Iceland Capstone ProjectThe GREEN Program

Andrew BridgesMichael CheungDaniel LiuMelissa ManningRishi PatelPaige Persky

Overview

● Nuclear Desalination

● Multi Flash Desalination Process

● Turbine Control

● Location

● Economics

● Political and Socioeconomic Considerations

Nuclear reactor 1. Atoms split apart and release heat energy,

producing neutrons and splitting other atoms

in a carefully controlled nuclear reaction.

2. Control rods used to control reactions

3. Water is pumped through the reactor to

collect the heat energy produced.

4. Inside the heat exchanger, the water from

the reactor gives up its energy to cooler

water flowing in another closed loop,

turning it into steam. (Using two

unconnected loops of water)

5. The steam from the heat exchanger is piped

to a turbine.

6. The spinning turbine is connected to an

electricity generator. (7) The generator

produces electricity.

Desalination coupled with Steam Turbine

In thermal power plants, the efficiency of the heat generated is only 30%. This means there is a lot of wasted heat.

In order to conserve energy, the wasted heat can be used to serve in a desalination process.

Overview of process1. Water cycle still

goes through reactor

2. Multi flash desalination plant coupled with reactor process

3. Heat exchanger used with MFD to convert seawater into brine and freshwater

Flash Distillation

Steam TurbineTwo types: Condensing and back pressure

steam turbine.

First type allows change of flow and has two outlets. One for power generation, another to condenser.

Back pressure simpler, less expensive and has higher efficiency. Less control, but is not needed in this case, constant load because of desalination process.

Turbines in stages, high pressure to several lower pressure turbines for maximised efficiency.

Steam turbine operationsRotating nozzles where velocity triangles

become important.

Velocity triangles determines power output. Blade design very important for this task.

Diagram shows the process of the turbine from 1 to 2. One ideal, another actual process. Difference determined by efficiency, gained from testing.

Location

Choosing a Location● Population

● Infrastructure

● Water Scarcity

Demographics Population: 52.98 million (2013)

Population growth rate: 1.3% annual change (2013)

Unemployment rate: 25.2% (2013)

Life expectancy: 56.10 years (2012)

Fertility rate: 2.41 births per woman (2012)

GNI per capita: 12,240 PPP dollars (2013) Source: http://data.worldbank.org

Source: http://dotmap.adrianfrith.com/

InfrastructureSouth Africa has a world-class and modern

infrastructure potential

The government intended to build between six and eight nuclear power plants

The bid invitation specification and related evaluation criteria would be finalised by the end of July.

The first new nuclear power station would come on line in 2023.

The Nepad Agency has identified Africa's most important infrastructure needs within the context of the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (Pida).

There is a lack of bankable projects which have the capacity to invest.

www.geoatlas.comSource http://www.southafrica.info/

Water ScarcitySafe drinking water defined as: "water with microbial, chemical

and physical characteristics that meets WHO guidelines

or national standards on drinking water quality."

During drought areas such as: KwaZulu-Natal, the Free State,

Limpopo, North West and the Northern Cape experience

agricultural loses.

http://www.wri.org/

South Africa often suffers a drought during an El Nino event, which occurs every two to

seven years.

South Africa is by nature a water-constrained country. It is the 30th driest country in the

world with an annual rainfall that is only half the global average.

Water Research Commission estimates that 36.8% of the water available can be

classified as "non revenue water"

South African government in collaboration with the EU is Striving towards: increased

research and development, quality product procurement and installation,

sophisticated data collection and management systems, effective implementation

by water utilities, and improved service delivery.

Source: http://www.bdlive.co.za/

Economics: Background

Eskom- Supplies 96.7% of South Africa’s energy

- Operates over 28,000 miles of transmission lines across S.A.

● S.A. current nominal installed capacity- 44,175 MW (2009)

- Needs more than 40,000 MW more by 2025

Growth

Koeberg- Nominal Installed Capacity: 1,930 MW

2% of S.A. energy supply

Nuclear energy intended to fulfill 17% by 2030

Stable energy hub allows for industrialization.

Incurred Costs

Three components: Capital, Operational, External.

Capital - Site Preparation, construction, manufacture, commissioning and financing of plant.

Operating - fuel, operation/management, decommissioning funds, treating and disposing of used fuel and waste.

External - Carbon tax (0%), assumed to be zero.

Finance strategy

Cut out municipalities- sell straight to consumers

- Municipalities ran an annual surplus of approximately $520,000,000 (2009)

Seek funds from the government

- S.A. government allocates 1.5 billion to invest in green projects.

Water sales

Breakdown:

-90 cents per m^3

-Production capacity 60,000/Day = $54,000 day,

-Revenue: $19,710,000 annually

Wholesome economic growth

10% of revenue generated by bypassing municipalities into nuclear energy and sustainability education- pair with universities ($52,000,000)

10% into developing water and electrical transportation grids throughout S.A. ($52,000,000)

80% to financing the plants and investing in upcoming projects. ($312,000,000)

Payment detailsNuclear steam-powered plant

$1.036 billion- Overnight cost

$88 million recurring annually

Desalination plant

$88 million- Overnight Cost

$26 million recurring annually

Beginning at year six, plants are paid off and there is an annual surplus of 197 million by bypassing municipalities through electricity sales alone. 217 million when coupled with water sales.

Present Day South Africa

Current Energy Situation

South African Power Pool (SAPP)

Total installed generation capacity: 54.7 GWe; S. Africa produces 80% of this

Rely mostly on coal; 92.6% of 2012’s produced energy (only 5% from nuclear)

Investment in nuclear energy

Koeberg Nuclear Power Station (1800 MWe capacity)

Wish to install 9600 more MWe of capacity when financially able

Socio-Economics

Projected trends by 2020

21% Unemployment

566.03 Billion ZAR (42,170,055,027 USD) in government spending

Drought

Rainfall levels lower than average since 1960

Partnerships

With the South African government

Common vision: Department of Energy’s Integrated Electricity Resource Plan (IRP)

For 2010 - 2030

“The IRP outlines the country’s electricity demand, how this demand might be supplied, and what it is likely to cost. Its balanced scenario represents the best trade-off between least-investment cost, climate change mitigation, diversity of

supply, localization, and regional development.”

In Summary: More nuclear energy should be functioning by 2023, with around 9.6 additional MWe of nuclear capacity available by 2030; that’s 22% of South Africa’s total, new capacity.

Partnerships (con’t)

With Companies

ESKOM

Supplies 95% of South Africa’s electricity, 45% of Africa’s

Total capacity: 40.5 GWe; only 1.8 GWe is nuclear

Planned spending of around 385 Million ZAR (~28.5 Million USD) on new coal/gas plants

Want 40 more GWe of generation by 2025

“Half of which should be nuclear.”

Already have commercial arrangement in place to process nuclear waste

Future Prospects

Countries

Djibouti - Active US Military base

Morocco and Tunisia - Most stable nations in North Africa

Israel - Innovation inclined, questionable stability

Ashkelon desalination plant

Power Companies

16 other organizations of SAPP

Botswana Power Cooperation

Electricidade de Mozambique

MOTRACO

Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited

Lesotho Electricity Company

Etc.

Conclusion

● Nuclear Desalination

● Multi Flash Desalination Process

● Turbine Control

● Location

● Economics

● Political and Socioeconomic Considerations