icom lez 3 enzimi
TRANSCRIPT
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{
CATALISI ENZIMATICA
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REAZIONI CHIMICHE
A B
[B]Keq =
[A]
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SPONTANEITA’ DI REAZIONE
∆G = variazione di energia libera
= -RT ln Keq
= capacità di un sistema di compiere
lavoro utile
REAZIONI CHIMICHE
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∆G = - ESOERGONICA LA REAZIONE LIBERA ENERGIA
∆G = + ENDOERGONICA
LA REAZIONE HA BISOGNO DI
ENERGIA
∆G = 0 EQUILIBRIO
REAZIONI CHIMICHE
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A
B
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� VELOCITA’ di reazione
1. Aumentando la temperatura
2. Usando dei catalizzatori
REAZIONI CHIMICHE
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GLI ENZIMI SONO CATALIZZATORI
BIOLOGICI IN GRADO DI
AUMENTARE LA VELOCITA’
DI UNA REAZIONE SENZA ALTERARE
L’EQUILIBRIO DELLA STESSA
ENZIMI
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ENZIMI-CLASSIFICAZIONE
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ENZIMI
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EFFETTO DEL pH
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pH
Perché p……. perché H …………..
� Il termine p (operatore) simboleggia due operazioni matematiche da effettuare sulla concentrazione idrogenionica [H+]. Le due
operazioni sono: il logaritmo in base 10 della concentrazione molare espressa in
moli/litro e il cambio di segno del risultato (moltiplicazione per -1).
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EFFETTO TEMPERATURA
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∆∆∆∆G = -
ESOERGONICA
A + B
P + Q
REAZIONE NON CATALIZZATA
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REAZIONE CATALIZZATA
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REAZIONE CATALIZZATA
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TEORIA DELLA CHIAVE- SERRATURA
MECCANISMO DELLA CATALISI ENZIMATICA
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TEORIA “DELL’ADATTAMENTO INDOTTO”
P2
P1
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MECCANISMO DELLA CATALISI ENZIMATICA
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Modello catalisi enzimatica
MECCANISMO DELLA CATALISI ENZIMATICA
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� http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AeH7cUhNdU0&feature=related
� http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbIaK6PLrRM&feature=related
� http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4OPO6JQLOE
� http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbIaK6PLrRM&NR=1
Filmati
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K5
K6
CINETICA ENZIMATICA
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CINETICA ENZIMATICA
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�Vmax = velocità d’idrolisi massima alla
quale l’ enzima tende, a concentrazioni di substrato infinite
�Km = concentrazione di substrato alla
quale la reazione va metà della velocità massima
PARAMETRI CINETICI
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1. Un valore alto di Km indica una
bassa affinità per il substrato
2 . Un valore basso di Km indica un
alta affinità per il substrato
Km e affinita’
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1. IRREVERSIBILE
2. REVERSIBILE a. COMPETITIVA
b. NON COMPETITIVA
c. ACOMPETITIVA
INIBIZIONE ENZIMATICA
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COMPETITIVA
L’ INIBITORE COMPETE CON IL SUBSTRATO PER IL SITO CATALITICO
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NON COMPETITIVA
L’ INIBITORE NON COMPETE PER IL SITO CATALITICO E SI LEGA A UN SITO DIVERSO
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1. Costitutivi /Induttivi
2. pH
3. Associazione / Dissociazione
REGOLAZIONE ENZIMATICA
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�ESOCHINASI /GLUCOCHINASI
1. Costitutivi /Induttivi
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2. Effetto pH
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4. Inibizione da Prodotto
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5. Precursori Inattivi
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Precursori Inattivi
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Precursori Inattivi
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6.MODIFICAZIONE COVALENTE
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LOCALE/ CELLULARE
ORMONALE/SISTEMICA
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�ENZIMI FORMATI DA ALMENO 2 SUBUNITA’
�SITO CATALITICO
�SITO REGOLATORE
ENZIMI ALLOSTERICI
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Gli isoenzimi sono enzimi esistenti in forme molecolari diverse, catalizzanti
la stessa reazione
LATTICO DEIDROGENASI LDH
E’ un tetramero formato da una diversa composizione di 2 subunita’
H = heart M= muscle
ISOENZIMI
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LDH
4H
4M
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LDH
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La determinazione degli enzimi nel siero
viene utilizzata come importante ausilio
diagnostico.
Il livello di attività di numerosi enzimi
aumenta in differenti condizioni patologiche
Enzimi come Indicatori Diagnostici
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Epatitevirale
ALT e AST
transaminasi
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Infarto miocardico
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� GLICEMIA
GLUCOSIO OSSIDASI -GO-
GLUCOSIO +02 LAT. AC . GLUCONICO +
H202 + X-H 2 H20 + X COLORE
Enzimi come Indicatori Diagnostici
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� ALCOL
ALCOL DEIDROGENASI -ADH-
ADH
ETANOLO ALDEIDE ACETICA
NAD+ NADH
Enzimi come Indicatori Diagnostici