icrat, 2004, zilina, slovakia a framework for calculating the ecological footprint of air transport...

ICRAT, 2004, Zilina, Slovakia

A FRAMEWORK FOR CALCULATING THE

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF AIR

TRANSPORTHoward Cambridge,

Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York,

York, UK


Outline

• Context• Ecological Footprint• Footprinting Air Transport• Calculation Framework• Application Potential


Context

• Global Growth

• Demand Drivers

• Impacts

• Climate Change

• Resource Consumption and Waste

• Levels and ResponsibilityBoeing, 2002


Ecological Footprint• Wackernagel and Rees (1996)

• It is a tool to help measure and understand how much bio-productive capacity the earth has and how much of it we use.

• Activity Based

e.g. Tourism, Construction, Services,Transport

• Bio-Productive Land Cropland and Grazing, Forestry, Fisheries, Energy, Built LandPlus Land to Absorb Pollution


Ecological Footprint• 2 Different Methods

• Component vs Compound Approach

• Looks at Bio-productive Area requirements for different activities and sums them up.


Ecological Footprint

• Resource Consumption

e.g. Fossil Fuels

• Impact – Ecological Footprint

Global Hectares (gha) per year

• Waste

e.g. CO2 Emissions

•Whole Economic System



• Largest percentage of Global EF from burning of fossil fuels.

•Followed by utilization of cropland & pasture land.

Ecological Footprint of Nations, 2004. Redefining Progress



• Western Europe and North America highest EF per capita

•Regional Inequalities

•Fair-Earth Share

about 1.5 ghaEcological Footprint of Nations, 2004. Redefining Progress


Footprinting Air Transport• 3 Main Sectors

Component Airports Airlines Passengers

Transport

EnergyConstruction

FoodWaterWaste• 5 Main Components

• Data Gathering

• Spreadsheet

• Software

• Sources: Airlines, Airports, Passengers


Components - Transport

• Aircraft Type

Fuel Consumption

Distance

Engine Efficiency

• Passenger Mode

Distance

Car Type

Engine Efficiency

• Other Transport – Baggage Trucks

TRANSPORT (kms)

Types

Short Haul Long Haul Passenger travel to Airport

Passenger travel from Airport

Commuter Commercial (including freight)

Rental Engine CO2 Efficiency

Passengers/ Occupancy

Air Turboprop

Turbo Jet2 Engine

Turbo Jet 4 Engine.

Helicopter

Car Petrol

Diesel

Hybrid

Train HST

Local

Subsurface

Bus >20 pass. capacity

<20 pass. capacity

TramTaxi Petrol

Diesel

Vans / 4x4 vehicles

Rigid lorries

Artic. lorries

Specialist vehicles (powered) e.g. stairs

Trailed equipment (non-powered) e.g. baggage trucks

Other vehicles


Components - Water• Water required for

cleaning, hygiene

• Water use in Airport

• Water on-board aircraft

• Passenger consumption

• Leakage/Recycled

WATER Airline(litres)

Clean Water -Passenger

-Catering -Cleaning

-Flight Operations Sewerage treatment/disposal Recycled/Reused Leakage Bottled Water

Airport Passenger


Components - Energy• Air-side Operations

– Runway lights– Radar– Stands– Baggage Handling

• Land-side Operations– Check-in– Shopping– Walkways, escalators– Machinery– Entertainment– Service– Hotels

ENERGY Solar

(KWh or Direct Wind Biofuel Hydro PhotoVoltaicLitres) Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | AirlineSpace Heating

Water Heating

Catering

Lighting

Appliances/

Machines

ENERGY Diesel(KWh or Litres) Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline

Space Heating

Water Heating

Catering

Lighting

Appliances/

Machines

Gas Petrol CHP Oil

Electricity


Components - Waste

• Airport

• Aircraft

• Processing• Recycling• Incineration• Land-fill

• Passengers

WASTE Production Distance Recycled Incinerated Landfill(tonnes) (km) % % %

Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline

Paper

Cardboard

Plastic /

Polymers

Glass

Aluminum

Wood

Organic

Other non-ferrous metals

Electronic

Other ferrous / white goods

Chemical waste

Mineral waste

Other


Components - Food

• Airport

• Aircraft

• Production Location

• Organic

• Recycled

FOOD Import (Air)

Import (Surface)

Local Organic Recycled

% %(tonnes) Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline Airport | Airline

Milks & Creams

Cheese

Meat

Fish

Eggs

Fats & Oils

Sugar

Vegetables

Fruit

Bread

Cereals

Beverages

Alcoholic Drinks

Soft Drinks

Sweets


• Runways, Offices

Hangars, Terminals

Transport links

Components - Construction

• Type of Material

• Source of Material

• Size of Building

CONSTRUCTION/ MATERIALS

Aircraft Operating

Hotels

Areas(tonnes)

Concrete (mass/slab)

Spoil/fill

Sand

Hardcore

Mortar

Blocks (light)

Bricks

Mineral wool insulation

Polyurethene ins. (HCFC)

Hard floor covering

Soft floor covering

Steel

Aluminum

Windows/doors uPVC

Windows/doors timber

Plasterboard

Plaster

Paint

Glass

Timber

Reinforced. beams/lintels

RunwayTerminal Building

Car Parks Airport Builidings

Aircraft Servicing

Freight Terminal


Calculation

• Fuel use multiplied by energy conversion factors (co2 equivalents)

Higher global warming potential of aviation emissions.

• Calculate Total (km/tonnes) for each component (i)

Transport, Water, Waste, Food, Construction

D= Direct Bio-productive land useN= Indirect (fossil fuel) land usei = component

Fuel Type kg CO2 per kWh

Electricity 0.44

Gas 0.19Coal 0.3Oil 0.25Petrol 0.24Renewable Energy 0


Calculation• Assign to Bio-Productive Area

e.g. how much cropland required to supply tonnage of food.

• Multiply each area by equivalence factors-in order to make comparisons between areas of different productivity i.e. comparing crop land to forest areas are 'normalized' by multiplying them by equivalence factors relating to their bio-productivity.

Arable Pasture Built Land Forest Fisheries Energy/Fossil2.11 0.47 2.11 1.35 0.35 1.35

Arable Pasture Built Land Forest Fisheries Energy/Fossil


Calculation

Global Hectares /Year

• EF Expressed as:

Global Hectares /Passenger /Year

• EF for each Component EFcomp= (EFarable+ EFpasture+ EFbuilt+ EFforests+ EFfisheries+ EFfossil/energy)comp

• Total EF=Sum all Bio-Productive AreasEFtotal = EFarable+ EFpasture+ EFbuilt+ EFforests+ EFfisheries+ EFfossil/energy


Application• Set Policies which reduce fuel

consumption

- improve airline profit margins- environmental benefits- reach emission reduction targets

• Assessment tool for future airport expansion

- assess total impact- model different scenarios- communication tool


Application• Waste Reduction Strategies• Weight Reduction• Freight Logistics• Fleet Adjustments• Passenger Modal Substitution• Renewable energy supply e.g APU• Electric/Hybrid vehicles• Air Traffic Management• Congestion


Conclusion• Air transport comprises many

different activities carried out by different industries and consumers.

• Air travel is forecast to increase annually for the next 50 years.

• This means increasing resource consumption and more waste produced. This includes greenhouse gas emissions a significant factor in climate change. • Therefore, concerns about environmental issues and sustainable development need to be assessed and addressed.


Conclusion• The EF provides a method for the

total impact of air transport to be assessed.

• This type of assessment takes into account all activities not just the flight segment.

• The EF can be used as a communication and aware -ness tool to inform passengers about the impact they make. It can leads to shifts to public transport for airport access.

• The EF can be used by airports and airlines to identify operations where energy efficiency measures can be made and where resource consumption can be reduced.


Methodology Improvement

PhD Research Topic

www.globalfootprintnetwork.org

Future


THANK YOU!!

icrat, 2004, zilina, slovakia a framework for calculating the ecological footprint of air transport...

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