They were made awkward by the fact that America was sworn

to fight until France stopped, and France was sworn to keep fighting until Spain got

Gibraltar, which the British didn't want to give up.

Treaty of Paris - The Treaty that settled the agreements for peace after the

Revolutionary War. America was recognized by Britain as independent, and a boundary

line of the Mississippi river was used in the West.

Unit 2: Constitution to Early Government

Preamble - We the people of the United States in order to form a more perfect union,

establish *justice*, insure *domestic tranquility*, provide for the *common defense*,

promote the *general welfare* and secure the *blessing of liberty* to ourselves and our

posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the united states of America.

Habeas Corpus - Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment.

Impeachment - Accused by the House of Representatives, tried by the Senate.

Legislative branch can: - Impeach, raise taxes, borrow money, print money, grant and

regulate copyrights and patents, declare war, regulate commerce and habeas corpus.

Executive branch can: - Make treaties, veto, and is commander-in-chief of army in times

of war.

Full Faith and Credit Clause - States must recognize the laws of other states.

Supremacy Clause - Federal law trumps state law.

Necessary and Proper Clause - (Elastic Clause) Basically states Congress can pass all

laws necessary to carry out their constitutional duties.

Commerce Clause - Regulate interstate commerce.


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Amendment Process - Has to be proposed by 2/3 of both houses of Congress or 2/3 of

state legislatures, and then ratified by 3/4 of the states.

Judicial Review - Gives the Supreme Court the power to check if a law passed isconstitutional or not. Created by Marshall, and not actually anywhere in the constitution.

1st Amendment - Freedom of religion, press, speech, petition, and assembly.

2nd Amendment - Right to bear arms.

3rd Amendment - No quartering of soldiers.

4th Amendment - No unwarranted search or seizures.

5th Amendment - No double jeopardy. Can't testify against yourself (I plead the fif), and

can't be deprived of "life, liberty, or property without the due process of law".

6th Amendment - Right to a speedy and public trial, with an impartial jury, and you have

the right to an attorney.

7th Amendment - If you are in a civil lawsuit over something worth more than $20 you

have the right to a jury.

8th Amendment - No excessive bails and no cruel or unusual punishment.

9th Amendment - Just because we said you have these specific rights, that doesn't

mean that you don't have other rights that we couldn't think of right now.

10th Amendment - The powers not given to the Federal government belong to the

states.

13th Amendment - (1865) No more slavery! Yay!

14th Amendment - (1866) States cannot violate your federal rights, and if you're born in

the U.S., you're a citizen. Also, government has to treat all people equal regardless of

race through the equal protection clause, and through the due process clause,


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government cannot take your life, liberty, or property without due cause.

15th Amendment - (1870) The government cannot restrict your voting because of race

or previously being a slave.

16th Amendment - (1913) The federal government can tax your income.

17th Amendment - (1913) Senators now have to be elected by voters, as opposed to

being elected by state governors.

18th Amendment - (1919) Prohibition of Alcohol.

19th Amendment - (1920) Women get the right to vote! Yay!

21st Amendment - (1933) Repeal of the prohibition.

22nd Amendment - (1951) Limits the presidential term to two terms of 4 years each.

26th Amendment - (1917) The voting age is now 18.

Expressed/"enumerated" powers - Listed powers

Implied Powers - Powers that are not stated, but are "necessary and proper" to carry outthe mission of the constitution.

Inherent Powers - Powers that the government has because it is a government.

Federalism - A system in which power is divided between the national and state

governments.

Exclusive Powers (Federalism) - Powers only the federal government has.

Reserved Powers (Federalism) - Powers only the state governments hold.

Concurrent Powers (Federalism) - Powers that both federal and state governments

have.


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Alexander Hamilton - Hamilton was a politician who grew up with nothing and ended up

with being super successful, being the first secretary of treasury, establishing a national

bank, having the idea of national debt instead of state debt, and he was a strong

capitalist and federalist, advocating anything that helped the economy of America grow.

Thomas Jefferson - Third president of the United States who was originally very

republican, but when he became president he appealed to the federalists. He made the

Louisiana Purchase as well.

George Washington - The first president of the United States. He was super nervous

about his job and started the tradition of presidents having a cabinet formed of intelligent

people to advise him.

James Madison - "Father of the Constitution" He was a young and shy guy who was thecentral figure in the Constitutional Convention. He proposed the Virginia Plan as well.

Patrick Henry - The "give me liberty, or give me death!" guy. He also disproved of the

Constitutional Convention, and stated "I smell a rat".

Ben Franklin - A writer, scientist, diplomat, and a political philosopher. He was influential

in the American Revolution, Continental Congress and Declaration of independence.

John Adams - 2nd President of the United States who was a federalist, made the Alienand Sedition act, and prevented war with France after XYZ affair.

Aaron Burr - Vice president who was kinda crazy with his killing of Hamilton in a duel

and his conspiracy to make the newly acquired land of Louisiana his own country to be

headed by him.

John Marshall - A chief justice on the supreme court who held very federalist views and

introduced the idea of judicial review.

James Monroe - President known for the Monroe Doctrine (that he didn't write).

Annapolis Convention - A convention that was supposed to be just to talk about

interstate trade, but it was where Hamilton expressed he wanted a real convention in

Philadelphia to discuss the constitution.


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Constitutional Convection - The convention in Philadelphia where the constitution was

drafted.

New Jersey Plan - A plan to oppose the Virginia plan that wanted to keep theConfederation, just amend it.

Virginia Plan - Madison's proposals for the scrapping of the Confederation and making

the government have checks and balances with three branches.

Connecticut Compromise - Agreement during the Constitutional Convention that

Congress should be composed of a Senate, in which States would be represented

equally, and a House, in which representation would be based on a State's population.

3/5ths Compromise - Agreement during the Constitutional Convention that slaves would

could as 3/5ths of a person for taxes and state representation.

Checks and Balances - A system that allows each branch of government to limit the

powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power.

Federalists - Supporters of the constitution during the ratification process.

Anti-Federalists - People who didn't like the constitution and wanted to keep theConfederacy.

Republicans - Rivals of the Federalists who believed in a smaller government based on

state rights.

Whiskey Revolution - Taxes on whiskey made some farmers furious, so they refused to

pay and threatened to succeed form the union. So Washington sent out 15,000 militia

men to disperse of them without bloodshed.

Stance with France - Republicans wanted to support France in their war/revolution,

while federalists wanted to support the British. Washington deciding to stick with

neutrality.

Citizen Gent - A French diplomat sent to U.S., who ignored his orders and tried to


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recruit Americans for his side. Once power changed hands in France he couldn't go

back so he had to become a citizen of U.S.

Jay's Treaty - Treaty between U.S. and Britain that had Britain agree to give up it's

western lands.

Alien and Sedition Acts - Changed the minimum years of residency for citizenship from

5 years to 14 years and made it illegal to criticize this. People didn't like this at all, and

said it violated the First Amendment.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (nullification) - States declared that they could nullify

federal laws if they felt it was unconstitutional.

XYZ Affair - Instead of France sending the French ambassador, they sent three officers,who were then referred to as X Y and Z due to their unimportance. This pissed the

Americans off, especially when France said they'd only send the ambassador for

$250,000.

Haiti - Napoleon wanted to take Haiti, but he underestimated the awesomeness of

Toussaint Louverture.

Election of 1800 - A super tense period where Federalist vs Republican tensions got

kinda high.

Louisiana Purchase - The purchase of the entirety of the Louisiana territory, owned by

Spain. Jefferson got Napoleon to sell the U.S. this for only $15 million dollars, and its

purchase doubled the size of the United States.

Barbary Pirates - Jefferson originally refused to bribe them to not attack merchants, then

fought a small naval war with them and ending up paying the bribe anyways, just a little

cheaper.

Impressment - British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military

service, claiming they were runaway British sailors.

Embargo Act of 1807 - Prohibited any American ships from leaving port, in response to

war between France and Britain, with both sides taking American ships that traded with


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either of them.

War of 1812 - Madison declared war on British in officially in response to Britain

supporting and supplying Indians (Violating Treaty of Paris) and attacking U.S. ships.

However, the real motives for the war were likely for land and conquest. It was a"Western war with Eastern labels".

John Quincy Adams - Man who was really good at negotiating treaties, like the Treaty of

Ghent, and who also wrote the Monroe Doctrine.

Monroe Doctrine - Stated that American continents were not "subject for further

colonization" and that the U.S. would not "interfere in the internal concerns" of European

Nations.

Marbury v. Madison - Madison didn't deliver his paperwork to Marbury, who sued

claiming he needed it, but supreme court said no. This court case established the

judicial branch as equal with the legislative branch.

McCulloch v. Maryland - Maryland taxed the national bank, which was ruled

unconstitutional as states cannot tax federal institutions.

Gibbons v. Ogden - Ogden has new York boating monopoly, and Gibbons has federal

license. Establishes that federal government can determine how interstate commerceworks.

Dredd Scott - Scott was a slave, purchased in a slave state, then lived in a free state,

and claimed he was now a free man. Court said they couldn't help him as he isn't

technically a citizen.

Plessy - Plessy said racial segregation in railway cars in unconstitutional but the court

rules that it's fine as long as it's equal.

Brown v. Board of education - Brown family said segregated schools could never be

equal and court agreed and said separate but equal is now no longer constitutional.

Mapp v. Ohio - Mapp doesn't let police enter her house without a warrant, so they get a

fake one and arrest her for having a ton of porn. Results in the court stating that


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evidence obtained through illegal searches is void.

Tinker v. Des Moines - Two kids wore arm bands to protest African American

involvement in Vietnam war, school made them take it off. They claimed that was a

violation of the first amendment, and the court ruled that school cannot barconstitutional rights.

TLO v. New Jersey - Student is accused of smoking in a bathroom, so her purse is

searched, with weed being found. Student says that search wasn't warranted, but court

says schools have like a special pass for searches and they're a little more lenient.

Texas v. Johnson - Johnson burnt an America flag and was arrested for desecration of a

sacred object, leading him to plea that he was just expressing his first amendment

rights. Court says that it was expression of symbolic speech, so it's therefore okay, but itwas a close decision.

U.S. Military involvement 1800-1824 - Canada, Pennsylvania, North Africa, and

Ohio/Indiana territory.

Unit 4: Civil War

North/South Industry Statistic - North: 93% of total manufactures (97% firearm, 96%

railroad equipment)

South: 7% of total manufactures

North/South Population Statistic - North: 22 Million

South: 9 Million

North/South Railroad Statistic - North: 71%South: 29%

South Slave Population Statistic - Free people: 5 Million

Slaves: 4 Million

Ironclads (technology) - New technology where ships would be covered in pieces of


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iron, increasing their protection greatly. Both sides got this technology about the same

time, so it wasn't any major advantage.

Guns (technology) - Muskets were used in the beginning of the war, but they really

sucked, so the North switched over to making rifles, which also could fire Minie bulletswhich were better as well. The south couldn't manufacture them, so they had to import

rifles or just continue to use muskets.

Telegraph (technology) - A technology invented by Samuel Morse that was mainly held

in Union hands, as the South had a lack of materials. North used these lines for

communicating military information and had 90% of all the lines.

North Economic Policies/Success - Homestead Act: Gave 160 acres to settlers that

would work the land for 5 years.Internal Revenue Act: created the IRS

Morrill Land Grant Act: Gave federal aid to state colleges teaching agriculture and

mechanic arts.

Legal Tender Act: Authorized printing $450 million in "greenback" cash.

Selling bonds generated $2 billion.

South Economic Problems - Printed way too much money which caused inflation and

created a poorly enforced property tax.

Environmental Impact - Unsurprisingly, war isn't very good for the environment.

Jefferson Davis - The Confederate president who was known to be an extremely

stubborn man. He was originally popular due to his military success, but that plummeted

once people realized he could lead a nation about just as well as a squirrel could. He

was also a huge jerk and he tried to flee when he thought things were going bad, but he

was captured.

Abraham Lincoln - President of the United States. He was super tall, a great leader, and

nice to a fault. He often gave people too many chances, and his forgiveness over

McClellan's first screw up may have indirectly caused thousands of deaths. He had his

cabinet be a group of his rivals, so they weren't afraid to question him.

Copperheads - Pro-Confederate extremists that contributed to Lincoln suspending


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Habeas Corpus.

Republicans - ...

Democrats - Supported McClellan during the election of 1864.

Radical Republicans - ...

Suspension of Habeas Corpus - Lincoln said this was a time of internal rebellion so he

could suspend Habeas Corpus, and he did, and arrested thousands of Pro-Confederate

supporters, like the copperheads. He did all this to protect Maryland from seceding,

which would have trapped DC in the Confederacy.

Emancipation Proclamantion - Issued by Lincoln, this freed slaves in the North, gave ahuge boost for morale, gave a moral cause to their side, and forever ended any

prospects of diplomatic alliances of the south and Britain/France, as this made the war a

war against slavery.

13th Amendment - Ratified shortly after the Emancipation Proclamation, when 3/4 of

states approved it. Abolished slavery and freed slaves.

Election of 1864 - An election between Lincoln and McClellan, which initially looked grim

for Lincoln, until the great success of Sherman's seizure of Atlanta revived support forLincoln.

Ulysses S Grant - The main Union General after the battle of Chattanooga, where his

talents were recognized by Lincoln. His nickname was "The Butcher" for sending 2,000

soldiers to their deaths on a failed full-frontal assault on Lee's army.

Robert E. Lee - Main Confederate general, who was an absolute genius when it came to

war. Had an emotional time choosing which side to fight for, decided on Confederacy

when he decided to put his home (Virginia) before his country.

Ambrose Burnside - An unfortunately awful Union commander who also suffered from

being too cautious. He turned down leading twice before becoming a general, as he

himself didn't believe he was fit for the job, and that become apparent after he lost the

battle of Fredericksburg.


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George B. McClellan - A Union general (and later presidential nominee) whose

reluctance to attack became his downfall. He waited too long on too many occasions,

insulted Lincoln too much, and was promptly fired after the Battle of Antietam, never to

lead troops again in his life.

Stonewall Jackson - Confederate general who got his nickname at the First Battle of Bull

Run, where he stood his ground so well, he was named "Stonewall".

JEB Stuart - A Confederate cavalry leader who was blamed for the Confederate loss at

Gettysburg. He didn't listen to orders very well during Gettysburg and didn't give Lee

important information on the formation of Union troops.

William Tecumseh Sherman - An awesome Union General who saved Lincoln's politicalcareer, led the huge mission of total war to the sea. He really wanted the war to end, so

he tried his best to completely demolish southern morale.

JB Hood - A rash and violent Confederate General, who "didn't know the meaning of the

word surrender". He sent many of his soldiers to their deaths during the Battle of

Franklin.

William Quantrill - A prominent pro-Confederate leader who led a brutal guerrilla warfare

attack on Lawrence, Kansas, where they destroyed the town and killed 182 boys/men.

Battle of Sumter - The Battle that began the war, where Union troops at Fort Sumter

were forced to surrender after being shelled by Confederates.

1st Battle of Bull Run - A disaster of a battle, as booth sides tried to attack quickly, with

both of them aiming to march on each other's capitals. Ended with a demoralizing Union

retreat, Confederates not giving chase, and the end of romanticism towards the war.

Battle of Fredericksburg - A Confederate win, where General Lee kicked poor General

Burnside's ass. Burnside was too hesitant and Lee was too smart.

Battle of Antietam - A battle in which Lee tried to invade the North, but word about this

attack reached the Union, leading McClellan to come and repel the attack.

Unfortunately, he waited much too long and gave the south time to recuperate, making


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the battle the most bloody day in US history. Turning point in the war, as it revived

northern morale and led Lincoln to issue to Emancipation Proclamation.

Monitor vs. Merrimack - A naval battle between the Southern ironclad ship, the

Merrimack/Virginia and the Monitor, a Northern ironclad ship. Ended in a draw.

Anaconda - The Union's strategy to beat the South. It consisted of (1) Defense of DC

and constant pressure on Richmond (2) Navy blockade of Southern ports to screw up

their economy (3) Invade the south through rivers.

Siege of Vicksburg - A Union victory, led by Ulysses S Grant.

Battle of Shiloh - Costly battle where Grant's mistake of troop placement led to a horrible

slaughtering of his troops in their sleep, but they then took the offensive the next dayand drove back Confederate troops. Sucked for everyone though. Shiloh means "Place

of Peace" in Hebrew.

Battle of Gettysburg - A giant battle that eventually ended in a Union victory. The Union

general was George Meade and he may have possibly been able to end the war right

there if he had chased Lee down when he retreated. Lee made his biggest mistake at

this battle, where he sent General Rickett's entire division to their deaths.

Sherman's March to the Sea - Union General Sherman and his army marched their wayto the sea, going across Georgia. This march was designed to inspire terror into the

south, and show them that the war was not worth fighting anymore. Troops actually

behaved very well and didn't screw with civilians too much.

Appomattox Court House - The court house where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending

the war. They were both very respectful about it, Lee requesting that his troops be

allowed to keep their sidearms and horses, and Grant allowing them too. Troops from

either side saluted one another in silence.

Jawhawkers - A vigilante unit of the Union army that used terror tactics and guerrilla

warfare to attack Confederates. They also opposed William Quantrill. Name originated

during the Bloody Kansas conflict.

Bushwhackers - A Confederate solider in the American Civil War who employed the use


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of Guerrilla warfare. Name originated during the Bloody Kansas conflict.

Women - Many women helped the war cause by becoming nurses, taking jobs men

originally did before the war, and sewed uniforms. Some women even disguised

themselves as men so they could fight as well. Some important women were ClaraBarton and Dorthea Dix.

Slaves - During the Civil War, slaves would try to escape from the south and get to the

north to join the Union troops. With slaves escaping the south and the south's

dependency on slave labor, plantations started to decay.

Free African Americans - Many free African Americans joined the Civil War to fight for

the Union. 180,000 of Union troops ended up being African Americans.

54th Massachusetts Regiment - A troop of Union soldiers that was composed of African

Americans. People were initially skeptical of them, but after they did awesome at

assaulting Fort Wagner, African Americans were welcomed into the army with open

hands.

Confederate conspiracies and spies - Generally unsuccessful attempts by the south to

sabotage or spy on the north. Conspiracy to Burn New York was one of these. Initially a

plan to isolate New York from Union and disrupt election of 1864, but ended up just

being revenge. Accomplished nothing. Belle Boyd and rose O'Neal Greenhow weresome of the spies.

Union Spies - Timothy Webster, Harriet Tubman, and Elizabeth Van Lew.

Immigrants - ...

Religion - Both sides were very religious and believed that God supported their side and

would cite the Bible to support their cause. Religion also served as a massive morale

boost and influence to the soldiers.

Photography (Matthew Brady) - Matthew Brady's super graphic and real photos of the

Civil War showed the people back at home just how awful the war was, and helped end

the public perception of war being a romantic venture.


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Music. - Music was initially inspired by religious awakenings, and then it became a way

to boost morale and a sense of nationalism on booth sides of the war. Some songs were

even made to try and justify their cause (ex: The song "God will defend the Right").

Food/drink in the Civil War - The Union had a huge advantage over the south in thatthey had much more crops that was for eating, as opposed to the cash crops of the

south. Union also blocked the southern ports, so basically Union had tons of food and

coffee, while Confederacy had little.

Surgery - ...

Medicine - ...

Clara Barton - Civil war nurse who later went on to found Red Cross and furthered theroles of women in society greatly.

Dorothea Dix - Superintendent of army nurses.

Nathan Bedford Forrest - Helped create the KKK and the became the grand wizard (yes,

it's called that), or leader, of it and was a symbol of the racism towards African

Americans.

ib american studies notes

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