HISTORY 336

Ideas and Society in Early Modern Europe:

The Debate about Gender and Identity

Course Requirements Reading Value of attendance

and participation Bring assigned

readings to every class. Tests Written assignments:

essays, annotated bibliography

Consult the syllabus regularly and follow all instructions carefully.

Learning objectives and course assessment

Sophie Scholl, 1921-1943

Resources for Course Home page

slides for lectures and tutorials Website for Women and Gender in Early

Modern Europe: www.cambridge.org/womenandgender

SFU Library Catalogue Databases: Historical Abstracts, ITER, ATLA, JSTOR,

etc. Other Voice in Early Modern Europe [University of

Chicago Press] Other Voice in Early Modern Europe [Toronto series] Librarians

Monday, 14 January

At 9:30, Rebecca Dowson, the History liaison librarian, will give us a 30-minute presentation on how to use e-books at the SFU library. Bring your laptop / iPad / iPod or any other relevant device. You will probably find e-books very useful in History 336.

History 336:Ideas and Society in Early Modern

Europe:The Debate about Gender and Identity

Titian, Sacred and Profane Love (1514)

What are the origins of the painting? for the marriage of Nicolò Aurelio (of Venice’s

Council of Ten) and Laura Bagarotto Why did I choose the painting as an

emblem for the course? basic description enigmatic interpretation (title from

eighteenth century) role of gender

Sandro Botticelli, Birth of Venus (ca. 1486)

Introduction1. How can we explain the rise of women’s

history?2. How does an analysis of gender enrich

historical research?3. What does “early modern Europe” mean?4. Why is the early modern European period

relevant for women’s and gender history?5. What general conclusions can we draw

from research into early modern women?6. What informs the structure of Wiesner-

Hanks’ book?

How can we explain the rise of women’s history?

increasing interest in social history

feminist movements of the 1960s

critique of women’s history (1960s, 1970s)

university courses in women’s history SFU was the first university

in Canada to establish a Women’s Studies program (1975) thanks in part to Maggie Bentson

How does an analysis of gender enrich historical research?

distinction between sex and gender: biology vs. cultural construction

Joan Scott: “gender is a primary way of signifying relationships of power” (p. 3).

Does it make sense to make the distinction?

Queer Theory (1990s) challenges the distinction: sexual attitudes / practices / identities are in flux, not fixed or natural.

dilemma for people who suffer discrimination by virtue of how they identify themselves

How does an analysis of gender enrich historical research?

Is the distinction between male / female gender too simple?

history of sexuality gay liberation movement, 1970s

transsexuality / transgenderedness “At what point in this process does a

‘man’ become a ‘woman,’ or vice versa?” (p. 4)

How does an analysis of gender enrich historical research?

linguistic / cultural turn (1980s): historical objective reality is impossible; find discourses in texts

Does it make sense to refer to women (or men) as objective realities if gender is performative?

dilemma: for women’s history and justice

What does early modern Europe mean?

a revision to threefold schema: ancient, medieval, modern

no exact temporal parameters, but 1500-1789

discontinuities and continuities geographical indeterminacy of Europe

What does early modern Europe mean?

idea of Europe importance of

identity gendered origins:

myth (rape or abduction by Zeus) or legend (marriage to king of Crete)

The myth of Europa

A fresco at Pompeii (before 79)

Titian, The Rape of Europa (1562)

Rembrandt, The Abduction of Europa (1632)

Why is the early modern European period relevant to women’s and gender history?

querelle des femmes: protracted and complex debate about gender and identity

explosion of research “women worthies” (p.

11) all women Natalie Zemon Davis

(1928— Merry Wiesner-Hanks

(PhD, 1979)

What general conclusions can we draw from research into early modern

women?

1. “The historical experience of early modern women was much less uniform than we thought it was several decades ago” (p. 12)

2. “The role of gender in determining the historical experiences of men and women varied over time and from group to group” (p. 12)

3. “Every question that has been asked and is being asked about the female experience must also be asked about the male” (p. 13).

What informs the structure of Wiesner-Hanks’s book?

Ideas Part 1: Body Part 2: Mind Part 3: Spirit Gender and power/ gender and

colonialsm

Ideas and Laws1. In what primary sources can we find early modern

ideas about women?2. What was the legacy to early modern Europe of the

notions about women from Greek philosophy, Judaism, and Christianity?

3. What problem was at issue, and what were the conflicting positions in the debate about women from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries?

4. In the Reformation era, what were the contours of Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish discourses about women?

5. Why did the Scientific Revolution do little "to challenge existing ideas of the inferiority of women" (38)?

6. In what ways did laws affect women? What principles informed these laws?

In what primary sources can we find early modern ideas about women?

religious literature, sermons marriage manuals household guides pamphlets and books on the querelle des

femmes philosophical treatises plays poetry scientific treatises law codes, court records woodcuts / engravings

Abraham Bach, Recipe for Marital Bliss (ca. 1680)

In what primary sources can we find early modern ideas about women?

opinions “regarded as religious truth or scientific fact” (p. 18)

authors: mostly men Men “were much less willing to generalize

about their own sex than about the opposite one, but underlying all their ideas about women, and the laws that resulted from those ideas, were concepts about their own nature as men” (pp. 48-49).

What was the legacy to early modern Europe of the ideas about women in

Greek philosophy, Judaism, and Christianity?

inferiority Aristotle (384-322 BCE): women as

“imperfect men” (p. 22), “misbegotten males” (p. 38) deformities

man’s best friend was a man Jewish traditions: wife, mother, impurity creation of man and woman New Testament: ambivalence: Jesus in

Gospels; epistles ancient Christianity: emphasis on virginity

What was the legacy to early modern Europe of the ideas about women in

Greek philosophy, Judaism, and Christianity?

medieval philosophy / theology (scholasticism)

Blessed Virgin Mary Eva vs. Ave “unattainable ideal”

medieval courtly love “more positive view

of women” but “passivity” (p. 23)

What problem was at issue, and what were the conflicting positions in the debate about women from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries?

relationship with men: inferiority or equality

“a literary game”? (p. 26)

Giovanni Boccacio (1313-1375) De mulieribus claris

(Famous Women) Christine de Pizan

(1364- ca. 1430) City of Ladies (1405)

What problem was at issue, and what were the conflicting positions in the debate about women from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries?

Renaissance humanists: education but not equality Erasmus of Rotterdam

(d. 1536) Juan Luis Vives (d.

1540) Heinrich Cornelius

Agrippa of Nettesheim (d. 1535), The Nobility and Excellence of the Female Sex (1529)

What problem was at issue, and what were the conflicting positions in the debate about women from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries?

Some female contributors: superiority or equality Lucrezia Marinella (d.

1653), The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men (1600)

Marie Le Jars de Gournay (d. 1645), The Equality of Men and Women (1622)

What problem was at issue, and what were the conflicting positions in the debate about women from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries?

Some male contributions defence and misogyny catalogues of female worthies, female vices Edward Gosynhill, The Schoolhouse of Women

(1541), The Praise of All Women (1542) Controversy:

Joseph Swetnam, The Arraignment of Lewd, Idle, Froward and Unconstant Women (1615)

Rachel Speght, A Muzzle for Melastomus (1617)

What problem was at issue, and what were the conflicting positions in the debate about women from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries?

Views from the eighteenth-century Enlightenment “unequal and limited education” (p. 41) and

women’s limited contributions to science and philosophy

Marquis de Condorcet (d. 1794) favours equality

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (d. 1778) maintains the radically different natures of men and women

In the Reformation era, what where the contours of Protestant, Catholic, and

Jewish discourses about women?

Protestantism: spiritual equality, value of marriage, call to marriage and motherhood, obedience to husband

“It is important to recognize, then, that the Protestant elevation of marriage is not the same as and may, in fact, directly contradict an elevation of women as women” (p. 33).

In the Reformation era, what where the contours of Protestant, Catholic, and

Jewish discourses about women?

Catholicism: superiority of celibacy / chastity, a slight advantage over Protestantism?, women as allies in the quest for conversions to Catholicism

Judaism: importance of marriage, superiority of husband

Why did the Scientific Revolution do little “to challenge existing ideas of the

inferiority of women” (p. 38)?

debates about physiology Aristotelians vs. Galenists: a woman’s

contribution to conception Aristotelians vs. Galenists: physical

imperfection vs. perfection in sexual difference embryology: spermatic vs. ovist positions four humours: blood (hot), phlegm (cold), black

bile (wet), yellow bile (dry). Women were more cold and wet than men

Power of uterus: hysteria entrenchment of inequality

Why did the Scientific Revolution do little “to challenge existing ideas of the

inferiority of women” (p. 38)? “Linda Shiebinger has pointed out that

the acceptance of Galenic ideas of the complementarity of the two sexes, far from leading to greater egalitarianism, led instead by the end of the eighteenth century to the idea that gender differences pervaded every aspect of human experience, biological, intellectual, and moral” (pp. 38-39).

In what ways did laws affect women? What principles informed these laws?

“Laws thus reflect male notions and worries more than real female actions” (p. 43).

marriage and legal inferiority Implication: women cannot function as legally

responsible persons. spread of Roman law

absolute control of father honour = “a sexual matter” (p. 48)

Men had to help women defend their honour.