IDRC-191e

EIGHT YEARS OF THEIR LIVES

V.'

ERNEO P

ERNESTO SCHIEFELBE IN/JOSEPH PFARRELL

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IDRC-191e

Eight Years of Their Lives THROUGH SCHOOLING TO THE LABOUR MARKET IN CHILE

Ernesto Schiefelbein

Joseph P. Farrell

5

Contents

(hJpt(.l'6

Preface

Part I Background ('hapter I Introduction, General Background, and History

Study 9 Chapi'r2 The Chilean F+dticational Systeni: Recent [)evelopmen('haptir 3 NMcthodology 35

of

ts

the

Part II PrimarySchooling Chapter -1 EAlmiality ol()iti ptit ti t lie lPrimary Lecvl Chapter 5 Equality of Survivalat (lie Primary Level

'15 61

Part III Secondary Schooling and Transition to University A iality "of.,ccess,tthe Sco)ndary Lecvel and General Data Iattcrns 71

chapter 7 FEquali; v of Sutvival att line Seco dary level 85 (hapirrN l'A1mmlitf (,)Nof1111l1It(Secondary I '",l and TIransition to:11

Umi'ersitv !9 ClpIt'r l"quaity tlrtighlt [he Edulmcational System: Some Con

cliditng ()hsCvat ions 111

Part IV Equality of Outcome: Labour Market Entrance Chapter 10 ldtication and iplovmmtn: Who Get Jobs and Flow I)o

'They 1)o It? 121 (hapter I1 Educatliom and ( )c:'al)tional Status: What Kinds of jobs Do

'They( ;el? 139

PartV Conclusion ('hapir 12 A Final View: through Schooling to the Labour Market 161

References 173

Appendix Questionnaires

Questionnamire ir Grade 8 Stuldents( 181 Questlionnaire fOr (Gr;nc8 'leachers 187 Qtmest iomionaire for D)irectors of Schools 190 1977 Qucstionairc 193

25

Preface

This study traces 8 critical years ill the lives of'many yon ng Cht1ileans It also traces 12 years in otr own lives: f'roin Ijuly 1969, when wc first met and saw the glimmterings of' what I)caine the initial stage of' the project, to Aiuigust 1981, when ottri report was conp)leted. This project has leeii a great ilitelltctIMl ad\'CnttreT, and many individtals and agencies have coutribuleo to its success. Loiigitdital slttdlies are notoriously difficult, which is why there are so fo.-w of them. At Cach critical stage since 1969, SoileoIne or' SOIC "gIcy has ptovicd Ithe ell(o)tiilagellll and sutpport re(jtirIl to wIIt iL'.

Duiring tlie early years, the work was stpportcd I)) the ()rganization of' Atnricat States, tlirough its Regional Program for l'diicational )evelopinltil, andtilte Unitcd States Agcncy or International 1)

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nr~l)lcn~tits of i'ta~liiv ilsirvival ail i the sec(c()(la' level.atill)Iii

The CurrentPhase

Ili 1977, miolicr (aind l) ( this iit Ilihfill) fllhm-upI) (d Ihc (rigiial sitmlie was tcuccimitke'u. Simc muosc (dt lie sI uiclts weTr I() longer ill th fit(t l sl( ) stet II. iit pi IdIc oc t ('s lt ) (i;tillg Ilcill I cotnIpcle a n"'\w ([uest otllttaie( v.,(.rc in()l ci Asciii, )oil"kicIcwld(g"i i t this is It

ilel['u.st sc loiic.-Itclll Idlow-ctp ttettcctc ill ahdevelili illlt)n. Ilte

:l)ro( vdllrcs it(. (list Ii,,scil111chc ill SBluie clil. Bicl1\, ilt- ',lps wcrc: itliccg (ht liltu Il lit s

ll( tillt rilictii"s d/ (l.;t'ltcll(c' tCs iliii ) wliili Illc' talii l I ' , clivicl.

* ( )hlcc lclc]ru\ l i Ir('s.Iri(] fl1 aii llil ailtc11()iltct

ailli e

tinclle ill gl:Iiuic ,' ill 1970i.

* mii ll i ll u wc c ('.i ( ll i ii lcl ill ..li \\ I ll ctli ctiltils were

Sca il 11 t, ilt -h ,,m l an Iai vis Ifc Ihii liIc hi (d,11 tl tc ac csses Ille s;llII tI l i.Il lls..

O .i(tli ;I u cl Icch rI (lt c(i ;I(l icli5s lieil. Ic.iuc ri' ("i i i( invitincg 'X-SI cil lit ccci c ilt H)11c(d mc] lc)riiitc ill his siudy\.cl(i s(Iic c(l il

* ,.\(iltillci,( cg, t til IcS mcc \a If ) I lc (1ticiI.c , ii il iiI ll it c i0c I ( * .A\icliicll sicl c'wIllc t . it cc;cIt( icl" cui )\iIV;. )(ill llticill, ill

IlIcic lccIlc ) lilcs(' 1() . I " S(llc(Is attlicc ccccilclc ctcmIcc rliccilil (h"i~~i; h'I lW .

Sim c Il chidcItlccci il'rd ;icc d t' -r l(C, I('g lu ('rs I'lll llc(, r(.apli:(.

Ipr idic ;1(ii I llc 111(11( ;illi I ( sic lt;c(IcI \\l lk It clcltits icc\cc I SiI( c 19701, mil l, I lcie. icclced ;iuldilicctcilA n' ;clliccg IfiIii ii. l)cccitc tIle ;t(tlllilt ;ttci tl c 1c1ci csiccllclill ic l Sccllct(). cil iculclcctici ( is giv(ill c clpucs w\trc i) sc ( iIc i O I lliss (,d lIloc \\,lthc IicI iclt\c(, h\ skicg (x-(lcsslcctics mr

s(lc(cicc (dl ic(lds. Ii 12'( ccl Iii ( iscs \ I,.i'r Icc i li l ( I. llc'vcl(',i cil( 's Inlitic it)r)(!i l(icI ciiw ;di cSis.

s(ic sl I ciji (It il s(li .ll ,( --- I)c1c

SI( c ic ( ilc , , sid It( \ i177 iccl ill It v riclv (dr ,il (i t itt ,iic s \I ikilt,-. c ic icmcI s(;l t('lill I (M"c.rk, ii clciskin , i l riisi c tncl i si.i, h uts' i'mittllniili l riv',, t iitc

,c(1 ., Illc. (Illu(. lilll -cr( int'(! a1 Ihli' "1;1( \\,.;Is \%r \ ( m lll ~clilsi\v,, I I Ics

16i

(3 la11iing 253. scpJalrllt (jIl 13)11, Illamiv wilh S1II)(j1C'SIMil , sp)l-cd ()III

3WF11MIt'ea l p;x , ' w1 3)1m31153)1 is pa~g I '-i ndvdig30 I 11 %%'1(( Mo.31 hislwichid h cIImis111(3 ' )70. (I)'O l C 11S i~ l~il( NIIII(

ill l(CA)IlliN~. l~,il [(mcr.c1 lloh1111(j)I30css33' (31)I';tla

" (.il-cm131 I(lllil lg idlc sal ~ts :[ill. iviid ku iionllc ) 11

1311 A3. \ ;it - -t1car3 9) I( 1 97 1 -1~tS11 ( (.d'I il IM 23;1'.CtW 1i 111 C( TS'i(1.11)1I). i ll)' l3.i1l1' I'm.13 cai3 1(1 C; II ' ol331csrc-)3)lst'ilg t311i5-l

1311'5(3 IIit) cs1 1 1it,mI&5 11 l 1(13 1 13 (\s1 all.(3Im 1'( t(

15(;I( 5,fil Icai m31 II'15(.. 13 ")3\11 A'331m. ) 1 )I,S'3 3 3I311iacd i5'l tl I('(3iilhiic

1111315i11 131\ 13351113 31 (.;115. Jtiill) .~d 1131)3311i((. ('3311111(11111iV

11114'11(1 11111113li 3i1 ' 1 1( 33IIIV 11.I11 31 il ['(11 ''I15 il 111 S

c113ilto 1lt 3tI(' l1 3L3-11(is i~t cmi~3'.31, ,3331l .133;3

33333 331( I 2053331 (3iic d ('33(3'mics (dI3'which3 711w r r -sc

333.c l333,1\ I13,31(11 cm)1'.IIl l ll(1(.cdc lm I m - d I ,mlm ('1 i333333.1](), 1 .3 I1 i33 (- l I .IIi li g, p )ld s lv ,(m u il f

ml ~~~ ~-Ii ~ ~ ~ IhlilsIIfils ~ 1I)sil(A it.(1f(i.l~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~__ l pl )'il(33.3 c 33.31('"31 33I)( (; 3al 333 333. 33 l ('5. cd h c3IlI,.;llIc3c l V M S ilali s

3333333llk3 333(S(3 3 (3.33l \%(.I( 717.i 3 7 (Ifililt~~ I 2111(.sl

33331133(3(33.33 Ill2b 12 1

I33IIil1. 1 .333114 a3 ( i1Il d lc , h l" ('Il.1

33(3 '.kitm%33'' (333333t1 9b j i

I()hil . k )4)% it 'm a i, m ill 4 5

it) inki~ mt Imiim i 74

http:33331133(3(33.33http:ll(1(.cdhttp:cmi~3'.31

( )F I.it 3371 slu l(ltits low whoIi(hIaddrcsscs wer ()l;ti iil, lm I)ut(Igt ic(aS()IIS ItM attmlil it Was iiatht 1 tI()ll ( 7.1.1 o' Iluii (l',lt ). )l Ill rlmlining 2627 who wt'r itl Icites ()r- visitt dirctil', 1205 ctmiplt.lltu c stit mlna ircs, 12 !)0 d 'f iht d l c s had lmc dt (lIll s a lld rtc s tnrc s a va ila lb lc

did fll po.-tI>il i[isto Ihsm al their 1ci l t('ii sst s), 9)6 Nvcitls ( ;lt"i U)>'csi)mld, atllmmlih'ts...\tolht'rlicdl ;is

,112 t' utl c'ils ho had i llsniii lo ilt 1970 llt'sl im iirc

hilli il ti llm aidl Ill l b lt r l ill thatl s i~nll ..\hli ui, h Illt's "Ituahlits an bIIt liked< mvil h 197()d

Tlct2. (.ompalimiSI of gte)gIrlJli( (11liri(41oloioiginal 197ffsahIpleanuo 977 samiple.

I1970 samplte 177 5slalpIc

Rural north t. TIanra;i 2.1 i 2ff II. Ailmfagasla 3.536 Ill. A\Itacamai 2.2 2.0f

Rural central

V. ( YI liggiiis-Coh liagli; 5.1 6.5 Rural south VI 1. Cu-l i-itlti'cS 5.2 5.0 V'Il11 (;hiLill -C(:4f(i It61- .\llc4-Bifobh I IJ; 17.8 IN.. Ml Ic 4)-Ca( i)5. . x. Valdiv'ia- sl-I.uuu~a-li 6.6 3.5

Far southi X1. .Ais~tfl OAf00 NX11. NLIgaltals I.:1 1.3

Salig 10.3 .11.6

tII(Iele.rstIctl (Table 2). Ill tecgilill VIII. [lic j)liwe..s ofI iot(.;tiitt stllibjetIsw\.lsllllllllivl\stleet.(Ssftli, mvill'u1 a high level of l~4lfctaliil Il 1011

SIt(tiIclit lal of ia CIA lowerd lt of51tSINl ttgioll tile sligay giti

and N.satlifti (2'.1.3~ lo A Smtl llsI]\ (dllc ld10)i*lttl;cg ofaIltllo IMIlt5(JlI((fM~t ll til ()*foll VIll,sIiiliii silt kts f ie e llo

geog;Illi t iif'(.I iolel. is iti tcriolSf ciSilII ll ~c lh~vII~l. o111 Illsi 11)~)eI

r11 t i tjm 01 gin VI~t1t1ti N)ltIi 97 mpci.c n htl vs 2 8.8 ji iegi97 totpl (29.3 t t~I. ste o11 Illlyilis (dliteli sIis I()

(f~lIill lJ~ttll~l He lcigfttis 1111( etmpe i~tlltf ilIllc t )I (fable, 3j.ikccs of letts ilNor1 it Ill t (u)lfSio~d Im I Iil.Il 0ColIIpie of f051Still Ii llaimedIlt.spcill)sli)Imll 1110 lie1ijt\Ietl

cIl;I~ ll o bus01 51lis tllg Jllptiloiol It- lihc lildhaS (dloth 111111k ,lilt1WiI ( mnpiM.1 Iti 1977 m5j Ii iyii11)1 s IIIpc (I 1,111) ,it m Hh Ilit~

I,. s ol11 I' IIII pc(, I .-IIIIvr ..I~ll~ tS1aIAc , .l:" 1,pi I s; w re I I S I., I t )I,

Compll1'ison of l)isaggrcgalil(I ("Ital Samles 19.70 sample.

19.77 19.70 ILocated 197?7 Not loctedl('

Fat11her's i.(Illl(alionl (114( ,)( )(;,

I llhteralo 2.9 3.3 2.! 12.!

I j to rlimlyll)Itle 22.1 llial 2)1.2Comit11)It.{ 1.%

.1.3 )1i.8- I 1.5 ,14.9

1I II v

( ll)hl( s .'. j __ 7.9 3.1.2 30.7 3-1.7 Im ol)p c1111 c I'Nil' 3.9

I I 11)ll( t-c ;I1' 2 I.f

xl]

Co(l,li] lltlp I I V 1.

'" 12.8 1(0.6 7.2 1.1

(I)lie s. 11411't-sllf"t'.Iit nol(ikI(w:3. 5.6 2.1 1.(1

Nilmldwr of( ilt"-, 1().11; 3530) 453 3),077

1970 Siu(Iy, ()-wh() wtrt ill s)t(iall sl)bslll)lt sch(ools or scho(ol. that (id

o ()I" lhann[lt t'iso(! ill1970, arc slightly hight' stailtls tlhost' from hit(ligilial plt who wvrt ltt(I, IIIll\ tV(tll, the valritions are 11 ]lg., 111( we lav( a dIistli)lllion illtilt 1977 smlulllie Ihat ilaS ,l(l.,Iclle vallril)iil :ant1(I l teS(ll iht ()ll tIlt' te(illlial etxlillecS It)j)willit ItS1o

lisc this \'lliaiih" ill mllylvsis.

o)llhy ntbleh (HIl'TC11'r'lWVillh r(.cSl)tclItolItlll".s (cu('ti lle liltc .s,irV M)1

(dag' workcrs ill vsutl~lt~l~l~et~le~le(.;llioln Il1 (hil li(ltul+aI (5.0)1 1977 If..1+,i llw(I 'ic oni(of( (hildllctil(IF"officc't \\orkt'tsillI1970)) Ilim)-clltrittlll

(Fl ol.t)..%l9-igl", i l Iromn lo \vhi(']} haIs (c)lllilatl'(Fo(rrllr1ll IIr-)alllall't';I,

lIIll\'VCA'II's C hlile', ((li I(l"part1 ()I' th(+stc c's. "i'hicill i il tilTl'cm'l p)l) l i)lo Flg l t rkc 'l'sN\\ i li t ota(l~ lly': ivc('( i ll ;l i(illlli \\ ,o lc (no ( ali ll I)olputil lll It)25."i.) 1960 mi I.7(0,l )1'Clhihllrhu lk Il

(lasI ()iftntt;iX i s S I( )i-ti't iiiiiii c if ltitli i, and-f~vtici faliliX~tf

111;11lg IgIl ifl~lct cttsll (I it ll 1( ft lla l i gii) mi - ilIis11 f).g

ti11ll' ), I sIiti iIt'Itt t Si(fill cg (hf1 11,,iflilt' 4(igi Ii I 511 Pn Ilc t Ii. \c

()Cfllt);Ii iiiif c iti iVii ttIiaf s1wii til mi t ii iiii li ii I ix Wili sil ti 111 Iiits. tifi'tict s~Ittiif ttiliiif-i 5 mi ;1 itii 1970 Ifittst

aly 7ll ~19t il( w i )I Iit m1g llllmta crcs ()* f2)l

Table 5. Mean conipar-sons on 14 variable of*sttdents in original sample located ii1977 (N = 453) and those not located (.V= 3077).

llatjted in 1977 Rest 'a I970 sample F Signitica nce .Y x SD vale (P)Val iabte

National ct sttore 51.7 15.4 -19A 20.8 1.82 0.00

lu\cl, ,ok .v;ililitv.gradc 8 2.7 0.9 2.8 (1.9 1.21 0.01

FaLih SFS -0.176 0.9 0.026 1.0 1.33 0.00

1.1 3.3 1.2 0.02 0.101at't lte" ltt-t5 ilL ttrtttinl, grade , 3.2 +,. ,r'adc 8 12.(0 0..O 1.1 1.216 0.00I'ca( hl"i -t l x it (4[1 s(.l

I'adtltlN"plde-iottIA cxpttittte. gradeS .1.0 5.3 8.5 5.1 1.1)8 0.24

I.8 1.17 0.03l .c t +".tltt'" cduta;ttioll. radeS 5.3 1.7 5.4

Icmh,-,kastilhilit\ . tl "8 tI;a,, -l.O)l 1.006 01.11011 0.0051 1.04 0.61

(l,t / ladc S 3-1.0 1-1.8 32.3 16.A 1.22 0.0ie. P'tda, ,it ,tI 1itt 8S (hool -0.48 1.2 - 0(.21 1.3 1.17 0.03+\LA tC.giadvt

i.8 2.1 6.7 2.1 1.0'2 1.82ttdc S. l1s SI)

N.ttttl (-,I , , i S. ( lass ela i 1.1 52.7 122 1.21 1.1) Vcrbal p'o I '( t . It(

c c. 'ge 5:3.16

Fattih SE1S, gImth"S. Iass arage -0.156 0.71 (.022 0.84 1.38 0.00

Fttfih S5. rldc S.t It's SI) 0.5-16 0.19 (0.578 0.19 1.02 0.76

e)jMi pti, , ItIhcwa z.ib]v at,-lot nd in Ihapte1 3.

1977 ioillII lost- notl to( ; tcd.

L.otatcd ill 1'77 Rest of' 1711 sapicdt

lal llht'r'sc'dIIion, prirylii otr less 271 59.7 1.18.1 48.2 Sit1udtar'v or ulurv. 172 37.9( -1108 .15.8

I hvight in Itt.l;tl i~l I tol Scx ,lidl atgc )thow norn 86 19.0 1 16 13.5 alit t. nt o 366i 80.8 2111 78.5

1(dlCAliclina aspfiraitions cliter(ol" ida;'V ,10 8.8 2(1 8.7 Iollipihltt onaitiilv1r 106 23.A 718 23.3 1t i cit't' I li\Ivv islN 298 65.8 1971 61.

TV illhllut aviilahlc 171 37.5 i333 12.7[lot al ilahlc 276i 60.9. 1fi~fi .8:...

I lit rslwet -k i i I tt'(it tg I1 32 7.1 233 7.6

1-17 3 2.5 929 10.2 S-1 21 .18.2 1375 -1-1.7

3 51 I1.3 133 1.1.1 POI' thli ill'tI ttuttti iiihlt'. ill gl'MIC 8 yeal

10I 2i2 1.9 128 .1.2 101 - I)iit 0 1:3.2 350 11. 1 10 001 -50 000 77 17.0 5 13 16. 1 51001 I 00)00 51 11.3 -109 13.1

100 000)) 2 19.0 1.1.18 .17.1

It illiia %S(I( oIt 2.18 5.1.7 (222 39.7 fiihtial %ici i I i clit t. 22 -1.9 2618 8.7 pit,-ti,,i) Slit 27 5.9 163 5.31tI4d Itco 127 28.)) 1 33 36.8

801111. 1.7 2.018 62

l) siolit ot).;1(1 (1) 1 r itt hOlm1' It lilI11 it )tt lil l ,i)1s i mI,' il' iill i\(r ; lI

sllcs I liir lic 'iiI,; iil thisjitl ti , lt ,177: \ (I sl iso \;1Ia ,llid t ('icrill v\\t'11-k m ifi. S%'\ v'iI Ii(

o a I Il4A Itll()I~i~tsII~c illlo cm-ca44c II IIII /.11411Nc 1(4c(I;11.(1 I II I S S

4 11 5 4 11 1

I1141 4owl Illi llI s I l tutu 4 4 ( fAs So. \\1 SSIlil~l Iii..c11Icd\11"Illrai

(ISII Lit m";4111 l(511 (( IIIQ 4144111441111QSilici iI4S llSal \ (,I 441-

( s\5,si (111 Ai i t551)[, IO1144w I 1ll 1 t 1 I *I l( ;ii'.I ( i(' Isill III( i

Sr)i I .,iiikl is \i( ii, u. \\'c lssl w h Il(l 54lic'. sIllII idw hiI 11 iS

I r m il44Ill lc 111S liii II Icsc1 ( 411IA ( 1) II ((St \\( 11c( 14) I ii 14

4 ' llci ;11 441111, III dc )~s;

1I"4IIlI (m i11s I t c I .ntl.S.14I41/44 4St JIIll4111t1 and flul ill il~ lic ()I ;11114111 1 14 hc1 ( cl 14

It\ Iii h llt 5(I1 ll tlIS. il

11114 it lls(S I44Illt .5SII l.(( (d4111. It i c' ii so .\ui.S' l14l %m rk Ill'im1141 1,lI\l..

.411 iIII) 1114 I 4 III. 4tslfll. ik 1 )1111 14445lsm nc1 w l Ils 41I Iitl l ;1(11-.l

W c iSi II hui (,Ii Ni14 1i. 1144441. 4I444 c ll1511S()( i'4lIi sold \,ls 4lk. li r Is i WII\jII 1145 )14S. IIC 41()l I, ) I IIIV I 4l11 -- I il 444.sm 5 s I ; It 11 cI

1 II11 ( 1111 .44ill~id lcwag I II( u 544

pc1111 I I()114. I 11114 45 14,154441111 -PI'. i k,"1. u '.11 l44' As(,"lli~ 4Il 4 ill I I (141 Ind 111.1444 wi41

.11411 p .114 I Im4' Iill, 4 illI i

.414III lk(d 1 441c lot1.1 hpl- lic .4'. lal c llh m s)(c IS

.4 tw4ill I. I'.44 11 4414ll i (s1114445lvI. We11h1 mill f4111Iill.4141414 144 I l

.11141 iml hill hot1111444plmc5ci mid4.I . \11-4,15~Il41 44IIl1 l I M11141SuchI low I rs

1 1444 414.4 i4 i1 4 r14 ( al cr' 44cIll.( ll414II hc dim44114I .4441114I4

141114 11.141451j45511411Notes441111.lI~11I.I14.41141111114I

..11144 I 1)11.454'.,c(lk.IlhcI ( )14Is 419 ,).A \llI4\IIII114IS is

I icIS 1(1c 1 ilvs s (I I u ik - lc4 11 )itI h Ia n ng.A \ I ~l' Od (/11

Chapter 2

The Chilean Educational System: Recent Developments

dLS 44t'Itl ill dalia I)I rtdT tIH)t' l;Itl I1, ) crtin l~ .CttI il tW'0I( iI' gn

c(Itlcali >lll s'sill. c'H~wt iailly ;is, iars dhcvcIhq)pcd dlurling Iht' List 2 dc(:ah's. C:hile' has hml had as ,,it(. . im da'urvalwcdl 1-t-p llml,: o llll O m (1Ililt' \Vt'l' "(,l , s',turvilt, d \CI'rv silall, lic's t'), i ll' TC [(.I\ 1md Imi-tiol Id Ilwllp ,lptl;ih %wi~ %itttuillk t.thldh..!++;A\l III(.I), \.~t. llt--111m crsith h.\(.l (11() II.!j< li',lilltlim : \\j', Il++~litl\t1 yII;+III(I s(1'()IIlIl \1 t'lct(I , ), tll %\,1t"1 tllll 'il1lph' ;111(1 iItI(\h",I ct-- rt';oll.,

tIthI l , I ll . I< l t.\ hm,a,, ;i x.11 ,lli ,,l.l t Mltll~ll

Ittl(il 44 w4f4il (1 1 111 mi 4 14w *I.m t'" i iX l~lt )4(idIv I Icl4114 i'l 1441t.l 4

I14l it'm litsIt I Ht illc 11It.\\ IIII lili)411l 144;44 li 41l 4 d k4ii \i f i ll I l itt

ii Hilc44 m441 ilt' I lw l c14Im '1 14(1''.iii Ii 1 4ii( It' (traspcd Ill rI ii w llt(d

cd\ ill i l 41111 Illc lI I. I lwil' ;'11114 m 11l 4 (d,41j11"41ia;: 'imilt'i, 1'1

II IIS ) p I '111144II l i 14II

t ( .l4Xc

(I ll (.I 4)1 lt' 4 III 14)1 '.44)41 IcI I I; \\;Is

c(Ih~ ilwi til(,Ics mishi~t\,Clilc u ll ilt 1 '

44114 .11(1 w) '.X ' .1 ( 4144)dII I It' '.t't I ll 1114, tl1 fillullt' I4(44 tilld clgt' h. iti 441-142,' 4 jll it'lm l sit (d14)4 ( tI1111;'ti Ic I (.I 1) It'd, (1 4i ..\1411II

(.(Ill(114 I 141 (I ) 1 IIIu2. iin d l44.41)' II.~d cc. ;11 ;(I ( a 1w

Scen-dIlc Ial ( l

hrlc;IIc11"1 1..f IIA lw I I 1,11 )1(( 'd ill MIIC IIf II~\cu l ;1(1

ml(()s%(Ilic"lilicatin cin thd f.111 60s A~l

1865 I 0,9 1907 3. 1875 17.1 19J20 1(1.2 1885 1895

20.1 27.7

193 19 I0

(ill.( 57.

1 1572 6 1I

liii lv V t I I tit% c . Ill tl It a~iil it-1

F, Sti .Iilft1 ll 1-1 vmtll vit l illil\-St it gtSia

i IIlSSa dt. ( 1 %5 IIt I l IIlcItm lio

llhmi N. M (i g iluiltl %g p illt dc] dc ttii

t: Inw l in )it iS it bl lls(-c tI itl IVI I ( ti Ic NI95sI. cm fi I I is i -1 dcm - iifI( ItI)I

(lo I ( ititita I I cI 11 l ( l m d 1) s fil.s rm s p ( )cls ~c

I I h IVdiI I'. )(I Ii I SI ICI It( ilildl imuIt/( pi'-lis (&Ittllj til l us HU,

cile g lik.(I*tIf-\ ~dfiA kw c27lIlcC ritin Dci~ rlk PIIIv

IV ii iIc ci i ital lsis II i t iii Cl I lli .1T ll Ivsks \\ Cit1- CCi liiid( Ic

5515 i IC I\\li I iii lit I, (Ci ,i Ii Ii )ICII i(1;I i.( It r 17 I liiI-ctiit 1-, lt lc I~i i IIIit~aI(, iil Ci CI iis[II Cm iiitC 1111ciosI il. CII 'sv I is I ;1 s i Ic iIII I St Ill

I'llII C iCCii." II cilt l(L l s I IlCLiiliii(Il m 5Ih ~ k 11 55(11 C11 l IIICIIL Incil mlstCi IlM~i hill.11 hlt 1 iaitil soC (ti

IcilCCC 5(151 C Ic C 15Ciit CililH .(I(CIII I t1l/,1HII i llI iil lit ) Ixihii Iksii iii III(IC ( m 1C( I I lii IC'y i' midISICICCI iiiiii si 1mm i uic ;CiICI

ti i c 1I II i ss Iic ltitd I~iv IiCC )lI]CiiIl I i si]jIII Ci lc d ii ICIii i 11 lt Cli

Ii t CIC) aidd115;.iv, Ilc ' .IlirstCC ii icCCI t CCl~wc

;

Jiil-\c C C SciC 15 ci I~II C ul CI II( lli is. th i tIs.~ l Ho III IsisiCC 1 nitI liii IICiI 11 1 1 jilt Cli(;1 t t a\~~sC

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Basic Education

'HICIV %%,;s1() be a gcncit'ianti t'iminioii timilisll cycle' 1)1*8 y'ears for all1 thldreni'i fbt'wtti1 Ilitc aIgcs of(6ii and1 iii all legis (f (it( litioll .New

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The Military Regime

Aparl h-wIl S()Ill(. Illillm. ( 111-rictlLir (-Il;1llgcS (c.g., !ilcl-cascd cillphasis ml d;ilcs ()I, 1,1111mis Imillt-S mid 111;tim- illilil;ln I)(-I.()L-S ill llisl()I.\, classcs), 111c c"I'll )Iislllwill (d p;lll-i()li( rillulls ill Illc so 1 ()(&s, mul Ow hrillg ()f' ilutily Ica( llcr I'm. Illcil 1)()Iili( .11hrlicls. Illu mililm \ 111;11 dclmscd Illc Allcildt. lu( 'illlu ill Scl)(citilwi 1973 iiiiiimcd lit m;!im- ( hmigws ill ill((.(Ill( alif)mll -, swlll \\Ilil(. ()ill is ill so llmd. Hit- mic pflic limigc 111;11 111;1 111\c '111c( wd dwill \\;[" ;I ludili: (ioll (d plaws ill Illc Isl

\.cill- (d l1lli\cl sk\ I , c\wi ill 1975 ilimi ill 1972) m prc( iscl illc lillic w1wil \\cIt. micillplill.." It)gaill 1116w) sil\ ildillissiml.

The Effects of Educational Change

H it- (11m )"'c" ill lll;ti 11;1(1 p()1r1lli;lll Illc 111I)SI illipm -mill ilillm(l illmll Ow c(lil(miollill (Icslim. (d mll. silhic(ts implcillcillcd (1111 ilig, dw 19G.-) 1970 rclm lit pri-iml. As \\ilh most iii;!iol" (.(Ill( ;lliolm l 1clow ills, Illc ( lilt !'I )111 cm ilpIcick. illiplcillt-illcd, ;111(1 111;111\ (d Ihc mscylum cs 11;l\c ]w\cr hccl: ;l(Ic(I Ilim.] y idt-wilic(l. Nr\cidicluss, it I)l llulim. limig-cs (.;Ill hc casik (1()( tillicim.d.

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311t

Chapter.3

Methodology

smlluics: iPinjei I:\i.'.Ni (suc liipigii midI ( ok 9I fi: Jeilcks anid i-mvii 19~75),~ ~If has fohiwu S lIf(II il( bctcII grad~cs 9andtsidc whl

12 iii 1960). andicIiit "Nat ioil f OuiiitllIai o I ligh School C:lass(& ll 1973; I(-Ig(&1972" (scc I liihioi (I al. c,: eta. 19.7"1: i1"ohtii (1 al. I178; iYcvr

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(w biuuh lri I IIIC( itiasIitl uuitI()~ Iu list. ( )ic is g Iii t'N]h!(hIl c1:1 hillV ;IS

General IStroegy and Specific Techniques

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35

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Part II

Primary Schooling

Chapter 4

Equality of Output at the Primary Level

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19

Teacher Training

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60O

Chapter 5

Equality of Survival at ite Primary Level

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