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European Union Water Initiative Plus for
Eastern Partnership Countries (EUWI+): Results 2 and 3
ENI/2016/372-403
Identification and Delineation of Groundwater
Bodies in the Dnipro River Basin, Ukraine
Final Report
Kyiv, Ukraine
February, 2019
Responsible EU member state consortium project leader
Michael Sutter (Umweltbundesamt)
EUWI+ country representative in Ukraine
Oksana Konovalenko
Responsible international thematic lead expert
Andreas Scheidleder (Umweltbundesamt)
Responsible Ukrainian thematic lead expert
Nataliia Zaritovska (Public Service of Geology and Subsoil of Ukraine)
Authors
Iryna Sanina (Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute)
Natalia Lyuta (Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute)
Sergii Goshovsky (Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute)
Disclaimer:
The EU-funded program European Union Water Initiative Plus for Eastern Partnership Countries (EUWI+ 4
EaP) is implemented by the UNECE, OECD, responsible for the implementation of Result 1 and an EU mem-
ber state consortium of Austria, managed by the lead coordinator Umweltbundesamt, and of France, man-
aged by the International Office for Water, responsible for the implementation of Result 2 and 3.
This document, the “Final Report on the identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in the Dnipro
River Basin, Ukraine”, was produced by the Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute with the financial
assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official
opinion of the European Union or the Governments of the Eastern Partnership Countries.
This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of, or sovereignty over, any
territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries, and to the name of any territory, city or area.
Imprint
Editor:
Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute
Avtozavodska str. 78a
04114 Kyiv, UKRAINE
February 2019
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CONTENTS
1 Executive summary ............................................................................................................................ 9
2 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 10
3 Metodology ....................................................................................................................................... 11
4 Summary discription of the Dnipro basin district .............................................................................. 13
5 Characterization of groundwater bodies .......................................................................................... 18
5.1 Groups of unconfined Quaternary GWBs ................................................................................. 21
5.2 Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs ..................................................................................... 22
5.3 Importance of GWBs and groups of GWBs for uses and ecosystems ..................................... 23
5.4 Significant human pressures and associated chemical pollutions ........................................... 25
5.4.1 Pressure on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs ................................................. 26
5.4.2 Pressure on confined GWB and groups of GWB ........................................................... 28
5.5 Characterisation of Groups of GWBs ....................................................................................... 33
5.5.1 Group of GWBs in bog quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0001 ................................ 33
5.5.2 Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0002 .......................... 36
5.5.3 Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0003 ................. 39
5.5.4 Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments –
UAM5.1GW0004 ............................................................................................................ 42
5.5.5 Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0005 .............. 45
5.5.6 Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0006 ............... 48
5.5.7 Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0007 ............... 51
5.5.8 GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0008 ........................................ 54
5.5.9 Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments –
UAM5.1GW0009 ............................................................................................................ 56
5.5.10 GWB in terrigenous– calcareous Sarmatian sediments – UAM5.1GW0010 ................. 59
5.5.11 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0011 ..................... 61
5.5.12 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0012 ......................... 64
5.5.13 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments – UAM5.1GW0013 .................... 68
5.5.14 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) –
UAM5.1GW0014 ............................................................................................................ 71
5.5.15 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the Middle
Dnipro and Desna) – UAM5.1GW0015 .......................................................................... 74
5.5.16 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro)
– UAM5.1GW0016 ......................................................................................................... 77
5.5.17 GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments – UAM5.1GW0017 ......................... 80
5.5.18 GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments – UAM5.1GW0018 .................................. 82
5.5.19 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments – UAM5.1GW0019 .......... 84
5.5.20 GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0020 .................. 87
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5.5.21 Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0021 ........ 89
5.5.22 GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0022 ............................... 92
5.5.23 GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0022 ............................... 94
5.5.24 GWB in terrigenous- calcareous Carboniferous sediments – UAM5.1GW0024 ............ 96
5.5.25 GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks – UAM5.1GW0025 ............................ 99
5.5.26 Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks –
UAM5.1GW0026 .......................................................................................................... 101
6 Brief description of the current groundwater monitoring net and proposals for its restoration ...... 104
7 Summary of open issues ................................................................................................................ 105
8 References ..................................................................................................................................... 106
9 Annexes .......................................................................................................................................... 107
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List of Tables
Table 1: Summary information on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs ...................................... 18
Table 2: Summary information on confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs ............................................ 19
Table 3: Summary data on pressure on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs ............................. 27
Table 4: Summary data on pressure on confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs .................................. 29
Table 5: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments ............................................ 34
Table 6: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments ....................................... 37
Table 7: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments .............................. 40
Table 8: Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments .......................... 43
Table 9: Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments....................................................... 46
Table 10: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments ........................... 49
Table 11: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments ........................... 52
Table 12: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments ................................................... 55
Table 13: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments ................ 57
Table 14: WB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments ............................................................ 60
Table 15: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments ................................ 62
Table 16: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments .................................... 66
Table 17: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments .......................................................... 69
Table 18: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the
Prypyat) .......................................................................................................................................... 72
Table 19: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the
Middle Dnipro and Desna) ............................................................................................................. 75
Table 20: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the
Lower Dnipro) ................................................................................................................................ 78
Table 21: GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments ............................................................... 81
Table 22: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments ............................................. 83
Table 23: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments ..................... 85
Table 24: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments ............................. 88
Table 25: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments .................... 90
Table 26: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments .......................................... 93
Table 27: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments .......................................... 95
Table 28: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments ........................ 97
Table 29: Characteristic of GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks ..................................... 100
Table 30: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline
rocks ............................................................................................................................................ 103
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Geological map of the Dnipro basin ....................................................................................... 14
Figure 2: Hydrogeological regions ......................................................................................................... 15
Figure 3: Map of Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs .................................................................. 21
Figure 4: Map of Confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs ...................................................................... 22
Figure 5: Map of Human pressure ......................................................................................................... 25
Figure 6: Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments ...................................................................... 33
Figure 7: Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments ................................................................. 36
Figure 8: Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments ........................................................ 39
Figure 9: Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments ......................... 42
Figure 10: Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments ................................................... 45
Figure 11: Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments ..................................................... 48
Figure 12 Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments ...................................................... 51
Figure 13: GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments ............................................................................. 54
Figure 14: Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments .......................................... 56
Figure 15: GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments ........................................................ 59
Figure 16: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments .......................................................... 61
Figure 17: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments .............................................................. 64
Figure 18: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments ......................................................... 68
Figure 19: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) .................... 71
Figure 20: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro
and Desna) .......................................................................................................................... 74
Figure 21: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) ........... 77
Figure 22: GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments .............................................................. 80
Figure 23: GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments ....................................................................... 82
Figure 24: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments ............................................... 84
Figure 25: GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments ....................................................... 87
Figure 26: Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments .............................................. 89
Figure 27: GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments .................................................................... 92
Figure 28: GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments .................................................................... 94
Figure 29: GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments .................................................. 96
Figure 30: GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks ................................................................. 99
Figure 31: Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks ......................... 101
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Abbreviations
AB ......................... Artesian Basin
Ca ......................... Calcium
Cf .......................... filtration coefficient, m/day
Cl .......................... Chloride
CTE ....................... Central Thematic Expedition
DDD ...................... Dniprovsko-Donetska Depression
EaP ....................... Eastern Partnership
EC ......................... European Commission
EEP ....................... Eastern European Platform
EU ......................... European Union
EU-MS .................. EU-Member States
EUWI+ .................. European Union Water Initiative Plus
GIS ........................ Geographic Information Systems
GWB ..................... Groundwater Body
HCO3 .................... Hydrocarbonate
IGS NASU............. Institute of Geological Sciences National Academy of Sciences Ukraine
IOWater/OIEau .... International Office for Water, France
km ......................... Coefficient of water conductivity, m2/day
Mg ......................... Magnesium
Na ......................... Sodium
OECD ................... Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
RBD ...................... River Basin District
RBMP ................... River Basin Management Plan
SO4 ....................... Sulphate
SRPE .................... State Research and Production Enterprise
ToR ....................... Terms of References
UBA ...................... Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Environment Agency Austria
UkrSGRI ............... Ukrainian State Geological Research Institute
UNECE ................. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
USSR .................... Union of the Soviet Socialistic Republics
WFD ...................... Water Framework Directive
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This study contributes to the implementation of the first steps of the principles of the EU Water
Framework Directive WFD) by identifying and delineating groundwater bodies (GWB) in the Dnipro
River Basin District. These groundwater bodies are the management units under the WFD and all
further implementation steps which regard to groundwater are linked to these groundwater bodies.
The GWBs have been delineated according to the definitions of the WFD and the principles laid down
in the relevant CIS guidance documents and technical reports on the identification and characteriza-
tion of water bodies. Extensive information on the geological structure, the hydrogeological conditions
and the human pressures on the aquifers in the Dnipro river basin has been collected, generalized
and analyzed.
Within the area of the Dnipro River Basin District in total 26 GWBs and groups of GWBs were identi-
fied and delineated:
- five groups of unconfined Quaternary GWBs,
- 9 groups of confined GWBs and
- 12 confined individual GWBs.
These identified 26 GWBs and groups of GWBs cover all aquifers which are relevant for all legitimate
uses and functions and relevant for associated or dependent ecosystems. The grouping of GWBs was
made according to the similarity of the aquifer characteristics. A division into individual GWBs might be
done in future, taking into account the results of the analysis of the pressures and impacts (risk as-
sessment) and the results of groundwater monitoring.
Within this study, the GWBs received a uniform GWB code and they were characterized in verbal form
and by using a uniform template, describing the general hydrogeological characteristics of the predom-
inant aquifers, the hydrological aspects of groundwater renewal, the most important human pressures
and the associated pollutants and furthermore, their connection with associated aquatic and ground-
water dependent terrestrial ecosystems.
A summary chapter was prepared which would build the basis for a respective chapter in the Dnipro
River Basin Management Plan summarizing the groundwater bodies.
The GWBs were delineated in GIS and illustrated on maps. The associated GIS shape files of the
GWBs are described by a metadata template and will be the basis for further work and illustrations
when implementing the further groundwater aspects of the WFD.
The study is completed by a summary of current groundwater monitoring and proposals for improve-
ment. Finally, a series of open issues which need to be addressed in future are given.
The identified, delineated and characterized 26 GWBs and groups of GWBs will be the future man-
agement units for regular groundwater monitoring, for the assessment of the impacts of human pres-
sures, for the assessment of groundwater status and trends and for the management of groundwater
by implementing appropriate measures. Some of these aspects (monitoring design and risk assess-
ment) will be further tackled within the EUWI+ project in the coming months.
The results of this work will also be used by the Public Service of Geology and Subsoil of Ukraine in
the process of optimizing the monitoring network and within the planning and conducting of groundwa-
ter monitoring campaigns in the Dnipro River Basin.
All results and documents which were elaborated under this contract are public and accessible at the
EUWI+ project website (www.euwipluseast.eu).
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2 INTRODUCTION
According to the Terms of Reference, the main tasks of the work under this contract are:
Definition and delineating of GWB;
GWB coding;
Determination of GWB boundaries in electronic form in GIS format;
Preparation of a list of all GWB in the Dnipro basin with code, name, size (km²), prevailing aqui-
fer, sub-basin district, anthropogenic pressure on groundwater (by chemistry and quantity) and
related chemicals, based on available information and expert conclusions;
Preparation of a brief description of the Dnipro Basin, including topography, climatic conditions,
geological structure, hydrogeological conditions, the importance of groundwater for exploitation
and for ecosystems;
Preparation of the final text on the GWB in the Dnipro basin, which is submitted to the Dnipro
river basin management plan;
Preparation of a summary of open issues to be solved in the future;
Preparation of the final summary report with a detailed description of the applied methodologies
and the information under consideration (including of literature and references).
The results of this development will be useful for planning the groundwater monitoring within the
framework of the Dnipro RBMP, study of transboundary aquifers, and can also be used to replenish
the Pan-European databases of information on GWB spatial distribution and characteristics.
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3 METODOLOGY
During the work on the project were used:
Methodology for determination of surface and ground water bodies, developed by the Ministry of Natu-
ral Resources of Ukraine;
Procedure for implementation of state water monitoring, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of
Ministers of Ukraine dated 19.09.18, No. 758.
WFD Guidance documents:
N° 2 – Identification of Water Bodies;
N° 9 - Implementing the Geographical Information System Elements (GIS) of the Water Frame-
work Directive;
N° 26 - Risk Assessment and the Use of Conceptual Models for Groundwater.
In the process of preparation of the report, state geological maps of Ukraine 1: 200 000, materials of
the State balance of mineral deposits resources of Ukraine (Drinking and technical water), as well as
fund geological literature were used [1-16].
The work was carried out by collecting, generalizing and analysing information on the hydrogeological
conditions of the Dnipro basin, cartographic materials vectorising, creating and replenishing a carto-
graphic database in GIS.
Identification of Groundwater Bodies
The boundaries of the Dnipro basin and sub-basins were compared with the boundaries of hydrogeo-
logical structures and aquifers distribution.
The starting point for identifying the geographical boundaries of the GWB was the geological and strat-
igraphic boundaries of the aquifers, the flow line, or the lines of the watersheds of groundwater (for the
Quaternary aquifers). In addition, available data on human pressure, as well as quantitative and quali-
tative status of groundwater were taken into account.
The main criteria for the identification of GWB were possible adversely affect surface ecosystems and
the availability of aquifer to supply more than 10 m3/day.
For unconfined and confined aquifers GWB were identified separately.
We began to define GWB first from uppermost aquifers. As a result, GWB were allocated in uncon-
fined quaternary aquifers, confined quaternary aquifers, and also in the principle aquifers used for
centralized water supply.
The hydraulic connection between the aquifers was estimated. The existence of hydraulic connection
was the basis for us to merge them into a single GWB.
We did not consider the GWB in deep aquifers, which cannot have an adverse effect on surface eco-
systems; not used for water intake; are unsuitable for water supply because of their natural quality or
because the water intake is technically impossible or economically unreasonable.
In the process of GWB defining, their vulnerability to pollution was taken into account.
Unconfined aquifers are virtually unprotected from surface pollution according to natural indicators.
The vulnerability of groundwater depends on the characteristics of the aeration zone rocks, namely its
thickness and lithological composition [5,8,9]. As a rule, in the north of the Dnipro basin territory,
groundwater is more vulnerable due to the prevalence of sands in the aeration zone and its small
thickness.
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Most confined aquifers are reliably protected from pollution, since in their roofs water-resistant sedi-
ments more than 10 m thick are deposited. As a rule, confined aquifers are also protected by hydrody-
namic indicators.
Risks arise in the zone of depression surface (funnels) formation, when a prerequisite arises for the
flow of water of other aquifers with increased mineralization and pollutants content. Groundwater is
especially vulnerable in areas of intense technological impact, especially as a result of the mining and
mineral processing enterprises activity. In addition, as a result of the operation of water intakes there
may be a risk of depletion of the aquifer.
GIS technologies were used in the process of determining the GWB and creating the appropriate
maps. According to Guidance N° 9 - Implementing the Geographical Information System Elements
(GIS) of the Water Framework Directive, the Dnipro river basin, sub-basins and GWB were mapped as
polygons, and observation wells - as points. Description of the main characteristics of the GWB is
given in the attributive part of the GIS-maps.
GWB coding
During the formation of the GWB code, we used the coding system for the aquifers adopted in Ukraine
by the AIS SWC (automated information system of the State Water Cadaster), which is being con-
ducted at SRPE «Geoinform of Ukraine».
The code is formed as follows: UAM514K100 or UAM514K200, where UA-Ukraine, M514 – sub-basin
code of the Pripyat River, K100 is the GWB code (in this case, corresponds to the upper division of the
Cretaceous System, K2, K200 - corresponds to the lower division of the Cretaceous System, K1, etc.).
The code is formed from the name of the geological system (Stratigraphic scale of the Cenozoic, Mes-
ozoic, Palaeozoic and Precambrian Stratigraphic Code of Ukraine, + number.
In addition, simplified (united) codes have been developed for ease of use, for example,
UAM5.1GW0002, where UA-Ukraine, M51 – code of the Dnipro River and GW0002 – groundwater
body and its number in order.
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4 SUMMARY DISCRIPTION OF THE DNIPRO
BASIN DISTRICT
Within Ukraine the length of the Dnipro is 1121 km, its basin is situated on the territory of 19 adminis-
trative regions and covers an area of 291 400 km² which is 48% of the total area of the country. This
territory is characterized by complex and heterogeneous natural and man-made conditions [8,9]. The
Dnipro river basin is located within the three sub-latitudinal bioclimatic zones - Polissya (zone of mixed
forests) in the north, to the south - the Forest-Steppe and the Steppe.
The territory is located in the south-western part of the East European Plain, which consists of raised
and lowland areas. In the north of the basin are mostly 135-500 m above sea level, in the south - 10-
150 m.
The climate in the territory is generally moderately continental, from moderately cold in the north to
moderately warm in the south, with clearly defined seasons.
Polissya and Forest-steppe are under the influence of wet cyclones. Average January temperatures
range from -6.5 ° to -8 ° С, July - from + 15.5 ° to + 20.5 ° С. Average annual rainfall in Polyssya is
580-1070 mm, in Forest-Steppe – 490-630 mm.
Steppe is characterized by aridity and is predominantly influenced by anticyclones. The average tem-
peratures are: January-from -2 ° to -7 ° С, July-from + 21,5 ° to + 30 ° С. Average annual rainfall is
420-490 mm.
Humidification is crucial factor for the formation of groundwater resources. The upper part of the
Dnipro basin is located in the area of excessive and sufficient humidification (Polissya), the average
part - in the area of unstable humidification (Forest-steppe and northern steppe), and the lower part -
in the area of insufficient humidification (Steppe).
Geological structure
The geological structure of the Dnipro basin territory is determined by its location within the Pre-
Riphean Eastern European Platform (EEP) [2]. The main regions in this territory are the Ukrainian
Shield, the Volyno-Podilska Plate, the Dniprovsko-Donetska Depression, the South-Ukrainian Mono-
clinale, which are part of the Eastern European Platform, and the Folded Donbas (Figure 1).
The Ukrainian shield is a large positive structure of the EEP. It is a raised block of the Archaean-
Proterozoic basement, limited by system of faults and overlaid by Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary
cover of insignificant thickness.
The Volyno-Podilska Plate geological structure was formed in conditions of predominance of stable
lowering over the rising tectonic movements, which contributed to the long-term, multi-stage develop-
ment of sedimentation basins within it. It is situated on the south-western edge of the EEP. Within the
Dnipro basin it represents the western slope of the Ukrainian shield, filled with terrigenous volcanogen-
ic, terrigenous, calcareous rocks of the Riphean, Vendian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carbonifer-
ous, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene. The thickness of the sedimentary rocks increas-
es from dozens of meters in the east to 1,5-2 km in the west.
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Figure 1: Geological map of the Dnipro basin
The Dniprovsko-Donetska Depression (DDD) is a sedimentary basin that fills a deeply lowered area
of the consolidated Archean-Lower-Proterozoic crystalline basement. DDD is a graben consisting of
symmetrically located along its northern and southern boards. These tectonic elements are limited by
boundary faults. The thickness of the sedimentary layer increases from west to east from 0,5 km on
the border with the Pripyat trough to 18-19 km on the border with the Donetsk Folded structure. A
similar rapid increase in the thickness of sedimentary formations occurs from the slopes of the Ukrain-
ian Shield and the Voronezka Anteclise towards the axial part of the region. The graben is filled with
rocks of Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene and
Quaternary systems.
The South-Ukrainian Monoclinale covers the area of sedimentary strata distribution that overlap the
Eastern European platform basement in the south. Its structural plan is characterized by gradual low-
ering of sedimentary strata in the south-western and southern directions. Cross-Section of the sedi-
mentary cover includes terrigenous-calcareous sediments from Cretaceous to Quaternary. Its south-
ern part extends beyond the boundaries of the Dnipro basin.
Folded Donbass is a dislocated Paleozoic (Hercynian) structure. Its south-western part (Kalmius-
Toretska Depression and Novomoskovsk-Petropavlovska Monoclinale) is located on the territory of the
Dnipro basin.
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Hydrogeological conditions
According to geological structure, the territory of the Dnipro river basin is located within 5 hydrogeolog-
ical regions (Figure 2) [3,12]:
Volyno-Podіlskyi Artesian Basin;
Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian Shield;
Dniprovsko-Donetskyi Artesian Basin;
Donetska hydrogeological folded region;
Prychornomorskyi (Black Sea) Artesian Basin.
For these regions, various features of the geological and hydrogeological cross-sections and specific
regularities of the hydrogeological conditions are characteristic.
Figure 2: Hydrogeological regions
Volyno-Podilsky Artesian Basin is located in the west of the Dnipro Basin and is a multilevel aqui-
fers system, the number of which increases in the west and southwest. The peculiarity of this territory
is the lack of spatially sustained water-resistant layers that divide the aquifers from the Cretaceous to
the more ancient.
Volyno-Podilskyi AB has widespread aquifers in the Quaternary, Miocene, Upper Cretaceous for-
mations and in the zone of intense fissuring of Pre-Mesozoic rocks (Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian,
Cambrian, Vendian, Riphean). The peculiarity of the basin is the presence of considerable thickness
(up to 1,000 m or more) freshwater zone in the eastern and northern parts. It decreases to 150-70 m in
the western part of the basin.
The most abundant aquifer in marl-chalk fracture zone of Upper Cretaceous (from Maastrichtian to
Turonian stages) is widely used for large settlements water supply (Lutsk, Kovel etc). In the eastern
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part of the artesian basin, an aquifer in the Cenomanian sediments is spread. Due to it Khmelnitsky
city water supply is taking place.
In the south-west, the terrigenous-calcareous sediments of the middle-upper Devonian, and in the
west the terrigenous- calcareous sediments of the Silurian are perspective for water supply.
In northern and eastern parts of the basin, fresh groundwater from volcanogenic-terrigenous Precam-
brian rocks is used for water supply. The aquifers associated with these sediments and confined to the
zone of intensive fissuring. They lie on the slopes of the Shield, mainly at a depth of 10-70 m. On the
basis of these aquifers the problem of drinking water supply of Rivne, Kuznetsovsk and others cities is
solved.
Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian shield. In the cross-section of the Hydrogeological region
of the Ukrainian Shield, two structural levels are distinguished. The lower is composed of Archaean-
Proterozoic magmatic and metamorphic rocks, the upper - of Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary sediments.
Water-bearing rocks of the lower level are represented by crystalline rocks - gneisses, granites and
migmatites. Their geofiltrational properties are determined by very uneven endogenous and exoge-
nous fissuring both in area and in depth. It defines their irregular water saturation.
The most water-abundant zones are confined to the lower parts of modern relief - hydrographic net.
The thickness of intense fissuring zones often does not exceed 20 m from the surface of crystalline
rocks in the watersheds and 50 m in the rivers valleys.
Groundwater here is widely used for water supply of inhabited localities - the cities of Berdychiv,
Uman, Talne and others.
Aquifers of the upper structural level in sedimentary sediments are heterogeneous in distribution and
thickness. They often occur within the watersheds or the palaeovalleys basement; in the river valleys
they are blurred.
The spread of weakly permeable layers is intermittent in the cross-section, which causes the intercon-
nection between the aquifers.
The aquifers of the upper structural layer contain in Quaternary and Meso-Ceinozoic sediments.
Quaternary aquifers are connected with sediments of various origins (marsh, lake-marsh, alluvial,
water-glacial etc.; water-bearing rocks - sand, sandy loam, loams, peat layers). For drinking water
supply only aquifers in alluvial and water-glacial sediments are used.
Dniprovsko-Donetskyi Artesian Basin is a classic artesian basin located in the Dniprovsko-
Donetska Depression. It is characterized by regionally stable spread distribution of water-containing
and water-resistant layers of different geological age, which determines the multilevel aquifers occur-
rence. In most cases groundwater contains in porous collectors with homogeneous filtration proper-
ties.
The depth of the active water exchange zone is 800-1 000 m. The salt tectonics has a significant influ-
ence on the formation of the groundwater quality, in some places the depth of fresh groundwater does
not exceed the first dozens of meters.
The sources of drinking groundwater of the Dniprovsko-Donetsky AB are formed mainly in the com-
plex of Oligocene-Quaternary, Eocene, Cretaceous, Jurassic and Triassic sediments.
All aquifers of the Dnipro-Donetskyi artesian basin are, to a greater or lesser extent, involved in provid-
ing centralized water supply of settlements and industrial enterprises.
Donetska hydrogeological folded region is situated on the south-east of the Dnipro basin. Natural
resources of drinking groundwater in the Donbas are mainly related to Quaternary, Neogene, Paleo-
gene, Cretaceous, Triassic, Carboniferous sediments. At the same time, the distribution of different
ages sediments is often controlled by separate faults or systems of synclinal and anticline structures.
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Natural conditions of groundwater resources formation of this part of the territory are very complicated.
In addition, this area is marked by significant man-made pressures due to the extraction of coal. All
this results in complicated conditions of aquifers recharge and discharge, which are often determined
by the influence of the drainage system of a mining companies.
Prychornomorskyi (Black Sea) Artesian Basin. The hydrogeological conditions of the Black Sea
AB, located in the southern part of the Dnipro basin, are complicated. This is due to the diversity and
non-compliance of the distribution of both water-bearing and water-resistant rocks, facial and lithologi-
cal variability rocks composition and the variability of groundwater quality. The thickness of the active
water exchange zone is 50-400 m and less, often does not exceed 100-200 m.
Groundwater are found in Quaternary, Neogene, Paleogene, Cretaceous sediments. The principle
aquifers contain in the Neogene sediments, in local areas - in the Paleogene and Cretaceous sedi-
ments. The groundwater of the Black Sea Artesian Basin is characterized by the widespread devel-
opment of salty and brackish waters. Unconfined Quaternary aquifers are associated with alluvial,
eolian and eolian-deluvial sediments. Fresh and brackish groundwater of Quaternary sediments play
an important role in rural settlements water supplying. Water-bearing Miocene sediments (Pont, Meo-
tis, Sarmatian) are represented by limestone, sand, sandstone with layers of clay. The thickness of the
aquifers varies from 10-20 to 25-40 meters, the depth - from 10-20 to 100-125 meters. The aquifer is
confined, the water head is 20-120 m. Cretaceous and Paleogene aquifers are insufficiently studied
and not widely used.
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5 CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER
BODIES
According to regional estimation, the forecast resources of groundwater of the Dnipro basin are
35595.7 thousand m3/day, which is about 60% of the total amount (61689.2 thousand m
3/day) of
Ukraine's forecast resources [3,12,14-16].
They are distributed extremely unevenly due to the diversity of structural-geological and physical-
geographical conditions of different parts of the basin. Most resources are concentrated in the northern
and north-western regions and located in the zone of excessive humidification within the Dniprovsko-
Donetskyi and Volyno-Podilskyi artesian basins. These territories are characterized by favourable
conditions for the groundwater formation, a significant water abundance of the main aquifers and a
good groundwater quality. Areas close to the south of the basin have limited groundwater resources
due to unfavourable conditions in the groundwater formation caused by the geological structure and
climatic factors. The minimal amount of forecast resources is in Dniprovska, Zaporizka, Kropyvnytska
and Mykolaivska regions.
Within the territory of the Dnipro Basin, five groups of unconfined GWB with a total area of
277,978 km2 (average area of 55,195.6 km
2) were identified.
Also, 12 confined GWB with a total area of 49 154.16 km2 (average area of 4 096.18 km
2) and 9
groups of confined GWBs with a total area of 293 740 km2 (average area of 32 637.78 km2) were
allocated.
Identified GWB and their groups will become units of groundwater management in accordance with
their uses and functions. This will allow to determine the quantitative and qualitative status of ground-
water and to compare them with environmental objectives, as well as to take measures necessary for
achieving environmental objectives.
A summary information on defined GWBs and their groups given in the Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1: Summary information on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs
Group of GWBs
united code Groups of GWBs Sub-basins Area, km2
Groups of GWBs
codes
UAM5.1GW0001 Group of GWBs in bog
Quaternary sediments
Upper, Middle, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat,
Desna
6878,0 UAM5.1.1Q100,
UAM5.1.2Q100,
UAM5.1.3Q100,
UAM5.1.4Q100,
UAM5.1.5Q100
UAM5.1GW0002 Group of GWBs in
alluvial Quaternary
sediments
Upper, Middle, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat,
Desna
94300,0 UAM5.1.1Q200,
UAM5.1.2Q200,
UAM5.1.3Q200,
UAM5.1.4Q200,
UAM5.1.5Q200
UAM5.1GW0003 Group of GWBs in
water-glacial
Quaternary sediments
Upper, Middle
Dnipro, Prypyat,
Desna
49730,0 UAM5.1.1Q300,
UAM5.1.2Q300,
UAM5.1.4Q300,
UAM5.1.5Q300
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Group of GWBs
united code Groups of GWBs Sub-basins Area, km2
Groups of GWBs
codes
UAM5.1GW0004 Group of GWBs in
glacial- water and
eolian-deluvial
Quaternary sediments
Middle, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat,
Desna
56700,0 UAM5.1.2Q400,
UAM5.1.3Q400,
UAM5.1.4Q400,
UAM5.1.5Q400
UAM5.1GW0005 Group of GWBs in
eolian-deluvial
Quaternary sediments
Middle, Lower Dnipro 68370,0 UAM5.1.2Q500,
UAM5.1.3Q500
Table 2: Summary information on confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs
United code of
GWB group
Groups of GWBs
and GWBs Sub-basins Area, km2 GWBs codes
UAM5.1GW0006 Group of GWBs in
Middle-Upper
Quaternary
sediments
Middle, Lower Dnipro,
Prypyat
4 719,0 UAM5.1.2Q600
UAM5.1.3Q600
UAM5.1.4Q600
UAM5.1GW0007 Group of GWBs in
Lower-Middle
Quaternary
sediments
Middle, Lower Dnipro,
Desna
36 450,0 UAM5.1.2Q600
UAM5.1.3Q600
UAM5.1.5Q600
UAM5.1GW0008 GWB in terrigenous
Pliocene sediments
Lower Dnipro 661,2 UAM5.1.3N100
UAM5.1GW0009 Group of GWBs in
terrigenous-
calcareous Miocene
sediments
Lower Dnipro 22 700,0 UAM5.1.3N200
UAM5.1GW0010 GWB in terrigenous-
calcareous Sarmatian
sediments
Prypyat 1 040,0 UAM5.1.4N300
UAM5.1GW0011 Group of GWBs in
terrigenous
Oligocene sediments
Middle, Lower Dnipro,
Desna
37 300,0 UAМ5.1.2Р100,
UAМ5.1.3Р100
UAМ5.1.5Р100
UAM5.1GW0012 Group of GWBs in
terrigenous Eocene
sediments
Upper, Middle, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyatі,
Desna
110 300,0 UAМ5.1.1Р200,
UAМ5.1.2Р200,
UAМ5.1.3Р200,
UAМ5.1.4Р200,
UAМ5.1.5Р200
UAM5.1GW0013 Group of GWBs in
terrigenous
Paleogene sediments
Middle, Lower Dnipro,
Prypyat
8 451,0 UAМ5.1.2Р300
UAМ5.1.3Р300
UAМ5.1.4Р300
UAM5.1GW0014 GWB in calcareous
Upper Cretaceous
sediments (sub-basin
of the Prypyat)
Prypyat 32 130,0 UAМ5.1.4К100
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United code of
GWB group
Groups of GWBs
and GWBs Sub-basins Area, km2 GWBs codes
UAM5.1GW0015 GWB in calcareous
Upper Cretaceous
sediments (sub-
basins of the Middle
Dnipro and Desna)
Middle Dnipro, Desna 19 280,0 UAМ5.1.2К100
UAМ5.1.5К100
UAM5.1GW0016 GWB in calcareous
Upper Cretaceous
sediments (sub-basin
of the Lower Dnipro)
Lower
Dnipro
1 161,0 UAМ5.1.3К100
UAM5.1GW0017 GWB in terrigenous
Upper Cretaceous
sediments
Lower
Dnipro
577,4 UAМ5.1.3К100
UAM5.1GW0018 GWB in terrigenous
Cenomanian
sediments
Prypyat 120,7 UAМ5.1.4К200
UAM5.1GW0019 Group of GWBs in
terrigenous Alb-
Cenomanian
sediments
Upper, Middle, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat,
Desna
106 800,0 UAМ5.1.1К300,
UAМ5.1.2К300,
UAМ5.1.3К300,
UAМ5.1.4К300,
UAМ5.1.5К300
UAM5.1GW0020 GWB in terrigenous
Middle-Upper
Jurassic sediments
Lower
Dnipro
1 110,0 UAМ5.1.3J100
UAM5.1GW0021 Group of GWBs in in
terrigenous Middle
Jurassic sediments
Middle Dnipro,
Prypyat, Desna
15 620,0 UAМ5.1.2J100, ,
UAМ5.1.4J100,
UAМ5.1.5J100
UAM5.1GW0022 GWB in terrigenous
Upper Triassic
sediments
Lower
Dnipro
310,1 UAМ5.1.3Т100
UAM5.1GW0023 GWB in terrigenous
Lower Triassic
sediments
Middle Dnipro 13,76 UAМ5.1.2Т100
UAM5.1GW0024 GWB in terrigenous-
calcareous
Carboniferous
sediments
Lower
Dnipro
4 668,0 UAМ5.1.3С100
UAM5.1GW0025 GWB in effusive-
terrigenous
Precambrian rocks
Prypyat 13 070,0 UAМ5.1.4РЄ100
UAM5.1GW0026 Group of GWBs in
fissure zone of
Archean-Proterozoic
crystalline rocks
Middle, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat
76 640,0 UAМ5.1.2AR100,
UAМ5.1.3AR100
UAМ5.1.4AR100
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5.1 Groups of unconfined Quaternary GWBs
Unconfined GWBs (codes UAM5.1GW0001- UAM5.1GW0005) are connected with unconfined aqui-
fers, occurred in terrigenous, predominantly Quaternary, different geological-genetic types of sedi-
ments (Table 1, Figure 4). Since large unconfined aquifers are often geographically separated and can
be located at a considerable distance from each other, it is advisable to combine them into groups of
GWBs. Their delineation to individual GWB can be made in the future, taking into account estimation
of human pressure and results of groundwater monitoring.
Figure 3: Map of Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs
Shown in Figure 3 the aquifer in the marl-chalk sediments of the Upper Cretaceous in some areas of
its distribution (area 11,570 km2) in the territory of Volyno-Podilskyi AB is the uppermost. But it is over-
laid from the surface by water-resistant rocks of the colmatation zone, which determines the water
head (pressure) properties of the aquifer. Therefore, the aquifer in the marl- chalk sediments of the
Upper Cretaceous belongs to the major aquifers used for centralized water supply.
The map (Figure 4) also shows Kanivski and Moshnogirsky dislocations, - the territories on which the
identification of MPS is impossible and impractical.
Unconfined groups GWBs are the uppermost. They are very important for surface ecosystems.
Increase in mineralization from north to south in these groups of GWBs is characteristic at the regional
level. The concentration of sulphates and chlorides increases in the same direction. Although quater-
nary aquifers are widespread, their water is widely used for the economic needs of rural settlements,
but the lack of water-resistant rocks in the roof makes them unprotected.
Accordingly, groups of GWBs in unconfined Quaternary aquifers are highly vulnerable to diffuse pollu-
tion due to agricultural activity. Agricultural activities (use of mineral fertilizers, plant protection prod-
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ucts) cause local pollution of the uppermost aquifers. Because of this, practically everywhere, within
the territories of rural development, groundwater is characterized with increased mineralization, high
content of sulphates, chlorides, nitrogen compounds. Detection of large areas of nitrates pollution
indicates a steady tendency to accumulate them in groundwater. In addition, GWBs in unconfined
Quaternary aquifers are characterized by natural high content of iron.
The northern part of the Dnipro basin territory was contaminated with radionuclides as a result of the
accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Although contamination of groundwater with radionu-
clides has not yet been detected, but the soil of this zone is contaminated with Cs137 and Sr90.
Due to the presence of man-made pollution of groundwater and low water abundance, groups of
GWBs in unconfined Quaternary aquifers are mostly unsuitable for centralized water supply. The
groups of GWBs in unconfined Quaternary aquifers are used for centralized water supply only in local
areas, where layers of low-permeable rocks occur in the roof of the aquifer. Here, the GWBs can en-
sure the production of water over 10 m3/day.
5.2 Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs
Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs are associated with Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, Precambri-
an rocks of different age and type of reservoir rocks. They are confined to the main aquifers, which
provide the centralized water supply.
On the territory of the Dnipro basin 21 groups of GWBs and GWBs in confined aquifers confined are
allocated (9 groups of GWBs and 12 GWBs).
Figure 4: Map of Confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs
In the basin of the Dnipro, due the diversity of geological and hydrogeological conditions, various
types of hydrogeological section are distinguished, causing different recharge conditions, interconnec-
tions and formation of hydrochemical and hydrodynamic features of the main aquifers and water-
bearing systems.
The most common are areas with one aquifer; two aquifers, which are separated by a layer of low-
permeable rocks; and three aquifers, which are separated by two layers of slightly permeable rocks.
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The first two types prevail within the Volyno-Podilskyi, Black Sea artesian basins, in the Hydrogeologi-
cal areas of the Ukrainian shield and the Donetska hydrogeological folded area. In the Dniprovsko-
Donetskyi AB of complex multi-level structure, the most common areas are with two to four aquifers in
the cross-section.
In accordance with the mentioned types of hydrogeological cross-sections, the separation of confined
aquifers on GWBs and groups GWBs was made.
In the first stage, there were identified 9 groups of GWBs (codes UAM5.1GW0006, UAM5.1GW0007,
UAM5.1GW0009, UAM5.1GW0011-UAM5.1GW0013, UAM5.1GW0019, UAM5.1GW0021
UAM5.1GW0026) and 12 GWBs (codes UAM5.1GW0008, UAM5.1GW0010, UAM5.1GW0014-
UAM5.1GW0018, UAM5.1GW0020, UAM5.1GW0022-UAM5.1GW0025).
GWBs groups represent a number of GWBs that are combined in one group, which are distributed
over a large area of the territory. Their division into separate GWBs may be feasible in future if
groundwater monitoring results and new expert data are available.
The chemical composition of water in confined GWBs and their groups is mainly hycarbonate, hycar-
bonate-chloride, hycarbonate-sulphate composition (anions) and calcium, calcium-sodium, calcium-
magnesium (cations). Mineralization is 0.2–0.8 mg/dm3, total hardness is 2.8–8.0 mEq/dm
3.
Such a pattern is observed in the distribution of groundwater by chemical composition and mineraliza-
tion: in the north of the Dnipro basin fresh hydrocarbonate calcium or hydrocarbonate magnesium
waters with mineralization up to 0.5 g/dm3 dominate. In the south, water with a mineralization of 0.5-1
to 1-3 and more g/dm3 are common. In their chemical composition sulphates, and sodium appear,
their content increases in southerly direction. Mineralization decreases in river valleys, where the flow
rate of groundwater is higher.
Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs are not related to surface ecosystems. The quantitative and
qualitative status is good.
Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs are protected from contamination by a thick layer of overlying
rocks, so they are not exposed to human pressure due to its low vulnerability.
5.3 Importance of GWBs and groups of GWBs for uses and
ecosystems
Unconfined aquifers, classified as UAM5.1GW0002- UAM5.1GW0005, are widely used for water sup-
ply of rural population. The group of GWBs UAM5.1GW0001 is not used for water supply due to its
natural low quality.
All unconfined Groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0001- UAM5.1GW0005 are directly connected to surface
ecosystems.
Confined GWBs and their groups UAM5.1GW0006- UAM5.1GW00026 are intensively exploited for
drinking and technical water supply of towns and cities.
The development of forecast resources in administrative regions averages 3-6%, only in Kropyvnytsky
and Mykolaiv administrative regions the development level reaches 16-21%. According to the analysis
of the groundwater resources development, it is the most intensive in densely populated areas with
high economic potential, especially with a small amount of predicted resources [15].
This indicates a large potential for expanding their use throughout the entire Dnipro basin.
It should be noted that in recent years there has been a tendency towards a permanent reduction in
groundwater production. This is due to economic reasons, a decrease of water users and the share of
Final Report Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine
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groundwater in the overall balance of water use. This situation has led to a regional restoration of the
groundwater level in Alb-Cenomanian and Jurassic aquifers.
Confined GWB and their groups occur under layers of water-resistant sediments, which provide a
relatively high level of protection against surface contamination. Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs
are not connected to surface ecosystems.
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5.4 Significant human pressures and associated chemical
pollutions
Groundwater in the Dnipro basin is experiencing significant human pressure due to the historical de-
velopment of settlements located near rivers. In the Dnipro valley and its tributaries the largest housing
and industrial agglomeration of Ukraine - the capital Kyiv and the regional centres of the Dnipro, Za-
porizhia, Cherkasy, Chernihiv and others formed. The economic complex in the Dnipro basin devel-
oped without taking into account environmental consequences. It caused the hypertrophied develop-
ment of large industrial centres in this area. Much of the industrial production in Ukraine is concentrat-
ed in the Dnipro basin - these are enterprises of the fuel and energy industry, metallurgy, mechanical
engineering, chemical and mining industries, utilities and agricultural production.
A number of large settlements in the Dnipro basin use groundwater for economic and drinking water
supply. As a result of long-term water-intake operation in the cities of Kyiv and Poltava, surfaces of
depression of tens square kilometres were formed with a level lowering from several tens to hundreds
meters in the centre.
Figure 5: Map of Human pressure
The figure shows information on human pressures in the Dnipro basin.
It should be noted that this information is outdated and requires clarification and updating. But it gives
an idea of the high man-made pressure of the Dnipro basin.
The most significant changes in the chemical status of groundwater are observed in the most econom-
ically developed regions. In the first place, the impact of man-caused activities is vulnerable to the
pollution of the unconfined groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0001-UAM5.1GW0005.
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5.4.1 Pressure on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs
Since the basin of the Dnipro is located in different humidification conditions, an increase of minerali-
sation from north to south is characteristic for unconfined GWBs. The amount of sulphates and chlo-
rides increases in the same direction. Although Quaternary unconfined aquifers are widespread and
they are widely used for household and drinking needs of rural settlements, but the lack of water-
resistant rocks in the roof makes the groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0001-UAM5.1GW0005 unprotected
and therefore vulnerable to pollution from the surface.
The most tangible impact on unconfined groups of GWBs (UAM5.1GW0001-UAM5.1GW0005)
throughout the territory of the Dnipro basin carries out agriculture - diffuse pollution with nitrogen com-
pounds has been determined in almost all uppermost aquifers within rural settlements. The deteriora-
tion of the quality of groundwater is significantly affected by the use of mineral fertilizers and pesti-
cides, irrigation on farmlands and discharges of polluted wastewater into surface water.
The chemical composition of water is characterized by a high content of sulphates and chlorides. The
identification of large areas of pollution with nitrates indicates a steady trend towards their accumula-
tion in groundwater. In addition, groundwater of uppermost aquifers is characterized by natural high
iron content. Certain concern is caused by the fact that petroleum products and pesticides have be-
come common contaminants in unconfined aquifers. Oil pollution is point-like, and pesticides are main-
ly recorded in the southern regions, where irrigation contributes to their appearance.
In addition, the northern part of the territory of the Dnipro basin has been subjected to radioactive con-
tamination due to the Chernobyl accident. Although contamination of groundwater with radionuclides
has not yet been detected, but the soil cover of this zone is contaminated with Cs137 i Sr90.
In the zone of mining facilities influence in the sub-basins of the Middle and Lower Dnipro (mining
areas of Dniprovska, Zaporizka, Donetska and Poltava regions) disruption of natural hydrochemical
conditions is associated with the receipt of highly mineralized drainage and mine waters, which affect
the groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0002, UAM5.1GW0004, UAM5.1GW0005. In areas with a high level
of industrial development and dense buildings, the changes in the qualitative composition of the
groundwater of the GWB groups UAM5.1GW0002, UAM5.1GW0003, UAM5.1GW0004,
UAM5.1GW0005 are observed. Here, unconfined GWB are vulnerable to the effects of wastewater
from the enterprises of the chemical, metallurgical industry, industrial sites and tailings of mining and
processing plants. In these places (cities of Dnipro, Zaporozhia), unconfined GWBs have increased
mineralization (up to 3.4-8.6 g/dm3), high content of sulphates, chlorides and hardness.
The most significant changes in the qualitative indicators of groundwater are observed within the Krivyi
Rig iron ore deposit in the Lower Dnipro sub-basin, which influences not only unconfined groups of
GWBs (UAM5.1GW0002, UAM5.1GW0005 groups), but also confined groups of GWBs
(UAM5.1GW0009, UAM5.1GW0026). The total area of groundwater pollution in the area of Kryvbas is
300 square kilometers, the mineralization reaches 12.3 g/dm3.
In addition to the high content of sulphates and chlorides in water, there is an increased iron content
up to 2,872.3 mg/dm3, strontium - up to 16.6 mg/dm
3, bromine to 47.4, manganese - up to 26.1
mg/dm3.
Taking into account the insignificant and varying thickness of water-bearing rocks and, consequently,
their unstable water abundance, as well as the vulnerability to man-made pressures, the unconfined
Quaternary groups of GWBs UAM5.1GW0002-UAM5.1GW0005 for most of their distribution are un-
suitable for centralized water supply. The groups of GWBs in unconfined Quaternary aquifers are used
for centralized water supply only in local areas, where layers of low-permeable rocks occur in the roof
of the aquifer. Here, the GWBs can ensure the production of water over 10 m3/day.
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Table 3: Summary data on pressure on Unconfined Quaternary Groups of GWBs
Groups of GWBs
United code Groups of GWBs Sub-basins Use
Connection
with surface
ecosystems Human pressure Pollutants
Natural
high
content
UAM5.1GW0001 Group of GWBs in
bog Quaternary
sediments
Upper, Middle, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat,
Desna
Not used Yes Drainage amelioration,
mineral fertilizers, plant
protection products
Nitrogen
compounds
Fe, Mg
UAM5.1GW0002 Group of GWBs in
alluvial Quaternary
sediments
Upper, Middle, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat,
Desna
For the potable-
economic needs of
rural settlements
Yes mineral fertilizers, plant
protection products
Nitrogen
compounds,
SO4, Cl,
Fe, Mg
UAM5.1GW0003 Group of GWBs in
water-glacial
Quaternary
sediments
Upper, Middle Dnipro,
Prypyat, Desna
For the potable-
economic needs of
rural settlements
Yes mineral fertilizers, plant
protection products
Nitrogen
compounds,
SO4, Cl
Fe, Mg
UAM5.1GW0004 Group of GWBs in
glacial- water and
eolian-deluvial
Quaternary
sediments
Middle, Lower Dnipro,
Prypyat, Desna
For the potable-
economic needs of
rural settlements
Yes mineral fertilizers, plant
protection products
Nitrogen
compounds,
SO4, Cl
Fe, Mg
UAM5.1GW0005 Group of GWBs in
eolian-deluvial
Quaternary
sediments
Middle, Lower Dnipro For the potable-
economic needs of
rural settlements
Yes mineral fertilizers, plant
protection products
Nitrogen
compounds,
SO4, Cl
Fe, Mg ,
SO4, Cl,
mineralizati
on
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5.4.2 Pressure on confined GWB and groups of GWB
Confined GWB and their groups have reliable protection against pollution due to their natural proper-
ties, since they are overlapped in the roof by poorly permeable sediments. Therefore, the GWB groups
(UAM5.1GW0006, UAM5.1GW0007, UAM5.1GW0009, UAM5.1GW0011 - UAM5.1GW0013,
UAM5.1GW0019, UAM5.1GW0021 UAM5.1GW0026) and GWB (UAM5.1GW0008, UAM5.1GW,
WA5.1,). UAM5.1GW0018, UAM5.1GW0020, UAM5.1GW0022-UAM5.1GW0025) are not associated
with surface ecological systems and are not vulnerable to man-made pollution. In them, only local
(point) excess of normalized elements can be observed, mainly in areas of shallow water bearing de-
posits.
Under natural conditions, the water of confined GWB and their groups in the north is fresh hydrocar-
bonate calcium or magnesium with a mineralisation of up to 0.5 g/dm3. In the south (sub-basin of the
Lower Dnipro), water mineralisation increases from 0.5–1 to 1–3 or more g / dm3. In their chemical
composition appear chlorides, sulphates, sodium. In river valleys, where the groundwater flow rate is
higher, mineralization decreases. Increased natural mineralization is observed in some areas in the
GWB groups UAM5.1GW0009 and UAM5.1GW0012. Under natural conditions, the GWB
UAM5.1GW0012 group belongs to the fluorinated province. Therefore, groundwater is enriched with
fluorine.
For groundwater of Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks
(UAM5.1GW0026) in the northern part of their distribution, where crystalline rocks occur at a slight
depth from the surface, an increased natural content of iron and manganese characterized.
The human pressure on confined groups of GWBs only affects the level mode. Due to the prolonged
intensive exploitation of the group, GWBs are under pressure from the development of groundwater
deposits (water intake). Thus, large groups of depression funnels (Kyiv - in the sediments of the Alb-
Cenomanian and the Middle Jurassic, and Poltava in the sediments of the Alb-Cenomanian) (GWB
UAM5.1GW0012 UAM5.1GW0021 UAM5.1GW0019) have formed.
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Table 4: Summary data on pressure on confined Groups of GWBs and GWBs
United code
GWB
(group of GWBs) Sub-basins Use
Connection to
surface
ecosystems Human pressure Pollutants
Natural high
content
UAM5.1GW0006 Group of GWBs in Middle-
Upper Quaternary
sediments
Middle, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits,
somewhere,
drainage
melioration
Local pollution
with nitrates
Fe, Mn
UAM5.1GW0007 Group of GWBs in Lower-
Middle Quaternary
sediments
Middle, Lower
Dnipro, Desna
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits,
somewhere,
drainage
melioration,
influence of iron
ore deposits of
Kryvbas
development
Local pollution
with nitrates, Fe,
SO4, Cl,
mineralization
Fe, Mn
UAM5.1GW0008 GWB in terrigenous
Pliocene sediments
Lower Dnipro For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits
Not detected Not detected
UAM5.1GW0009 Group of GWBs in
terrigenous-calcareous
Miocene sediments
Lower Dnipro For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits, irrigation
effect
Not detected Locally SO4, Cl,
mineralisation
UAM5.1GW0010 GWB in terrigenous-
calcareous Sarmatian
sediments
Prypyat For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits
No -
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30 ENI/2016/372-403
United code
GWB
(group of GWBs) Sub-basins Use
Connection to
surface
ecosystems Human pressure Pollutants
Natural high
content
UAM5.1GW0011 Group of GWBs in
terrigenous Oligocene
sediments
Middle, Lower
Dnipro, Desna
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits
Not detected Locally Fe, Mn
UAM5.1GW0012 Group of GWBs in
terrigenous Eocene
sediments
Upper, Middle,
Lower Dnipro,
Prypyat, Desna
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits,
depression funnels
No F , in Dnipro
valley - Fe, Mn.
Locally -
increase of
mineralisation in
the zone of salt
tectonics
influence
UAM5.1GW0013 Group of GWBs in
terrigenous Paleogene
sediments
Middle, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits
Not detected Fe, Mn
UAM5.1GW0014 GWB in calcareous Upper
Cretaceous sediments
(sub-basin of the Prypyat)
Prypyat For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits
No -
UAM5.1GW0015 GWB in calcareous Upper
Cretaceous sediments
(sub-basins of the Middle
Dnipro and Desna)
Middle Dnipro,
Desna
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits
No -
UAM5.1GW0016 GWB in calcareous Upper
Cretaceous sediments
(sub-basin of the Lower
Dnipro)
Lower
Dnipro
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits
No -
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United code
GWB
(group of GWBs) Sub-basins Use
Connection to
surface
ecosystems Human pressure Pollutants
Natural high
content
UAM5.1GW0017 GWB in terrigenous Upper
Cretaceous sediments
Lower
Dnipro
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits
No -
UAM5.1GW0018 GWB in terrigenous
Cenomanian sediments
Prypyat For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits
No -
UAM5.1GW0019 Group of GWBs in
terrigenous Alb-
Cenomanian sediments
Upper, Middle,
Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat,
Desna
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits,
depression funnels
No Locally -
increase of
mineralisation in
the zone of salt
tectonics
influence
UAM5.1GW0020 GWB in terrigenous
Middle-Upper Jurassic
sediments
Lower
Dnipro
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits
Not detected -
UAM5.1GW0021 Group of GWBs in in
terrigenous Middle Jurassic
sediments
Middle Dnipro,
Prypyat, Desna
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits,
depression funnels
No -
UAM5.1GW0022 GWB in terrigenous Upper
Triassic sediments
Lower
Dnipro
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits
Not detected -
UAM5.1GW0023 GWB in terrigenous Lower
Triassic sediments
Middle Dnipro For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits
No -
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32 ENI/2016/372-403
United code
GWB
(group of GWBs) Sub-basins Use
Connection to
surface
ecosystems Human pressure Pollutants
Natural high
content
UAM5.1GW0024 GWB in terrigenous-
calcareous Carboniferous
sediments
Lower
Dnipro
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits, the effect
of drainage
Not detected SO4, Cl,
mineralisation
UAM5.1GW0025 GWB in effusive-
terrigenous Precambrian
rocks
Prypyat For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits
No -
UAM5.1GW0026 Group of GWBs in fissure
zone of Archean-
Proterozoic crystalline
rocks
Middle, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat
For centralized
water supply
No Development of
ground water
deposits, influence
of iron ore deposits
of Kryvbas
development
Not detected Fe, Mn
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5.5 Characterisation of Groups of GWBs
5.5.1 Group of GWBs in bog quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0001
Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0001).
We have combined GWB with several objects of similar characteristics into group of GWBs. The divi-
sion into separate GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure
studying and the results of groundwater monitoring.
Water-bearing sediments are represented by peat, fine-grained sand, sandy loam and loam, which
occur in the form of lenses and layers in the strata of peat, mud and sapropel. The thickness of aquifer
is 0.5-6.0, rarely – to 8-10 meters, the depth of occurrence is 0.4-0.7, in the area of drainage systems
influence - 0.7-1.2 meters. Mainly the group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments is developed in the
northern regions of the Dnipro basin and to a lesser extent in the central regions of Ukraine and is
geomorphologically connected with floodplains and relief depressions. It is most widespread in
Polissya, where flat floodplain areas reach 4 - 6 km.
Figure 6: Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments
Due to the low filtration properties of water-bearing rocks, the group of GWBs is weak-watered: the
water abundance of sediments is insignificant and reaches 0.002 - 0.071 dm3/s with decreases in wa-
ter level by 0.7-0.6 m, the specific production rates varies from 0.003 to 0.12 dm3/s. Daily water intake
from wells does not exceed 0.2 m3/d.
Depending on the lithological composition of the water-bearing rocks, the value of the filtration coeffi-
cient varies from 0.01 to 2.0 to 0.0001 to 0.0004 m/d (peat), 0.1 to 0.5 m/day (sandy loam), 0, 05 - 1.0
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to 4.7-5.0 m/day (fine-grained sand). The level of groundwater is set at a depth of from 0,0 - 0,5 to
1,09-1,5 m, rarely up to 3,5.
Recharge is mainly due to infiltration of precipitation and the flow of other aquifers, during the periods
of spring flooding of rivers and rain floods - due to flood waters. Discharge is carried out by evapora-
tion, a flow into the underlying aquifers and water-bearing systems and directly into the watercourses
during the low water period. The aquifer is drained by rivers and streams, as well as melioration sys-
tems. The level regime of the aquifer is formed under the influence of natural factors - atmospheric
precipitation, and man-made factors - (drainage systems construction). According to observation data,
the amplitude of the levels variations is up to 1.2-3.35 m, in most wells up to 1 m.
The waters of the group of GWBs are hydraulically connected with the aquifer in alluvial sediments
and surface water. Chemical composition of water is predominantly of mixed type: sulphate-
hydrocarbonate-chloride, nitrate-chloride-sulphate, nitrate-hydrocarbonate. Waters are unpleasant in
taste and smell, have a yellow and yellow-brown colour, contain a large amount of iron, ammonia and
in many cases - nitrates, the content of which varies from 93.63 to 125.26 mg/dm3. Mineralization 0.1 -
0.7 g/dm3. The hydrogen index does not exceed 7 (5.2-6.8). The oxidizability is 9.8 mg/dm
3 O2. Total
hardness is 1.9 - 5.4 mmol/dm3.
Slight spread, poor water abundance of the GWBs and low quality of groundwater due to vulnerability
to diffuse pollution as a result of agricultural activity make it unsuitable for both - centralized water
supply and for water supply to individual farms. But because the ecological state of wetlands is signifi-
cantly dependent on variations in groundwater levels, the aquifer in the Holocene bog and lake sedi-
ments is defined as a separate group of GWBs.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality are drainage amelioration, agriculture (mineral
fertilizers, plant protection products application).
Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments is directly connected to surface ecosystems (it is a part
of wetland). Water is often polluted with nitrates and is characterized by a natural high content of iron
and manganese. The quantitative and chemical status is poor.
Table 5: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary sediments
Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0001
Cf 0,0001-
0,0004 m/d
(peat),
0,1-0,5 m/d
(sandy
loams),
0,05-5,0
m/d (sands
f/g)
8-10 m
SO
4-H
CO
3-C
l, N
O3-C
l-S
O4,
М 0
,1-0
,7 g
/dm
3
Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.1Q100, UAM5.1.2Q100,
UAM5.1.3Q100, UAM5.1.4Q100,
UAM5.1.5Q100
Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in bog Quaternary
sediments
Group of GWBs area, square
km
6878
Geologic index bP
Lithology Peat, fine-grained sands, sandy
loam and loam, which occur in the
form of lenses and layers in the
strata of peat, silt and sapropel
Aquifer type Unconfined
Overlapping rocks -
bP
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Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
Group of GWBs thickness, min.,
max., average
0,5-10,0
5,0
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/day
0,0001-5,0
2
Water conductivity km, min,
max, average, m2/day
0,01-0,1
0,1
Level, min, max, average, m 0,01-5,0
0,3-0,6
Average annual level variation,
m
1,0-3,35
2,0
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no No
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells -
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
M 0,1-0,7 g/dm3,
variegated chemical composition
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, surface
water, flow from the underlying
aquifers
Connection with surface waters Directly connected
Level trend Downtrend
Prevailing human activity Drainage melioration, peat
extraction
Group of GWBs chemical status Poor, local nitrate contamination
Group of GWBs quantitative
status
Poor
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 430-1070
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5.5.2 Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments – UAM5.1GW0002
Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0002) is located within the chan-
nels on the Dnipro floodplain terraces and its tributaries. Taking into account the territorial disunity and
heterogeneity of individual GWB, which are combined into the group of GWB, it is further advisable to
divide them into separate GWBs.
Water-bearing rocks are sands, mostly fine-grained and medium-grained, in the upper part of the
cross-section sands contain layers of sandy loams, loams, and below - gravel and pebbles of indige-
nous rocks. Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments occur on the Precambrian rocks, the
Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. In the absence of water-resistant rocks between the alluvial deposits and
the rocks that submerge them, the hydraulic connection appears. Thickness varies significantly from
10-20 meters in the valleys of small rivers to 50-60 meters in the floodplain of the Dnipro.
Figure 7: Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments
The Group of GWBs is mostly unconfined, locally, in the presence of loam and sandy loam in the roof,
it gets weak water head - from 1-3 m to 10-15 m. The depth of occurrence, depending on the relief,
varies from 2-4 to 5-15 meters. The well production rates reach 173-432 m3/day. The filtration coeffi-
cients of fine-grained sands amount 3-6 m/day, medium-grained - 8-22 m/day, the filtration coefficients
of loams- 0.2-0.4 m/day. In the flood plain of the Dnipro, the filtration coefficients reach 40 m/day.
The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium with a mineralization of 0.1-
1.3 g/dm3, with high iron content (up to 2-3 mg/dm
3).
Ground waters of the group of GWB are not protected from diffuse contamination due to agricultural
activity by natural conditions. Due to its high vulnerability within the settlements, they are contaminated
with nitrogen compounds. In addition, taking into account the high vulnerability of the Group of GWBs
in alluvial Quaternary sediments it should be taken into account that the soils in the north-eastern part
of the Pripyat sub-basin are contaminated with radionuclides of Chernobyl origin.
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The regime is determined by climatic factors, the annual level variation amplitude is 1.2-1.5 m with
characteristic spring lifting and summer and autumn lowering. Recharge of the aquifer is infiltration.
The Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments widely used by the rural population for drinking
and economic needs.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is agriculture (mineral fertilizers, plant protection
products application). Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments is directly connected to surface
ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, chlorides and sulphates and is characterized by a
natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally the quantitative and chemical status is good.
Table 6: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in alluvial Quaternary sediments
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0002
aP
Cf 3-6 m/d
(sands f/g),
8-22 m/d
(sands m/g ),
0,2-0,4 m/d
(sandy
loams), less
than 40 m/d
(the Dnipro
valley)
50-60 m
HC
O3,
Ca
-Mg
, М
0,1
-1,3
g/d
m3 ,
HC
O3
, C
a-M
g, М
0,1
-1,3
g/d
m3
,
Fe
less th
an 2
-3 m
g/d
m3
Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.1Q200,
UAM5.1.2Q200,
UAM5.1.3Q200,
UAM5.1.4Q200,
UAM5.1.5Q200
Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in
alluvial Quaternary
sediments
Group of GWBs area, square km 94390,0
Geologic index аP
Lithology various-grained sands
Aquifer type Unconfined (locally
confined)
Overlapping rocks -
Group of GWBs thickness, min.,
max., average
10-60
10-20
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
3-40
6-15
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
30-150
90
Level, min, max, average, m 2-15
5-10
Average annual level variation, m 1,2-1,5
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no No
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells N.d
Chemical composition (mineralization
M, main anions, cations)
М 0,1-1,7 g/dm3,
HCO3-Ca
Main recharge source Infiltration of
precipitation, surface
waters, flow from
underlying aquifers
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Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
Connection with surface waters Yes
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Water production for
domestic needs of the
rural population
Group of GWBs chemical status Good, local nitrate
contamination
Group of GWBs quantitative status Good
Reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 430-1070
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5.5.3 Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments –
UAM5.1GW0003
Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0003) is widely distributed
within the moraine-zander plain (Polyssia). Water-bearing rocks are variously grained sands, mainly
fine and medium to coarse-grained, with gravel and pebble of bedrock, with layers of sandy loam,
loam and clay.
Although combined into one group groundwater bodies are spread over a large area, and they are
very heterogeneous in the lithological structure of water-bearing rocks, but at the same time, they can
be divided into separate GWBs only after the availability of groundwater monitoring data.
Figure 8: Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments
The thickness is from 3-7 to 20-25 meters (the right bank of the Dnipro) and reaches 30-70 m on the
left bank, increasing to 125 m in Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky depression. The depth of the groundwater
level for the most part ranges from 1.0–3.0 to 5–10, in some places up to 15–18 meters (2–7 m pre-
vails). In some areas, if clay moraine is located there, a weak water head can be fixed (up to 5-10 m).
The water-bearing rocks occur on pre-quaternary sediments of different age. The group of GWBs is
first from the surface. There are no water resistant rocks in the roof or in the floor, so the waters of this
aquifer are hydraulically connected with the underlying aquifers.
Water abundance depends on the lithology of water-bearing rocks, well production rates vary from
0.4-216 to 259-1000 m3/day. The chemical composition varies widely: hydrocarbonate, hydrocar-
bonate-chloride, hydrocarbonate-sulphate calcium water, sometimes sodium and magnesium. Mineral-
ization varies from 0.3 to 1.8 g/dm3, but usually it does not exceed 0.5 g/dm
3, the iron content reaches
0.1-0.8 g/dm3.
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Due to the shallow bedding and lack of water resistant rocks in the roof, water is often polluted as a
result of agricultural activity, as evidenced by the high content of nitrates and ammonia within rural
settlements. The recharge is infiltration, and also due to the flow from the underlying aquifers. Flow is
directed to the river network. The level mode depends on climatic factors, the annual amplitude of the
level ranges from 0.2–0.8 to 1.5–2.7 m. Water of the group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sed-
iments is used for the household needs of the rural population.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is agriculture (mineral fertilizers, plant protection
products application). Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments is directly connected to
surface ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, chlorides and sulphates and is character-
ized by a natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally the quantitative and chemical status
is good.
Table 7: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in water-glacial Quaternary sediments
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United of Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0003
fP
Cf 0,2-0,4 m/d
(loam), 6,6
m/d (sands
v/g), 31-43
m/d (sands
l/g), 4-29 m/d
(sands m/g),
km 0,6-180
m2/d
20-70 m (less
than 100 m in
Pereyaslav-
Khmelnitsky
depression)
HC
O3,
HC
O3-C
l, H
CO
3-S
O4,
Са
, N
a-C
a, M
g-C
a,
М 0
,3-1
,8 g
/dm
3 (
pre
dom
ina
tes t
o 0
,5 g
/dm
3)
Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.1Q300,
UAM5.1.2Q3 00,
UAM5.1.4Q300,
UAM5.1.5Q300
Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in
water-glacial Quaternary
sediments
Group of GWBs area, square km 49730
Geologic index fP
Lithology Various-grained sands
with layers of sandy
loams, loam
Aquifer type Unconfined
Overlapping rocks -
Group of GWBs thickness, min.,
max., average
3-100
10-20
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
0,2-43
10-27
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
0,6-180
30
Level, min, max, average, m 3-10
5
Average annual level variation, m 0,2-2,7
1,5
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no No
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells N.d.
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
M 0,3-1,8 g/dm3,
HCO3, HCO3-Cl, HCO3-
SO4 Ca
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Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
Main recharge source Infiltration of
precipitation, surface
waters, flow from the
underlying aquifers
Connection with surface waters Yes
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Water production for
domestic needs of the
rural population
Group of GWBs chemical status Good, local nitrate
pollution
Group of GWBs quantitative status Good
Reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 580-1070
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5.5.4 Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary
sediments – UAM5.1GW0004
GWBs are united in group with code UAM5.1GW0004. Group of GWBs in glacial- water and eolian-
deluvial Quaternary sediments is located within the watersheds of the Middle Dnipro region, as well as
in certain areas of the Volynska Upland.
Figure 9: Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments
The authors realize that the GWBs united in this group are spread over a territory of significant size
and therefore can be divided into separate GWBs. But this process can occur at subsequent stages,
taking into account groundwater monitoring data.
Water-bearing are water-glacier, glacial, lake-glacial and eolian-deluvial, eluvial-deluvial Middle-Upper
Neo-Pleistocene sediments.
The lower part of water-bearing rocks is represented by water-glacial, glacial, and lake-glacial various-
grained sands with layers of sandy loam and loam. The upper part is an eolian-deluvial, eluvial-
deluvial loam, sandy loam, loess-like loam. The thickness of water-bearing sediments is variable and
varies from 2-5 to 32 meters. The GWBs occur on pre-quaternary sediments.
The depth of the groundwater level varies from 3-5 to 20-28 meters (depth of 5-12 m prevails). The
water abundance of the upper part of the stratum is insignificant. The lower part is more abundant, the
filtration coefficients vary from 1.1 to 8.3 m/day. The specific well production rate varies from 0.9 to
345.6 m3/day.
Chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium, hydrocarbonate-chloride calcium and calci-
um-magnesium waters with mineralization of 0.3-0.7 g/dm3. Water is characterized by increased iron
content.
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Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments are not protected by natural
indicators of diffuse pollution by agricultural products and therefore highly vulnerable. According to the
results of chemical analysis, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia were detected in water. The recharge is infiltra-
tion, the discharge occurs in the river valleys and also in underlying aquifers. The annual amplitude of
groundwater level fluctuations is 0.5-3.0 m. The Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial
Quaternary sediments is used for water supply of local rural population.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is agriculture (mineral fertilizers, plant protection
products application). Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments is
directly connected to surface ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, chlorides and sul-
phates and is characterized by a natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally, the quantita-
tive and chemical status is good.
Table 8: Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments
Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0004
f-vd
P
Cf 1,3-8,3
m/d
(sands),
1,1-1,5
m/d,
km 1-300
m2/d
less than
32 m
H
CO
3,
HC
O3-C
l, C
a-M
g, M
0,3
-0,7
g/d
m3
Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.3Q400, UAM5.1.2Q400,
UAM5.1.4Q400,
UAMQ5.1.5Q400
Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in glacial-water
and eolian-deluvial Quaternary
sediments
Group of GWBs area, square km 56700
Geologic index f+vdP
Lithology Various-grained sand with
interlayers of sandy loam, loam,
loess-like loam
Aquifer type Unconfined
Overlapping rocks -
Group of GWBs thickness, min., max.,
average
2-32
17
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
1,1-8,3
5,0
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
1-130
65
Level, min, max, average, m 3-28
15
Average annual level variation, m 0,5-3,0
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no No
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells N.d.
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Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
Chemical composition (mineralization
M, main anions, cations)
М 0,3-0,7 g/dm3,
HCO3 Ca, Mg
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation,
surface waters, flow from the
underlying aquifers
Connection with surface waters Yes
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Water production for domestic
needs of the rural population
Group of GWBs chemical status Good, local nitrate contamination
Group of GWBs quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 490-630
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5.5.5 Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments –
UAM5.1GW0005
Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0005) is located in the
watersheds of the southern part of the Dnipro basin (sub-basin of the Middle and Lower Dnipro) United
into this group GWB can be divided into separate GWBs in future on the basis of groundwater monitor-
ing data.
Figure 10: Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments
Group of GWBs is the uppermost. In the floor of the water-bearing strata, the same-age clay and
heavy loam are deposited.
The water-bearing are eolian-deluvial and eluvial-deluvial Lower-upper Neopleistocene sediments.
The water-bearing rocks are represented by loams, sandy loams, loess-like loams with a thickness
from 1-6 to 12-30 m. The GWBs are low-water bearing. The coefficients of water conductivity are 0.2-
7.0 m2/day. The coefficient of water permeability varies from 0.2 to 1.1 m/day. Production rates vary
from 0.77 to 20.3 m3/day.
The depth of the level amounts from 1-5 to 10-21 m. The chemical composition of water is hydrocar-
bonate calcium-magnesium, hydrocarbonate-chloride magnesium-calcium-sodium, sulphate-
hydrocarbonate with mineralization from 0.9-3 to 8-10 g/dm3.
Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments is situated in a zone of insufficient humidifica-
tion and, accordingly, inadequate supply of groundwater. In this part of the territory the soil and aera-
tion zone rocks are saline as a result of the natural process of continental salt accumulation. This
leads to an increase in mineralization and degrades the water quality. In the chemical composition of
water, the eolian-deluvial quaternary deposits of the sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro among the anions
predominate sulphates and chlorides, and mineralization often exceeds the normative values, reach-
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ing 3-10 g / dm3, and sometimes more. The ground waters of the group are unprotected from diffuse
contamination and highly vulnerable. Nitrate pollution in water is observed within rural settlements as a
result of agricultural activity.
Infiltration recharge mode is characterized by pronounced seasonal variations.
The water of group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments is used for drinking needs of
rural population.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is agriculture (mineral fertilizers, plant protection
products application). Group of GWBs in glacial-water and eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments is
directly connected to surface ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, chlorides and sul-
phates and is characterized by a natural high content of iron, manganese, sulphates, chlorides and
mineralization. Generally, the quantitative and chemical status is good.
Table 9: Group of GWBs in eolian-deluvial Quaternary sediments
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0005
vd
P
Cf 0,2-
1,1 m/d,
km 0,2-
7,0 m2/d
30 m
HC
O3
Ca
-Mg
, H
CO
3-C
l M
g-C
a-N
a,S
O4-H
CO
3
М 0
,9-3
,0 le
ss th
an
8-1
0 g
/dm
3
Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.2Q500,
UAM5.1.3Q500,
Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in eolian-
deluvial Quaternary
sediments
Group of GWBs area, square km 68370
Geologic index vdP
Lithology Various-grained sand
with interlayers of sandy
loam, loam; loam, loess-
like loam
Aquifer type Unconfined
Overlapping rocks -
Group of GWBs thickness, min., max.,
average
1-30
16
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
0,2-1,1
0,7
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
0,2-7,0
4
Level, min, max, average, m 3-28
15
Average annual level variation, m 0,5-3,0
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no No
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells N.d.
Chemical composition (mineralization
M, main anions, cations)
М 0,9-3.0 g/dm3,
HCO3, Ca, HCO3-Cl, Ca-
Mg-Na, SO4- HCO3 Ca
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Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation,
surface waters, flow from
the underlying aquifers
Connection with surface waters Yes
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Water production for
domestic needs of the
rural population
Group of GWBs chemical status Good, local nitrate
contamination
Group of GWBs quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 460-560
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5.5.6 Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments –
UAM5.1GW0006
Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0006) stand out as small,
dispersed on the area GWBs in the Quaternary sediments within the hydrogeological region of the
Ukrainian Shield (Figure 5). Therefore, these GWBs are united into one group of GWB, common in
several sub-basins (sub-basins of Prypyat, Middle and Lower Dnipro). Their division into separate
GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the re-
sults of groundwater monitoring.
Figure 11: Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments
Water-bearing sediments are various-grained, mostly fine- and medium-grained sands with layers of
sandy loam, loam, (water-glacial genetic varieties). Thickness amounts from 1-5 to 15-25 meters. Sed-
iments occur on the rocks of the crystalline basement, sometimes on the Paleogene and Neogene
sediments. The sediments either occur directly under the vegetative-soil layer or are overlapped with
eolian-deluvial loams. Depth 1-15 m.
These aquifers are confined or unconfined, the water head reaches 1.5–5.0 m, sometimes 12.0 m and
is fixed where loams or clays occur in the roof.
Well production rates reach 104-173 m3/day. Sands coefficients of filtration vary from 1-2 to 50-70
m/day or more. Waters in the north-western and central parts of the shield are fresh, mainly hydrocar-
bonate calcium and calcium-magnesium; in the south sulphate, hydrocarbonate-sulphate with mineral-
ization up to 1.8-2.0 g/dm3 are predominant.
The amplitude of groundwater level variations is 0.5-1.5 m.
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Recharge of aquifers is infiltrative and due to a flow from the underlying aquifers. Usually water intakes
developing this aquifer are located in river valleys, where there are favourable conditions for replen-
ishment of groundwater (during surface water exploitation).
Water of the Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments plays an essential role in water
supply of the population. The water supply of the settlements Korostyshiv, Bila Tserkva, Smila,
Oleksandria, Gorodysche, Novomyrgorod, Vatutine, Uzyn, Rokytne, Volodarka, Ivankiv, Korsun,
Novostarodub, Kamyanka Dniprovska and others is based on the exploitation of this GWBs.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits and local-
ly – drainage melioration. Water of the Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments is not
connected to surface ecosystems. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, and is characterized by a
natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally, the quantitative and chemical status is good.
Table 10: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in Middle-Upper Quaternary sediments
Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0006
PII
-III
Cf
1-50
m/d, km
10-80
m2/d
5-30 m
HC
O3 C
a,
M д
о 1
,0 g
/dm
3 (
no
rth
), S
O4,
HC
O3-
SO
4,
М less t
han
1,8
-2,0
g/d
m3 (
so
uth
) Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.2Q600
UAM5.1.3Q600
UAM5.1.4Q600
Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in
Middle-Upper Quaternary
sediments
Group of GWBs area, square km 4719
Geologic index PII-III
Lithology Various-grained sands with
interlayers of sandy loam and
loam, sands with pebbles and
gravel
Aquifer type Confined-unconfined
Overlapping rocks Loam, clay
Group of GWBs thickness, min.,
max., average
5-30
15
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
1-31
5-10
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
10-80
40
Level, min, max, average, m 5-10
6-7
Average annual level variation, m 0,5-1,5
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells More than 150
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Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
Chemical composition (mineralization
M, main anions, cations)
North – M to 1,0 g/dm3, HCO3
Ca, Ca-Mg;
South - M to 1,8-2,0 g/dm3, SO4,
HCO3-SO4
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation,
surface water, flow from the
underlying aquifers
Connection with surface waters Connected
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Economic and drinking water
supply
Group of GWBs chemical status Good, high natural iron
concentration
Group of GWBs quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 540-850
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5.5.7 Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments –
UAM5.1GW0007
Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments (code UAM5.1GW0007) is distributed on the
left bank of the Dnipro and its tributary - Desna, Seim, and others. It belongs to different sub-basins:
Desna, Middle and Lower Dnipro.
The division of Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments into separate GWBs will be
carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwa-
ter monitoring.
It is associated with alluvial sediments of floodplain terraces and water-glacial formations which form a
thick water-saturated layer of sandy sediments with a total thickness of 5 to 98, and somewhere to 120
meters. The aquifer occurs on sandy rocks of Oligocene, on the Eocene marls, and in places of their
erosion - on water-bearing Eocene sediments. Thus, in the Dnipro valley at the area from Kyiv to Kre-
menchuk, due to the lack of water-resistant Kyiv marls, water-containing Pleistocene Eocene sedi-
ments form the single powerful aquifer with water saturated Eocene deposits.
Figure 12: Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments
The water-containing sediments are represented by various-grained sands from fine-grained in the
upper part of the cross-section to coarse-grained and gravelly in the lower part. In the upper part of the
cross- section loam and sandy loam occur, due to which the aquifer gets water head. Its height does
not exceed 5-10 meters. The depth of the groundwater level is from 3 to 33 meters, mostly 5-10. The
production rates of wells that develop the lower part of the aquifer vary from 51.8 to 241.9 m3/day, in
some places increase to 578.9-596.2 m3/day. The coefficient of filtration in the valley of the Dnipro
reaches 100-160 m/day, in some places up to 610 m/day. The waters are fresh, hydrocarbonate-
calcium, calcium-magnesium, calcium-sodium, with mineralization up to 1 g/dm3. The quality indicators
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are worsened by the presence of iron, the natural content of which in water exceeds the normative
parameters.
The mode of the aquifer is influenced by meteorological factors, the average annual level variation
amplitude is 1.0-2.8 m.
Recharge occurs throughout the distribution area by infiltration of precipitation, and partly due to the
flow from confined Eocene and Oligocene aquifers. The aquifer discharges in the river valleys; the
general direction of the flow is towards the Dnipro valley - the main area of the aquifer discharge.
The water of this aquifer is of great importance for the water supply of the population throughout the all
area of its distribution. The waters of the upper parts are operated by wells for economic and drinking
purposes in the countryside. The waters of the lower part of the aquifer are exploited by a significant
number of wells for the supply of drinking water for the needs of small, medium and large settlements
(Cherkasy, Nizhyn, Nosivka, Grebinka, Bakhmach, Zolotonosha, Kremenchuk, etc.).
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits and local-
ly – drainage melioration. Water of the Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments is not
connected to surface ecosystems. The Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments is pro-
tected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Water is locally polluted with nitrates, and is
characterized by a natural high content of iron and manganese. Generally the quantitative and chemi-
cal status is good.
Table 11: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in Lower-Middle Quaternary sediments
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0007
PI-
II
(the
Dnipro
valley
Cf 34-
43
m/d),
km 50-
100
m2/d
98 less
than
120 m
HC
O3,
Са,
Ca
- M
g,
Са
-Na
, М
le
ss th
an
1 g
/dm
3(n
ort
h);
SO
4,H
CO
3-
SO
4,
М le
ss t
ha
n
1,8
-2,0
g/d
m3
(so
uth
)
Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.2Q600
UAM5.1.3Q600
UAM5.1.5Q600
Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in Lower-
Middle Quaternary
sediments
Group of GWBs area, square
km
36450
Geologic index PI-II
Lithology Various-grained sands with
interlayers of sandy loam
and loam, sands with
pebbles and gravel
Aquifer type Confined-unconfined
Overlapping rocks Loam, clay
Group of GWBs thickness, min.,
max., average
To 120
20-30
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
1-38
15
Water conductivity km, min,
max, average, m2 / day
50-100
60
Level, min, max, average, m 5-10
10
П@
bЭ П@k
v
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Average annual level variation,
m
0,5-2,8
1-1,5
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells More than 300
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
North – M to 1,0 g/dm3,
HCO3 Ca, Ca-Mg; South - M
to 1,8-2,0 g/dm3, SO4, HCO3-
SO4
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation,
surface water, flow from the
underlying aquifers
Connection with surface waters No
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Economic and drinking water
supply
Group of GWBs chemical status Good, high natural iron
concentration
Group of GWBs quantitative
status
Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 540-850
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5.5.8 GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0008
GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0008) is used for centralized water supply
only in the north of the Dnipropetrovsk region, although sandy alluvial sediments are widespread with-
in the watersheds of the left bank of the Dnipro. The water-containing rocks are mostly fine and medi-
um-grained sands with interlayers of coarse-grained sand and loam.
Figure 13: GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments
The thickness of water-bearing rocks varies from 2-5 to 50 meters (average 10-20 m). Coefficients of
filtration amount 0.2-6 m/day. Water-bearing rocks occur on the Paleogene rocks. Overlapped with low
permeable Neogene or Quaternary sediments. Depth of occurrence is 10-83 m. Waters are artesian,
height of water head is from 2 to 19-47 m.
Well production rates are 0.3-5.8 dm3/s.
The water is fresh, with mineralization of 0.3-0.7 g/dm3, hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-sodium,
hydrocarbonate-sulphate magnesium-sodium.
Recharge occurs due to infiltration of precipitation and, in part, due to inflow from the aquifers lying
below. The aquifer is drained by river network. The level mode depends on climatic factors, the annual
amplitude of the level variations is 0.3-0.4 meters The aquifer is used for water supply of rural popula-
tion, as well as businesses with little need for water. For centralized water supply the aquifer is used in
the settlements of Magdalynivka and Olenivka.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of
the GWB in the terrigenous Pliocene sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected
from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.
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Table 12: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Pliocene sediments
Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
United GWB code UAM5.1GW0008
N@
П#br
o
o
до 83 m
Cf 0,2-
12,0 m/d,
km 0,5-
180 m2/d
less than
158 m
HC
O3 C
a-M
g,
HC
O3-S
O4 M
g-N
a,
M 0
,3-0
,7 g
/ dm
3
GWB code UAM5.1.3N100
GWB name GWB in the
terrigenous Pliocene
sediments
GWB area, square km 661,2
Geologic index N2
Lithology Various-grained
sand
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Loam, clay
GWB thickness, min., max., average 2-50
10-20
Filtration coefficient k, min, max, average, m/
day
0,2-12,0
6,0
Water conductivity km, min, max, average, m2
/ day
0,5-180
50
Level, min, max, average, m 2-47
20
Average annual level variation, m 0,3-0,4
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells About 30
Chemical composition (mineralization M, main
anions, cations)
М 0,3-0,7 g/dm3,
HCO3 Ca, Ca-Na,
Mg-Na; HCO3 ,-Cl
Mg- Na
Main recharge source Infiltration of
precipitation
Connection with surface waters No
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Water intake
GWB chemical status Good
GWB quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 490-630
N@Эb-
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5.5.9 Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments –
UAM5.1GW0009
Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0009) is situated in
the south of the Dnipro Basin (the sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) in the Black Sea Artesian Basin and
at the boundary of the Hydrogeological area of the Ukrainian Shield with the Black Sea Artesian Basin.
The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments into separate GWBs will
be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of
groundwater monitoring.
Figure 14: Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments
The water-bearing system is connected with the sediments of the Pontic, Meiotic and Sarmatian regio-
stage, which are not separated by water-resistant rocks.
Water-bearing deposits are not constant by depth and area. They are represented by limestone, sand,
sandstone in layers of clay. Thickness is 30-50, reaching 100-140 meters in some sites. They occur on
the same-age clay, in the roof they are overlapped by the same-age clays (or - on the right bank of the
Dnipro - variegated and red-brown clay of Miocene-Pliocene). These clays play the role of the upper
and underlying water-resistant layers.
On the left bank of the Dnipro in the places of quaternary eolian sands and alluvial sandy sediments
location between the Miocene and Quaternary aquifers hydraulic connection is formed.
The depth of occurrence varies from 3-10 to 25-90 meters; in the southern part it increases to 100-140
meters. The aquifer is artesian, water head varies from 3-18 to 50-100 meters. The depth of the
groundwater level is 3-51 meters or more. Water abundance varies significantly depending on the
lithology of the water-bearing layers and their thickness, the production rates vary from 8.6 to 2488-
3888 m3/day.
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The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate magnesium-calcium, hydrocarbonate-sulphate
calcium-magnesium, sulphate-chloride, sodium-magnesium, magnesium-sodium with mineralization
from 0.3-1.0 to 3.0 g/dm3. Levels are characterized by seasonal variations.
Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments is exploited for water supply of the cit-
ies of Kherson, Gola Prystan, Kakhovka, Nova Kakhovka, Beryslav, etc.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits and local-
ly- irrigation. Water of the Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments is not con-
nected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally
there is an increased natural content of iron and manganese. The quantitative and chemical status is
good.
Table 13: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous-calcareous Miocene sediments
Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0009
N1
N1
5-90 less
than 100-
140 m
Cf 7-250
m/d, km 50-
400 m2/d
100-300 m
HC
O3 C
a ,
Mg
-Ca, H
CO
3-S
O4 C
a-M
g,
SO
4-C
l N
a-M
g M
g-
Na,
М 0
,3-1
,0 g
/dm
3
Group of GWBs code UAM5.1.2N200
UAM5.1.3N200
Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in
terrigenous-
calcareous Miocene
sediments
Group of GWBs area, square km 22700
Geologic index N1
Lithology Interlayers of
limestone,
sandstone, sand
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Loam, clay, sand
Group of GWBs thickness, min., max.,
average
30-50 and more
20-30
Filtration coefficient k, min, max, average, m/
day
from 7 to 250
20-30
Water conductivity km, min, max, average, m2
/ day
50-400
190
Level, min, max,
average, m
3-51
30
Average annual level variation, m 0,2-08
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells More than 500
Chemical composition (mineralization M, main
anions, cations)
М 0,3-1,0 g/dm3,
HCO3 Ca, Mg-Ca,
HCO3-SO4 Ca-Mg,
SO4-Cl Na- Mg
N2-P1
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Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
Main recharge source Infiltration of
precipitation
Connection with surface waters No
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Water intake
Group of GWBs chemical status Good
Group of GWBs quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 430-480
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5.5.10 GWB in terrigenous– calcareous Sarmatian sediments –
UAM5.1GW0010
GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments (code UAM5.1GW0010) is situated in the west-
ern part of the Dnipro basin (sub-basin of the Pripyat River) within the junction of the Volyno-Podilsky
AB and the Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian shield, where a small water body in the sediments
of the Sarmatian regio-stage of Miocene is distinguished. The water-bearing rocks are represented by
layers and lenses of limestone, sandstone, sand in the strata of the clay. The thickness of the interlay-
ers varies from 1-2 to 55 m (average 5-15 m), the depth varies from 10 to 100 m (average values 10-
25 m). The aquifer is artesian, the water head ranges from several to 35 meters. Levels are estab-
lished at depths from a few to 67-60 meters below the earth surface.
Figure 15: GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments
The water abundance is uneven, the production rates vary within 0.3-17.3 m3/day.
The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium with mineralization up to 0.8 g/dm3.
Recharge of the aquifer is infiltration, discharge occurs in the modern erosion network.
Groundwater is used for centralized water supply of inhabited localities Starokostiantyniv, Shepetivka
and others.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of
the GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is
protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is
good.
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П @
K2s
Table 14: WB in terrigenous-calcareous Sarmatian sediments
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United GWB code UAM5.1GW0010 P
N1s
10-100 m
Cf 0,2-4,6
m/d,
km 1,0-190
m/d
40-290 m
HC
O3 C
a ,
M le
ss t
han
0,8
g/d
m3
GWB code UAM5.1.4N300
GWB name GWB in terrigenous-
calcareous Sarmatian
sediments
GWB area, square km 1040
Geologic index N1s
Lithology Interlayers of limestone,
sandstone, sand
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Loam, clay, sand
GWB thickness, min., max.,
average
5 - 55
5-15
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
0.2-4.6
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
1.0-190.0
Level, min, max,
average, m
To 35
Average annual level variation, m 0.12-0.34
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells About 10
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
М to 0,8 г/дм3,
HCO3 Ca
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation
Connection with surface waters No
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Water intake
GWB chemical status Good
GWB quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 580-1070
AR-PR
N1s
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5.5.11 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0011
Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0011) in terrigenous deposits
of Oligocene is connected with the sediments of the Mezhygirska suite. Oligocene is widely distributed
within the watersheds of the Middle and Low Dnipro sub-basins (central part of the Dniprovsko-
Donetsky artesian basin). It is situated within the watersheds of the Dnipro left tributaries. Water-
bearing deposits are various-grained, mostly fine-grained sands, with layers of siltstone, clays, and
lenses of brown coal.
The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments into separate GWBs will be carried
out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater
monitoring.
Figure 16: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments
In the river valleys, the aquifer is covered with Quaternary sediments, on the watersheds - with varie-
gated and red-brown Miocene-Pliocene clays or sands of the Novopetrivska suite of the Miocene, with
which it forms a single aquifer. The Eocene Kyiv marls and clays serve as a floor, and in the places of
their absence – the Eocene and Upper Cretaceous sediments are the floor of the aquifer.
The depth of occurrence depends on the topography and the structural features of the territory and
varies from 5-25 (the artesian basin edges) to 80-90 meters (central part), in the inter-dome depres-
sions it reaches 125-250 meters.
The average thickness is 25-30 meters, increasing in the central part of the basin to 70-90 meters, and
in the inter-dome depressions- 150-180 m.
The water head varies from 1.5 to 30 meters, in the central part of the artesian basin - up to 60 me-
ters. Water abundance depends on the lithology of water-bearing rocks. Well production rates vary
from 17.3-293.8 to 864 m3/day.
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Р3
50-400 m
Groundwater is mainly fresh, hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, calcium-sodium, sodium-
calcium, with mineralization of 0.4-0.7 g/dm3, in the central part of the artesian basin mineralization
increases to 4 g/dm3, caused by deep saline aquifers discharge.
The recharge is infiltration and, partially, due to the flow from the Eocene aquifer, where it contains
saline water. Discharge is carried out in the river network (the valley of the Dnipro and its tributaries).
Groundwater level is characterized by seasonal variations, the amplitude is 0.4-0.5 m on the water-
sheds and 0.1-0.2 m on the slopes.
Considering shallow occurrence of the Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments, significant
water abundance and good quality of water, it is used for centralized water supply in inhabited locali-
ties of Romny, Gadyach, Lubny, Myrgorod.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of
the Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is
protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally there is an increased natural content
of iron and manganese. The quantitative and chemical status is good.
Table 15: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Oligocene sediments
Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0011
П@kv
П@
o o
from 5-90 to
250 m
HC
O3 C
a,
Ca
-Na,
Na
-Ca, М
0,4
-0,7
g/d
m3
Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.2Р100,
UAМ5.1.3Р100
UAМ5.1.5Р100
Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in
terrigenous Oligocene
sediments
Cf 0,4-7,0
m/d,
km 50-150
and more
m2/d
Group of GWBs area, square km 37300
Geologic index Р3
Lithology Various-grained, mostly
fine- grained sand
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Fine-grained sand, clay
Group of GWBs thickness, min., max.,
average
25-30 to 70-95, locally
150-180
25-30
Filtration coefficient k, min, max, average,
m/ day
0,4-7,0
3-4
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
10-200
130
Level, min, max,
average, m
1,5-60,0
20-30
Average annual level variation, m 0,1-0,5
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells More than 300
N!-2sg-Эb
P N1
K2
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Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
Chemical composition (mineralization M,
main anions, cations)
М 0,4-0,7 g/dm3,
HCO3 Ca, Ca-Na, Na-Ca
Main recharge source Infiltration of
precipitation, flow from
Eocene aquifer
Connection with surface waters Discharge in river valleys
Level trend Stationary filtration mode
Prevailing human activity Water intake for
centralized water supply
Group of GWBs chemical status Good
Group of GWBs quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 490-630
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5.5.12 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments – UAM5.1GW0012
Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0012) is connected mainly with
the sediments of the Buchak suite of Eocene. In addition to it, deposits of the Kanivska and Kyivska
suites are part of the aquifer in some areas.
The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments into separate GWBs will be carried
out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater
monitoring.
Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments is distributed almost everywhere on the left bank of
the Dnipro river (subbasin of the Desna, Middle and Upper Dnipro) within the central part of the
Dniprovsko-Donetskyi artesian basin. It is blurred in the Dnipro valley (from Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky to
Cherkasy), within the salt dome structures.
Figure 17: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments
In the roof of the water bearing sediments regional water-resistant strata - Eocene Kyiv marls and
clays occur, and in places of their erosion - Oligocene and Quaternary sediments. In the Dnipro valley,
in the places of the Kyiv marls erosion, the Eocene and Quaternary aquifers form a single hydraulic
system. Under it the marl-chalk rocks of the Upper Cretaceous, within the Oster-Zolotonisky uplift - the
Jurassic clay occur. To the south-west of Chernigiv, water-containing Alb-Cenomanian sediments of
Cretaceous are deposited under the Eocene water-bearing rocks. To the south of Kremenchuk, water-
bearing deposits of the aquifer occur on the watered sediments of the Cenomanian, Jurassic, Triassic,
Carboniferous or crystalline basement.
The water-bearing rocks are: various-grained sand, mostly medium grained, with interlayers of sand-
stones, siltstones, clays. Thickness varies from 5-10 to 80-100 meters. The depth of water-bearing
rocks varies from 12.5-62.0 (edges of the basin, river valleys) to 156-331 meters (central part of the
basin). The aquifer is artesian, the water head magnitude varies from 5-15 to 135-333 meters.
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Groundwater levels are set at a depth of 1-12 to 56 meters or more. In some wells, the level is set
above the earth surface.
The formation of the chemical composition depends on the geostructural features of water-bearing
rocks occurrence, the influence of salt-dome structures and the lithology of water-bearing rocks. For
the Eocene aquifer, increased content of fluorine up to 3-5 mg/dm3, is peculiar. Within the most aquifer
territory water is fresh, with mineralization up to 1g/dm3, hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium, sodium,
calcium-sodium. In the area of salt-dome structures the mineralization increases to 2.1-5 g/dm3, there
water is hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium. In the Dnipro valley (from Kremenchuk to Pavlograd) water
is chloride sodium with mineralization from 2.6 to 3-4 g/dm3, in some places 5-15 g/dm
3.
The wells production rates vary from 86.4-864 to 1296-2160 m3/day (most characteristic 172.8-259.2
m3/day). Infiltration recharge takes place on the north-eastern and south-western edges of the artesian
basin, where water-bearing rocks occur shallow and are covered with water-permeable sand sedi-
ments. The aquifer discharges in the Dnipro valley in the absence of water-resistant deposits in its
roof. In places of recharge and discharge, significant seasonal variations of groundwater level are
observed - up to 0.5-0.9 m, oscillations are less pronounced in the deep part of the artesian basin.
The aquifer is one of the main sources of drinking water providing of settlements located in the
Dniprovsko-Donetsky artesian basin. Here it is operated by numerous large and medium water users,
used for centralized water supply of cities Chernigiv, Pryluky, Trostyanets, Lebedyn, Lubny, Pyriatyn
and others. In the Kyiv region, as a result of the flows through the water separation layer, in the pro-
cess of intensive exploitation of the Alb-Cenomanian aquifer, lowing of level to 2.7-15 m in the Eocene
aquifer is observed.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. The
formation of depression funnels is marked. Water of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments
is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments.
Locally there is an increased natural content of fluorine, in Dnipro valley – iron, manganese. An in-
crease in the mineralization in the zone of salt tectonics influence was also noted. The quantitative
and chemical status is good.
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Table 16: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Eocene sediments
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0012
K2
K1-K2s
J
T
C
12,5-62
less
than
331 m
HC
O3 C
a,
Ca
-Mg
, N
a,
Ca
-Na
, М
less th
an 1
g/d
m3,
HC
O3,
Cl N
a,
М less th
an 2
,1-5
g/d
m3
(are
a o
f salt-d
om
e s
tructu
res)
Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.1Р200,
UAМ5.1.2Р200,
UAМ5.1.3Р200,
UAМ5.1.4Р200,
UAМ5.1.5Р200
Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in
terrigenous Eocene
sediments
Cf 0,2-
9,0 m/d,
km100-
140
m2/d
60-500
m
Group of GWBs area, square km 110300
Geologic index Р2
Lithology Various-grained sand with
interlayers of sandstone,
siltstone, clay
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Clay, marl, sand
Group of GWBs thickness, min.,
max.,
average
5-100
35-55
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
0,2-9.0
6.0
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
100-140
Level, min, max,
average, m
from 5-15 to 134,8-332,7
30-60
Average annual level variation, m 0,5-0,9
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells More than 400
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
М to 1 g/dm3,
HCO3 Ca, Ca-Mg, Na, Ca-
Na,
locally HCO3-Cl, Cl Na
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation
and surface water
П@k
v
П#_P
AR-PR
Р2
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Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
Connection with surface waters In areas of erosion of water-
resistant deposits is
connected with Quaternary
aquifers
Level trend Stable. In places of intense
water intake- - depression
surfaces (funnels)
Prevailing human activity Water intake for centralized
water supply
Group of GWBs chemical status Good
Group of GWBs quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 540-850
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5.5.13 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments – UAM5.1GW0013
Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments (code UAM5.1GW0013) are associated with the
Oligocene and Eocene sediments, which fill the paleo-valleys in the crystalline basement of the
Ukrainian shield. These GWBs are separate areas, united in the group.
The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments into separate GWBs will be car-
ried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwater
monitoring.
Figure 18: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments
They are covered with red-brown and variegated clays of the Miocene-Pliocene, sometimes sandy
formations of the Poltava suite of the Miocene, which are often drained, or quaternary rocks. The aqui-
fer occurs on the crystalline rocks of the basement. In the southern part of their distribution (Konksko-
Yalynska depression) they occur on the Upper Cretaceous sediments.
The water-bearing rocks are represented by fine-grained sands, sandstones with interlayers of clays,
secondary kaolins and brown coal. Thickness reaches 10-100 meters. Depth from 2-30 to 50-70 me-
ters. The aquifer is artesian, water head is weak, it reaches 15-20 meters, an average of 7-10 meters.
Well production rates vary from 86.4 to 190.1 m3/day.According to the chemical composition of water,
they are hydrocarbonate calcium-sodium, sodium-calcium, sulphate-hydrocarbonate, chloride-sulphate
with mineralization not exceeding 1 g/dm3. In the Konksko-Yalynska depression mineralization in-
creases from 0.8 to 2.3-2.5 g/dm3.Infiltration recharge occurs due to precipitation, as well as flows
from overlying and underlying aquifers.
The Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments are used for water supply of settlements
Vatutyne, Kropyvnytskyi, Guliaj Pole, etc.
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Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of
the Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is
protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally there is an increased natural content
iron and manganese. The quantitative and chemical status is good.
Table 17: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Paleogene sediments
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0013 10-70 m
HC
O3 C
a-N
a,
Na
-Ca,
SO
4-H
CO
3,
Cl-
HC
O3
,
М less th
an 1
g/d
m3,
in t
he K
on
kovo
-Ya
linsky d
ep
ressio
n,
M f
rom
0,8
to
2,3
-2,5
g/d
m3
Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.2Р300
UAМ5.1.3Р300
UAМ5.1.4Р300
Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in
terrigenous Paleogene
sediments
Р
Cf 0,5-8,0
m/d, km 50-
150 m2/d
80 less than
250-300 m
Group of GWBs area, square
km
8451
Geologic index Р
Lithology Various-grained sand with
interlayers of sandstone,
clay, brown coal
Aquifer type Confined (weak water head)
K2
J,D,C
Overlapping rocks Clay, sand
Group of GWBs thickness, min.,
max.,
average
10-35
10-12
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
0.5-8.0
4.0
Water conductivity km, min,
max, average, m2 / day
50-150
70
Level, min, max,
average, m
15-18
7-10
Average annual level variation,
m
0.33-1.1
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings --
Number of production wel ls More than 100
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
М to 1 g/dm3, HCO3 Ca,
Na-Ca; SO4-HCO3, Cl -
HCO3
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipita-tion,
flow from overlying and
underlying aquifers
N!_@sg-
Эb
P N!
AR-PR
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Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
Connection with surface waters -
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Water intake for water
supply of settlements
Group of GWBs chemical status Good
Group of GWBs quantitative
status
Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 540-850
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5.5.14 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the
Prypyat) – UAM5.1GW0014
GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments in sub-basin of the Prypyat (code UAM5.1GW0014)
is connected with the marl-chalk sediments of the Upper Cretaceous (from Maastrichtian to Turonian
stages) and is situated in the west of the Dnipro basin (sub-basin of the Prypyat).
Figure 19: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat)
Water content is associated with the active fissured zone of marls, chalk and chalk-like limestone. The
thickness of the fissured zone from the roof of the layer varies from 10-40 to 60-70 m, sometimes
more. Below this zone, the marl- chalk sediments are almost monolithic and are the water-resistant
layer separating the Upper Cretaceous aquifer from the underlying sediments.
The aquifer occurs under Quaternary, in some places Neogene or Paleogene sediments. The depth of
groundwater varies from 11.5-25 in the river valleys to 60 meters in the watersheds. In the western
part, the Cenomanian layer of the Upper Cretaceous occurs under it, in the east - the Mesozoic,
Paleozoic, or Precambrian rocks.
The aquifer is artezian. Water head varies from 11 to 59 meters. The water head is due to the pres-
ence of the marl-chalk strata of the “colmatage zone” (an amorphous clay mass with the inclusion of
fragments of the bedrock) in the roof. The prevailing thickness are: on slopes and watersheds up to 3
m, in river valleys from 3 to 10 m. At the same time, the zone of colmatage is the upper water-resistant
layer, protecting groundwater from surface pollution.
Groundwater is mostly fresh, hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, with a predominant min-
eralization of 0.2-0.3 g / dm3, sometimes 0.03-1.7 g / dm
3.
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The GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) is widely used for
centralized drinking water supply of settlements Lutsk, Kovel, Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Gorokhiv,
Torchyn, Dubne, etc.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of
the GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Prypyat) is not connected to
surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative
and chemical status is good.
Table 18: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the
Prypyat)
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United GWB code UAM5.1GW0014
11-25, less
than 60 m
(the
thickness of
the fissured
zone 10-70
m)
Cf 0,01-35,0
m/d, km 10-
810 m2/d
150-200 and
more m
PЄ
М 0
,07
-0,7
g/d
m3, va
rie
gate
d c
hem
ica
l com
positio
n
GWB code М514К100
GWB name GWB in calcareous Upper
Cretaceous sediments (sub-
basin of the Prypyat)
GWB area, square km 32130 Є
,S,D
,C,J
Geologic index К2
Litology Fissured marl, chalk
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Loam, sandy loam, sands,
eluvial rocks ("colmatage
zone")
GWB thickness, min., max.,
average
3,0-70,0
10,0-40,0
Filtration coefficient k, min,
max, average, m/ day
0,01-35,0
15-18
Water conductivity km, min,
max, average, m2 / day
From 10-50 to 775-810
Level, min, max,
average, m
11-75
25-35
Average annual level variation,
m
Water intake 10 м3/day:
yes/no
Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells More than 200
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
М 0,07-0,7 g/dm3,
variegated chemical
composition
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation,
surface water, flow from
underlying aquifers
Connection with surface waters Yes
N
Q
П
K2
K2
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Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Household and drinking water
supply
GWB chemical status Good
GWB quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 540-850
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5.5.15 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the
Middle Dnipro and Desna) – UAM5.1GW0015
GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments in sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna (code
UAM5.1GW0015) is located in the fissured zone of the marl-chalk sediments of the Upper Cretaceous
(Maastricht-Kampan). It is distributed in the north-east of the territory of the Dnipro basin (subbasin of
the Desna and the Middle Dnipro). The thickness of the fissure zone from the roof of sediments varies
from 60-70 m, rarely more. Below this zone, the marl-chalk sediments are almost monolithic and serve
as the water-resistant layer that separates the Upper Cretaceous aquifer from the underlying sedi-
ments.
Figure 20: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro
and Desna)
It occurs under Quaternary, in some places Neogene or Paleogene sediments at a depth of 15-25 in
river valleys up to 60-80 meters along the watersheds. In the western part, deposits of the Cenomani-
an stage of the Upper Cretaceous occur under it. The aquifer is artesian. Water head varies from 25-
35, in some places up to 75 meters. The water head is due to the presence of the “colmatage zone” in
the roof of the marl-chalk strata - an amorphous clay mass with the inclusion of bedrock fragments.
The prevailing values of its thickness are on the slopes and watersheds up to 3 m, in the river valleys
up to 8 m. At the same time, the colmatage zone is the upper water-resistant layer, protecting ground-
water from pollution from the surface. In the north-eastern part, where the marl-chalk sediments occu-
py a high hypsometric position, the magnitude of the water head decreases due to the intensive dis-
charge of the aquifer.
Groundwater is mostly fresh, hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, with mineralization of 0.2-
0.3 g/dm3, sometimes 0.03-1.7 g/dm
3.
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Groundwater is widely used for centralized drinking water supply of settlements Sumy, Shostka, Vo-
rozhba, Glukhiv, Putyvl, Trostyanets and others.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of
the GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments in sub-basins of the Middle Dnipro and Desna is
not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments.
The quantitative and chemical status is good.
Table 19: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basins of the
Middle Dnipro and Desna)
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United GWB code UAM5.1GW0015 K2
15-25 less than
60-80 m
Cf 0,01-35,0 m/d,
(the thickness of
the fissured zone
60-70 m)
km less than 700-
800 m2/d
240-300 m
М 0
,07
-0,7
g/d
m3, va
rie
gate
d c
hem
ica
l com
positio
n GWB code UAМ5.1.2К200,
UAМ5.1.5К200
GWB name GWB in calcareous Upper
Cretaceous sediments (sub-
basins of the Middle Dnipro
and Desna)
GWB area, square km 19280
Geologic index К2
Litology Fissured marl, chalk
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Loam, sandy loam, sands,
eluvial rocks ("colmatage
zone")
GWB thickness, min., max.,
average
10,0-70,0
10,0-40,0
Filtration coefficient k, min,
max, average, m/ day
0,01-35,0
15-18
Water conductivity km, min,
max, average, m2 / day
To 700-800
Level, min, max,
average, m
11-75
25-35
Average annual level
variation, m
To 0,45
Water intake 10 м3/day:
yes/no
Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells About 100
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main
anions, cations)
М 0,07-0,7 g/dm3,
variegated chemical
composition
П
N P
K1-2
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Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation,
surface water, flow from
underlying aquifers
Connection with surface
waters
Yes
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Household and drinking
water supply
GWB chemical status Good
GWB quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 540-850
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5.5.16 GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the
Lower Dnipro) – UAM5.1GW0016
GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments within sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro (code
UAM5.1GW0016) is spread over an area of the Lower Dnipro sub-basin territory (zone of the Do-
netska hydrogeological folded region band the Hydrogeological region of Ukrainian Shield adjacency,
the Konksko-Yalynska depression). Water-bearing rocks are fissured chalk, marl with thin layers of
sandstones and sands that occur on Pre0Cambrian, Carboniferous and Triassic formations. Above it
the Eocene-Oligocene and Miocene water-containing rocks occur, hydraulically connected with the
Upper Cretaceous waters-bearing system.
Figure 21: GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro)
Thickness is 20-25 meters, depth from 20-40 in the valleys to 60-90 meters on the watersheds. The
water-bearing system is confined-unconfined: it is unconfined on the watersheds, and in the river val-
leys the water head reaches 20-30 meters. The production rates of wells reach 2246.4-3628.8 m3/day,
towards the watersheds, the water abundance decreases to 4.32-8.64 m3/day. The filtration coeffi-
cients vary from 1-100 m/day in the valleys to 0.001-0.2 m/day on the watersheds.
In the Konksko-Yalynska depression, the Cretaceous sediments are deposited on the rocks of the
crystalline basement, and they are covered with the Paleogene and Neogene rocks. The depth varies
from 15 to 300-400 meters. Thickness varies from 10-20 to 50-60 meters. The aquifer is confined (ar-
tesian), the magnitude of the water head is 15-200 meters. Well production rates vary from 172.8-
190.1 to 2298.2 m3/day, filtration coefficients - 1.5-10.0 m/day. The waters-bearing system regime is
due to seasonal climatic changes.
The chemical composition of groundwater is variegated - chloride-sulphate calcium-sodium with a
mineralization of 1-3 g/dm3, in the river valleys - fresh chloride-hydrocarbonate-sulphate sodium-
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calcium, hydrocarbonate calcium and sulphate-hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium. The total hardness
varies from 3.4-29.7 mmol/dm3, but in most cases does not exceed 14 mmol/dm
3.
The water of the GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) is
used for water supply of a number of cities and villages (Velyka Noselivka, Elyzavetivka, Katerynivka,
Dobrovillya, Pology, Guliaj-Pole, etc.).
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of
the GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the Lower Dnipro) is not connected
to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative
and chemical status is good.
Table 20: Characteristic of GWB in calcareous Upper Cretaceous sediments (sub-basin of the
Lower Dnipro)
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United GWB code UAM5.1GW0016
K2
N2
T
20-90 m
Cf 1,5-10,0
m/d,
somewhere
more, km
10-150 m2/d
Cl-
SO
4 C
a-N
a,
М 1
-3 g
/dm
3;
ClH
CO
3S
O4
Na
-Ca,
HC
O3 C
a,
SO
4-H
CO
3 N
a-C
a ,
М less th
an 1
g/d
m3
GWB code UAМ5.1.3К100
GWB name GWB in calcareous
Upper Cretaceous
sediments (sub-basin of
the Lower Dnipro)
GWB area, square km 1161
Geologic index К2
Lithology Fissured marl, chalk,
limestone
Aquifer type Mostly confined
Overlapping rocks Sand
GWB thickness, min., max.,
average
10-60
30
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
1,5-10 , sometimes more
7.0
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
10-500
180-250
Level, min, max,
average, m
from 15-20 sometimes to
100
Average annual level variation, m 0.3
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells About 30
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
М 1-3 g/dm3, Cl-SO4 Ca-
Na
М to 1 g/dm3, Cl-HCO3-
SO4 Na- Ca; HCO3 Ca;
SO4-HCO3 Na- Ca
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation
Connection with surface waters No
100-170 m
П2 N1
AR-PR
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Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
Level trend No data
Prevailing human activity Household and drinking
water supply
GWB chemical status Good
GWB quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 460-560
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5.5.17 GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments – UAM5.1GW0017
GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments (code UAM5.1GW0017) is distributed in a small
area in the Lower Dnipro sub-basin territory (the Black Sea artesian basin slopes).
Figure 22: GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments
The water-bearing rocks are represented by sands and sandstones in the thickness of the marl-chalks
and clays occurring on the Precambrian rocks, and are overlapped by water-bearing sediments of the
Paleogene and Miocene.
The water-bearing sediments thickness is 20–200 meters, depth is from 90 to 100 m. The levels are
set at a depth of from 10–15 to 50–60 meters. The aquifer system is confined, the water head reaches
20-50, and in the deep part more. The production rates of wells are 268 m3/day, in the direction of
rocks lowering they increase to 2000 m3/day. Filtration coefficients vary from 1 to 50 m/day.
The chemical composition of groundwater is hydrocarbonate calcium with mineralization 0.5-1.0 g /
dm3.
The aquifer system is exploited together with aquifer in Paleogene sediments for water supply of the
settlements in the Vasylyivskyi district of the Zaporizka region.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of
the GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is
protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is
good.
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Table 21: GWB in terrigenous Upper Cretaceous sediments
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United GWB code UAM5.1GW0017
90-100 m
Cf 1-10,0
m/d and
more,
km n.d.
350-400 m
HC
O3 C
a,
М less t
han
1 g
/dm
3
GWB code UAМ5.1.3К100
GWB name GWB in terrigenous
Upper Cretaceous
sediments
GWB area, square km 577,4
Geologic index К2
Lithology Sand, sandstone
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Sand, clay
GWB thickness, min., max.,
average
20-200
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
1-10 and more
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
No data
Level, min, max,
average, m
To 20-50
Average annual level variation, m 0,2-0,3
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells About 10
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
M to 1 g/dm3
HCO3 Ca,
Main recharge source Infiltration of
precipitation
Connection with surface waters No
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Household and drinking
water supply
GWB chemical status Good
GWB quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 430-490
AR-PR
П2
K2
K2
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5.5.18 GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments – UAM5.1GW0018
GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments (code UAM5.1GW0018) is distributed almost everywhere
within the Volyno-Podilskyi artesian basin, but for household and drinking purposes it is used in places
of its shallow occurrence, in the territory where the Volyno-Podilsky artesian basin borders with the
Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian shield. In this part, the water-bearing rocks occur on the Pre-
cambrian rocks, and is overlapped with marl-chalk sediments of the Upper Cretaceous, in some plac-
es - the Paleogene, Neogene, and the Quaternary system. The thickness of water-bearing rocks is 5-
25 meters or more.
Figure 23: GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments
The water-bearing rocks are sand, sandstone with layers of flint, limestone and gaize. The depth of
occurrence is 10-50 meters. The aquifer is artesian, the water head is 10–15 meters and increases to
100 more meters to the east along with the deepening of rocks to the west. Static level set at depths of
up to 25 meters.
Chemical composition of groundwater is hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, with predomi-
nant mineralization not exceeding 0.3-1.6 g/dm3. There are no traditional water-resistant layers neither
in the roof nor in the floor of the aquifer.
The water of Cenomanian aquifer is used for water supply of the cities of Khmelnitsky, Shepetivka,
Izyaslav. In the settlements of Krasyliv and Slavuta, it is exploited together with the aquifer in Precam-
brian rocks.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of
the GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protect-
ed from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.
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Table 22: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Cenomanian sediments
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United GWB code UAM5.1GW0018
PЄ
10-50 m
Cf 0,2-12 m/d
km 10-150 m2/d
90-100 m
HC
O3 C
a,
Ca
-Mg
,, M
0,3
-1,6
g/d
m3
GWB code UAМ5.1.4К200
GWB name GWB in terrigenous
Cenomanian sediments
GWB area, square km 120,7
Geologic index K2s
Lithology sand, sandstone with
layers of flint, limestone
and gaize
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Chalk, marl, sand, loam
GWB thickness, min., max.,
average
5-25
14
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
0,2-12,0
7.0
Water conductivity km, min,
max, average, m2 / day
10-150
80
Level, min, max,
average, m
to 25
Average annual level variation,
m
0.4-0.45
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells About 10
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
М 0,3-1,6 g/dm3
HCO3Ca, Ca-Mg
Main recharge source Infiltration of
precipitation
Connection with surface -
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Centralized water
supply
GWB chemical status Good
GWB quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 580-1070
K2 П,N,P
K2s
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5.5.19 Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments –
UAM5.1GW0019
Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments (code UAM5.1GW0019) of the Lower and
Upper Cretaceous is widely distributed within the Dniprovsko-Donetsky AB with the exception of cer-
tain areas (between Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky - Cherkasy, Ostersko-Zolotonisky uplift, arches of salt-
dome structures). Within the Hydrogeological Region of the Ukrainian Shield, it fills separate paleo-
valleys in the crystalline basement. Considering the absence of water-resistant layers between the
Albian and Cenomanian sediments, a single water-bearing system is formed in their stratum.
The division of Group of GWBs terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments into separate GWBs will be
carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwa-
ter monitoring.
Water-containing are fine-grained, clayey sands and sandstones with interlayers of clays (upper part
of the strata) and sands of various-grained, medium and coarse-grained sand with lenses, concretions
of flint (lower part of the strata).
Figure 24: Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments
Water-resistant marl-chalk sediments are deposited in the roof of the Upper Cretaceous, and in places
of their erosion - Paleogene and Quaternary sediments. Below the Lower Cretaceous, Jurassic and
Archean-Proterozoic rocks occur.
Thickness is from 7-50 to 75-100 m. The depth of occurrence varies from 25-50 to 100-150 meters, in
the deepest part of the artesian basin increases to 728 meters. Well production rates are from 95.0-
950.4 to 2592-4078.1 m3/day.
The chemical composition of groundwater is hydrocarbonate calcium-sodium, hydrocarbonate-
sulphate sodium, hydrocarbonate- chloride sodium with mineralization from 0.5-0.7 to 1.0-1.3 g/dm3.
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J
К2
П, P
AR-PR
К1-2
K1
The water is artesian, water head varies from 10-30 to 70-100 meters, reaching 500-600 meters or
more in the central part of Dniprovsko-Donetsky AB. Groundwater levels are established mainly at
depths of 15-20 meters.
In most of its distribution, the aquifer complex is protected from pollution.
The groundwater of the water-bearing system almost everywhere within its distribution is the main
source of centralized water supply, including the cities of Poltava, Chernigiv, etc.
In the area of Poltava city, as a result of long-term operation, a surfaces of depression were formed
with a level decrease to 30 m in the centre. In Kyiv city the aquifer is used together with the aquifer in
the Callovian Upper Jurassic sediments, with which it forms a single water-bearing system. Here, as a
result of intensive exploitation of the Cenomanian- Callovian aquifer system, several surfaces of de-
pression were formed with a diameter of from 3-5 to 10-15 km and with a level decrease in the centre
to 10-20 meters.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. The
formation of depression funnels is marked. Water of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian
sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying
sediments. Locally an increased mineralization in the zone of salt tectonics influence was noted. The
quantitative and chemical status is good.
Table 23: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian sediments
Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0019
25-150 m
and more
Cf 0,5-15
m/d,
km 10-
700 m2/d
from 80 to
200-500
m and
more
HC
O3 C
a-M
g,
Ca
-Na, H
CO
3-S
O4 N
a,
M 0
,3-0
,7 g
/dm
3
Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.1К300,
UAМ5.1.2К300,
UAМ5.1.3К300,
UAМ5.1.4К300,
UAМ5.1.5К3100
Group of GWBs name Group of GWBs in
terrigenous Alb-Cenomanian
sediments
Group of GWBs area, square km 106800
Geologic index К1-2
Lithology Fine-grained sand,
sandstone with layers of clay
(upper part);
Middle- and coarse-grained
sand with sandstone lenses
and flint (lower part)
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Chalk, marl, sand, loam
Group of GWBs thickness, min.,
max., average
From 7-50 to 75-100
40-60
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
0,5-15
7.0
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
10-700
100-200
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Level, min, max,
average, m
From 1-10 to 50-100
15-20
Average annual level variation, m 0,2-0,5
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells More than 200
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
Number of production wells
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation
Connection with surface In the Dnipro valley dis-
charges in quaternary
aquifers
Level trend Level recovery
Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply
Group of GWBs chemical status Good
Group of GWBs quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 540-850
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5.5.20 GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments –
UAM5.1GW0020
GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments (code UAM5.1GW0020) is located in the sub-
basin of the Lower Dnipro. The Jurassic sediments are represented by sandy-argillaceous rocks, the
water-bearing rocks are fractured sandstones and coarse-grained sands with interlayers of limestone
of Kimmeridgian, Callovian and Bajocian stages (Middle-Upper Jurassic).
Figure 25: GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments
Floor of the aquifer are Triassic sediments, the roof sand and clay, somewhere chalk Paleogene sed-
iments. The depth of occurrence is from 41-93 to 161-177 m. The thickness of water-bearing layers
ranges from 20-40 to 50-110 meters. The aquifer system is confined; the magnitude of the water head
varies from 5.4–13.7 to 29–50 meters.
The chemical composition is mainly sulphate, sulphate-chloride, chloride-sulphate calcium-sodium,
sodium. Mineralization amounts from 0.4-0.7 to 2 g / dm3.
Water abundance is uneven, due to the differences in lithological structure, thickness of aquifers and
their filtration properties. Well production rates vary from 155-860 m3/day. The recharge is infiltration of
precipitation or overlying aquifers flow.
The aquifer is used for centralized water supply in the south-eastern part of the Dnipro basin.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of
the GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is
protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is
good.
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Table 24: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Middle-Upper Jurassic sediments
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United GWB code UAM5.1GW0020
41-177
m
Cf 1,2-
20 m/d,
km 80-
800
m2/d
200-300
and
more m
SO
4 S
O4
-Cl, C
l-S
O4
, C
a-N
a, N
a,
М 0
,4-2
,0 g
/dm
3
GWB code UAM5.1.3J100
GWB name GWB in terrigenous
Middle-Upper Jurassic
sediments
GWB area, square km 1110
Geologic index J2-3
Lithology Coarse -grained sand,
sandstone, layers of
limestone
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Sand, clay
GWB thickness, min., max.,
average
20-110
60
Filtration coefficient k, min, max, average,
m/ day
1,2-20
9
Water conductivity km, min, max, average,
m2 / day
80-800
400
Level, min, max,
average, m
5,4-50
28
Average annual level variation, m 0.5-0.6
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells About 10
Chemical composition (mineralization M,
main anions, cations)
M0,4-2,0 g/dm3
SO4 SO4-Cl, Cl-SO4,
Ca-Na, Na
Main recharge source Infiltration of
precipitation, flow
from upperlying
aquifers
Connection with surface No
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Centralized water
supply
GWB chemical status Good
GWB quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 490-630
П
K,N,P
J2-3
T
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5.5.21 Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments –
UAM5.1GW0021
Group of GWBs in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments (code UAM5.1GW0021) is of practical im-
portance in the north-western part of the Dniprovsko-Donetskyi AB (sub-basins of the Pripyat, Desna,
Middle Dnipro), where the water-containing rocks (sand, sandstone, limestone of the Bayocian stage
of the Middle Jurassic with clay interlayers) contain fresh groundwater with a mineralization of up to 1
g/dm3.
The division of Group of GWBs in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments into separate GWBs will be
carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the results of groundwa-
ter monitoring.
The floor of the water-bearing strata is Triassic sediments or formations of the crystalline basement,
the roof is Lower Cretaceous sand and clay. The depth of occurrence ranges from 19.0-288.7 meters,
the thickness of water-bearing layers’ ranges from 5-10 to 30-50 meters.
The aquifer is artesian; magnitude of the water head varies from 15-20 to 160-250 meters. Well pro-
duction rates vary from 86.4 to 3456 m3/day.
Figure 26: Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments
The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium, sodium-calcium with mineralization of
0.2-0.6, less often - to 0.9 g/dm3.
The recharge is infiltration, as well as due to the flow of artesian water from the fissured zone of crys-
talline rocks in the south-western part.
The aquifer is used for water supply of cities Kyiv, Obukhiv, Vasylkiv, Cherkasy, Pereyaslav-
Khmelnytsky, etc. In the area of Kyiv, as a result of prolonged intensive exploitation, a large surface of
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depression was formed with a diameter of up to 60 km and the level decrease in the centre up to 100-
110 meters.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. The
formation of depression funnels is marked. Water of Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic
sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying
sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.
Table 25: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in in terrigenous Middle Jurassic sediments
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0021
20-290 m
Кф 1-10
m/d
km 120-
1200 m2/d
100-400
m
HC
O3 C
a,
Na
-Ca,
М 0
,2-0
,6 g
/dm
3
Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.2J100,
UAМ5.1.4J100,
UAМ5.1.5J100
Group of GWBs name GWB in terrigenous
Middle Jurassic
sediments
Group of GWBs area, square km 15320
Geologic index J2
Lithology Various-grained sand,
sandstone, siltstone
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Sand, clay
Group of GWBs thickness, min.,
max.,
average
From 5-10 to 50-60
10-30
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
1-10
5-6
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
120-1200
200-400
Level, min, max,
average, m
From 0,5-28 to 40-50
Average annual level variation, m 0.3
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells More than 200
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
М 0,2-0,6 g/dm3
HCO3Ca, Na-Ca
Main recharge source Infiltration of
precipitation
Connection with surface No
Level trend Level recovery
AR-PR
J2
J2
T
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Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
Prevailing human activity Centralized water
supply
Group of GWBs chemical status Good
Group of GWBs quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 540-850
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5.5.22 GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0022
GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments (code UAM5.1GW0022) is associated with the strata of
sands, sandstones, clays, siltstones and are stratified with each other. It is located within the sub-
basin of the Southern Dnipro in the junction zone of the Donetska Hydrogeological Folded Region and
the Hydrogeological Region of the Ukrainian Shield. The water-bearing rocks occur on the sediments
of the Lower Triassic and Carboniferous, and are overlapped with the same-age clays or Cainozoic
rocks. Infiltration recharge takes place on areas where water-bearing rocks penetrate under Cainozoic
formations or expose on the earth's surface and, in part, due to flows from overlying or underlying
aquifers.
Figure 27: GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments
Depth from 5 to 251.3 m. Thickness reaches 250 meters or more. Basically the water-bearing system
if artesian. The water content is variable, the production rates of the wells operating the sands reach
1572.5-2194.6 m3/day, and the filtration coefficients are 6.2-24.3 m/day. For clay sandstones, well
production rates vary from 0.9 to 86.4 m3/day, and filtration coefficients range from 0.006 to 0.26
m/day. Chemical composition of the water is hydrocarbonate, chloride-hydrocarbonate-sulphate, chlo-
ride sodium-calcium, calcium-sodium, sodium with mineralization from 0.1 to 1.8 g/dm3. The chemical
composition is stable over time, the annual amplitude of groundwater level fluctuation is 0.4-0.5 m.
The groundwater of the water-bearing system is intensively exploited for drinking water supply in the
cities of Barvinkove and Oleksandrivka.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of
the GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is pro-
tected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.
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Table 26: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Upper Triassic sediments
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United GWB code UAM5.1GW0022
5-251m
Cf 0,26-24,3
m/d
km 100-200
m2/d
200 and
more m
HC
O3,
Cl-
HC
O3-S
O4,
SO
4-C
l, C
a,
Na
-Ca
, C
a-N
a, N
a,
M 0
,5-1
,8 g
/dm
3
GWB code UAМ5.1.3Т100
GWB name GWB in terrigenous
Upper Triassic
sediments
GWB area, square km 310,1
Geologic index Т3
Lithology Sand, sandstone,
siltstone
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Sand, clay
GWB thickness, min., max.,
average
Tо 250
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
0,26-24,3
12
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
10-200
160
Level, min, max,
average, m
To 200
Average annual level variation, m 0,4-0,5
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells N.d.
Chemical composition (mineralization
M, main anions, cations)
М 0,5-1,8 g/dm3
HCO3, Cl-HCO3-SO4,
SO4-Cl Ca, Na-Ca,
Ca-Na, Na
Main recharge source Infiltration of
precipitation
Connection with surface No
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Centralized water
supply
GWB chemical status Good
GWB quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 490-630
П@
T3
C
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5.5.23 GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments – UAM5.1GW0022
GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments (code UAM5.1GW0022) within the sub-basin of the
Middle Dnipro is located only in the city of Kaniv, where it is used for centralized water supply. The
depth of water-bearing rocks occurrence is 150-200 meters. They occur on the rocks of the Archaean-
Proterozoic, and covered by Quaternary and Jurassic sediments.
Figure 28: GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments
Water-bearing rocks are layers and lenses of various-grained, fractured sandstones and limestones in
the stratum of variegated clay. Total thickness of Triassic sediments is 20-75 meters, thickness of
water-bearing layers amounts from 5-10 to 40-50 meters. The waters are artesian; the water head is
127,4-217 meters. The water abundance is generally low; wells production rates are 172.8-414.7
m3/day. Mineralization of water is 0.3-0.6 g/dm
3, the chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate
calcium and hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of
the GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is pro-
tected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.
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Table 27: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous Lower Triassic sediments
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United GWB code UAM5.1GW0022
150-200 m
Cf 0,3-150
m/d
km 50-400
m2/d
240-300 m
HC
O3 C
a,
HC
O3-C
l N
a,
М 0
,3-0
,6 g
/dm
3
GWB code UAМ5.1.2Т100
GWB name GWB in terrigenous
Lower Triassic
sediments
GWB area, square km 13,76
Geologic index Т1
Lithology Sand, sandstone,
limestone
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Sand, clay
GWB thickness, min., max.,
average
5-50
25
Filtration coefficient k, min, max, average,
m/ day
0,3-15,0
6
Water conductivity km, min, max, average,
m2 / day
50-400
100
Level, min, max,
average, m
100-200
150
Average annual level variation, m 0,23-0,7
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells Less than 10
Chemical composition (mineralization M,
main anions, cations)
М 0,3-0,6 g/dm3
HCO3 Ca, HCO3-Cl
Na
Main recharge source Infiltration of
precipitation
Connection with surface No
Level trend Level recovery
Prevailing human activity Centralized water
supply
GWB chemical status Good
GWB quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 490-630
AR-PR
Pъ_ъъ
ъ
J2 J2
T2
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5.5.24 GWB in terrigenous- calcareous Carboniferous sediments –
UAM5.1GW0024
GWB in terrigenous- calcareous Carboniferous sediments (code UAM5.1GW0024) is located within
the sub-basin of the Southern Dnipro in the Donetska hydrogeological folded region and the Hydroge-
ological region of the Ukrainian Shield junction zone. It occurs on the rocks of the Meso-Cenozoic, in
the river valleys exposes on the earth's surface. Carboniferous rocks are represented by the interbed-
ding of argillites, siltstones, sandstones with layers of limestone, dolomites and coal. All these litholog-
ical varieties are fissured and form a single water-bearing system, although these strata are not uni-
form in water permeability. Collectors are fractured, various-grained quartz sandstones and lime-
stones. The fissured zone is distributed to a depth of 40-70, sometimes 100 meters. Below this depth
the layers of argillites and siltstones become water-resistant and divide separate water permeable
layers into local artesian aquifers. A characteristic feature is a significant amount of tectonic faults,
which break down water-bearing rocks, as well as karsted water-bearing rocks.
Figure 29: GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments
The depth of occurrence increases with the lowering of carboniferous rocks under the overlying rocks
from 0–20 meters to hundreds and more meters. The depth of the water level varies from 1–20 m in
the river valleys to 70 m in the watersheds. The magnitude of the water head reaches 174 meters, and
grows with the increase in the depth of the carboniferous rocks.
The water-bearing system is experiencing man-made pressure due to mine drainage during coal min-
ing. Hypsometry of groundwater mirrors is complicated by surfaces of depression due to work of water
intakes and quarries. They reach several kilometers in diameter with a decrease of level in the centre
to 35–40 meters.
The water abundance of water-bearing sediments is not constant, the well production rates reach
4752-8640 m3/day, the filtration coefficients vary from 0.0001 to 100 m/day. The rocks in the zones of
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tectonic faults are most water abundant, here the total production of water intakes can reach 2000
m3/hour. The river valleys are characterized by increased water abundance compared to watersheds,
the amplitude of fluctuations of the level reaches 5-6 meters or more.
The chemical composition of water is sulphate sodium-calcium, chloride-sulphate and sulphate-
hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium with mineralization of 1.0-1.5 g/dm3, somewhere - fresh hydrocar-
bonate calcium. Groundwater mineralization often increases to 1.3-2.6 g/dm3. The average values of
total hardness are 10-20 mmol/dm3.
Groundwater is intensively used for household and industrial water supply of settlements and industrial
facilities of Volodymyrivka, Hannivka, Pavlograd, mine Lidiivka etc.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits, locally -
effect of drainage. Water of the GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments is not con-
nected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sediments. Locally
there is an increased natural content of sulphate, chlorides and mineralization. The quantitative and
chemical status is good.
Table 28: Characteristic of GWB in terrigenous-calcareous Carboniferous sediments
Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
United GWB code UAM5.1GW0024
C
D
00-20
and more
m
Cf
0,0001-
100 m/d,
km 70-
300 m2/d
1000-
1500 and
more m
SO
4 N
a-C
a,
Cl-
SO
4,
SO
4-H
CO
3 N
a-C
a,
М 1
,0-1
,5 g
/dm
3
GWB code UAМ5.1.3С100
GWB name GWB in terrigenous-calcareous
Carboniferous sediments
GWB area, square km 4668
Geologic index С
Lithology Fissured sandstone and
limestone
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Sand, clay
GWB thickness, min., max.,
average
40-100
40-70
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
0,0001-100
20
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
70-300
90
Level, min, max,
average, m
From 1-20 to 70
Average annual level variation, m To 1-1,5
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells More than 50
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
М 1,0-1,5 g/dm3
SO4 Na-Ca, Cl-SO4, SO4- HCO3,
Na-Ca
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation
MZ-KZ
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Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
Connection with surface In places of exposure on the
earth surface in the river valleys
Level trend Down trend
Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply, mine
and quarry drainage
GWB chemical status Good
GWB quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 490-630
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5.5.25 GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks – UAM5.1GW0025
GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks (code UAM5.1GW0025) is situated within the Pripyat
subbasin. It is associated with fissured effusive and terrigenous Vendian rocks (Valdaiska, Volynska
series), Riphean terrigenous rocks (Poliska series), which occur on the slopes of the Ukrainian shield
at shallow depth under terrigenous-calcareous Meso-Ceinozoic sediments. In this area, Precambrian
rocks contain potable quality groundwater. To the east, they are overlapped by a thick layer of Paleo-
zoic and Mesozoic rocks and are unsuitable for household drinking supply.
Precambrian sediments are strata of interbedding basalts, tuffs, sandstones, gravelites, argillites and
siltstones with a total thickness 200–550 meters or more. The thickness of water-bearing sediments
varies from 10 to 67-261.5 m. The water-bearing system is artesian, the water head reaches 40-
193 m.
Figure 30: GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks
Depending on the lithology and fissuring of water-bearing rocks, the production rates vary from 86.4-
259.2 to 1296-1658.9 m3/day.
The chemical composition of water is hydrocarbonate calcium, calcium-magnesium, hydrocarbonate
sodium, with a mineralization of 0.2-0.3, somewhere up to 2.8 g/dm3.
The water-bearing system is used for water supply of settlements Rivne, Zdolbuniv, Dubne, Goshcha,
Volodiymyrets, Kostopil, Rokytne, Slavuta, Sarny, Berezne, Klesiv, Mezhyrychi. In the cities of
Khmelnitsky and Gorodok it is exploited together with the Cenomanian aquifer.
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits. Water of
the GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is pro-
tected from contamination by the overlying sediments. The quantitative and chemical status is good.
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Table 29: Characteristic of GWB in effusive-terrigenous Precambrian rocks
Parameter Characteristic Lithologic and hydrogeological column
United GWB code UAM5.1GW0025
PЄ
90-100 m
Cf
1-10 m/d,
km
40-250 m2/d
and more
200-240 and
more m
HC
O3 C
a,
Mg
, N
a,
М 0
,3-0
,5 g
/dm
3, som
etim
es 2
,8 g
/dm
3
GWB code UAМ5.1.4РЄ100
GWB name GWB in effusive-terrigenous
Precambrian rocks
GWB area, square km 13070
Geologic index РЄ
Lithology Sandstone, argillite,
siltstone, tuff, tuffite, basalts
Aquifer type Confined
Overlapping rocks Sand, clay, chalk, marl
GWB thickness, min., max.,
average
From 10-67 to 100,1-261,5
20-60
Filtration coefficient k, min,
max, average, m/ day
1-10
Water conductivity km, min,
max,
average, m2 / day
From 40-150 tо 400-500,
somewhere 2000
80-200
Level, min, max,
average, m
2-16
Average annual level variation,
m
0.09-0.42
Water intake 10 м3/day:
yes/no
Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells More than 100
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
М 0,3-0.5 g/dm3
(seldom
2,8), Ca-Mg; HCO3 Na
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation,
flow from overlying aquifers
Connection with surface No
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply
GWB chemical status Good
GWB quantitative status Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 580-1070
AR-PR
П
K2s
K2
N1
s
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5.5.26 Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline
rocks – UAM5.1GW0026
Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks (code UAM5.1GW0026) is
widely distributed in the Dnipro basin. It extends from the northwest to the southeast in a wide strip,
and is confined to the Hydrogeological region of the Ukrainian shield. Precambrian rocks composed of
various metamorphic and igneous formations (gneisses, granites and migmatites) are water-bearing.
In the river valleys, they reach the earth's surface or are overlapped with a thin layer of Meso-
Cenozoic sediments.
The division of Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks into separate
GWBs will be carried out in the future, taking into account the human pressure studying and the re-
sults of groundwater monitoring.
Figure 31: Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline rocks
Geofiltration properties of crystalline rocks are determined by very uneven water abundance, which is
associated with heterogeneous endo - and exogenous fissuring both in area and depth. The most
water abundant areas are confined to low sites of modern relief, coinciding with the hydrographic net-
work and large ravines. The thickness of zones of intense fissuring often does not exceed 20 m from
the surface of crystalline rocks on the watersheds and 50 m in river valleys, and extends, as a rule, to
a depth of 80-100 m from the earth surface.
Almost everywhere, crystalline rocks are covered by the weathering crust, which directly determines
their interrelation with aquifers and overlying sediment complexes and, accordingly, recharge condi-
tions. The weathering crust plays a double hydrogeological role. Under certain conditions, depending
on the lithological structure, it is either an aquifer or ware-resist layer. A full section and a large thick-
ness of the weathering crust is observed in the watershed areas, and in the near-river bed parts its
thickness decreases, to the point of complete erosion.
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In the north-west, where the sedimentary cover is thin, the depth accounts 20-30 meters. In the river
valleys, water-bearing rocks often expose on the surface. The thickness of sedimentary rocks in the
roof and, respectively, the depth of aquifer occurrence grows to the south. Groundwater levels typically
do not exceed 20 meters. The water may be confined (artesian) or unconfined, the water head does
not exceed 15-20 meters, somewhere it increases to 57.5 m, in some cases, self-discharge of wells
(well-spring) is observed.
In the river valleys, the water head decreases. Water abundance depends on the fracture properties,
fissure zone thickness and recharge conditions. Well production rates vary from 0.9 to 864-1209.6
m3/day. Water conductivity varies widely: background values are 1-10 m
2/day, varying from the first
m2/day to 500 m
2/day. High values of water conductivity associated with zones of tectonic faults, river
valleys, streams, where they usually amount to 50-100 m2/day.
The chemical composition of groundwater is variegated, but hydrocarbonate calcium water with a min-
eralization of 0.5-1.0 g/dm3 prevails. Sulphate and chloride waters with mineralization of up to 6.4
g/dm3 are rare. Hydrocarbonate calcium waters with low mineralization are common in the north-
western part, where there are favourable conditions for groundwater recharge. Water of mixed chemi-
cal composition appears in the south-east and south, the mineralization increases to 3 g/dm3 and
more.
The recharge of aquifer over the entire area of its distribution is due to the infiltration of precipitation
and flow from aquifers confined to sedimentary cover rocks in places where there are no water resist
layers. Discharge occurs in the river valleys. The amplitude of groundwater level fluctuations, depend-
ing on the type of regime, varies widely: from 0.3-0.6 m (watersheds) to 0.5-1.0 m (near river valleys)
and 1-2, in some places 3-4 meters (river valleys). Within the Hydrogeological Region of the Ukrainian
Shield, the aquifer is the main source of drinking water supply for a number of large settlements (nu-
merous regional centers of Rivne, Zhytomyr, Kropyvnytskyi, Kyiv, and Dnipro regions). Taking into
account the specifics of the water content of crystalline rocks, operation is carried out by water intakes
of small productivity (up to 1-2 thousand m3/day).
Main human pressure affecting groundwater quality is development of groundwater deposits and influ-
ence of ore mining. Water of the Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline
rocks is not connected to surface ecosystems. It is protected from contamination by the overlying sed-
iments. Locally there is an increased natural content of iron and manganese. The quantitative and
chemical status is good.
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Table 30: Characteristic of Group of GWBs in fissure zone of Archean-Proterozoic crystalline
rocks
Parameter Characteristic
Lithologic and hydrogeological
column
United Group of GWBs code UAM5.1GW0026
20-30 m
to 100 m
Cf 0,06-
6,5 m/d
km from
1-2 м 500
m2/d
HC
O3 C
a,
M 0
,3-1
,0 g
/dm
3 (n
ort
h),
SO
4
Cl, M
3-5
g/d
m3
(sou
th)
Group of GWBs code UAМ5.1.2AR100, UAМ5.1.3AR100
UAМ5.1.4AR100
Group of GWBs name GWB in fissure zone of Archean-
Proterozoic crystalline rocks
Group of GWBs area, square km 76640
Geologic index AR-PR
Lithology Fissured granites, gneisses,
migmatites
Aquifer type Confined-unconfined
Overlapping rocks Kaolines, sand, clay
Group of GWBs thickness, min.,
max.,
average
1-100
20-50
Filtration coefficient k, min, max,
average, m/ day
0.06-6.5
3.0
Water conductivity km, min, max,
average, m2 / day
From 1-2 to 500
5-50
Level, min, max,
average, m
≤ 20
Average annual level variation, m From 0,3-0,6 to 3-4
Water intake 10 м3/day: yes/no Yes
Number of spring cappings -
Number of production wells N.d.
Chemical composition
(mineralization M, main anions,
cations)
М 0,3-1,0 g/dm3
HCO3 Ca (north);
М 3,0-5,0 g/dm3
SO4-Cl (south)
Main recharge source Infiltration of precipitation, flow from
underlying aquifers
Connection with surface In rivers valleys
Level trend Stable
Prevailing human activity Centralized water supply
Group of GWBs chemical status Good
Group of GWBs quantitative
status
Good
reliability of information High
Annual precipitation, mm 430-1070
AR-PR
MZ-KZ
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6 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENT
GROUNDWATER MONITORING NET AND
PROPOSALS FOR ITS RESTORATION
In Ukraine the basic legal documents regulating the groundwater monitoring are:
Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (under the Association Agreement with the EU).
The procedure for the implementation of state monitoring of water, approved by the Resolution
of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated September 19, 2018 No. 758.
Regulation on the state system of environmental monitoring, approved by the Resolution of the
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated March 30, 1998, No. 391.
Ukraine has a rich experience in conducting regime observations of groundwater quantitative and
qualitative status. During the former USSR, a representative observation network was established in
Ukraine, which began to form in the 50-60's of the last century, and in the early 90's there were more
than 7,000 observation wells.
In the early 2000s, as a result of a steady funding reduction, the number of observation wells de-
creased by six times - it was 1,148 wells. On the basis of this network, State groundwater monitoring
system was established and approved by the Head of the State Geological Survey of Ukraine in 2002.
The observation was carried out by regional geological enterprises, the collection and summarization
of the results was carried out by SRPE "Geoinform of Ukraine", and methodological support was pro-
vided by UkrDGRI.
Subsequently, funding for groundwater monitoring continued to decrease. In 2017, monitoring of the
level regime was carried out only on 171 wells of the state network, of which only 38 wells were sam-
pled to determine the chemical composition.
Thus, the monitoring network is almost destroyed and needs urgent recovery, taking into account the
requirements of the WFD.
This requires:
development and implementation of methodical documents adapted to the requirements of the
EU standards;
maintenance of databases of hydrogeological and ecological-geological information in GIS, cre-
ation of hydrogeological models for characterization of groundwater status and preparation of
analytical reports for making managerial decisions;
involvement in the monitoring network of wells of water users, which extracted more than 100
m. cube a day;
Inventory of wells in good technical condition to assess their representativeness, taking into ac-
count GWB allocated in this report;
resolving the issue of wells protection;
technical re-equipment of wells;
strengthening of international cooperation in the area of monitoring groundwater, primarily
transboundary aquifers.
Implementation of most of these measures is impossible without the proper funding of groundwater
monitoring from the State Budget.
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7 SUMMARY OF OPEN ISSUES
The groundwater monitoring system in Ukraine requires restoration, taking into account new european
methodological approaches. First of all, it is necessary to complete the inventory of the regime network
of wells, to evaluate their representativeness taking into account the basin principle and the groundwa-
ter bodies identified in this report. Special attention should be paid to groundwaters that are experienc-
ing human pressure (pollution, surfaces of depression formation) [9-11,14,16].
The groundwater monitoring planning and conducting requires the creation of hydrogeological and
ecological geological databases. This information needs to be updated, especially with regard to
sources of human pressure. Available information is often outdated.
To characterize the quantitative and qualitative state of groundwater, as well as their forecasting, it is
necessary to collect all the information on the natural and man-made conditions and factors determin-
ing the state of groundwater.
The following steps in planning groundwater monitoring should be:
Completion of the inventory of the regime network wells, preparation of proposals for its im-
provement, taking into account the basin principle;
Development, improvement and implementation of methodical documents adapted to the re-
quirements of the EU standards;
Updating information on technological impact (including data on modern water extraction) and
the creation of appropriate maps in GIS;
Creation of map of the aeration zone in GIS and assessment of its protective properties;
Updating the database of information on the status of environmental components that may af-
fect the status of groundwater (soils, bottom sediments of watercourses etc.);
Processing of information on operational water intakes producing at least 100 m3/day.
The continuation of this work should be detailing the allocated GWB with the updated and clarified
data on anthropogenic effects on groundwater.
Since many of the selected GWB occupy significant areas and are located within several river sub-
basins, it should be taken into account when creating a network of observation wells in order for each
sub-basin to be sufficiently studied.
The full functioning of groundwater monitoring is possible only if it is adequately funded.
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8 REFERENCES
1. Balance of mineral resources. Drinking and technical groundwater. SRPE "Geoinform of
Ukraine", Kyiv. 2016. (in Ukrainian)
2. Geology and Minerals of Ukraine. A set of maps of scale 1: 1 000 000. UkrDGRI, Kyiv. 2003.
. (in Ukrainian).
3. Hydrogeological map of the Ukrainian SSR at a scale of 1: 500,000. CTE. Kiev, 1980. (in
Russian).
4. Lyuta N.G. Development of the geochemical state of landscapes monitoring system for its
assessment and preparation of priority measures in the event of environmentally hazardous
situations. Report on research work. UkrSGRI. Kyiv, 2003. (in Ukrainian).
5. Lyuta N.G. Creation of methodological and informational support of the geochemical state of
landscapes monitoring system of Ukraine. Report on research work. UkrSGRI. Kiyv, 2007.
(in Ukrainian).
6. National program of ecological improvement of the Dnipro basin and improvement of the
drinking water quality. Ministry of Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety of Ukraine,
Kyiv, 1997. 92 p. (in Ukrainian).
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geological environment during regional ecological and geological research. Methodical
guidance. UkrSGRI, Kyiv. 2006. (in Ukrainian).
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territory of Ukraine). Report on research work. State Enterprise "Geoinform", K., 1999. 117 p.
(in Ukrainian).
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information along the Dnipro river basin. Report on research work. UkrSGRI. Kyiv, 2002. (in
Ukrainian).
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into the groundwater of the zone of intensive water exchange. IGS NASU, Kiev, 1991. 110 p.
(in Russian).
11. Shestopalov V.M., Lyuta N.G. Status and ways of reforming of the State groundwater
monitoring system taking into account international experience and requirements of the EU
Water Framework Directive. Mineral Resources of Ukraine. Scientific Magazine. № 2- 2016.
P.3-8. (in Ukrainian).
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operational groundwater reserves of the Ukrainian SSR. Report. CTE, Kiev. 1981. (in
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human consumption (DСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10." Кyiv. 2010. (in Ukrainian).
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Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report
ENI/2016/372-403 107
9 ANNEXES
List of groundwater bodies and groups of GWBs with codes
1. Unconfined Quaternary Group of GWBs
Sub-basins
Groups of GWBs
codes Groups of GWBs Area, km2
Group of GWBs
united code
Upper Dnipro,
Middle Dnipro,
Lower Dnipro,
Prypyat,
Desna
UAM5.1.1Q100,
UAM5.1.2Q100,
UAM5.1.3Q100,
UAM5.1.4Q100,
UAM5.1.5Q100
Group of GWBs in
bog Quaternary
sediments
6878,0 UAM5.1GW0001
Upper Dnipro,
Middle Dnipro,
Lower Dnipro,
Prypyat,
Desna
UAM5.1.1Q200,
UAM5.1.2Q200,
UAM5.1.3Q200,
UAM5.1.4Q200,
UAM5.1.5Q200
Group of GWBs in
alluvial Quaternary
sediments
94300,0 UAM5.1GW0002
Upper Dnipro,
Middle Dnipro,
Prypyat,
Desna
UAM5.1.1Q300,
UAM5.1.2Q300,
UAM5.1.4Q300,
UAM5.1.5Q300
Group of GWBs in
water-glacial
Quaternary
sediments
49730,0 UAM5.1GW0003
Middle Dnipro,
Lower Dnipro,
Prypyat,
Desna
UAM5.1.2Q400,
UAM5.1.3Q400,
UAM5.1.4Q400,
UAM5.1.5Q400
Group of GWBs in
glacial- water and
eolian-deluvial
Quaternary
sediments
56700,0 UAM5.1GW0004
Middle Dnipro,
Lower Dnipro
UAM5.1.2Q500,
UAM5.1.3Q500
Group of GWBs in
eolian-deluvial
Quaternary
sediments
68370,0 UAM5.1GW0005
Final Report Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine
108 ENI/2016/372-403
2. Confined GWBs and groups of GWBs
Subbasins GWBs codes
Groups of GWBs
and GWBs Area, km2
United code of
GWB group
Middle Dnipro, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat
UAM5.1.2Q600
UAM5.1.3Q600
UAM5.1.4Q600
Group of GWBs in
Middle-Upper
Quaternary
sediments
4 719,0 UAM5.1GW0006
Middle Dnipro, Lower
Dnipro, Desna
UAM5.1.2Q600
UAM5.1.3Q600
UAM5.1.5Q600
Group of GWBs in
Lower-Middle
Quaternary
sediments
36 450,0 UAM5.1GW0007
Lower Dnipro UAM5.1.3N100 GWB in terrigenous
Pliocene sediments
661,2 UAM5.1GW0008
Lower Dnipro UAM5.1.3N200 Group of GWBs in
terrigenous-
calcareous Miocene
sediments
22 700,0 UAM5.1GW0009
Prypyat UAM5.1.4N300 GWB in terrigenous-
calcareous
Sarmatian sediments
1 040,0 UAM5.1GW0010
Middle Dnipro, Lower
Dnipro, Desna
UAМ5.1.2Р100,
UAМ5.1.3Р100
UAМ5.1.5Р100
Group of GWBs in
terrigenous
Oligocene sediments
37 300,0 UAM5.1GW0011
Upper Dnipro, Middle
Dnipro, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat,
Desna
UAМ5.1.1Р200,
UAМ5.1.2Р200,
UAМ5.1.3Р200,
UAМ5.1.4Р200,
UAМ5.1.5Р200
Group of GWBs in
terrigenous Eocene
sediments
110 300,0 UAM5.1GW0012
Middle Dnipro, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat
UAМ5.1.2Р300
UAМ5.1.3Р300
UAМ5.1.4Р300
Group of GWBs in
terrigenous
Paleogene
sediments
8 451,0 UAM5.1GW0013
Prypyat UAМ5.1.4К100 GWB in calcareous
Upper Cretaceous
sediments (sub-
basin of the Prypyat)
32 130,0 UAM5.1GW0014
Middle Dnipro,
Desna
UAМ5.1.2К100
UAМ5.1.5К100
GWB in calcareous
Upper Cretaceous
sediments (sub-
basins of the Middle
Dnipro and Desna)
19 280,0 UAM5.1GW0015
Groundwater body delineation in Dnipro river basin - Ukraine Final Report
ENI/2016/372-403 109
Subbasins GWBs codes
Groups of GWBs
and GWBs Area, km2
United code of
GWB group
Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3К100 GWB in calcareous
Upper Cretaceous
sediments (sub-
basin of the Lower
Dnipro)
1 161,0 UAM5.1GW0016
Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3К100 GWB in terrigenous
Upper Cretaceous
sediments
577,4 UAM5.1GW0017
Prypyat UAМ5.1.4К200 GWB in terrigenous
Cenomanian
sediments
120,7 UAM5.1GW0018
Upper Dnipro, Middle
Dnipro, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat,
Desna
UAМ5.1.1К300,
UAМ5.1.2К300,
UAМ5.1.3К300,
UAМ5.1.4К300,
UAМ5.1.5К300
Group of GWBs in
terrigenous Alb-
Cenomanian
sediments
106 800,0 UAM5.1GW0019
Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3J100 GWB in terrigenous
Middle-Upper
Jurassic sediments
1 110,0 UAM5.1GW0020
Middle Dnipro,
Prypyat,
Desna
UAМ5.1.2J100,
UAМ5.1.4J100,
UAМ5.1.5J100
Group of GWBs in in
terrigenous Middle
Jurassic sediments
15 620,0 UAM5.1GW0021
Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3Т100 GWB in terrigenous
Upper Triassic
sediments
310,1 UAM5.1GW0022
Middle Dnipro UAМ5.1.2Т100 GWB in terrigenous
Lower Triassic
sediments
13,76 UAM5.1GW0023
Lower Dnipro UAМ5.1.3С100 GWB in terrigenous-
calcareous
Carboniferous
sediments
4 668,0 UAM5.1GW0024
Prypyat UAМ5.1.4РЄ100 GWB in effusive-
terrigenous
Precambrian rocks
13 070,0 UAM5.1GW0025
Middle Dnipro, Lower
Dnipro, Prypyat
UAМ5.1.2AR100,
UAМ5.1.3AR100
UAМ5.1.4AR100
Group of GWBs in
fissure zone of
Archean-Proterozoic
crystalline rocks
76 640,0 UAM5.1GW0026
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