Report No. 701a-DA IE PDahomey àpAppraisal of aRural Education and Training ProjectMay 23, 1975

Projects DepartmentWestern Africa Regional OfficeEducation Division

Not for Public Use

Document of the International Bank for Reconstruction and DeveloprnentInternational Development Association

This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Croup. IL may notbe published, quoted or cited without Bank Croup authorization. The Bank Croup doesnlot atcept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report.

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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

USS 1.00 = CFAF 225

CFAF 1,000 = US$ 4.44

MEASURES AND QUIVALENTS

meter (m) = 3.28 ft

square meter (m2) = 10.76 sq ft

hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres

FISCAL YEAR

January 1 - December 31

DAHOMEY

APPRATSAL QF A RURAl. RF-inCATTOm ANn TRATNITNC PRD.TFrT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS

BASIC DATA

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ... .............................. i-iv

I. INTRODUCTION ..... .... ................ ...... ..... 1

II. THIE SETTING ....................................... 1

A. General ........................................ 1B. The Economy . ................................. 2C. Human Resources .................................... 3

III. THE TRAINING SYSTEMS .............. ...... ...................... 4

A. General ........ .......................... 4B. Rural Youth Training ............................... 5C. Vocational Training .............. *.................. 7D. The Role of the Project ............................ 8

IV. THE PROJECT ............................... . .... ... 9

A. General ...... ................................. 9B. The Project Components ............................. 9C, Cost of the Project ................................ 17

V. IMPLEMEMTATION .... ............................... 18

IV. AGREEMENTS REACHED AND RECOIMENDATIONS ........... ..... 21

This report is based on the findings of an appraisal mission that visitedDahomey in June/July 1974. The mission consisted of Messrs. E. Sawaya (Eco-nomist), J. Crosnier (Rural Education Specialist), E. Chittleburgh (Techni-cal Educator) and R. Welter (Architect-RMWA), all of the Bank; H. Buzenet(General Educator-Unesco) J. Colin (Rural Youth Club Specialist-Consultant)and A. Chavancy (Agronomist-Consultant).

Table of Contents (continued)

APPENDICES

I. An Assessment of the Proposals of the Education Reform Com,mission

II. The Rural Youth Training

ANNEXES

1. Comparative Education Indicators2. Projected Demand for Skill Upgrading Training, 1975 and 19803. Rural Youth Training: Estimated Target Group and 4-D Club Membership4. Organization of the Ministry of Rural Development5. Basic Equipment List for a 4-D Club6. Organization of the Rural Youth Services7. Rural Youth Training: Technical Assistance Implementation Schedule8. Structure of the Regional Development Organization9. Rural Youth Training: Activities to be Completed During Pilot Phase10. Summary of Estimated Costs11. Summary of Capital Expenditures12. Price Contingencies Assumptions13. Contingency Allowances14. IDA Financing by Category of Expenditure15. Implementation Schedule16. Schedule of Disbursements17. Disbursements by Major Category of Expenditure

MAP IBRD 9552

GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS

4-D Club Rural youth club where the symbol 4-Dstands for Decision, Duty, Development,Dahomey.

NSC: National Support Center A new center (to be established as partof the proposed project under the"Direction Générale de ltAction Rurale")that would be responsible for planning,supervising, implementing and evaluatingthe rural youth training program.

ODA: Opération de Développement A new regional development agencyAgricole recently established in Atacora, res-

ponsible for implementing integratedrural development programs; a similaragency will be set up in Atlantique.

RSC: Regional Support Center Center to be established under theproposed project within the regionaldevelopment organizations in each ofthe provinces of Zou, Atacora andAtlantique to support the 4-D clubs.

SEDES: Société dcEtudes pour le A specialized consulting firm thatDéveloppement Economique conducted the pre-investment study ofet Social the 4-D clubs under a UNDP-financed

and IDA-executed project.

SONACO: Société Nationale A Government agency responsible forAgricole pour le Coton promoting the cultivation of cotton

as part of the integrated rural develop-ment program in the provinces of Zouand Borgou.

DAHOMEY

BASIC DATA

General

Area 112,600 km2

Population: (1973) Total 2.9 millionDensity 26 persons/km 2

Rate of growth, 1960-1972 2.8% p.a.

GNP per capita (1972) US$110

Education

Enrollments (1971/1972)

% ofRelevant % Private

Level Total Age Group Girls Education

Primary 197,851 32.0% 31% 33%First Cycle Secondary 23,873 7.4% 32% 35%Second Cycle Secondary 4,819 4.1% 24% 40%

Teachers (1970/71)

% Qualified % Qualified %%, in Public in Private Ex-

Level Total Women Education Education patriates

Primary 3,941 28% 91% 26% negl.First Cycle Secondary 490 - 64% 12% 15%Second Cycle Secondary 245 - 100% - 44%

Finance (1973)

Total public current expenditure oneducation CFAF 3.8 billion

as % of total public recurrent expenditure 29%

Public per capita education expenditure CFAF. 1,300

DAHOMEY

APPRAISAL OF A RURAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROJECT

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

i. This report appraises a training project in Dahomey for which- acredit of US$4.0 million is proposed.

As Percent ofTotal Project Cost

ii. The project has three parts:

(a) Buildings and instructional materials for 18%a skills upgrading center- in Cotonou

(b) Technical assistance, buildings and equipmentfor improving the effectiveness of an ongoing 76%rural youth training program

(c) Preparation of a second project 6%

iii. Skills Upgrading Center. Dahomey has virtually no facilities forthe training and upgrading of industrial workers. The training offered inthe private sector is limited and inadequate. The project item consists ofthe construction of a skills upgrading center which would complement equip-ment and technical assistance being provided for the center by a UNDP/ILOproject costing $780,000. The center would have 190 training places. Sinceskill upgrading courses are of short duration, at full capacity the centerwould provide training for over 2,000 workers per year in industrial andcommercial subjects. The skills upgrading center is regarded as a firststep in the establishment of a national system of industrial and commercialtraining. Its immediate objective is to upgrade the skills of workers whoare already employed.

iv. Rural Youth Training Program. In 1967, a rural youth trainingprogram was started to provide to young men and women who have not attendedschool or dropped out prematurely, instruction in agriculture, reading,arithmetic, handicrafts, health, nutrition and child care. Instruction isprovided through voluntary groups called 4-D clubs (Decision, Duty, Develop-ment, Dahomey) operating at the village level. The broad objectives of theprogram are to prepare young people to become productive members of theircommunities by the time they are adults, to enhance the attractiveness ofrural life within the framework of rural development schemes by meetingbasic educational needs, and by imparting useful information on factorswhich improve rural health standards. Club members are to 'learn by doing"by engaging collectively in productive activities in a variety of crop andlivestock enterprises. These activities are to be of sufficient profitabilityto sustain the material costs of all of the activities of the club includingthose which are educational and recreational. Most clubs were started underthe initiative of agricultural extension agents who used the clubs for demon-stration purposes.

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v. Between 1967 and 1973, 235 clubs- were created with a total member-ship of 3,500 members. This growth was in excess of the rate at which theGovernment could augment its support services for the program. The resultswere that many clubs were financially non-viable, did not possess a desirablemix and quality of training programs and many were unable to link and coordi-nate their activities with larger integrated regional development efforts.

Vi. IDA assistance is proposed for this program in order:

(a) to improve the central and provincial administrations' abilityto plan, administer and coordinate support for clubs at thevillage level; and

(b) to operate a limited number of clubs in selected areas asdemonstration models.

vii. Specifically, this project item would provide for:

(a) at the national level, 15 man-years of technical assistance,buildings and equipment for a new national policy planning andcoordinating body and its executive arm, a National SupportCenter (NSC);

(b) at the provincial level, assistance for training staff, inaddition to buildings and equipment for Regional SupportCenters (RSC) to be located in the provinces of Zou,Atacora and Atlantique;

(c) at the village and individual 4-D club level, technicalsupport and inputs through the above three RSCs to as manyas 45 clubs in each of the provinces mentioned.

It would complement an ongoing M4DP/FAO rural youth settlement project anda proposed UNICEF project. The UNICEF project is contingent for its imple-mentation on the establishment of National and Regional Support Centers.UNICEF proposes to provide equipment and materials for women's activitiesin addition to training for "animatrices rurales".

viii. Provision for the Preparation of a Second Project. Of the totalcredit, about 6% is intended for the preparation of a second project. Recent-ly, the education and training systems in Dahomey have been the subjects ofintensive study by a Bank reconnaissance-in-depth mission and by a Government-appointed Education Reform Commission. After the Government has examinedthese studies and determined a course of action, a new project will be desir-able for the purpose of implementing reforms in formal education. Provisionfor the preparation of a second tranche to the rural youth training componentis included as part of the evaluation studies under this project.

ix. All elements in the project would take five years to complete.Responsibility of project implementation is assigned to:

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(a) the Director of Vocational Training in the Ministry of CivilService and Labor for the skills upgrading center;

(b) the "Directeur Géneral de l'Action Rurale" in the Ministry ofRural Development for the rural youth training program.

Each of these officials will be advised and assisted in the implementation ofthe project by a "Chef de Projet", one of whom will be financed by the tech-nical assistance component of this project and the other by UNDP/ILO. Inaddition to providing assistance to those responsible for implementing theproject, the two "Chef de Projet" will provide administrative support totechnical assistance personnel assigned to the project.

x. The design of facilities and the supervision of construction willbe the responsibility of:

(a) the Division of "Urbanisme et Habitat" of the Ministry of PublicWorks for the skills upgrading center, and

(b) the "Direction du Genie Rural" of the Ministry of Rural Develop-ment for all construction under the rural youth training componentof the project. In matters of water supply, the "Direction duGenie Rural" will be assisted by the "Direction de l'Hydraulique"of the Ministry of Public Works.

xi. Procurement. The contract for civil works for the skills upgradingcenter (US$600,000) would be ghrough international competitive bidding inaccordance with IDA guidelines. Domestic civil works contractors wouldreceive a 7-1/2% preference in bid evaluation. Because of their small sizeand geographic dispersion, the contracts for the civil works componentsassociated with the rural youth training component of the project (US$800,000)would be awarded on the basis of competitive bidding and advertised locallyin accordance with local procedures which are acceptable to the IDA; althoughthe contract may be too small to attract foreign interests, foreign bidswould be accepted if tendered. Contracts for furniture and equipment(US$800,000) would be let in packages of at least US$20,000 and awardedfollowing international competitive bidding in accordance with IDA guidelines.Local manufacturers of furniture and equipment will be allowed a preferentialmargin equal to either 15%- of the c.i.f. price of competing imports or thetotal of àpplicable customs duties and import taxes, whichever is lower.Draught animals and small agricultural implements required for the ruralyouth training project which are not suitable for competitive bidding orcannot be grouped in packages of at least US$5,000 will be procured locallyon the basis of quotations following local procedures which are acceptable toIDA. Tihe total of such procurements may not exceed US$200,000 over the dura-tion of the project.

xii. The project cost is estimated at US$4.4 million net of taxes andthe foreign exchange cost at US$3.1 million. The proposed IDA credit ofUS$4.0 tiillion equivalent would finance all foreign exchange costs (US$3.1

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million) and about 69% of local currency costs (US$1.3 million). This wouldcorrespond to about 90% of the IDA project cost, or 75% of the total projectcost including the UNDP/ILO contribution to it.

xiii. The proposed project forms a suitable basis for an IDA credit toDahomey of US$4.0 million equivalent.

DAHOMEY

APPRAISAL OF A RURAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROJECT

I. INTRODUCTION

1.01 Dahomey's education and training system were examined by an IDAreconnaissance-in-depth mission in February/March 1973. The following projectitems were identified: (i) a rural youth training program as part of inte-grated rural development schemes, (ii) a skills upgrading center for workersemployed in both the public and private sectors.

1.02 Preliminary project preparation was undertaken with the assistanceof a Unesco mission which visited Dahomey in June/July 1973. Detailed pre-investment studies (under a UNDP-finanÎced and IDA-executed project) werecarried out by the ILO for the skills upgrading center and by a specializedconsulting firm (SEDES) for the rural youth training program. The two studieswere completed in May 1974 and the project was appraised in June/July 1974by an IDA mission comprising Messrs. E. Sawaya (Economist), J. Crosnier(Rural Education Specialist), E. Chittleburgh (Technical Educator), R. Welter(Architect-RMMA), H. Buzenet (General Educator-Unesco), J. Colin (Rural YouthClubs Specialist-Consultant) and A. Chavancy (Agronomist-Consultant).

II. THE SETTING

A. General

2.01 Dahomey, with an area of 112,600 km2, had in 1973 a population of2.9 million, growing at a rate of 2.8% per year. Over 45% of the populationwas under the age of 15 years. The majority belong to one of six major ethnicgroups and speak mainly the following: Fon, Yoruba, Bariba, Dendi and Adja.

2.02 Although the literacy rate has doubled over the last decade, it isstill only 11% for the entire population. For those over 35, the literacyrate is only 4% reflecting the extreme inadequacy of primary education facili-ties in the recent past. A private attempt to develop the Bariba language,mostly used in the provinces of Zou and Borgou, has been relatively successfulin improving the functional literacy of the adult groups involved. Functionalliteracy training based on the results of this attempt has been encouragedand incorporated in the training program of the integrated development opera-tion in Zou but not in Borgou. Specialized extension agents visit villagesinvolved in cotton growing to help the villagers learn how to calculate, readand write as a part of the process of training the farmers in new agriculturalmethods, farm management, marketing and cooperative movements. The developmentof other local languages for use in functional literacy programs is laggingbehind that of Bariba. About half of the youth (4-D) clubs have introducedliteracy and numeracy training in either French or Fon, and in a few areas,in the Adja, Yoruba and Bariba languages. 4-D clubs are organizations which

are started on local initiative with local resources for purposes of providingvillage youths with training, information and activities which, directly orindirectly, enhance the quality of rural life.

2.03 The general lack of literacy and education together with strongsociological barriers to migration have rendered the population relativelyimmobile. Only 11% of the population lives in towns and subsistence agricul-ture continues to be the overwhelmingly dominant sector of the economy.

2.04 Administratively, the country is divided into six provinces: Oueme,Atlantique and Mono stretching along the coast from Nigeria to Togo; Zou inthe center, and Borgou and Atacora in the north. Each province is furthersubdivided into districts and sub-districts. The technical services -- forexample, those of the Ministry of Rural Development -- are organized alongsimilar lines.

B. The Economy

2.05 During 1967-71, Dahomey's GDP grew at about 7% p.a. in current prices,as a result of the coincidence of such factors as favorable world market con-ditions for Dahomey's export crops, booming transit trade with Nigeria andincreased investments in agriculture and industry. This combination of fac-tors is unlikely to occur again. Consequently, future growth is expected tobe at a lower rate for the rest of the 1970s. Since 1967, there has been nosignificant change in the economy's structure, which continues to be predomi-nantly agricultural: in 1971, 80% of the labor force was employed in ruralactivities and had a share of 39% of GDP, whereas the 20% employed in thesecondary and tertiary sectors accounted for 61% of GDP.

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2.06 Dahomey's per capita GDP of US$110 places it among the 25 least-developed countries of the world. The situation of the rural population, whoseper capita GDP is probably about US$50, is aggravated by the slower growthrate of its income relative to that of the urban population. The latter hasbeen the main beneficiary of past public spending, including that for formaleducation. However, there are recent indications of a redirection of effortsto restore some balance to the geographic distribution of government expendi-tures. This is evidenced by the emphasis now being placed on agriculture andon integrated rural development projects in various parts of the country.

2.07 Agriculture has played an important role in the overall growth ofDahomey's,economy in recent years. This has been largely due to increases inthe output of some export crops such as cotton (from 4,000 tons in 1965 to40,000 in 1973) and palm oil (from 31,000 tons in 1965 te 40,000 in 1971) and,to a lesser extent, to increases in the output of cocoa, groundnuts and coffee.However, the production of food crops for domestic consumption decreased and,given the continuing growth of the population (2.8% p.a.), the level of thepeople's nutritional standards declined. This adversely affected the popula-tion's health and productivity, especially in the rural areas. The growingdemand of the urban population is being met by increasing imports of suchfoodstuffs as wheat, sugar and rice.

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2.08 There is considerable scope for expanding the output of both com-mercial and subsistence crops. This can be accomplished by increasing thearea under cultivation, by increasing yields and by foeussing official effortson food crop production. Opportunities for increasing the area under culti-vation are considerable, although 80% of the country's area is cultivable,only 12% is under crops mostly by small farmers using low productivity methods.The promotion of an ox-drawn agriculture will contribute to a more extensivecultivation. The achievement of increased yields similar to those in theZou-Borgou cotton project (Credit 307-DA) will depend upon the selection anduse of improved seeds, better methods of cultivation and the use of fertili-zers. While the next development Plan is expected to sustain efforts toincrease the production of export crops it will assign priority to food cropproduction. Achievement of the Plan's objectives will depend upon trainingprograms for both extension workers and for farmers. These programs willemphasize the importance of food crop production and livestock enterprisesfor family health; they will provide the information which is necessary fora more extensive and intensive cultivation of these crops and for an improvedanimal husbandry. The effectiveness of these programs will depend upon theGovernment's prior attempts to improve the administration and operations ofexisting integrated regional rural development organizations.

2.09 Transport, Trade and Public Administration. One reason for anexpected lower growth rate of GDP is the unfavorable prospect for furtherincreases in the GDP contributions of transport, trade and public administra-tion. The contributions of these sectors to GDP are already unusually large- 49%, and are accounted for by a substantial transit trade with Nigeria andNiger and by a large public administration. Improvements in internal trans-portation in Nigeria and efforts to restrain the growth in public administra-tion mean that the burden of GDP growth must reside in other sectors whichare smaller.

2.10 Manufacturing, together with construction and power account for only12% of GDP. Manufacturing has grown very rapidly in recent years (by 29%p.a. during 1967-1971) but from a very small base of CFAF 1.4 billion. Whileprospects for growth in these sectors are limited by the small size of thedomestic market and by a lack of raw materials there remains scope for furthergrowth based upon the processing of agricultural products and import substi-tution.

C. Human Resources

2.11 In 1970, wage employment was about 35,000 or 2.5% of the laborforce. An additional 20,000 were self-employed. The relatively small sizeof the modern industrial sectors in Dahomey and current prospects for relative-ly slow rates of growth in both the private and public-modern sectors meanthat the demand for skilled, middle and high level manpower is constrained.The supply of school leavers Tith a minimum of nine years of education is suchthat one half of them are currently unable to find productive employment.However, the major manpower problem is not quantitative but qualitative --the production of people with skills which are appropriate for the developmentof a society which is predominantly rural. For example, the health servicesare urban-oriented and the country has few paramedical personnel to providepreventive medical services in rural areas including instruction in hygiene

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and nutrition. There are insufficient numbers of agricultural extensionworkers and farm management personnel oriented to the smallfarmer. The de-mand for personnèl for rural-based occupations and their production willdepend on the outcome of current reform efforts with respect to the institu-tions of health care, agriculture and education and the government's continuingcommitment to increase the resources available to rural areas.

2.12 Another major qualitative manpower problem stems from the fact thatthe country has virtually no facilities for vocational training with the con-sequence that there are sizeable numbers of artisans, craftsmen and clericaland secretarial personnel who are only partially trained. The private andsocial benefits which will accrue to skills upgrading programs are signifi-cant. The total number of workers who are currently in need of skill upgradingare over 19,000, of whom 16,000 are artisans and craftsmen and 3,000 are officeworkers. The need for skills upgrading is already substantial and will in-crease in the future (Annex 2).

2.13 Unemployment and Underemployment. With the recent rapid growth ofthe education system, there have been an increasing number of openly unemployedschool leavers in the towns; their current number is about 15,000. There isno immediate prospect that urban industrial and public sector employment willincrease at a rate sufficient to provide employment for all who will completetheir education during the next few years. As indicated above (paras. 2.05and 2.06), a more serious problem still resides with those who are under-employed with incomes which are not sufficient to sustain the health of familymembers. If a low per capita income of US$110 is alreadyan attestation ofeconomic hardship, indications of inequality in the distribution of incomeserve to underscore the nature of rural poverty. Certainly an estimated percapita income of US$50 in the rural areas places that population among themost impoverished in the world. The priority given food,crop production andthe enhanced efforts to improve overall agricultural productivity reflect theGovernment's new focus on the relief of severe underemployment. The proposedassistance to the rural youth program is intended to help with that effort.

111. THE TRAINING SYSTEMS

A. General

3,01 The formal education system follows the French pattern. Six yearsof primary school are followed by a secondary education consisting of fouryears of middle school and three years of Lycee leading to the Baccalaureat.University follows and is normally of four or more years in duration. Themajor problems with the system are that it does not reach very many peopleand, what is related, it is costly. The curriculum does not have relevancefor those who will spend their lives earning a living in small-holder agri-culture. The formal education system consumed 29% of the Government's budget(1973) but provides education for only 32% of the primary school and 6.5% ofthe secondary school age groups. The high per student costs of primary educa-tion of US$50 per year (1970) provides a serious constraint upon its expansioninto rural areas.

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3.02 The need to change the existing formal education system, to reduce

per student costs` and to change the curriculum were recognized by the Govern-

ment and resulted in the formation of a Government appointed Education Reform

Commission which was convened in May, 1973. This Commission submitted a report

with recommendations which are still under consideration by the Government

(Appendix I). The Bank Group should not invest in the formal education system

until the Government has had an opportunity to consider the Commission's report

and has reached decisions on the means which will be used to reduce per student

costs and provide a better access of children in rural areas to an appropriatelearning system. In the interim, Bank Group support should be provided fortraining efforts outside the formal system (Annex 3) which have as their

objective the direct improvement in the quality of rural life. Support should

also be,provided for efforts to train skilled artisans and craftsmen in numbers,

of a quality and at a cost which are consistent with the country's economy.

B. Rural Youth Training

3.03 The rural youth training program (Appendix II) was started in 1967.

It encourages the establishment of clubs which have come to be known as 4-D

clubs 1/. These are intended to be voluntary groups established in villages

to provide illiterate young boys and girls aged at least 13-15 years with

literacy and numeracy, with knowledge of improved agricultural techniques and

the elements of better nutrition, health and hygiene. Each club's program is

designed with the assistance of a rural development agent and implemented under

his supervision. The program aims to meet the particular needs of the club

members and to prepare them to become productive participants in their communi-

ties upon their departure from the club which should be close to the time they

are accepted as adults and full members by their communities. The agricultural

component of the training is supposed to be self-supporting, i.e., the cost

of material inputs is covered by the proceeds from the output.

3.04 Specifically, the objectives which the Government has set for the

clubs are: (i) to develop among its members an attitude favorable to rural

life and an understanding of its vital aspects; (ii) to ensure that its members

are practically trained and functionally literate; (iii) once their training is

completed to assist in their establishment either as independent farmers or as

members of a cooperative; and (iv) to serve as a focal point for all the de-

velopment and modernization activities undertaken at the village level by the

local or national authorities.

3.05 The 4-D club movement enjoys considerable popularity; by the end of

1973, there were 235 clubs with a total membership of about 3,500. However,

the pre-investment study conducted by SEDES has revealed, and the appraisalmission has confirmed, that the 4-D club movement in Dahomey has four major

weaknesses and deficiencies which need to be corrected.

3.06 Firstly, rural youth training is suffering at the national level

from organizational and administrative problems. The existing Rural Youth

Service, with only two professional staff members, and an inadequate operating

1/ The 4-D stands for Decision, Duty, Development, Dahomey.

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budget, cannot properly administer the 4-D club movement. It has plannedneither for the movement's expansion nor for the support of training activities.It has not adequately coordinated its activities with those of the othernational and international agencies involved in rural development. It hasallowed the number of clubs to expand at a rate far in excess of the growthof complementary services. Furthermore, this Service, because of its loca-tion within the structure of the Ministry of Rural Development, is notempowered to call upon other technical services to give assistance and adviceto the clubs (Annex 4). At the provincial level, the agents of the centralRural Youth Service delegated to the regional development organizations (para.2.04) have been hampered by the paucity of resources put at their disposaland are forced to perform in an advisory capacity only. During appraisal,it was verified that only those clubs which had been well-planned and providedwith adequate technical support and inputs managed to become solidly estab-lished. Consequently, improving the rural youth training program requiresthat its organizational, managerial and logistical problems, at both thenational and regional levels, be solved.

3.07 The second major deficiency is the lack of coordination between theactivities of the 4-D clubs and those of the regional development organiza-tions at the village level. While the latter have used the "GroupementVillageois" -- a pre-cooperative movement for adults -- as one of the prinzipalvehicles for implementing their regional programs, they have largely ignoredthe clubs. The clubs have not received adequate support in terms of know-howand agricultural inputs and this has weakened their ability to prepare ruralyouths and assist in their establishment as farmers once their training iscompleted. The regional organizations are thus neglecting the potential of4-D clubs as an effective and economical way of properly preparing the youths(who are more readily trainable than adults) to join the "Groupement Villageois".

3.08 Thirdly, the training being offered is far from balanced and compre-hensive. The emphasis is being placed upon one or two agricultural products,seldom using improved methods and adequate inputs. Furthermore, it isgenerally the responsibility of extension agents who have not been properlytrained to deal with youths and to teach literacy and health skills. Moreemphasis should be placed upon literacy and numeracy, training in crafts andin nutrition, health and hygiene, which are essential for the improvement ofliving conditions in rural areas.

3.09 Finally, the clubs have not been designed to be financially viableas production units. Often they lack suitable land, are not provided withimproved and higher-yielding seed varieties and are not adequately diversify-ing their activities. The net result has been poor production performanceand an inability to become self-sufficient and to retain their members'interest and motivation (Appendix II, para. 9).

3.10 The total recurrent cost to the Government of bringing an improvedservice to rural youth is expected to be CFAF 10,000 per club member in 1985(at 1974 prices). This is 40% of the projected per-student cost of primaryeducation. Of course, the rural youth training program is not a substitutefor a reformed system of primary education. Although it contains elements

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which should fînd their way into a reformed primary curriculum, the programis, to a large extent, compensatory at this point in time. It attempts tocompensate for the lack of formal institutions which would normally provideyouth with literacy, numeracy and the essential information on health andnutrition which would improve their lives.

3.11 To improve rural youth training, Government needs and has agreed toconcentrate its efforts on a consolidation program during which it would:

(a) plan the systems' future development and strengthen the administra-tion of the rural youth training program at both the national andregional levels;

(b) develop model 4-D clubs and provincial administrative units in afew areas where the preconditions of success may be more readilysatisfied.

3.12 The first stage of this program would consist of: (a) overhaulingthe existing Rural Youth Service, within the Ministry of Rural Development(Annex 4) and establishing an effective central organization responsible forthe planning implementation, supervision and evaluation of the rural youthprogram; (b) training the necessary staff, and (c) developing, concurrently,and as a part of the training process, a phased, long-term plan for thedevelopment of the 4-D clubs. This long-term plan would have clearly definedtargets in terms of the regions to be covered during each phase, the number ofclubs to be assisted and the number of youths to be trained and settled asfarmers, together with estimat,es of the resources required for implementation.At the regional level, the aim would be: (i) the full integration of theregional rural youth services within the regional organizations starting withregions with the greatest potential for success such as Zou, Atlantique andAtacora; and (ii) the reinforcement of the regional services by improvedstaffing both in number and quality, the provision of facilities, and theimprovement of their day-to-day administrative practices.

3.13 The second stage of the program would consist of tasks that are thejoint responsibility or the national and regional services and would con-centrate upon: (i) the design of the model training programs for the clubsof each pilot region, (ii) the training of "encadreurs", or club trainingpersonnel, (iii) the development of criteria for the selection of clubs tobe assistbd, (iv) the identification of clubs to be assisted, (v) the esti-mation of their particular requirements, and (vi) the development of a programfor the settlement of club members whose training is completed. The thirdstage would involve the actual replication of model programs in selectedclubs. A fourth and final stage would evaluate the programs' effectivenessand costs.

C. Vocational Training

3.14 The Ministry of Civil Service and Labor is responsible for vocationaltraining. However, it does not operate any training facilities other than acenter to upgrade the skills of office workers, mainly in typing. Even this

center, established in 1967 with ILO assistance, does not have the full confi-dence of employers. The major reason has been the lack of support by theauthorities as reflected in the shortage of funds msde available to the centerto meet the recurrent costs of an adequate training program. The center hadto close down in 1968-69 and, after it reopened in 1970, its principal userhas been the civil service.

3.15 The Government does not have facilities for the vocational trainingof industrial workers and the upgrading of their skills. The training thatis offered by the private sector is conducted on a very limited scale, mostlyby branches or agents of foreign companies, particularly car dealers, who inmany cases, send the trainees abroad for a short period. This deficiency,combined with the limited qualifications of technical education graduates,accentuates the problems of poorly trained manpower and low industrial produc-tivity and underscores the need for more systematic upgrading training.

3.16 The preconditions for the success of an institution specificallydesigned to meet the training needs of already employed industrial and officeworkers are: (i) it should establish and maintain employers' confidence in itsability to provide the required kind of training, and (ii) have a managementstructure that ensures cooperation between employers, workers and Government.

3.17 Available information indicates that the starting point for thedevelopment of an industrial vocational training system in Dahomey should beat the semi-skilled and skilled worker levels. That is where the greatestneed exists and where the greatest potential for making a contribution tothe improvement of Dahomey's industry lies. In terms of occupations, theorder of priority is: (i) mechanics, both specialized and general; (ii) metalworkers, particularly welders; (iii) electricians; and (iv) building tradesmen.In the training of office workers, the emphasis should be on bookkeeping,shorthand and typing.

D. The Role of the Project

3.18 Bank group assistance should thus aim at supporting the Government'sefforts to improve the training of rural youth and to develop a rational systemof vocational training:

(a) With respect to the rural youth training program, the proposedproject would:

(i) reinforce the national administration in its planning,implementation and regional and 4-D club support activities;

(ii) assist with the integration of the regional rural youthservices with the regional rural development organizations;

(iii) enhance the effectiveness of the regional rural youth servicesthrough the provision of technical advice and inputs,and

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(iv) provide the 4-D clubs with more balanced and comprehensivetraining programs, improve their efficiency and make themmore self-supporting.

(b) With respect to vocational skills upgrading the project wouldprovide buildings and teaching materials for the establishmentof a new institution to absorb existing programs for trainingclerical personnel and introduce new ones for industrial skillsto benefit industry, commerce and Government.

3.19 The success of both components of the project will depend uponspecial actions on the part of Government. With respect to the skills up-grading center, it is essential that the Government earmark the revenues fromthe training tax for the purposes of meeting the centerts recurrent costs andproviding it with the autonomy required to adopt policies consistent withemployer needs. With respect to the rural youth program, the Governmentshould give priority to improving the quality of national and a limitednumber of regional support services and the efficiency of operations ofexisting 4-D clubs before promoting a continued rapid expansion in thenumber of clubs.

IV. THE PROJECT

A. General

4.01 The proposed project would finance:

(a) the construction, equipment and technical assistance for a newNational Support Center of the 4-D clubs to be located in Cotonouand for the regional rural youth services and clubs in the pro-vinces of Zou, Atlantique and Atacora;

(b) the construction and initial stock of training materials for a newskills upgrading center in Cotonou; and

(c) the consulting services required for the preparation of a secondproject.

B. The Project Components

The Rural Youth Training Program

4.02 The proposed project would provide the 4-D club movement with thefollowing:

(a) 15 man-years of both long- and short-term technical assistanceservices consisting of specialists in management and administration,project evaluation and training specialists in agro-pedagogy,animal health and husbandry, literacy, rural crafts, health andnutrition;

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(b) building and equipment for the central organization and for theregional rural youth services in the provinces of Zou, Atlantiqueand Atacora. The facilities for each region would consist ofoffice space, workshops and warehouses for the storage of equip-ment and materials. In addition, the facilities in Zou wouldinclude an annex for the training of "encadreurs" or club trainingpersonnel;

(c) equipment and other necessary material inputs, to be purchased bythe central organization and distributed to the clubs by theregional services to permit the development and replication ofmodel training programs (for details on the equipment and materialssee Annex 5).

4.03 The main thrust of this project component would be to help establishan effective administrative structure through which the Government, IDA andother organizations can assist the development of rural youth training andthe expansion of the 4-D club network. At the national level, the structurewould consist of a national governmental body responsible for setting policyand a National Support Center.

4.04 The National Governmental body (Annex 6) which would be newly createdwould ensure the necessary cooperation and coordination among all the concernednational and international agencies. It would be responsible for settingpolicy and approving long-term plans, the implementation programs and theformulation of budget proposal. The Minister of Rural Development wouldbe its chairman and it would include representatives from the Ministries ofPlanning, Education, Finance, Interior and Health as voting members andrepresentatives of the regional organizations as observers.

4.05 The National Support Center (NSC), in accordance with the generalpolicies and instructions of the national governmental body, will be responsiblefor the following major functions: the preparation of a phased long-termdevelopment plan for the 4-D clubs, the design of implementation programs,the preparation of budgets, the supervision of implementation of all aspectsof the rural youth training program as well as the evaluation of the progressbeing achieved. During the period of the proposed project, the NSC wouldplace particular emphasis upon the following specific tasks: (i) reinforcingthe region'al services, (ii) training of specialized "encadreurs", "animatricesrurales" and other rural development agents, (iii) strengthening and subse-quently evaluating the 4-D clubs in the provinces, and (iv) establishing clubgraduates as farmers. For this purpose, the NSC would be assisted by a team oftechnical experts (including a "Chef de Projet", an administrator/tplanner,an agro-pedagogue, a veterinarian and short-term consultants) whose serviceswould be financed under this project until a team of counterparts has beenproperly trained. The NSC will be under the "Directeur General de l'ActionRurale" (Annex 6). This will facilitate the NSC's access to the othertechnical services of the Ministry of Rural Development at the national leveland will result in a better integrated rural youth training program. The

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existing national Rural Youth Service would continue to be responsible foradministering the Government's assistance to 4-D clubs outside the scope ofthe project and will benefit from the results of NSC's planning and programmingwork.

4.06 The establishment of the central organization of the rural youthtraining program is the first and most essential step in the consolidationprocess. The Government has agreed to the reorganized central administration(paras. 4.03-4.05). The official enactment of appropriate legislation orregulations for the new administrative structure will be a condition ofdisbursement for this component of the project. Also, during negotiationsthe Government gave an assurance that it will select counterparts to thetechnical experts with qualifications acceptable to IDA, prior to the startof work by the latter (Annex 7).

4.07 The nationwide impact of the NSC would be complemented at the pro-vincial level by Regional Support Centers (RSC) to strengthen the regionalrural youth services which are now affiliated with the regional developmentorganizations (Annex 8). The project would provide the construction, equip-ment and the staff training for the RSCs to be created in the provinces ofZou, Atlantique and Atacora. Training would be performed with the assistanceof the experts at the NSC. The equipment would consist of varied kits oftools for the 4-D clubs as well as vehicles for the transport of materials andstaff to the clubs.

4.08 The RSC would form a part of an integrated regional developmentorganization. The latter normally includes a training unit (Annex 8) thatat present deals mostly with adult farmers. The integration of the RSCs withregional development organizations would facilitate the coordination ofyouth and adult training in terms of: (a) consistency and complementarityof training programs; (b) coordination of the timing of their implementation;and (c) more effective staff utilization. In fact, youth training would bepreparatory for participation in adult farmer training. An integrated regionaldevelopment organization called SONACO ("Societe Nationale Agricole pour leCoton") has existed for some tine in Zou, another ODA ("TOperation de Developpe-ment Agricole" has been newly established in Atacora; and the Governnentintends to establish very soon a similar organization in Atlantique. Duringnegotiations the Governnent gave assurances that it will integrate the RSCsin Zou, Atacora and Atlantique within regional development structures to beacceptable to IDA. These regional development structures may be SONACO orODA or their successor organizations in the provinces where these organiza-tions operate. The completion of administrative measures for such integrationin at least one province will be a condition of disbursement for the fundsrelated to the RSCs and 4-D clubs, i.e., for items 1B and 1C of the table inparagraph 4.21.

4.09 At the 4-D club level, the project would not increase the number ofclubs. Rather, it would assist in the consolidation and improvement of whatalready exists in Zou, Atacora and Atlanqtiue. Project execution would bein two phases: (a) a pilot phase involving a small number of clubs in each

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of the three provinces (up to 10 clubs), which are within easy reach of theRSCs. The purpose of this phase will be to work out the details of clubprograms, their staffing and their input requirements; and (b) a phase whichtests the replicability of the pilot clubs. The clubs in which the modelprograms will be replicated will be selected in advance by the RSCs on thebasis of set criteria developed by the NSC. What each club will receivewill depend upon results of a survey of the equipment, materials and infra-structure it already has and the minimum it needs to carry out its program.It is estimated that this project item (namely the pilot phase and itsexpansion) would ultimately assist a total of about 135 clubs in the threeprovinces (corresponding to a total value of supplies and implements of aboutUS$ 1 million) with a membership of about 2,000 youths--an average of about15 youths per club.

4.10 The training program that a club would follow would be designedalong broad lines recommended by the RSC with the assistance of a generaltraining specialist and would be implemented under the latter's supervision.It would include elements of agricultural training in improved methods andtechniques which have been developed under IDA's as well as other agencies'agricultural projects. The agricultural component of the training programwould focus mainly upon cash crops for the generation of money income butwould also aim at demonstrating the need for the balance between cash cropand subsistence Soodcrop production. The club's earnings would be supplemen-ted where needed and feasible by other income-earning activities such asanimal husbandry and craftwork. The literacy component of the trainingprogram would be conducted in the main local languages with the help ofproperly trained literacy trainers. In addition, the program would includeelements of nutrition, health, hygiene and handicrafts. The 4-D clubswould be assisted by specialized trainers of two types: (i) a polyvalenttype who would assist 4-D clubs along with the neighboring "GroupementVillageois" and who would be responsible for the agricultural component ofthe program; (ii) trainers who would visit various clubs at regular intervalsto assist, for example, in training the club members in literacy or inhandicrafts. To the extent feasible, the trainers would be chosen from thesame region and would speak the same local language as the members of theclubs they are assisting.

4.11 The practical agricultural component of the training in each 4-Dclub would be designed to be self-supporting and thus serve as a demonstra-tion of the financial potential to be derived from agriculture. It is esti-mated that clubs could realize an average annual surplus of total recurrentrevenues over recurrent costs as follows:

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Manual Ox-DrawnClubs la Cultivation Cultivation

CFAF CFAFBorgou, East Atacora (Type 1) 64,000 95,000

Zou, South Atacora, North Mono,North Oueme (Type Il) 75,000 /b 108,000

Atlantique, South Mono, South Ouéme (Type III) 79,000 /b n.a.

North-East Atacora (Type IV) 70,000 n.a.

/a Program types refer to the climatic and agricultural attributes ofregions (See Appendix Il).

/b Includes an expected surplus from other activities such as craftworkand animal husbandry of CFAF 15,000 in Type Il clubs and CFAF 20,000in Type III clubs.

These estimates are based upon conservative assumptions with respect to theproductivity of club members. For example, it,is assumed that club membersare only half as productive as adults and would work for only three days perweek on the club's agricultural enterprises. Nevertheless, in order toprovide conditions for the achievement of these minimal levels of productivity,the Government gave assurances that it will:

(a) restrict the club's membership to those youths who are 13 yearsof age or over, so that they would be physically able to contributeto the club's work programs and would complete their learningabout the time they are adults;

(b) ensure for each 4-D club the availability of:

(i) a minimum area of suitable land on a permanent basis;

(ii) all inputs, particularly seeds, fertilizers and insecti-cides on the same terms and conditions as the neighboring"Groupement Villageois".

4.12 The proposed project represents only one element in the total conso-lidation effort of the rural youth movement. This effort also includesongoing UNDP/FAO projects, particularly the rural youth settlement project,and a proposed UNICEF project. The former is specifically designed to assistin the settlement of 4-D club graduates. The UNICEF project is intended tofinance the cost of equipment and materials required for the specializedactivities of women in their own or in mixed clubs in the same region as theproposed IDA project. UNICEF will also finance the training costs of the"animatrices rurales". Given the high complementarity among the proposed IDAand UNICEF projects and the ongoing UNDP/FAO project, coordination among them

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is essential. Therefore, it is recommended that the NSC, in view of itsoverall responsibility for the rural youth training program, be given theresponsibility of supervising the implementation of all three projects inaccordance with guidelines to be established by the national governmentalbody of the rural youth training program. The completion of a formal agreementacceptable to IDA, UNDP, FAO and UNICEF, to the effect that the NSC would beresponsible for coordinating the work of these agencies in the areas of ruralyouth training and settlement will be a condition of disbursement of the ruraltraining component of the project.

4.13 Before moving from the pilot phase (corresponding to the first twostages identified in para. 3.12) in the assistance to the clubs which is ex-pected to last about 36 months, to the larger scale replication phase atregional level (para. 4.09) the Government and IDA must be satisfied that thecentral organization and the RSCs have become fully operational (Annex 9).This will be determined by an interim field evaluation, performed by IDA.As a condition of disbursement for the second or replication phase in eachprovince, IDA would have to be satisfied that the results of the interimfield evaluation are positive. If the results are negative in all threeregions, the Government and IDA would have to agree on whether the undisbursedfunds should be (i) allocated for further assistance to the central andregional youth services and/or for further testing or programs, or (ii) can-celled. If the results are positive in some but not all the provinces, adecision would have to be made on whether to allocate all undiabursed fundsto that region, or to pursue in parallel the reinforcement of the otherorganizational units. If the iqterim evaluation leads to a continuation ofIDA assistance for a second phase, a further decision on whether supportshould be extended to provinces other than the three assisted by this projectwill have to await the results of a later evaluation by a team of project-financed specialists towards the end of the project implementation period. Ifthe results of this final evaluation prove that the program is successful, theapproach is suitable and that the NSC is adequately prepared to undertake thetask of planning and monitoring the application of a larger program, thenintensive support may be extended to the other provinces, e.g., under asecond IDA project.

The Skills Upgrading Center - Cotonou

4.14 This center is to provide needed training to upgrade the skills ofindustrial workers and clerical personnel already employed.mainly in theprivate sector. The center's program will incorporate the existing programfor training clerical personnel and introduce new ones for industrial skills.It will be organized on a flexible basis with course durations varying from afew days to a few months and will be designed on a modular basis wnerebyeach module will consist of a small specific package that enables the traineesto become immediately more useful in a specific task to their employers. Themodules will also be complementary so that a series would add up to an entireskill profile. Initially, the center will concentrate on skill upgradingbut later, and as the needs arise, it will introduce training courses for

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newly recruited personnel who will be sponsored at the center by their employer.Ultimately, the program will offer training in general mechanics, metal-work,auto-mechanics, electricity, building construction and business and commerce.The introduction of the upgrading training will begin with general mechanicsand metal-work and business and commerce, followed by auto-mechanics,electrician training and the building trades, provision for all of which isincluded under this project.

4.15 The center will be under the Directorate of Vocational Training ofthe Ministry of Civil Service and Labor, but will enjoy a high degree ofadministrative and financial autonomy and will cooperate with the Ministriesof Planning, Finance and Education. To ensure that it will have effectiveand close cooperation with employers, it should have an AdministrativeCouncil to include representatives of the concerned Government agencies,employers and workers organizations. The center would be located in theindustrial area of Cotonou, the main urban center, where most future indus-trial expansion is expected to take place.

4.16 The center's capacity will be 190 places, but given the part-timenature of the programs and the brief duration of most training modules, thecenter will accommodate about 500 workers per week. It is estimated thatduring the first few years of its operation, the center would annually offereach of about 2,200 workers with an average of 2.7 training modules. Acenter of this size may seem small in view of the 1975 estimated need forskill upgrading training (para. 2.12). However, given industry's limitedability to release workers for,training, a larger center may not operate atan optimum rate of utilization. The working groups will consist on averageof about 14 trainees in the industrial courses and about 20 in the businessclasses. The trainees will be selected from among workers proposed byemployers on the basis of set criteria and aptitude tests, taking intoconsideration such factors as age, educational background, work experience andpresent level of skill. The groups which will meet at appropriate times,including evenings, will consist of workers of equal abilities and havingsimilar needs. The center's facilities will include three workshop blockswith storage space, one classroom and administrative offices. The workshopswill be designed in a manner that will permit flexibility in organizingcourses. Equipment lists for the training programs have already been preparedwith ILO assistance. When completed, the center will require nine industrialinstructorb. Initially, these will be experts provided by ILO and, in additionto setting up and operating the center, they would be responsible for trainingthe local counterparts; some of the latter will also have to be sent abroadon fellowship for part of the training period. When in full operation in 1979,the center's annual operating cost is estimated at CFAF 45 million.

4.17 In order to satisfy the preconditions for the success of the center,namely, that it is fully funded and that it has the full support and participa-tion of employers, the Government has agreed, as a condition of disbursement offunds allocated in the proposed credit to the center, to earmark the revenuefrom the existing "training tax" (which has so far formed a part of the general

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budget revenue) to the extent required for vocational training. The revenuefrom this tax is expected to increase from CFAF 22 million in 1973 to CFAF45 million for 1978. Employers who pay the tax will be entitled to use 'thecenter for the skill-upgrading of their employees at no additional cost fortraining services. Since careful planning will be crucial for the center'ssuccess, the Government gave assurances that it will complete:

(a) within one year of credit signing and submit for IDA's reviewand comment a comprehensive development plan for the center withparticular emphasis upon the financial implications of such aplan and how the Government proposes to finance the center'srecurrent costs;

(b) within three years of credit signing and submit for IDA's reviewand comment a study of the training tax with a view to determining:

(i) its role in promoting vocational training inpublic and private sector enterprises;

(ii) its impact upon employment;

(iii) its incidence and how it is related to the benefits fromthe center; and

(c) by June 1, 1978, the establishment of a tracer system acceptableto IDA to follow up on trainees after their work at the center.This would provide data on changes in employers, in income, andin type of job performed.

4.18 As a condition of disbursement the Government will enact legisla-tion or regulations establishing a Skills Upgrading Center with an adminis-trative council. The administrative council would be the governing body ofthe center and would have autonomy with respect to recruiting practices andstandards, programs and testing and certification rules. The participationof the Government, employers and workers in the council will be assured ina manner acceptable to IDA.

4.19 The cost of equipment and technical assistance for the center ofabout US$780,000 will be financed by a UNDP/ILO project of which US$380,000is already included in UNDP's current Country Program for Dahomey ending in1976 and the remainder will be included in the next five-year Country Program.The IDA credit would finance the cost of construction of facilities and oftraining materials for the center's first year of operation. The conclusionwith UNDP and ILO of legal arrangement acceptable to the IDA, concerning thecontributions of these parties to the center, will be a condition ofeffectiveness of the credit.

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Preparation of a Second Project

4.20 The rural youth training component described above includes pro-vision for follow-up evaluations and the preparation of its expansion under asecond education project (para. 4.13). The objective of this particularcomponent is to provide US$220,000 for financing consultant services for thedetailed preparation of those other items of a second project that would bein both the informal and in the formal system.

C. Cost of the Project

4.21 The total cost of the project is estimated at about CFAF 1.2billion or about US$5.3 million, including taxes and customs duties. Thebreakdown of gross project costs by major category of expenditure is givenin Annexes 10 and 11, and the distribution by item is as follows:

CFAF (million) US$ (thousands) % ofLocal goreign Total Local Eoreign Total Total

1. Rural Youth TrainingProgram 180.0 461.4 641.4 800 2,051 2,851 75.9

A. National Support ( 39.7) (175.0) (214.7) (176) ( 778) ( 954) (25.4)Center-Cotonou

B. Regional Support ( 76.6) (119.6) (196.2) (341) ( 531) ( 872) (23.2)Centers

C. 4-D Clubs ( 63.7) (166.8) (230.5) (283) ( 742) (1,025) (27.3)

2. Skills Upgrading 64.0 90.0 154.0 284 400 684 18.2Center-Cotonou

3. Preparation of a 5.0 44.5 49.5 22 198 220 5.9Second Project

Sub-total 1 249.0 595.9 844.9 1,106 2,649 3,755 100.0

Physical Contin- 26.1 56.0 82.1 116 249 365 9.7gencies

Price Contingencies 102.4 209.7 312.1 _455 932 1,387 36.9

Sub-total 2 128.5 265.7 394.2 571 1,181 1,752 46.6

TOTAL GROSS COSTS 377.5 ,861.6 5 67(Sub-total 1 and 2)

N.B. Rate of exchange: US$ 1 = CFAF 225Base line costs: April 30, 1975

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4.22 The total project cost, net of taxes and customs duties, is esti-mated at about 990 million or US$4.4 million. Cost estimates are based onrecent work undertaken by public and private enterprise, the regionalservices and the Ministry of Public Works. Estimated average unit costs persquare meter of gross area at the end of April 1975 are CFAF 50,000 (aboutUS$220) for classrooms and administrative blocks and CFAF 38,000 (US$170) forworkshops in Cotonou. The rural youth component cannot be compared to otherprojects due to its specialized nature, but because of the simpler construc-tion, costs are lower than in Cotonou despite the higher cost of transportof materials. Site development has been estimated at 12% of building costswhile furniture varies from 5% to 15%, according to the type of facilitiesprovided. Local costs have been adjusted to take into account the distancefrom Cotonou and the condition of roads. The cost of equipment for the 4-Dclubs is derived from that now being provided by the regional services. Toinsure the proper application of the program at the skills upgrading center,the project contains the cost of one year's supply of training materials.

4.23 Contingencies. The cost of the project includes an allowance forphysical contingencies estimated at 5% for technical assistance, 10% for build-ings, site development, furniture and equipment, and 15% for water wells wherethe exact depth will have to be determined. The contingency allowance for bothlocal and foreign price escalation based on the estimated project cost as ofApril 1975 varies from 16% to 7% p.a. except for technical assistance where itdrops to 4% p.a. in 1980 (Annex 12). All contingencies amount to 32% of thetotal estimated costs or about 47% of the total cost before contingencies(Annex 13).

;

4.24 Foreign Exchange Component. This amounts to approximately US$3.1million equivalent, or about 70% of the total project cost of US$4.4 million,net of taxes and duties. This has been estimated as follows: (i) 55% forsite development and buildings, (ii) 60% for furniture, (iii) 80% for equipment,(iv) 70% for water wells, and (v) 85% for technical assistance.

4.24 Project Recurrent Costs. In 1979, the first year of the project'sfull operations, the recurrent costs are estimated (at mid-1974 prices andsalary scales) to be CFAF 45 million for the skills upgrading center andCFAF 55 million for the rural youth training program. The latter wouldrepresent about 5% of the projected budget of the Ministry of Rural Develop-ment.

V. IMPLEMENTATION

5.01 Project Administration. The implementation of the skills upgradingcenter and the rural youth training project items are independent of each othereven in terms of procurement. Therefore, a special project unit with overallsupervision duties will not be set up and responsibility for execution will begiven to: (i) the Director of Vocational Training in the Ministry of Civil

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Service and Labor for the skills upgrading center; he will at the same timecoordinate the UNDP/ILO technical assistance and equipment contribution tothis center with that of IDA; and (ii) the "Directeur Général de l'ActionRurale" of the Ministry of Rural Development, under whom the NSC would beplaced and who already supervises the work of the Rural Youth Service; hewould be assisted by the Director of NSC when he is appointed and the admin-istrators of the integrated regional development organizations in Atacora,Atlantique and Zou. Responsibility for the third component, preparation ofa second project, would be determined at the time of discussion of its compo-sition between IDA and the Government. Two independent special funds, onefor the skills upgrading center and another for the rural youth trainîngprogram, would be established by the Government to meet the expected quarterlyexpenditure of each project component, including the current expenditures ofeach project unit, and would be replenished on a quarterly basis. The estab-lishment and initial endowment of these two special funds will be conditionsof credit effectiveness.

5.02 Each of the Directors will be responsible for: (i) supervision ofimplementation, (ii) liaison with IDA, and (iii) coordination with the othernational and international agencies involved. Each will be advised andassisted by a full-time "Chef de Projet" (one to be financed by UNDP/ILO andthe other by the project) who, at the same time will provide professional andadministrative support to the technical assistance team for each component,and by a full-time administrator/accountant and other support staff. Theappointment of the "Chef de Project" for the skills upgrading center will bea condition of credit effectiveness and that for the 4-D clubs a condition ofcredit disbursement for this project component. The counterpart for the "Chefde Project" for the 4-D clubs wîll be selected within one month of the latter'sarrival.

5.03 Professional Services. Design of facilities and supervision ofconstruction will be: (i) for the skills upgrading center, the responsibilityof the Division of "Urbanisme et Habitat" of the Ministry of Public Works and(ii) for the rural youth training component, the responsibility of the"Direction du Genie Rural" of the Ministry of Rural Development assisted inmatters of water supply by the "Direction de l'Hydraulique" of the Ministryof Public Works. The terms of reference of the technical experts for theskills upgrading center would be acceptable to IDA. Also, the qualifications,terms of reference and conditions of service of experts engaged for the ruralyouth training program would be acceptable to IDA. Periodic or special re-ports prepared by them would be submitted to IDA for review.

5.04 Sites. Except for the site of the NSC in Cotonou which is not yetselected, the sites for all other project institutions have been chosen andacquired. The Government gave an assurance that the site for the NSCwould be acquired in time for the scheduled start of construction.

5.05 Procurement. The contract for civil works for the skills upgradingcenter (US$600,000) would be through international competitive bidding inaccordance with IDA guidelines. Domestic civil works contractors would receive

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a 7-1/2% preference in bid evaluation. Because of their small size andgeographic dispersion, the contracts for the civil works components associatedwith the rural youth training component of the project (US$800,000) would beawarded on the basis of locally advertised competitive bidding in accord-ance with local procedures which are acceptable to the IDA; although thecontract may be too small to attract foreign interests, foreign bids wouldbe accepted if tendered. Contracts for furniture and equipment (US$800,000)would be let in packages of at least US$20,000 and awarded following inter-national competitive bidding in accordance with IDA guidelines. Local manu-facturers of furniture and equipment will be allowed a preferential marginequivalent to either 15% of the c.i.f. price of competing imports or to thetotal of applicable customs duties and import taxes, whichever is lower.Draught animals and small agricultural implements required for the rural youthtraining project which are not suitable for competitive bidding or cannot begrouped in packages of at least US$5,000 will be procured locally on thebasis of quotations following local procedures which are acceptable to IDA.The total of such procurements may not exceed US$200,000 over the durationof the project.

5.06 Financing. The proposed IDA Credit of US$4.0 million equivalentwould cover 90% of the estimated total project cost of US$4.4 million, net oftaxes, and would finance 100% of the foreign exchange expenditures and 69% oflocal expenditures net of taxes. Adding to the total cost of the projectthe technical assistance and equipment provided under the ILO project, IDAfinancing would represent 75% of total project costs, net of taxes.

5.07 Disbursements (Annex 14). The funds of the Credit Account wouldbe disbursed for:

(a) 100% of foreign expenditures (c.i.f. costs) for imported equip-ment and materials, or 80% if these are purchasedlocally,

(b) 100% of foreign expenditures for consultants and teclnicalassistance experts;

(c) 85% of total expenditures for civil works including waterwells;

(d) 80% of total expenditures for furniture.

All disbursements would be fully documented and all remaining funds at comple-tion of the project would with IDA's prior agreement, either be used forpreparing a second project or cancelled. The estimated schedules of imple-mentation and disbursements are shown in Annex 15 to 17. Standard documen-tation would be required for all disbursements of the IDA Credit funds.

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AGREEMENTS REACHED AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.01 During credit negotiations, agreement was reached on the followingprincipal points:

(a) For the skillæ upgrading center, the Government will complete adevelopment plan for the center (para. 4.17 (a)); undertake astudy of the training tax (para. 4.17 (b)); and establishan acceptable tracer system (para. 4.17 (c));

(b) For the Rural Youth Training Program, the Goverament will:

(i) integrate the RSCs in Zou, Atacora and Atlantique withinregional development organizations acceptable to theAssociation (para. 4.08);

(ii) restrict 4-D clubs membership to those youths who are 13years of age or over (para. 4.11); and

(iii) ensure for each 4-D club the availability of suitable landand other inputs (para. 4.11).

6.02 Conditions of Credit effectiveness will be:

(a) the signing of an agreement between the Government, UNDPand ILO, acceptable to IDA, ensuring the financing of therequired technical assistance and equipment for the skillsupgrading center (para. 4.19);

(b) the establishment and initial endowment of two independentrevolving funds to meet the expected quarterly expendituresof the two project components (para. 5.01); and

(c) the appointment of a "Chef de Projet" for the skills upgradingcenter (para. 5.02).

6.03 Conditions of disbursement vill be:

(a) for the whole of the rural youth training component

(i) the Government's enactment of laws and/or decrees toestablish the new administrative structure (paras.4.03-4.10);

(ii) the conclusion of a formal arrangement which designatesthe NSC as the agency responsible for coordinating thework of UNDP, FAO, UNICEF,and IDA in matters related torural youth training and settlement in the project area(para. 4.12);

- 22 -

(iii) the appointment of the "Chef de Projet" for the ruralyouth program (para. 5.02);

(b) for the RSCs and 4-D clubs (i.e., items 1B and 1C of thetable in paragraph 4.21) the completion of all the necessarymeasures to integrate at least one RSC within the structureof a regional development organization (para. 4.08);

(c) for the second or replication phase in each province,achievement of results satisfactory to IDA during thepilot phase (para. 4.12 and Annex 9); and

(d) the passage of legislation or regulations establishingfor the skills_upgrading center an appropriate administ-rative council, with adequate autonomy (para. 4.18); andthe earmarking of the training tax to the extent requiredfor its operations (paras. 4.17-18).

6.04 The project constitutes a suitable basis for an IDA credit ofUS$4.0 million equivalent to Dahomey.

APPENDIX IPage 1

DAHOMEY

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSALS OF

THE EDUCATION REFORM COMMISSION

A. Background

1. Dahomey's formal education system was reviewed by a Unesco Identifi-cation Mission (March/April 1971), and IDA Economic Mission (June 1972) and anIDA Reconnaissance-in-Depth Mission (February/March 1973). The present system,according to the findings of these missions, can be characterized as unproduc-tive, costly and inefficient. If consists of a six-year primary education, afour-year lower sécondary and a three-year upper secondary (Appendix I, Chart1). The following table shows total enrollments in 1971/72:

Z of Relevant X of GirlsLevel Enrollment Age Group Enrolled

Primary 197,851 32% 31%Lower Secondary 23,873 7.4% 32%Upper Secondary 4,819 4.1% 24%Higher 1,600 n.a. n.a.

The above information, however, disguises marked differences between the var-ious provinces of the country- and between the urban and rural areas of eachprovince. Furthermore, the rapid increase in enrollments has tended to aggra-vate these differences.

3. The inefficiency of the present system is reflected in high rates ofrepeaters and dropouts. The system is also costly: despite the low enrollmentratios, education's share in the budget was about 29% and in the GNP about 5%.During 1966-71, expenditure on education almost doubled while the Government'sbudget increased by 44% and GNP by only 16%. Unit costs are high: in 1970,they were US$53 for primary, US$197 for general secondary, US$1,600 for primaryteacher training, and US$2,100 for higher education. Even assuming that (i)present trends in enrollment expansion slow down somewhat, which is highly un-likely unless the authorities exercise more effective entry control, and (ii)unit costs remain at their 1970/71 level, the education sector would stillclaim about 45% of the Government's budget projected for 1981. Obviously, thiswould not only exert excessive pressure on public resources and constitute in-appropriate utilization of Dahomey's very scarce resources, but would alsoexacerbate the already serious problem of unemployed school graduates, of whomthere were about 15,000 in 1970. It would also lead to a greater imbalancebetween education and the other sectors and between the urban and rural areas.

B. The Reform

3. A first attempt to remedy the situation and reform the system wasmade in 1971, but due to lack of popular support it was abandoned. A second

APPENDIX IPage 2

attempt was made in May 1973 when the Government convened a National Commission,consisting of 162 persons representing the various groups in the country inter-ested in education. The Commission produced a document that contains cértainconclusions and recommendations that are still under consideration by the Gov-ernment. The appraisal mission reviewed the document and discussed the recom-mendations of the Commission:

(a) It declares a "new objective" for the education system, namely, theschools should spearhead the country's socio-economic developmentand unity. It also insists upon the use of local languages in alleducation and training programs and on the necessity of combiningtheory with practice to prepare productive citizens.

(b) It proclaims the Ministry of Education as the sole authority respon-sible for all matters related to education and training.

(c) It designs a new structure for the system (Appendix I, Chart 2) thatconsists of:

(i) a first level, which includes maternal education, basic educa-tion, intermediate education and polytechnical institutes;

(ji) a second level, which is now called "higher" education; and

(iii) centers for popular education and upgrading ("centre populaired'education, de perfectionnement et d'initiation a la produc-tion")).

4. Maternal education would consist of two years, given to 3 and 4 yearold children, and would use local languages. Basic education would consist offive years (ages 5 through 9), in the first three years using local languagesvith French introduced as a working language. Each school vould be organizedso as to perform as a "unit of production". Students would be allowed to re-peat and would always be under continuous observation and testing to decidewhether they should proceed toward intermediate education or a polytechnicalinstitute. The latter would be divided into two cycles of three years each.The first cycle would receive students from basic education, age 10 or i1; andadults, regardless of age, from the "centers for popular education". The Com-mission believes that any problem posed by such vide diversity in the agesof the students could be resolved without much difficulty because they wouldbe "taught" a trade and upon completing their training they would enter activevork life. The other problem of having to train 10 or 11 year olds and thenput them on the labor market at the age of 13 or 14 does not seem to have con-cerned the Commission. The second cycle of the polytechnical institutes wouldprovide trade training of a higher level than that given in the first cycleand each institute would function as much as possible as a unit of production.All the specialized schools which train middle-level personnel would be re-grouped in this cycle and at its end a "guidance council" would determine whoamong the students would enter the labor market and who would proceed tohigher-level education. In contrast to these polytechnical institutes, there

APPENDIX IPage 3

is no description of intermediate education institutions in the Commission'sdocument, except for mentioning that they would be organized as units of pro-duction.

5. The centers for popular education would concern themselves with work-ing adults by taking action through:

(i) functional literacy in local languages;

(ii) correspondence and upgrading courses to provide "lifelong edu-cation", using a structure parallel to basic and inter-mediateeducation as well as to the polytechnical institutes; and

(iii) educational recreation and sports.

6. The Commission also recommends the creation of a National Councilfor Education, Training and Research, which would have the following main re-sponsibilities:

Mi) oversee the execution of educational policy;

(ii) coordinate the education systew by taking account of the prior-ities and needs of other Ministries; and

(iii) control scientific research.

7. The secontion of the Commissions's report dealing with methods, pro-grams and curricula contains general considerations that recommend openingthe schools to the socio-economic environment and devoting a certain portionof the available time to theoretical studies and to politics and civics onthe one hand and military training, physical education and sports on the other.The section on finance and costs has a brief analysis of the 1972 budget andconcludes that salaries which accounted for 95% of the expenses are the majorobstacle to expanding and improving the system's infrastructure.

C. Evaluation of the Commissiont s Proposais

8. The proposals of the Reform Commission are in sharp contrast tothose of the various missions that reviewed Dahomey's formal education system(para. 1), particularly the main proposals of the reconnaissance-in-depth(RID) mission, which are summed up below:

(a) the need for the system's objectives to better take into considera-tion the needs of the predominant rural population;

(b) a reallocation of the resources devoted to education in favor of therural sector, not only to redress previous neglect and imbalancesbut also to ensure greater consistency with the country's socio-eco-nomic development;

APPENDIX IPage 4

(c) integration of education and training within the framework of com-prehensive and integrated community development programs; and

(d) identification of a new system that includes a more adapted andlower-cost basic education (i.e., determine the structure, length ofcycles and contents) and that vill permit Dahomey to achieve anappropriate universal education around the turn of this century.

9. The strategy recommended by the RID mission to achieve the above con-sists of a short four-year basic education with entry at the age of 9 or 10,strict control of enrollment expansion at subsequent levels, the use of locallanguages, and a purposeful effort to reduce unit costs. The proposals of thelowering of entry age 4 or 5, and unlimited expansion of enrollment at levelsfollowing basic education.

10. The non-feasibility merely on financial grounds of the Commission'srecommendations should be apparent from its own projections of the recurrentcosts of the system in 1984, which were estimated at about CFAF 40 billion.This figure, in the opinion of the appraisal mission, amounts to at least twicethe total government revenue projected for 1984, even when the latter is pro-jected on the basis of fairly optimistic assumptions concerning the grow'th ofGNP and of Governnent revenue. Furthermore, the system recommended by theCommission is a complex one that requires a fairly developed and efficientadministration to implement.

11. In view of the serious implications of the report and recomuenda-tions of the Reform Commission, it is recominended that the Government evaluatetheir appropriateness for Dahomey at this stage of its development.

STRUCTURE OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM, 1972

Primary-- -- eSccondary 1 Higher

First Cycle Second Cycle IC.E.S. I

L cee

Gi G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G12 G13

Polytechnic Institute

r rrn r-1* tl ub-~~~~~~2 j43--I5_

C.E.T. Lycee technique

Ph.sng out

r- i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C

Proposed New Institution _

o Cc PE

* Baccoleursat (BAC> CAP OM

() fls.caI^sureu tochnIquOJ

0 DUES, DUEL Cooperatives

) CAP Schools

Il Jobs : - 1.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION SYSTEM | _

Rural Training Centers gricultural 1-Vcee

MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMPracticai Agricitu.-e rraining scooois e

AGt L._J 6 7 8 9 0i l 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

World Bank 7b72

Ages /Age` DAHOMEY(<ève,3 accouiplissant APPE}DIX I

cyUles normaux Pl'POSED STRUCTURE OF EDUCATTON SYSTEM Chart 2ftude3)

20 +

tg +

1.8 + Second degré

17 +f- Second LevelEducation

16+

15-.-

Enseignement E-

14 + moyen C.P.2

I II Polytechnical 1) + z Intermediate Institutes

Education II II

12 +

Enseignementil + moyen C.P.1

I Polytechnical

10 + l l Intermediate InstitutesI0 Education II I

9 +

8 + Education 6 CPEPIP/Centers forPopular Education

Enseignement 7 + de base i

6+4

5+

' + Enseigneipent 21

maternel

Maternal |Education

APPENDIX IlPage 1

DAHOMEY

THE RURAL YOUTH TRAINING

A. Background and Ristory

1. The first rural youth clubs were started in Dahomey in 1967 as anexperiment with the assistance of an FAO expert. As originally conceived,they were to provide a system of local support to rural youths who would havebeen already trained in an agricultural training center. After sensing thatthis type of rural youth training was promising, the Government decided toencourage their development. The training is done at a 4-D club. The 4-D isderived from the motto: We, the youths, have taken the DECISION to performour DUTY for the DEVELOPMENT of our DAROMEY.

2. The 4-D clubs have an important role to play in the strategy ofrural socio-economic development: (i) they provide rural youths with a rele-vant training, (ii) they are agricultural practice centers, and (iii) theyserve as a means of demonstrating the improved agricultural methods and tech-niques. To do so they engage in the following activities:

(a) productive activities - agriculture, livestock (mainly poultryand sheep raising), horticulture and fruits cultivation;

(b) educational activities - functional literacy, civic education, handi-crafts, self-help construction, rural radio programs, and for thefemale members home economics, child care and nutrition; and

(c) recreational activities - sports, folk dances, etc.

3. Although the training program should be comprehensive and balanced,the agricultural component seems to be the most developed at present. Agri-cultural activities vary among the clubs depending upon their location, andcrops are selected upon the recommendations of the extension agent. The cropsare, for instance, in Zou: they grow cotton, corn, groundnuts, cassava andbeans; in Atlantique: corn, groundnuts, and cassava; in West Atacora: sor-ghum, groundnuts and rice. In addition, all clubs have a graden for vegeta-bles. The results are supposed to demonstrate the correct balance betweencash crope to increase the income of club members, and food crops for theirconsumption.

4. The club's members are required to participate in collective acti-vities so that they "learn by doing". Thus a club would typically consist ofabout 15 youths who clutivate collectively 2 or 3 hectares of land. The pro-fit derived from the sale of crops is used to finance the cost of the socio-educative program. The club members also participate in the village develop-ment activities, and their parents assist them at the club in land clearing,well digging and shed or barn construction.

APPENDIX IlPage 2

5. A club usually has a president, a treasurer and a secretary who areelected by the members. Some clubs in addition have specifie committees formarketing or entertainment. It is given a piece of land though not alwayspermanently. This land is used mostly for cultivation and the members usuallybuild warehouses, sheds, barns, etc. A club also has some agricultural equip-ment, gardening tools and in the mixed and feminine clubs there is some homeeconomics equipment. Some clubs even have handicraft tools for woodwork andfor construction.

B. Pre-Investment Study Findings

6. The "Societe d'Etudes pour le Developpement Economique et Social"(SEDES) carried out under a UNDP-financed and IDA-executed project, and com-pleted in May 1974, a pre-investment study of the rural youth training program.The study's major findings are the following:

(a) Clubs and their membership: By the end of 1973 there were 235 clubswith 3,469 members. The clubs were not distributed equally amongthe regions; the density was highest in the south, particularly inthe province of Atlantique, and lowest in the north, except in WestAtacora. Mixed clubs (i.e., including both male and female memb2rs)comprised 10% of the total; feminine clubs 7%; and masculine clubsthe remainder. The literacy rate of the members reaches a maximumof 63% in some clubs in the south and is only 23% in the north.About 27% of the members were older than 17 years, 42% were between13 and 16 years, and 30% were 12 years old or younger. About 95%of the members' paredts were farmers and 5% were non-farmers.

(b) The club organizations: About 75% of the clubs had been created atthe initiative of extension agents. The clubs' activities are gen-erally carried out four days per week (three days in the north, andfive in the Atlantique region). Most of the assistance and coachingis provided by the field agents of the Directorate of Agriculture.More than one-third of the clubs are located in villages that haveprimary schools and another one-third are vithin 5 km of a primaryschool.

(c) The club resources: The average area of cultivable land availableto a club was about 3 hectares, just sufficient for 15 membersworking manually. In the south, there is a problem of land avail-ability for the clubs, and in Atacora, clubs have difficulty inobtaining land permanently. Lack of water is also a problem foragricultural production. Clubs, in areas where wells are notavailable, use the village well. Half of the clubs have facilitiessuch as storage sheds, offices, barns, etc. Most of these havebeen constructed with the parents' participation. Equipment, espe-cially agricultural tools, is rather scarce; e.g., no club has ascale. Thirty percent of the clubs have two tools per member and30% only one tool per member.

(d) A

APPENDIX IIPage 3

(d) Agricultural activities: According to the survey, the main cropsare corn (56.75 of the land cultivated), groundnuts (16.3%), beans(8.7%) and cotton (8.4%); but these percentages vary by region. Thestatistics show an increase of cotton and groundnut cultivation.Crop yields are roughly those obtained by adults cultivating underthe same conditions. Sixty-five percent of the clubs use selectedseeds, fertilizers and insecticides but not in adequate quantities.Vegetables are cultivated by one-third of the clubs, and the averagecultivated area per club is 500 sq.m. Lack of water prevents in-creased gardening.

(e) Animal husbandary: Cattle breeding is limited to the north, due tothe presence elsewhere of trypanosomiasis, transmitted to cattle bythe tse-tse fly. Some clubs have successfully experimented with ox-drawn cultivation ("cluture attelee"). Many clubs in the southraise poultry but the flocks are plagued with contagious diseases(mainly Newcastle disease). Sheep and hogs are also raised.

(f) Other activities: About 50% of the clubs engaged in constructionand maintenance of buildings, cisterns, wells and in road-upkeep and/or handicrafts (e.g., basket weaving, pottery, etc.) Meanwhile,one-third of the mixed and feminine clubs are interested in homeeconomics, e.g., cooking, child care, sanitation and sewing. Inaddition to production activities, some clubs have socio-educativeactivities.

(g) Training: The initiative here is left to the agricultural extensionagent. About 41% of the clubs gave functional literacy courses ineither French or Fon, and in a few areas in Adja, Yoruba and Bariba,

(h) Nutrition and health education: This is provided through the"animatrices rurales" (mainly in mixed and feminine clubs), ruralradio broadeasts and through the World Food Program (WFP). About70% of the clubs have a canteen. Food comes from WFP products(especially fat and protein-rich food) and from the crops producedby the clubs themselves.

(i) Athletics: About 30% of the clubs engaged in various athletic acti-mities (soccer, volleyball, basketball, etc.).

(j) Finance: Self-financing of investments and recurrent costs is theprinciple underlying the 4-D club movement. About 80% of the re-ceipts come from cash crops. Expenditures were made for buildingmaintenance and construction (25%), for inputs (25%), social acti-vities (23%), and benefit distribution to members (27%).

7. On the basis of the data it collected and according to criteria thattake into consideration a club's past performance and its future potential,SEDES selected some clubs to receive assistance under the IDA project. If the

APPENDIX IIPage 4

criteria listed in the Government's request were to be applied strictly, only24 of the 235 clubs surveyed would have been chosen. However, by slightly re-laxing the criteria, this number increased to 87.

C. Findings of the Appraisal Mission

8. As a result of its extensive field visits, the appraisal mission,in its attempt to verify the conclusions of the pre-investment study, foundthat the 4-D club movement is subject to a marked degree of instability asdemonstrated by the drastically changed situation of 4-D clubs in the shortperiod between the SEDES Survey (March 1974) and appraisal (June/July 1974).Briefly,` the findings of the appraisal mission are the following:

(a) many clubs are unstable and their prospects change quickly;

(b) the training program concentrates on the agricultural component andneglects the other components as well as the particular needs offemale members;

(c) the extension agent is the crucial factor in a club's performance,particularly with respect to agriculture;

(d) specialized "encadreurs" and "animatrices" are very few;

(e) many of the clubs' membership are too young to be able to participatemeaningfully in the training programs, i.e., their ages are lessthan 13 years;

(f) both the shortage and the impermanence of land are limiting theclubs' ability to carry out a realistic program effectively;

(g) water is not available in many clubs;

(h) equipment is not sufficient;

(i) revenues from productive activities are too low and are not alwaysutilized effectively.

9. The necessary preconditions that should exist to ensure that a 4-Dclub would be permanently established are the following:

(a) it should be located in an area where an approved expansion programhas already made provision for increasing the supply of material in-puts;

(b) there must be an integrated regional development organization thatis interested, well-managed, qualified and equipped to assume the

APPENDIX IlPage 5

responsibility of assisting the clubs in its region; it should in-clude on its staff the required number of qualified and properlytrained "encadreurs" of rural development agents with the apprbpri-ate range of specializations;

(c) there-must be community support as reflected, for example, by theassistance furnished by the village and parents for its organiza-tion, the size'of the club's membership, and the number of workingdays/week the youths are permitted to devote to the club instead ofworking vith parents;

(d)' a minimum amount of land suitable for agricultural production mustbe available to the club on a permanent basis. This minimum dependsupon whether ox-drawn agriculture is used or not;

(e) a properly staffed and equipped regional support center must be near-by and readily accessible;

(f) there must be diversification of each club's activities as appropri-ate in each region to include, e.g., animal husbandary, horticulture,crafts, etc., to ensure its financial self-sufficiency;

(g) there must be a readiness on the part of the regional organizationto support the establishment of trained youths leaving the clubseither as independent farmers or as members of a cooperative.

D. Agricultural Programs for 4-D Clubs

10. One of the major conclusions of appraisal is that the future of a4-D club is closely linked to the outcome of the agricultural component of itstraining program. If the agricultural program succeeds, a club succeeds; andif it fails, a club fails. Consequently, it was concluded that:

(a) the agricultural program of 4-D clubs should reflect the orientationof the agricultural policy of the province in which they exist andshould be a part of it;

(b) the practical methods of a club should be, to the extent possible,the same as those being advocated by the local extension services;

(c) the extension agents responsible for a club should be, to the extentpossible, the same as those of the neighboring "Groupement Villageois";

(d) the "encadreur" should not feel that he is isolated and should beclosely supervised.

11. For the purpose of developing typical agricultural programs for theclubs, the latter were classified into four types depending upon the climaticaland agricultural attributes of the regions where they exist:

APPENDIX IlPage 6

Type 1: Borgou and East AtacoraType Il: Zou, South Atacora, North Mono and North Oueme.Type III: Atlantique, South Mono, South Oueme.Type IV: North West Atacora.

Clubs of Type I and IV can only have one agricultural season per year and thoseof Type II and III could have two crops every year on the same land. The pat-tern of crop rotation that has been assumed for each type of club is shownin Table 1 and assumptions concerning inputs, yields and the prices of inputsand outputs are in Table 2. The crops and areas to be planted by each typeof club are shown in Tables 3 through 6. The clubs' budgets by Type are shownin Table 7 through 10. Furthermore, Tables 11 through 15 show the area ofland required by a club graduate to start his farm and the budgets dependingupon the region where he is settled.

12. Since the clubs to be assisted by this project would be either ofType Il or Type III, it is estimated that the annual average earnings per clubmember in manual cultivation would amount to about CFAF 5,000 or about 40% theestimated average per capita income in rural areas as a result of only threedays of work per week which is the amount of time each youth is expected todevote to the club. Furthermore, it has been assumed that a youth's effortproduces only a fraction of an adult's effort (50% on average and varies indirect relation to age) and that some of the available time would be devotedto agriculturally non-productive activities. These assumptions form a part ofthe explanation of the relatively modest per capita financial results of aclub. However, these financial results (i) are not the sole objective of aclub and should not be the only criterion for evaluating its contribution orsuccess; (and (ii) are indicative of a more promising future since a clubgraduate could be expected on that basis to earn around CFAF 64,000 annuallyonce he is established as a farmer. The above computations are based on theassumption (which does not apply today, paras. 3.12-3.15) that the provisionof agricultural inputs to the 4-D clubs and their graduates would be on thesame terms and conditions as those from which the "Groupement Villageois" andtheir members benefit.

APPENDIX IITable 1

DAHOMEY

RU.RAL YOUTH CLUBS CIF)P ROTATION PATTERNS*

eof II III IVclub Borgou/ Zou (1) Atlantique West Atacora(2)

,er _East Atacora

S and clearing S1 maizeFirst cotton sorghum

St- cotton S2maize

Si maize S, groundnutsSecond ezotton sorghum

S2 cotton S2 maize

. maize Sl maniocThird sorghum groundnuts

S2 cotton S2 manioc

S1 maize Si maniocFourth fallow fallow

S2 ground nuts S2 fallow

si

Fifth fallow fallow fallow fallow

Sixth fallow fallow

*-Assuming manual cultivation /a S, first season(gardening not included)

/b S2 is second season

(1) ideal rotation = cotton - sorghum - cotton - sorghumplus in the end of rotationstylsaltes, andropopogon for cattle

(2) or sorghum - groundnuts - sorghum

APPENDIX IITable 2

AGRICULTURE ESTIMATES

Inputs

Cotton: fertilizers 150 to 200 kg/ha(end of project) for Atacora130 to 150 kg/ha (end of project) for Zou at 45 kg

subsidized

price (to become 78 at the end of the project)

insecticides 7 sprays ( for Zou) at 500 F/liter (or at 10 F/kg ofcotton produced in Zou and Atacora

varieties BJASM 67 for Atacora, HAR 444-2 for Zou and Atlantique

Corn: fertilizers 50 kg area/ha at 45 F/kg after cottonseeds 30 kg/ha VarIety MHNI for Zou at 50F/kg

and CJI for Atacora at 40 F/kg

Groundnuts seeds 100 Kg/ha at 30 F/kg (25F to 40F/selected seeds)

Beans seeds 30 kg to 60 kg/ha at 45 F/kg

Sorghum 7 kg/ha at 15 F/kg s

Rice 100 kg/ha + fertilizer 100 kg of SO4(NH4) 2

Crop Price Estimates (in CFAF)

Cotton seeds 40 F/kg to 48 F/kg in 1978Groundnuts 25 F/kg without shellsSorghum 18 F/kgCorn 16 F to 20 F/kgBeans 35 F/kgCassava 14 F/kgRice 35F/kg

Yield estimates per hectare for clubs of type II or III under improved techniques.

Cotton - type II 900 kg to 1000 kg at year 5Cotton - type III 1100 to 1500 kg at year iSorghum - type II 800 kg/ type IV 1200 kg /Groundnuts - type II 500 kg Type III lst season 800 kgCassava - Type III 6400Beans 400 kgRice 1700 kgCorn 600 kg

1/Agri. project (1975-1978) cotton 1100 to 1325 (year 3)U/Agri. project (1975-1978) sorghum 1025 to 1500 (hybrid seeds)J/Agri. project (1975-1978) groundnuts 825 to 1250 (improved seeds)

APPENDIX IITable 3

PROGRAMME CULTURAL TYPE 1

| - CULTURE MANUELLE CULTURE ATTELEE

Sole Culturc _ ruperfie Sole Culture Supe r ficie

1 coton 0, 65 ha 1 coton 1, 15 ha

2 coton 0, 65 ha 2 sorgho 1,15

3 sorgho 0, 65 ha 3 coton 1,15

o 4 jachère 4 sorgllo 1,15

5 jachè re 5 jachère

6 jachère

Superficie cultivée 1, 95 Superficie cultivée 4, 60

< Superficie géographique 3, 25 Superficie géographique 6, 90

E4 _

<o Riz 0,40 Riz 0, 20

ho Haricot 0, 40 Haricot 0, 20

Sorgho 0, 25

. Stuperficie cultivée 3, 00 ha Superficie cultivée 5, 00

Superficie géographique 4, 30 Superficie géographique 7, 30

Il vient annuellement

Culture manuielle Culture attelée

Sorgho 0, 90 ha 2, 30 ha

Coton 1,30 2,30

Riz 0,40 0,20

lIaricot 0, 40 0, 20

Potager PM PM

Total 3, 00 ha 5, 00 ha

APFENDIX IITable 4

PROGRAMME CULTURAL TYPE II

S1 = 1ère saison.culturaleS2 = 2ème

CULTURE MANUELLE CULTURE ATTELEE

Sole Culture S verficie Suiperficie

1 <S1 défrichement(S 2 coton 0, 3 ha 0,6 ha

2 (Si maIcs 0,3 0,6mS2 coton 0,3 0,6

3 sSI mats 0,3 0, 6o iS2 coton 0,3 0,6(O3<4 4 (S 1 mars 0, 3 0,6

.Î iS2 arachide 0,3 0,6

5 jachère6 jachère

Superficie cultivée 2,1 4,2Superficie géographique 1,8 3,6

o Riz 0,1 0,1(nn I-laricot 0, 4 0,4

Manioc 0, 25 0,25h Sorgho 0, 15 0,15

Potager PM PM

Superficie cultivée 3 , O 5,1Superficie géographique 2,7 4,5

Il vient annuellement

Culture manuelle Culture attelée

Mars 0, 9 ha 1,8 aCoton 0,9 1,8Arachide 0, 3 0, 6

Piarico t 8.Manioc 0,25 0,25Sorgho 0,15 0,15Potager PM PM

3, 0 ha 5, 1 la

PROGRAMME CULTURAL TYPE III A?ENIX. II

Table 5

CULTURE MANUELLE CULTURE ATTELEE

Sole Culture Superficie

1 Si rmats 0, 4 haS2 mars 0,4

2 SI arachide 0,4SZ mars 0, 4

3 SI manioc 0, 4{S 2 manioc ) "

o 4 (S 1 manioc¢ . ( S2 jachère

5 jachère

6 jachère

Superficie cultivée 2, O.

Superficie géographique 2, 4

Arachide 0, 3

Haricots 0. 4

o Mai-s 0. 3

Potager PM

Superficie cultivée 3, 0

Superficie géographique 3, 4

Il vient annuellement

Mals 1, 5 ha

Arachide 0, 7

:Manioc 0,4

Ha1ricots 0, 4

Potager PM

Total: 3, 0 ha

APPENDIX IITable 6

PROGRAMME CULTURAL TYPE IV

CULTURE MANUELLE CULTURE ATTELEE

Sole Culture Superficie

1 Sorgho 0, 8 ha

2 Sorgho 0,8

3 Arachide 0,8.

o 4 Jachère

5 Jachère

Superficie cultivée Z, 4

Superficie géographique - 4, 0

Riz 0,5

0 o Haricots 0,1

Superficie cultivée 3, 0

Superficie géographique 4, 6

Il vient annuellement

Sorgho 1, 6 ha

Arachide 0, 8

Riz 0,5

Haricots 0, 1

Total 3, 0 ha

APPENDIX IlTable 7

BUDGET D'EXPLOITATION TYPE I

en F CFA

CULTURE MANUELLE CULTURE ATTELEE

PriceCOTON | ia kg per kg

Semences . . . . . . . . . . . PM PMEngrais 1,30 x igO x 8 775 2,3 x 150 x 45. 15 525Pulvérisation insecticide

17,50 x 1,3 x 500 11 375 17, 5 x 2,3 x 50 20 125

Total 20 150 35 650

SORGHO

Semences 0, 9 x 7 x 20 125 2, 3 x 7 x 20 32Z

RIZ

Semences 0, 4 x 80 x 50 1 600 0,2 x 80 x 50 800Engrais 0, 4 x 150 x 30 1 800 0, 2 x 150 x 30 900

Z Total 3 400 1 700

HARICOT ha kg Price

Semences 0, 4 x 60 x 45 1 080 0,2 x 60 x 45 540

OUTILLAGE 3, 0 x 250 750 5 x 250 1250

P.R. Matérielattelé . . . ............ ......... ... . . 3000

PHARMACIE B VINS ........ . ........ .......... . 600

E-t TOTAL input 25-506 43 06?

COTON 1, 3 x 1 000 x 40 52 000 2, 3 x 1 000 x 40 92 000

O SORGHO 12(0,65x1200x025x8800)11760 Z,3 x 1 ZOO x 12 33 120

RIZ 0, 4 x 1 700 x 32 21 760 0,2 x 1 700 x 32 10 880

HARICOT 0,4 x 300 x.35 4 200 0,2 x 300 x 35 2 100

TOTAL 89 720 138 100SOLDE 64 214 j 95 043

APPENIEX Il

BUDGET D'EXPLOITATION TY-PE ITa

Culture manuelle, culture attelée

t MAI.ÏS kg Price Ha

Seniences 20 x 35 x 0,9 630 20 x 35 x 1,8 1 260

Engrais 50 x 45` x 0, 9 2 025 50 x 45 x 1,8 4 050

Total: 2 655 5 310,

COTON

Semences PM PMEngrais l50 kg x 45 x 0, 9 6 075 150 x 45 x 1, 8 12 150Insecticides Z0 x 500 x 0, 9 9 000 20 l x 500 x 1, 8 18 000

Total: 15 075 30 150

ARACHIDE

Semences ! 00 x 30 x 0, 3 900 100 x 30 x 0,6 1 800

RIZ

Semences 0, 1 x 80 x 50 400 0,1 x 80 x 50 400Engrais 150 x 30 x 0, 1 450 150 x 30 x 0, 1 450

Total: 850 850

HARICOT

Semences 0, 4 x 60 x 45 1 080 0,4 x 0, 6 x 45 1 080

SORGHO

Semences 0, 15 x 7 x 20 0, 1i x 7 x 20 21

OUTILLAGE 3 x 250 750 5,1 x 250 1 275

Frais culture attelée - 3 000 + 600 3 600

TOTAL INPUTS 20 430 42 285

HaY',eld PriceMAIS 0A9 x600 x 20 10 800 1, 8 x 6 00 x 20 21 600

COTON 0, 9 x 900 x 45 36 450 1, 8 x 900 x 45 72 900ARACHIDE 0, 3 x 500 x 25 3 750 0, 6 x 500 x 25 6 500RIZ 0, 1 x1 700 x 32 5 440 0,1 x1 700 x 32 5 440HIARICOT 0, 4 x 300 x 35 4 200 0, 4 x 300 x 45 4 200M4ANIOC 0,25x5 000 xl14 17 500 0,25x 5000 xl14 17 500SORGHO 0, 1 5x 800 x 1l 2 160 0, 1 5x 800 x 18 2 160

TOTAL OUTPUT 80 300 130 300

SOLDE: (BALANCE) 59 870 88 015

APPENDIX IITable 9

BUDGET D'EXPLOITATION TYPE III

Culture manuelle

MA IS JHa kg Price

Semences 1,5 x 30 x 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2250Engrais 1,5x 150x 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6750

Total 9 000

ARACHIDE

1- Semences 0,7 x 100 x 30 . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 2 )00

HARICOT

Semenceg 0,4 x 60 x 45 1 080

MAN1OC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -

OUTILLAGE 250 x 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750

TOTALINPUTS 12930

MAAIS S1 0,7 x 1)00 x 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 320S2 0,8 x 900 x 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )] 520

Total 23 840

ARACHIDEE-'f

Z SI 0,4 x 800 x 25 ........ 8000

H 0,3 x 500 x 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 750

O 11 750

MANIOC 0,4 x 6 5 00x 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 840

HARICOT 0, 4 x 400 x 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 600

TOTAL OUTPUTS 77 030

SOLDE: 64 100 FCFA

APPENDIX IITable 10

BUDGET D'EXPLOITATION TYPE IV

Culture manuelle

SORGHO ha kg Price

Semences 1, 6 x 7 x 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224Engrais 0, 8 x 150 x 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 400

Z 624

ARA CHIDE

Semences 0, 8 x 100 x 30 ...... ........ .... 2 400

RIZ

Semences 0, 5 x 80 x 50 ................. 1 000

HARICOT

Semences 0,1 x 60x4. 1080

OUTILLAGE 250 x 3 .................... 750

TOTAL INPUTS 7 854

Ha Yield PriceSORGHO 1, 6 xZ1 200 x 18 . . . .. . . . .- . . . . . 34 560

ARACHIDE 0,8 x 600 x 25 ............. .. . 12 Oo0

H> ~ RIZ 0, 5 x1 700 x 35 ............... . - 29 750

O HARICOT 0, 1 x 400 x 35 ... .. ..... .. 1. . . . 1 400

TOTAL OUTPUT 77 710

SOLDE 69, 956

Remarque: La fumure du sorgho n'est appliquée que sur la première sole,la seconde bénéficiant de l'arrière effet.

APPENDIX IITable 11

TYPES DE CULTURE EN INSTALLATION INDIVIDUELLE

TyjŽe I (culture attelée) Type II (culture attelée)

Coton 2, 0 ha Coton 1, 50 ha

Sorgho 2, O ha Mais 1, 50 ha

Riz O, 3 ha Arachide 0, 50 ha

Haricot 0, 30 haTotal: 4, 3 ha Manioc 0, ZS ha

Riz O,10 ha

Sorgho 0,15 ha

Total 4, 30 ha

TyRe III (manuel) TyeIV (manuel)

Mats 1, 5 ha Sorgho 1, 2ha

Arachide 0,7 ha Arachide 0, 6 ha

Manioc O, 4 ha Riz O, 4 ha

Haricot 0, 4 ha Haricot 0, 1 ha

Total: 3,O ha Total: Z, 3 ha

Les budgets d'exploitation correspondant s'établiraient comme suitpour ce jeune couple:

APPENDIX IITable 12

B U D G E T

Type I - Résultat: 121 315 F CFA.INPUTS OUTPUTS

Coton (2, 0 ha) Coton

Engrais 2, 0 x 150 x 45 13 500 2, 0 x 1 100 x45 =99 000

Insecticide 17, 5 x 500 x 20 = 17 500

Sorg&ho (2, 0 ha)) Sor gho

Serences 2, 0 x 7 x 20 480 2, 0 x 1200 x12. 43 200

Riz Riz

Semences 88 kg x 50 x 0, 3 1 200 0, 3 x 1 700 x 35 17 850

Engrais 150 kg x 30 x 0, 3 1 350

Outilla g

-4,3x250 .... . . . . . 1075

Pièces rechenge . ...... . 3 000

Médicarnents boeufs . . . . . . 600

*38 705 160 050

APPENDIX IITable 13

TYPE Il - Résultat: 81 925 FCFA

INPU TS OUTPUTS

Coton Coton

Engrais 1, 5 x 150x5 = 10 125 1, 5 x l oo x 45= 67'500

Insecticides 20 x 500 x 1, 5 =15 000

Mats Mars

Semences 1, 5 x 20 x 35 = 1 050 1, 5 x 900 x 16 = 21 600

Engrais 1, 5 x 50 x 30 2250

Arachide Arachide

Semences 0, 5 x 100 x 30= 1 500 0, 5 x 500 x 25= 6 250

Haricot Haricot

Semences 0, 3 x 60= 0, 3 x 400 x 35 4 200

Riz Manioc

Semences 0,1 x 80 x 50 400 0, 25 x 5 000 x 5 6250

Engrais 0, 1 x 150 x 30 = 450

Sor&ho Riz

Semences 0,15 x 20 x 45 135 0, 1 x 1 700 x 35= 5 950

Outillaeg Sor ho

250x4,3= 1075 0,15x800x 18 2160

31 985 113 910

APPENDIX IITable 14

BUDGET D'EXPLOITA[ION TYPE III

Culture manuelleResultats: 64 100 FCFA

MA IS

Semences 1, 5 x 30 x 50 . ......... . 2 250

Engrais 1, 5 x 150 x 30 .......... .. . . 6 750

Total 9 000

ARACHIDE

Semences 0,7 x 100 x 30 ........... . ... . 2 100

HARICOT

Semences' 0, 4 x 60 x 45 1 080

MANIOC.-

OUTILLAGE 250 x 3 ........... . ... 7.... . 750

TOTAL INPUTS 12 930

MAi ... .... . . . . . . ... 1 2MdAIS S1 0.7 x1 100x1 6 . ........ 12 320

S2 0,8x 900x16 ............... .11 520

Total 23 840

A RA C=HIDE

SI 0,4 x 800 x25ç ............. 8 0000,3x 500x25. ............... 3 750

O ll 750

MANIOC 0° 4 x640 X 14 . .......... .. .. 35 840

HARICOT 0, 4 x 40Q x 35 . .............. . 5 60

TOTAL OUTPUTS 77 030

SOLDE: 64 100 FCFA

APPENDIX IITable 1l

TYPE IV - Résultat L2 202 FCFA

.INPU TS OUTPUTS

Soryho ha kg price Sorgho

Semences 1, 2 x 7 x 20 = 168 1, 2 x 1 200 x 18 = 25 920

Engrais 1 , 2 x 150 x 30 = 5 400

.Arachide Arachide

Semences 0, 6 x 1 O0 x 30 = 1 800 0, 6 x 600 x 25 9 O

Riz Riz

Seemences 0,4 x 80 x 50 = 1 600 0,4 x ] 700 x 35 23 800

Engrais l 50 x 30 x 0, 4 = 800

outii!age

Z,3x250 5750

16 518 58 720

4.,117.Oî97 )ldlz

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0391-39.00 00)2 113,41

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toto. po321ooooolyo,llh 21.0gîo13 23-09 20 7 90 19,9F,£3 34 431 23 9 4

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o 23.127o92420a 1392 4 4 t 9.2 37.0 30 19 3 1 t (9 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~40.91390.0314 b 100909(99. 27 0013, (323 I 99 0 0.79) 00(9.30 78 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 O 20 21 29 9e~41

0.20(980090 2o01,100

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DAHOMEY

PROJECTED DEMRND FOR SKILL UPGRADING TRAINING, 1975 AND 1980

Total Workers Needing Upgrading Training

Sector 1970a/ 1975_r/ 19 80 c/

A. Industrial Skilld/

Private sector 3,500 4,000 4,800

Public sector 3,000 3,500 4,300

Artisanat 7,500 8,700 10,600

Self-employed t 3,500) -

Apprentices ( 4,000) - -

Sub-Total 14,000 16,200 19,700

B. Office Skills

Private sector 1,500 1,700 2,000

Public sector 1,500 1,600 1,900

Sub-Total 3,000 3.300 3,900

Total 17,000 19 500 23 600

a/Actual.b/Estimate.L/Projected.d/The following assumptions have been made about the rate

of increase in the demand for upgrading training:

Annual Rate of GrowthA. Industrial Skills 1971-1975 1976-1980

Private sector 2.57, 3.5%

Public sector 3.07% 4.0%

Artisanat 3.07 4.0%

B. Office Skills

Private sector 2.5% 3.5%

Public sector 2.0% 3.5%

e/Including a very large proportion of temporaryemployees.

Source: ILO, Progress Report No. 1, Dahomey Pre-Investment Study of Skills Upgrading Center.IBRD Mission.

DAHOHEY

RURAL YOUTH TRAINING: ESTIMATED

TARGET GROUP /a AND 4D CLUB MEMBERSHIP

1970 1973 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Age Group (13-15 years) 180,000 194,000 204,000 241,000 283,000 330,000 381,000 437,000

Alternative 1 LTarget Group:

As % of age group 93.2% 90.3% 89.7% 89.2% 88.0% 87.0% 85.3% 83.7%

Total number 167,700 175,200 183,000 215,000 249,000 287,000 325,000 366,0004D club membership 3,500 4,500 5,800 7,400 9,500 12,200 15,600

Alternative II /c

As % of age group 89.1% 87.1% 84.1% 79.7% 74.3% 67.0%n.a. n.a.

Total number 183,000 210,000 238,000 263,000 283,000 293,000

4D club membership 4,500 7,900 13,900 24,500 43,100 76,000

Alternative III /d

As % of age group n.a. n.a. 89.7% 88.0% 86.2% 83.6% 80.6% 76.7%

Total number 183,000 212,000 244,000 276,000 307,000 336,000

4D club membership 4,500 6,000 9,300 19,800 29,300 33,600

/a Assumed to be the difference between the total of the 13-15 year agegroup and the total out of this age group in formal education.

/b Alternative I assumes that formal education will not be reformed, andas a consequence each of both school enrollments and 4D club membershipwould increase at a rate of 5% p.a. during 1976-2000.

/c Alternative II assumes that a fundamentally reformed formal educationwith lover unit costs would be put into application in 1976, therebyallowing the school enrollment of the 13-15 year olds ta increase atah average rate of 8% p.a. and 4D club membership at an average rateof 12% p.a. during 1976-2000.

/d Alternative III assumes that a reformed formal education with lowerunit costs would be put into application in 1980, thereby allowingthe school enrollment of the 13-15 year olds to increase at an average lrate of G.5% p.a. anid 4D club membership at an average rate of about °Q8.07% p.a. during 1976-2000.

Source: IDA Mission

ab

ANNEX 3Page 2 of 2 Pages

RURAL YOUTH TRAINING PROJECTIONS: COMMENTS

Non-formal training of rural youths should be a permanent featurein Dahomey for the next three to four decades at least, because the high costand the expected continuation of severe limitations on public resources willdrastically curb the expansion of formal primary education. If present trendscontinue, primary school enrollment will reach about 50% of the relevant agegroup by 1985 only if education's share in the budget is allowed to exceed40%. Even assuming a major restructuring of the education system (e.g.,primary education limited to a four-year cycle with entry at the age of 9 or10) this sector will still claim about one-third of the national budget, abouthalf of which will be needed to enroll 75% of the relevant age group in primaryeducation. The size of the target group for rural youth training (i.e., youths13-15 years of age) will vary depending upon the future course of the reformof formal education, and the size of the program's membership will in additiondepend upon the resources made available to it as well as on the rate ofexpansion of integrated rural development projects. The target group will belargest if the formal system is not reformed and smallest if reform, e.g.,along the lines mentioned above, is adopted immediately (page 1). Assumingfor illustrative purposes that the implementation of such a reform will beginabout 1980 and taking into consideration future financial constraints, themembership of the rural youth training program will increase from the present3,500 to about 6,000 by then and to about 9,000 in 1985. The cost of thisprogran in 1985 will be about CFAF 90 million (at 1974 prices), or about 7.5%of the budget of the Mînistry of Rural Development in that year. This willrepresent an annual recurrent unit cost of CFAF 10,000 per member, which willdecrease as the program expands because of the large initial component offixed recurrent cost. Even so, and to the extent any comparison is per-missible or meaningful, the above unit cost will be only 40% of that in primaryeducation in 1985.

Rural youth training in Dahomey is not a substitute or alter-native to the existing primary education or to a reformed basic educationsystem because it addresses the needs of a different target group. It israther complementary in its role and objective. Consequently, the urgencyof reforming the formal education system, particularly at the primary level,with the objective of reducing unit costs and increasing enrollments withoutincreasing the resources required by the education sector should be recognizedand dealt with immediately. Furthermore, the nature and role of rural youthtraining will change as a function of the reform of primary education. Overthe long transitional period which would extend until the present primaryeducation has become a universal basic education, a proportion of the youthswho are 13-15 years old would belong to rural youth clubs while anotherproportion would be enrolled in basic education institutions. However, onceaLl children and youths receive a basic education, rural youth training wouldbecome a follow-up training stage. Also, the content would be differentbecause basic education would have equipped the youths with such skills asliteracy and numeracy and greater emphasis could then be placed upon agri-cultural training and the duration could be made shorter.

DAHOMEYORGANIZATION OF THE MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

_ °»GOVENETLRRL __

O _

DEVELOPMENR

, | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~AND COOPERATIVES

General Directorate GnrlDrcoaeuof Environrent Wat- r General Dîrectorate General Directorate of GA-ral Direct-ote of Porests of Rral Action Animal Producti nA& i.stura Educionand Foros um & Resea-h

IlL

Pr- rm S;udies Apie ed -tt of Directoratof f Directorate ot r rte Drctoa 0Directorate

| Pstt ti. Nut,til .P CouPnI ltNe I Agriculture Animal Huebandr|y of Pisterieh A Ericutural Of Researchand Statisice I Neron ad nseto IEducaion

Rural Rural Pak dA,~1Market ProductionYooth Radio PPra nd grcuturalS io

Smi- G.,de- S-we ~ ~ Prduto tric

Il.-rotue prPoSe~d by the proiecect~

Wrld Bnk-9551 <R) -

DAHOMEY ANNEX-5

BASIC EQUIPMENT LIST FOR A 4-D CLUB

Self-help Construction Materials

CementWoodMetal sheets to build sheds, barns and water tank

Agricultural Collective Equipment

Plough and harrowInsecticide sprayerCereal dryer (hand-made)Drawn cultivator set (where applicable)

Individual Agricultural and Gardening Tools

Hoes, shovels, spades, picks and rakesWheelbarrowsWatering cansWire netting

Non-agricultural Equipment

Iron sheetsIronworksPressWork benchWater tank or cisternManual waterpumnpIndividual equipment sets for woodwork (screwdrivers, hammers, etc.)

Parpen molds

Weights and Measures Instruments

For land measurement and weighing of crops

Teaching Equippment

Blackboard and chalkSlatesLaimpPoster paperFunctional literacy and numeracy kitPortable cassette tape recorderFlannellograph

Home Economics Equipment

For cooking, serving and storing foodWater filterHealth kitLaundry and cleaning equipment

DAHOMEYPROPOSED ORGANIZATION OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE RURAL YOUTH TRAINING PROGRAM

GENERA.LDIRECTORATE OF NATIONAL SUPPORT CENTER GOVERNMENTAL RURALRURtAL ACTION YOIUTHZL POLICYBODY_

RURAL YOUTH SERVICE NSC DIRECTOR NATIONAL LEVEL

I FUNCTIONAL

LITERACY VETERINARY ADMINISTRATION & COOPERATIVE WOMEN'S

PERUAGGCAL ZOOTECIINICIAN MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST MOVEMENT

REGIONAL LEVEL

i CARDER TENG UNITU SONACOKOUI ATLANTIDUE ODIZ

- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CRAC CRAC CRACl ~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~Atlantique Atacora 20u

| RSC director RSC diirr RSC tor

Functional literacy & rural Furctional literacY h rural Functional literncy & rurali pedatogie specialist pedegogie specialiat pdggi specialis

LOCAL LEVEL

g | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Veterinary nechrniclan | |Veterinary technicianr | Veteninary technrician

I | CraTtwork spe.nist | Craftw-rk sperielit | Craftwork specialist

| Fenmale rural extensionist Female rural extensionist Female rural axtensionist

I

I ---- --- ----- - -- .~ _ *CLUBS ( ® ®

Centre D'Action Regionaln pour le developpeme-t rural

NSC: Natirnal Support Cer,

World Bank-9550(R)RSC: Regional Support Cenner

DAN(IHEY

RU8AL YOUTH TRAINING: TEChNICAL ASSISTANCE IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

Teeboical LocalNumber Assistance Trainilm Ipleentation Period (Years) Costa

Post/Profession o (nan- <a-(ni»

Ferso.. -Cohs msntha)Fer60s monhs) Qnths) 0* 1 2 3 4 5,

National Support Center

Technical Assistance

Director (coordiinator/.manager) I 48 ODO DXXX XXYVLXXXXXXXXX =XXXXXXXX CXXXXXXXXXM LLLLULLLLU 255.000

Admi intrator I 42 eDXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXOX XXXXXLJLLLI 128,000

Agro-pedagogical specialist I 36 XXXXS XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXLLLLL 140,000

VeterInarian/Zoo-technician I 36 XXXXX SXXXXXXXXXX iXXXXXXXXXX CXXXXXLLLLL 140,000

Consultants:

Implementation osul tant/a I 2 XX

Functional litaracy I 2 XX

Rural craft training 1 2 X )106,000

Nealth and rutrition 1 2 XX

Evaluation consultants I 6

Local Staff:

Coordinator / .mager ( coun terpart) 1 48 L LTLLTLTLTLTLTL' TLTLTLTLTL LTLTLTLTLTL'

Pedagogical designer 1 60 LLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLI LLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLL

Other support staff 1 n.a. LLLLLLLLLLLI LLLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLI LLLLLLLLLLLI LLLLLLLLLLL

Sub-Total 12 176 108 $769.000

Regional Support Centera

Local Staff:

Assistant director 1 60 LTLTLTLTLTL LTLTLTLTLTL LTLTLTLTLTLT TLTLTLTLTL LTLTLTLTLTLT

Functional literacy I 60 LTLTLTLTLTL LTLTLTLTLTL LTLTLTLTLTL TLTLTLTLTL LTLTLTLTLTL'

Craft technician I 60 LTLTLTLTLTL' LTLTLTLTLTL LTLTLTLTLTL TLTLTLTLTL' LTLTLTLTLTL

Veterinary technician 1 60 LTLTLTLTLTL LTLTLTLTLTL LTLTLTLTLTL' TLTLTLTLTL LTLTLTLTLTL'

"Animatrice rurale" 1 60 TLTLTLTLTL TLTLTLTLTL TLTLTLTLTL TLTLTLTLTL TLTLTLTLTL

"Encadreur opecialiae" I 60 TLTLTLTLTLT LTLTLTLTLTL LTLTLTLTLTL TLTLTLTLTL

TOTAL 18 176 644 5769,000

Symbols: *: Date of credit emf-ct.ve..ssX: Technical assistance expertL: Local staffLT: Local counterpart being trained on the job

/a Vill be financed out of surplus funds inthe UNDP/IDA Pre-investment Study of Rural Youth Clubs.

/b The local counterpart Coordinator/sanager will tLkaover the responsibility of managing the NSC.

Soarce: IDA Mission

ANINEX 8

DAHOMEYSTRUCTURE OF THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION

DIRECTOR

Tehdi.al Asistan

rz~~~~~~~~~~_ C__ rm .-- DSiton |i

Techaical Diniaine ~~~~~~~~T,im a O o- Admi.istration

Ri.. Anima1 H.sla-dry CoprtcsWnsMov~emet IE | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

F.od l~~d-t,i.. Su,enys antd Traninig Functi-3a1 Lit,teOy IE}{H3 3{3~~~~~~ut.tc

Rural Z...l

o PNwstres p d bS tht pojtect

| E.tensioffist %, Y.t X.~~

| Vil4ge pre-cooPeratiVes ~~~~~~~~~W.,Id Ba.k-9E49I 1-..Op.,.ti.~

ANNEX 9DAHOMEY

RURAL YOUTH TRAINING: ACTIVITIES TO BECOMPLETED DURING PILOT PHASE

(a) The National Rural Youth Council has (i) defined the policies linkingthe rural youth training to the other national, bilateral and multi-lateral agencies involved in rural development; (ii) reviewed thelong-term plan to be prepared by the NSC; and (iii) approved the NSC'simplementation program and budgets for 1976 and 1977;

(b) The NSC has:

(i) recruited all the staff it requires, local and/or expatriateand implemented the training program for the national staff;

(ii) developed a long-term plan for the development of the ruralyouth clubs;

(iii) designed the specific programs (para. 4,08);

(iv) requested and obtained the required resources for its 1976and 1977 budgets and the cooperation of the other technicalservices in the Ministry of Rural Development; and

(v) helped to establish at least one properly organized RSC;

(vi) investigated the possibilities of reducing unit costs andtook that into consideration when designing the pilot andlarger-scale experiment;

(c) The RSC in at least one of the three provinces has:

(i) become an integral part of a regional development organi-zation;

(ii) recruited and trained all the staff required for its ownoperation;

(iii) established and used workable administrative procedures,including bookkeeping and inventory control;

(iv) surveyed the clubs in its province, developed model trainingprograms for them and estimated their specific requirementsfor equipment and other material inputs;

(v) trained the required number of "encadreurs" and "animatrices";

(vi) tested, for a period of at least one year, the modeltraining programs, and determined their financial impli-cations in about 10 pilot clubs;

(vii) evaluated the results of (vi) above and advised the NSCof the necessary adjustments it intends to make if any;

(viii) designed the logistics for the implementation of the secondstage of the experiment.

DAHOMEY

SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED COSTS*

(in Million Frs.CFA)

Gross Area Building Sitework Furniture Equipment Water Supply Technical !Total Totalin m

2Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Assistance million US$jCFA 000's

Total Rural Youth Training 2,990 142.1 16.1 16.2 118.0 176.0 173.0 J 641.4 2,851

1A. National Support Center - Cotonou 400 17.5 2.1 2.6 19.5 - 173.0 214.7 954

1B. Regional Support Centers -

i. Zou 1,580 85.0 10.0 7.4 21.0 - 123.4 549ii. Atacora 360 11.6 1.3 2.2 10.8 - 25.9 115iii. Atlantique 650 28.0 2.7 4.0 12.2 - 46.9 208

1c. 4-D Clubs

i. Zou - - - - 17.0 56.0 73.0 324ii. Atacora _ - - - 21.0 67.0 88.0 392iii. Atlantique - - - 16.5 53.0 69.5 309

2. Total Skills Upgrading Center - Cotonou 2,214 93.2 31.8 10.0 19.0 - - 154.0 684

3. Total Preparation of a Second Project - - - - - - 49.5 49.5 220

Total of 1, 2 and 3 in CFA _ 235.3 47.9 26.2 137.0 176.0 222.5 844.9 3,755

Total of 1, 2 and 3 in US$000 1,259 116 609 782 989 3,755

Contingencies (US$ '000)(Unforeseen:and price escalation 671 56 293 527 205 1,752

Total Gross Cost (US$ '000) 1,930 172 902 1,309 1,194 5,507

Total Taxes (US$ '000) 463 46 271 327 - 1.107

Total Net of Taxes (US$ '000) 1,467 126 631 982 1,194 j 4,400

>*Includes local taxes o

Source: IDA Mission

DAHOMEY

SUMMARY OF CAPITAL EXPENDITURES

(in US$'000)

Civil Works

Buildings Total Totaland Water Technical CFAF US

Sitevorks Furniture Equipment Supply Assistance Millions 000's

Total Project Cost 434.3 38.7 203.0 294.5 268.6 1,239.1 -(in million Fr. CFA)

(in 000'US$) 1,930 172 902 1,309 1,194 5,507

Taxes (incl. Customs) % 24% 27% 30% 25% - 20.1%

Taxes amounts 463 46 271 327 1,107

Cost net of taxes 1,467 126 631 982 1,194 4,400

Foreign ExchangeComponent % 55% 60% 80% 70% 85% 70,2 %

Local - Foreign L F L F L F L F L F L F

Cost net of taxes (incl. 660 807 50 76 126 505 295 687 179 1,015 1,310 3,090

contingencies)

April, 1975

N.B. US$1 = 225 CFAF

Source: IDA Mission

ANNEX 12DAHOMEY

PRICE CONTINGENCIES ASSUMPTIONS

(in percent)

1975 1976 1977-79 1980

Civil Works Local 16 14 12 10

Foreign 16 14 12 10

Furniture Local 12 10 8 7

Foreign 12 10 8 7

Equipment Local 12 10 8 7

Foreign 11 10 8 7

Water Supply Local 16 14 2 10

Foreign 16 14 2 10

Technical Assistance Local 8 8 6 4

Foreign 8 8 6 4

Source: IDA Mission

DAHOMEY

CONTINGENCY ALLOWANCES(US$ 000)

TechnicalCivil Works Furniture Equipment Water Supply Assistance Sub-Total TOTAL

Description Local and Foreign

L F L F 1L F L F L F L F Currencies

Local/Foreign Percentages 45% 55% 40% 60% 20% 80% 30% 70% 15% 857.

I. Total Cost Befoye 567 692 46 70 122 487 235 547 148 841 118 2,637 3,755

Contingency-

Il. Contingencies in %.

(a) Unforeseen factors 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 15% 15% 5% 5%

(b) Price escalation 39.3% 39.4% 33.3% 35.07 32.6% 34.5% 45.6Z 45.6Z 14.8% 15.1%

III. Contingency Amounts

(a) Unforeseen factors 57 69 5 7 12 49 35 82 7 42 116 249 365

(b) Price escalation 245 300 17 27 47 185 123 287 23 133 455 932 1,387

IV. Total ContingencyAmounts 302 369 22 34 59 234 158 369 30 175 571 1,181 1,752

V. Total Project Cost(I + IV) 869 1,061 68 104 181 721 393 916 151 1,043 1,662 3,845 5,507

1/Includes site development2/Includes local taxes

N.B. US$1 = CFAF 225

April 1975

Source: IDA Mission

t-

ANNEX 14

DAHOMEY

IDA FINANCING BY CATEGORY OF EXPENDITURE

(incl. contingencies)

(US$ '000)

(US$ 1 = 225 CFAF)

Cost Net of Taxes

A. Expenditure Net of TaxesTotal Local IDA % IDA

Expenditure Financing Financing Financing

Construction 1,544 232 1,312 85(Buildings, siteworks andwater supply)

Furniture 85 17 68 80

Equipment 426 21 405 95

Technical Assistance 989 0 989 100

Unallocated (Contingencies) 1,356 130 1,226 90

TOTAL 400 4 90

B. Expenditure Including Taxes

Construction 2,041 729 1,312 64(Buildings, siteworks andwater supply)

Furniture 116 48 68 59

Equipment *609 204 405 67

Technical Assistance 989 0 989 100

Unallocated (Contingencies) 1,752 526 1,226 70

TOTAL 5 507 4000 73

April, 1975

Source: IDA Mission

DAHOMEY

IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

Year First Second T ird Fourth Fifth

Quarter 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 3 4 1 2 a 2 1

1. Skills Upgradin& CenterCotonou

Civil Works S ** * / // r TTT cCC CCC CCC CCC CCC CCc CCC YmY YYY YYY YYY YYY

Furniture L LL TTT 00 000 000 000

Equipment LLL TTT 000 000 000 000 000

2 A. National Support Center

Civil Works S **(/// TT.TT CCC CCC CCC CCC YYY YYY YYY YYY

Furniture LL |TT 000 0OOO

Equipment _ _ _ LL TT OOO oOolooo _ _ _ _ _ _000 0001000

2 B. National Support Center .(Zou, Atacora and Atlantique)

Civil Works SS *** I/ III TT TC CCC CCC CCC CCC CCC mYY YYY YYY YYY

Furniture LLL LT T 000 000 000

Equipment LLL TT T 000 000 000 000 000

2 C. 4-D Clubs(Zou, Atacora, Atlantique)

Water Supply CCC CCC ccc ccc ccc ccc ccc CC

Equipment 000 000 000 000 000 000 000

3. Preparation of a Second Project PPP PFF PPI

Civil Works Schedule Furniture and Equipment Schedule Preparation of a Second Project

SSS - Site surveys LLL - Furniture and Equipment Lists PP - Funds made available- ?reliminary architectural drawings TTT - Tendering - Awards

/// - Preparation of construction drawings 000 - ProcurementTTT - Tendering - awards YYY.- Guarantee PeriodCCC - ConstructionYYY - Guarantee Period

ANNEX 16

DAHOMEY

SCHEDULE OF DISBURSEMENTS

(US$ Thousands)

Accumulated UndisbursedQuarter Disbursements Disbursements Balance

0* $ 4,000

1 45 45 3,955

2 45 90 3,910

3 60 150 3,850

4 126 276 3,724

- 192 468 3,532

6 247 715 3.,285

7 266 981 3,019

8 384 1J365 2,635

9 366 1,731 2,269

10 469 2,200 1,800

il 359 2,599 1,1441

12 254 2,813 1,187

13 236 3,049 951

14 264 3,313 687

15 267 3,580 420

16 210 3.,790 210

17 132 3,922 78

18 78 4,000 0

*Date of effectiveness

Source: IDA Mission

DAHOR4E

DIS BURSEMENTS BY MAJOR CATWGORY OF EXPENDITURE

Expenditures in US$ (000's)

Year First Second Third Foutth Fifth

xx xExpenditures Quarter -2 -3 -4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2

US$Civil Works i,2SS - 17 71 145 170 235 175 26S 175 -

Furniture 116 19 i 2M0 201 40 14

Equipment 609 10 40 4d 30 55 70 105 90 35 35 35 -35 35 7 7

Water Supply 782 40 4<) 80 80 120 120 120 120 62

Technical Assistance 989 40 40 4M) 40 40 40 50 50 5) 50 50 - G 50 9n 90 90 90 39

Sub-Total 3,755 40 46 40 77 169 -245 270 4 -375 514 355 205 205 245 245 187 97 46

Unallocatedi(Contingencies) 1,752 •' ' 2 10' lfi) 1ido I00 150 150 is50 150 150 '125 125 129 105 55 35

Project Total 5,507 45 45 10 fIl, t69 345 370 550 1525 664 M03 355 '330 370 374 292 152 81

Local Taxes 1,107 o o ° 37 56 71 76 124 i19 143 104 73 68 77 77 59 20 3

Cost Net of Taxes 4,400 45 45 60 140 213 274 294 426 406 521 399 282 262 293 297 233 132 78

Local Financing 400 o ° ° 14 21 27 28 L2 o40 52 ),O 28 29 30 23

IDA Financing 4 0oon 1 4 5 60 126 i1092 247 266 384-h 366 ls6Q '15Q ?h' ?K , , ^6, 210 132 78

x Date of Effectivenessxx * Date of Negotiations

Source: IDA Mission

DAHOM EYRURAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROJECT

V ~~~~~Malanvel

Banikoara J

Kandi

j' -ceou .1 . > . Segbana Q

t :Ieg 'O ` 1 ~~~~~~~~~--- `Q'- , ---- ---- )--

\flatI' a / Otouadê CD tJ'` Bimbéréké

Boukombe . O

_ - 4 !~~~~~----- ' Nikki

OOs -u o ,.u_J ParakPu

Provinces covered by the ruralyouth training component

A Skills upgrading centeri* National Support Center

for rural youth trainingQ Regional Support Center for

rural youth training

ag\;W Banak92(

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W T O ~~~NOVO

World Bank-9552(R)