ib compsci hub - resource management · role of the operating system 6.1.5 explain the role of the...
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IBComputerScience
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ComputerScienceDepartment
Resource Management
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1:Systemdesign 2:ComputerOrganisation
3:Networks 4:Computationalthinking
5:Abstractdatastructures
6:Resourcemanagement
7:Control D:OOP
HL Topics 1-7, D1-4
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1:Systemdesign
2:ComputerOrganisation
3:Networks
4:Computationalthinking
5:Abstractdatastructures
6:Resourcemanagement
7:Control
D:OOP
HL only 6 OverviewSystemresources6.1.1Identifytheresourcesthatneedtobemanagedwithinacomputersystem
6.1.2Evaluatetheresourcesavailableinavarietyofcomputersystems
6.1.3Identifythelimitationsofarangeofresourcesinaspecifiedcomputersystem
6.1.4Describethepossibleproblemsresultingfromthelimitationsintheresourcesinacomputersystem
Roleoftheoperatingsystem
6.1.5Explaintheroleoftheoperatingsystemintermsofmanagingmemory,peripheralsandhardwareinterfaces
6.1.7OutlineOSresourcemanagementtechniques:scheduling,policies,multitasking,virtualmemory,paging,interrupt,polling
6.1.8Discusstheadvantagesofproducingadedicatedoperatingsystemforadevice
6.1.9Outlinehowanoperatingsystemhidesthecomplexityofthehardwarefromusersandapplications
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Topic 6.1.1Identifytheresources thatneedtobemanaged withinacomputersystem
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Important resources to manage• Primarymemory(RAM)• Secondarystorage(HDD/SSD/opticaldrives)• Processorspeed• Bandwidth• Screenresolution• Soundprocessor• Graphicsprocessor• Cache• Networkconnectivity
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It’s all about the moneyUltimately,mostcomputersarecommodities – itemstobesold.Ifprofit isafactor,sowillbereducingthecostsofmanufacturing.Togiveusersthebestpossibleexperience,itisessentialtotailoreachsystem’sconfigurationtoitsintendedpurpose.Eachcomponentinacomputeraffectsitsfunctioninaparticularway.
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Primary Memory (RAM)Whatitdoes:• Placewherealldata/programscurrentlybeing
processedarekeptCommoncapacities:• Gigabytes(GB):1/2/4/8/16Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• Iftoolittlephysicalmemoryexists,thesystemwill
needtousesecondarystorage,whichismuchslower,bymeansofvirtualmemory.
• Ifvirtualmemorycannotbecreatedorisinsufficient,theprogram/datasimplycannotbeloaded.
• Itinfluenceshowmanyprocessescanbedonesilmulataneously.
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Secondary Storage (HDD/SSD/Optical)
Whatitdoes:• Placeweredata/programcanbestoredif
poweredislost(RAMisvolatile).Commoncapacities:• Gigabytes(GB)/Terabyte(TB):
– HDD:500GB/1TB/2TB– SDD:256GB/512GB– Optical:CD650MB/DVD4.7GB
Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• Noplaceto‘save’work– sodatamightbelost• CanalsopreventtheOSfromusingstorageas
virtualmemoryifRAMfillsup• Limitshowmuchdatacanbekept
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Processor: SpeedWhatitdoes:• Processordoesallcalculationsina
computersystem.• Speedismeasurementofhowmany
calculationscanbedonepersecond(1Ghz=1billioncalculationspersecond)
Commonspeeds:• Gigahertz(GHz):1/1.2/2/2.4/3.2Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• Processorwilltakelongertoperform
tasks
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Processor: CoresWhatitdoes:• Eachprocessorhasatleast1ALUorcore.If
youhave2ALUsyoucandotwooperationsatonce,etc.
Commoncapacities:• 2core=dualcore,4=quad,8=octa,etc.Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• Ifyouhaveonlyonecore,youcanonly
performonesetofoperations/calculationsatatime.Ifyouhavetwoormoreyoucandomorecalculationinthesametimeframe.
• Itaffectshowmanytasksasystemcancopewithsimulataneously.
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Bandwidth (network transmissions)Whatitdoes:• Measurementofhowmuchdatacanbesent
atsametimeinacertaintimeframe(alsocalledbitrate)
Commoncapacities:• Measuredinbitspersecond(bps):
Broadband=16-100Mbps;LAN=upto1Gbps(note:1Gbps =1/8GBps)
Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• Limitingthebandwidthmeansdatawilltake
longertomovebetweentwopoints.• Itaffectshowlongittakesbeforedatacan
beprocessedinitsentirety.
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Low vs High bandwidth
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Screen resolutionWhatitis:• Measurementofnumberofpixelsinheightxwidthof
displayCommoncapacities:• 1024×768(XGA)• 1366×768(HD720p)• 1920x1080 (HD1080p)• 4096x2304(4K)Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• Ifresolutionistoolimited,thenumberofpixles thatcan
bedisplayedisless– displaymightbepixelated(blocky)• Lowerresolutions=smallerfilesizebutpoorerquality
imageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_resolutions
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Sound processorWhatitdoes:• Soundreproductionisdonebyaseparateprocessor,
freeinguptheCPUtodoothercalculations.• Canalsocontainabankof‘sampled’soundsto
reproducebetterqualitymusic/audioCommonlyseenin:• Hometheatresystems• CinemasEffectonsystemiftoolimited:• CPUistaxedwithhavingtoprocessessounds,slows
downsystemoverall.• Overallqualityisnotashighasinasystemwitha
dedicatedsoundprocessor.
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Graphics processor (GPU)Whatitdoes:• Doescomplexgraphic
processing(like3Drendering)Commonlyseenas:• Nvidia graphicscard• ATIgraphicscardEffectonsystemiftoolimited:• IfCPUhastodographics
processing,itwilltakelongerorbelimited.
Note:SoC vs ‘onboard’vs GPUvs Graphicscard
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Cache (physical cache)Whatitdoes:• Containstheinstruction/datatheCPUis
likelytorequestnextfromRAM– itmassivelyspeedsupprocessingastheCPUdoesnothaveto‘wait’forinstructionstoarrivefromRAM.
Commoncapacities:• Megabytes(MB):1to128Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• CPUwillhaveto‘wait’for
instructions/datatobefetchedfromRAM– slowingdownsystem.Userexperiences‘sluggish’system.
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Network connectivity (NIC/WNIC/Bluetooth)
Whatitis:• Eachnetworkcardconnectstoa
particulartypeofnetworkmedia(cable/wirelesssignal)
Commonlyfoundas:• NIC=LAN/ethernet cables• WNIC=WiFi signals• Bluetooth=Bluetoothsignals• 3Gradio=cellularsignalsEffectonsystemiflimited:• Limitedconnectiontypeslimitstheway
datacanbesentorreceivedinasystem.• Speedcanalsobeafactor.
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Connectivity (in general)