ideologies – an introduction
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
IDEOLOGIES – an introduction
Information sourced fromHeywood, A. (1998), Political Ideologies:
An introduction. Palgrave Macmillan: Hampshire.
![Page 2: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Outline of Unit
What is ideology?
Core themes of different ideologies
The political spectrum
![Page 3: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
WHAT IS ‘IDEOLOGY’?
![Page 4: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
ISM’s!
We are basically going to be looking at many of the words ending in –ism, such as liberalism, conservatism, socialism, communism, religious fundamentalism, feminism, totalitarianism etc.
![Page 5: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
What is ideology?
• First thing to be clear on is that there really is no clear and agreed upon definition of ideology. It is a difficult term to really defineproperly.
![Page 6: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Some attempted definitions of ‘ideology’ 1
• A political belief system• An action-orientated set of political
ideas• The ideas of the ruling class• The world view of a particular social
class or social group• Political ideas that embody or
articulate class or social interests• Ideas that propagate false
consciousness amongst the exploited or oppressed
![Page 7: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Some attempted definitions of ‘ideology’ 2
• Ideas that situate the individual within a social context and generate a sense of collective belonging• An officially sanctioned set of ideas
used to legitimise a political system or regime• An all-embracing political doctrine that
claims a monopoly of truth• An abstract and highly systematic set
of political ideas
![Page 8: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Origin of the term
• The term was created during the French Revolution by Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836), and first used in public in 1796• For de Tracy, idéologie referred to a new ‘science of ideas’, or an idea-ology, like in biology, or psychology.
![Page 9: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Origin of the term
“The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time the ruling intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it” Marx and Engels, The German Ideology
The use of ideology as a political term has a lot to do with the work of Karl Marx (1818-1883)
![Page 10: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
The definition we will use in our class:
An ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for organised political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing system of power. All ideologies therefore have the following features:
a) They offer an account of the existing order, usually in the form of a ‘world view’
b) They advance a model of a desired future, a vision of the ‘good society’
c) They explain how political change can and should be brought about – how to get from (a) to (b)
Heywood, A (2007). Political Ideologies – An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan: New York.
![Page 11: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Take note!
It’s important to realise that ideology is not just something that is important to politics or politicians. Ideology influences all of our lives, but it works in such a way that we are often unaware of its influence!
![Page 12: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Think of ideology as a pair of goggles!Whichever pair of goggles you put on, changes the way which you see the world. It allows you to interpret the world and to make decisions! Now you must work out, which ideology has already influenced your way of thinking and looking at the world!
![Page 13: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
LIBERALISMCore themes
![Page 14: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
This ideology is in a sense the ideology of the ‘industrialised West’
It has a focus on a particular set of values: the individual, freedom, reason, justice, toleration
![Page 15: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Liberalism: The Individual
Liberalism emphasises the importance of the individual, both the uniqueness of each individual and at the same time the equality of all individuals.
![Page 16: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Liberalism: The Individual
Thus, liberalism emphasises a commitment to individual freedom. This does not mean though, that an individual is free to do whatever they like. There are still constraints on what you are actually allowed to do, one constraint being that you are not allowed to hurt another individual.
![Page 17: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Liberalism: Faith in reason
Having faith in reason, or the ability to use one’s intellect in taking action in the world, is also a central component
![Page 18: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Liberalism: Justice and tolerance
• Liberals look at justice in that each person should be given what they are ‘due’.• Because individual rights are central, this means that liberalism believes in tolerance and pluralism, or the idea that different moral, cultural and political cultures can exist together.
![Page 19: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Where can I see evidence of liberalism today?
Everywhere! Have a look around, and you will see that the ideas of liberalism are central to our lives. What examples of liberalism can you find just by looking at your school?
![Page 20: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
CONSERVATISMCore themes
![Page 21: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Conservatism: Core themes
Central beliefs of conservatism are based around the ideas of:• tradition• human imperfection• organic society• hierarchy and authority• property
![Page 22: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Conservatism: Tradition
• Conservatives argue for the preservation of ‘tradition’, in particular with regards to values, practices and institutions• They see tradition as being one of the foundations of society; without it, they believe society would crumble.
![Page 23: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Conservatism: Humans are imperfect
Conservatives argue that human beings are imperfect and not perfectible, thus they will need stability and security in their lives, which the government can provide
![Page 24: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Conservatism: Organic society
Conservatives believe that human beings cannot exist outside of society, or the social groups that nurture him/her, such as family, friends, colleagues, local community, and the nation
![Page 25: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Conservatism: Hierarchy and authority
Believe that society is hierarchical, and that authority (who is on top or in charge) develops naturally
![Page 26: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Conservatism: Property
• Conservatives have a firm belief in the importance of owning property, and encourage private savings and investment in property; property is seen to be a way of creating a stable world. • People are less likely to damage someone else’s property if they also own property.
![Page 27: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Liberalism vs. Conservatism
This is one of the oldest ideological divisions.
Watch the above video to identify some stereotypical liberal and conservative traits.
![Page 28: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Liberalism vs. Conservatism
Can you make a list of the differences between liberalism and conservatism? Why would they be opposed to one another?
![Page 29: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
SOCIALISMCore themes
![Page 30: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Core Themes
• Community• Cooperation• Equality• Class politics• Common ownership
![Page 31: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Community
• Human beings are tied to one another by the bonds of a common humanity• ‘We are all brothers and sisters’
![Page 32: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
View on human nature
• Belief in the plasticity of human nature, or that humans can change and be moulded by life experience• Firm belief that humans are not predestined, but have the capacity to become something greater than what they are
![Page 33: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Cooperation not competition
Socialists believe that the natural relationship among humans is one of cooperation rather than competition
![Page 34: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Equality
Socialists are committed to equality
![Page 35: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Social Class
Emphasis is on social class as the determining factor of society
What do you notice about the boys in this picture?
![Page 36: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Common ownership
• Disagree with the idea of private property, as they see this as one of the causes of competition and therefore social inequality.• Thus, have a view that all property should be communal• ‘From each according to his ability, to each according to his need’ – Karl Marx
![Page 37: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Socialism vs. Communism
• These two ideologies are often confused with one another• The similarities and differences are quite difficult to define• Communism is thought to be a classless society, where there is no hierarchy or authority. It has been argued by Marxists to be the end point of human development• Socialism is seen to be a middle point between capitalism and communism, where the state attempts to re-direct society towards its communist ideal
![Page 38: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Pause: Comparing the three we have looked at so farView Liberalism Conservatism Socialism
Human nature Inherently good
Inherently imperfect and selfish
Inherently good
Of individual Free to pursue individual goals
Individual is to obey the power structures
Supports the common good
Of society Made up of individuals, working together
Hierarchical – divisions are natural
Society more important than the individual
Private property
Used for personal benefit
Necessary for stability
The cause of inequality
![Page 39: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
FASCISMCore themes
![Page 40: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Origin
Whilst liberalism, conservatism and socialism are ideas that have their roots in the 19th Century, fascism was born in the period between the first world wars, and emerged most dramatically in Italy and Germany.
![Page 41: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Italian Fascism
Benito Mussolini and his Fascist Party came to power in Italy in the 1920s and lasted until the second World War, upon which he was executed by the Italian partisans and hung by his feet in a square in Milano
![Page 42: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
German Fascism
Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party came to power in the 1930s and lasted until the Second World War, until the defeat of Germany by the Allies.
![Page 43: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Features of fascism
It is a difficult ideology to define, but some of its common themes include:• A reaction against rationalism, or the use
of reason to make sense of the world• A belief that life is struggle, and that the
strongest survive (influenced by Darwin’s idea of natural selection)• Does not believe in equality; instead
believes in elitism, or that some people are born leaders• An extreme embrace of nationalism;
incorporating a belief that certain nations are superior to others.
![Page 44: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
CAPITALISMCore themes
![Page 45: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Capitalism• Is an economic system that is focussed on profit, and the major part of production is privately owned• Goods and services are created in order to generate profit
![Page 46: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
The ‘Market’
The market is seen to be the defining mechanism in ordering society. In this sense, ‘the market’ refers to the procedure of selling and buying goods in general (and anywhere), not necessarily a physical market like Preston Market! The market procedure is a way where people bring their goods to sell to consumers, and it is thought that through trade society’s order is maintained.In economics talk, ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ are terms used to describe this process.
![Page 47: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Supply and Demand
![Page 48: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Economic Growth
Belief in the idea of economic growth, so that all people increase their material wealth (best seen in the pie example below) and become better off, no matter their position in the economy. If all people are concerned with increasing their wealth, this will maintain order in society
![Page 49: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
TOTALITARIANISMCore themes
![Page 50: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Totalitarianism• Is a political system where the state (in the hands of perhaps one person or a small group/party) controls almost everything in its territory. All freedom is removed, and all subjects are under control of the authority. It is a ‘total system’ of control.• It establishes its rule by ideological manipulation (controlling the minds of its subjects), terror and brutality.
![Page 51: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
ANARCHISMCore themes
![Page 52: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Anarchism
• The defining feature of anarchism is its opposition to the state and the institutions of government and law
• Their main argument against authority is that they see authority as being an offence against the principles of freedom and equality
• They believe in a natural goodness of humans, and that without a state governing humans would naturally fall into a state of cooperation with one another.
![Page 53: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM
Core themes
![Page 54: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Religious Fundamentalism
Rejects the distinction between politics and religion; for fundamentalists, ‘politics is religion’ (Khomeini, leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979)
![Page 55: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Religious Fundamentalism
• Maintains a commitment to ideas and values that are seen as basic or fundamental• Most often turns its back on modernity,
or the modern world we live in. Modernity is seen to be the root of decay in our world, where values are lacking and moral social fabric has disintegrated.• Very often it is a militaristic ideology,
and the use of violence to achieve its aims is common
![Page 56: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Some funny stereotypes
![Page 57: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
NATIONALISMCore themes
![Page 58: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Nationalism
A firm belief in the idea that the ‘nation’ should be the central principle of political organisation
![Page 59: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
ENVIRONMENTALISM
![Page 60: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Environmentalism
A belief that nature is the most important focus of social organisation
![Page 61: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
FEMINISM
![Page 62: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Feminism
Important ideology that changed the focus of ideology from looking at the public to the private sphere. That is, rather than looking at the politics of the state level, they started to look at the politics of the individual. Key to this was looking at the power relationship that exists between men and women.
![Page 63: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Feminism
• Use of the concept of ‘patriarchy’ to describe the power relationship between men and women• Made a distinction between the idea of
‘sex’ and ‘gender’: sex is a biological term defined by birth, whereas gender is a cultural term which incorporates learning how to be female or male
![Page 64: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
GLOBALISATION
![Page 65: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Globalisation
• This term describes the process through which economies, societies and cultures become further integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation and trade.
• Whether the term is an ideology or not is debatable, but it is an idea that more and more comes to influence the way we see the world.
![Page 66: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM
![Page 67: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
The Political Spectrum
• You may have heard at various times terms used like ‘political left’ and ‘political right’• This is quite a confusing and misleading area in understanding political science•The origin of the terms dates back to the French Revolution and the seating arrangements adopted by different groups in parliament.
![Page 68: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
The Political Spectrum
Traditionally, the political spectrum looked like this:
![Page 69: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Meanings of ‘left’ and ‘right’
LEFT
A broad ideological disposition that is characterised by sympathy for principles such as liberty, equality, fraternity and progress. It is also associated with preference for equality and common ownership.
RIGHT
A broad ideological disposition that is characterised by sympathy for principles such as authority, order, hierarchy and duty
![Page 70: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
![Page 71: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Other models of the spectrum
This linear version of left and right, however, is a simplistic division. Over the years, other models have come to expand the idea of a political spectrum into a second dimension. The below horseshoe example became quite popular in the 1950s and 1960s.
![Page 72: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
The Political Compass
The below diagram is of a very interesting way to describe the political spectrum and one which takes into account both economic and social factors.
![Page 73: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Positioning of contemporary international leaders
![Page 74: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
Traditional international leaders
![Page 75: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET
2010 Australian Election
![Page 76: Ideologies – an introduction](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081412/5455afa8b1af9fb66e8b4a0a/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
ON
TAR
GET Where do you stand on the political
compass? Go to http://www.politicalcompass.org/index to take the test and find out if you are a communist, fascist, budding dictator or more of a middle man!