Identifying Species Targets at the Landscape/ Seascape

Scale

Identify species outcomes for hotspot or high-biodiversity

wilderness area

Identify and delineate key biodiversity areas for globally threatened and geographically

concentrated species

• spp. with large home ranges and nomadic species• spp. that occur at low densities• spp. that move between key biodiversity areas and

other migratory species• spp. that now occur in small isolated subpopulations

due to habitat fragmentation • spp. that depend on ecological processes that

cannot be maintained through protection at the site scale

Identify globally threatened and geographically concentrated species that cannot be conserved at the site scale alone and require conservation action at the landscape/ seascape scale

Species with large home ranges and nomadic species

• Population with X mature individuals requires more area than in any of the Y largest KBAs identified for the species or in which the species occurs

Species that occur at low densities

• Population with X mature individuals requires more area than in any of the Y largest KBAs identified for the species or in which the species occurs

Species that move between key biodiversity areas• Dispersal: Sub-adult dispersal patterns

cannot be accommodated within any of the Y largest KBAs identified for the species or in which the species occurs;

• Migratory species: Populations regularly move between KBAs.

Species that now occur in small isolated subpopulations due to habitat fragmentation• All subpopulations have less than X

mature individuals with limited probability of recolonization due to habitat fragmentation

Species that depend on ecological processes that cannot be maintained at the site scale

Quantifying Species Targets for Minimizing Extinction Risk at the

Landscape/ Seascape Scale

Population type targets

• Population reduction less than 30% over 10 yrs or 3 generations

• Population greater than 10,000 mature individuals

• At least one subpopulation containing more than 1,000 mature individuals

• Mature individuals spread across more than one subpopulation

• More than 10 locations• Probability of EW less than 10% over

100 years

Area type targets

• No continuing decline in Extent of Occurrence

• Area of Occupancy greater than 2,000 km2

• No continuing decline in area/ extent/ quality of habitat

Connectivity type targets

• No severe fragmentation (i.e. not the case that most of the population found in small relatively isolated populations)

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Assessing Area and Connectivity Requirements for Species Targets at the

Landscape/ Seascape Scale

Assess area requirements to meet area type targets

• Extent of Occurrence: minimum area requirement = current extent of occurrence

• Area of Occupancy: minimum area requirement = area of occupancy greater than 100/ 2,000 km2 or current area of occupancy

• Habitat: minimum area requirement = current area/ extent of habitat, with quality maintained

Assess connectivity requirements to meet

connectivity type targetsFragmentation:• Map fragments of suitable habitat within Area of

Occupancy;• Estimate potential populations of largest

fragments;• If no fragment holds suitable habitat for a sub-

population of 1,000 mature individuals, then identify options for connecting fragments to achieve sufficient interconnected habitat to support target subpopulation;

• Check that increased connectivity does not reduce number of locations/ subpopulations to less than 10.

Assess connectivity requirements to meet

connectivity type targetsFragmentation example: Tapirus pinchaque (EN)

• Population density is 1 per 5.51-5.87 km2 in protected areas;

• In Colombia, only 5-6 fragments large enough to support 150 individuals (estimated minimum for viable population in the short-term);

• Remaining patches could play an important role in conservation of the species if

connected to larger patches. Source: Lizcano et al (2002)

Assess connectivity requirements for species that

move between sitesMovement requirements:• Determine movement requirements.• Determine movement/dispersal ability

and assess possible limitations.• Characterize and map current

connectivity within landscape/ seascape. • Quantify/ specify connectivity

requirements.

Assess connectivity requirements to meet

connectivity type targets

Movement example:• For some subpopulations, female migration to

upstream nesting sites up to 80km from normal estuarine habitat.

• Main threat to migration is dam construction which block routes.

• Target = connectivity between nesting and foraging sites (i.e. absence of dams or adequate mitigation measures such as turtle ladders)

Identify threats that indicate area/ connectivity requirements

Type of Threat Area Conn. Ecol.P Policy Other1: Habitat Loss/ Degradation Y ?2: Invasive alien species ? ?3: Harvesting [hunting/gathering] ? ?4: Accidental mortality ? ?5: Persecution ? ?6: Pollution ? ?7: Natural disasters ?8: Changes in native spp. dynamics Y9: Intrinsic factors ? ? ?10: Human disturbance ? ?

Assess area requirements to meet population type targets• Define habitat and specific resource

requirements;• Estimate mean population densities (of mature

individuals) and estimate total area of suitable habitat required;

• Map appropriate habitats and specific resources;• Identify any critical habitats and/ or specific

resources that can be protected at the site scale and ensure these are incorporated in KBAs;

• Quantify any additional habitat/ resource requirements to meet population targets.

Example: Casuarius casuarius (VU)

• Mean population density = 0.5-2 per km2 so population of 10,000 individuals would require 5,000-20,000 km2.

• Habitat and resource requirements: Rainforest and associated habitats – requires access to water points and mixture of habitats in areas with seasonal variation in food supply (fruit-bearing trees).

Assess area requirements to meet population type targets

Map appropriate habitats

Identify critical habitat/ resources for site-scale protection in KBAs