iea activities in cleaner fossil fuels · global database –iea ccc report on efficiency...

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE

IEA Activities

in

Cleaner Fossil Fuels

Sankar Bhattacharya, PhDEnergy Technology Collaboration Division

International Energy Agency, Paris

IEA Day

COP 14Poznan, Poland, 9 December 2008

© OECD/IEA 2008


Global database – IEA CCC

Report on efficiency

reconciliation – IEA CIAB

Case studies on recently

constructed coal and gas-fired

plants

Prospects of upgrades and

replacement

Developments in coal-fired

power generation – potential for

higher efficiencies

Case studies on recently

constructed supercritical or ultra-

supercritical coal-fired units

Assessment of full coal process

chain for efficiency improvement in

power generation

Discussion paper – policies

required to facilitate upgrading

older coal-fired plants in G8 + 5

countries

© OECD/IEA 2008

Cleaner Fossil Fuels

Largely based on coal-fired plants

Covers both technical and policy aspects

Based on G8 – Gleneagles and Heiligendamm mandate


© OECD/IEA 2008

0

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1974

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Year

TW

h

Other

Hydro

Nuclear

Gas

Oil

Coal

Role of Coal in Power Generation

• coal’s demand for power generation

has grown over the years

• its importance set to continue to

2030 and beyond

• significant proportion of power

generation in several countries

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ralia

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bia

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epublic

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ece

USA

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man

y

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mar

k

Bulg

aria

Indones

ia

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ugal UK

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Turkey

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Sh

are

of

co

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d p

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, %


• Information on efficiency, emissions, costs, construction time and ash use of

current state-of-the art coal-fired power stations in major coal using countries

Report: Case Studies on Recently Constructed Plants

© OECD/IEA 2008


Case Studies – Selected Plants

Nordjylland- Denmark, 400 MW

USC, innovative cycle design

Bituminous coals, FGD, SCR

Cold sea water cooling

45.3% HHV efficiency

Isogo - Japan, 600 MW

USC, High Cr material

Bituminous coals, S & SCR

Warm sea water cooling

Hg control, 40.6% HHV efficiency

Niederaussem- Germany, 1000 MW

SC, High Cr material

High moisture lignite, FGD

Water cooling

NOx control, 37% HHV efficiency

Genesee - Canada, 450 MW

SC, Sliding pressure

Sub-bituminous coals, SOx & NOx

Cooling pond

Hg control, 39.6% HHV efficiency

Younghung - Korea, 800 MW

SC, tower type boiler

bituminous coals, SOx & SCR

Warm sea water cooling

39.7% HHV efficiency

Wangqu - China, 600 MW

First SC, 2-pass boiler

Chinese lean coal, FGD

Cooling tower

40% HHV efficiency

© OECD/IEA 2008


Country specific analysis - Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany,

India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, UK, USA

The likely number of units and capacities that might require upgrade or

replacement to bring them at par with benchmark

Necessary investments

Barriers to such upgrading or replacements

Policy measures required to overcome the barriers

Potential reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emissions from such

upgrading or replacement

Policy recommendations

Acknowledgement: IEA CCC database, World Energy Council, NETL database, IEAGHG CO2

emissions database, Australian Greenhouse Office, EGAT, VGB publications, EU-IPPC, prior

work by DTI and Dutch government/KPMG/Jacobs, and information sourced from Utilities and

standard organizations in the target countries

Report: Prospects of upgrades and replacement of

coal-fired plants in major coal using economies

© OECD/IEA 2008

A bottom-up approach to calculate country-specific efficiencies


Capacity, Age and Size of Operating Coal-Fired Units

Worldwide

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

≤10 Years 11-20 Years 21-25 Years 26-30 Years 31-40 Years >40 Years

Age of Units

To

tal in

stalled

cap

acit

y, M

We >50 0 M W e

4 0 1- 50 0 M W e

3 0 1- 4 0 0 M W e

2 0 1- 3 0 0 M W e

10 1- 2 0 0 M W e

≤10 0 M W e

Age of the coal-fired fleet…….

© OECD/IEA 2008


Capacity, Age and Size of Operating Coal-Fired Units in China

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0-100MWe 101-200 MWe 201-300 MWe 301-400 MWe 401-500 MWe >500 MWe

Size of Units (MWe)

To

tal

Cap

acit

y (

MW

e)

?10 Years

11-20 Years

21-30 Years

31-40 Years

>40 Years

Unknown age

end 2004 – 310,000 MW

end 2005 – 391,000 MW

end 2006 – 484, 000 MW

end 2007 ~ 540,000 MW

May 2008

Total coal-fired

end 2004 – 13200 MW

end 2006 – 31780 MW

Super-critical

end 2009 – 48,500 MW

SC under construction

end 2015 – 114,000 MW

SC Planned

… sample observations - China

Largest USC 1000 MW units

operational in 2007• Seven such units

• Sliding pressure units

© OECD/IEA 2008


Potential efficiency improvements

CO2 emission reduction…..savings in coal consumption……

Emission growth is slowing……

… sample observations – China continued

© OECD/IEA 2008


Work ongoing…..

… sample observations – India

Capacity, Age and Size of Operating Coal-fired units in India

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

≤100MWe 101-200 MWe 201-300 MWe 301-400 MWe 401-500 MWe >500 MWe

Size of units (MWe)

To

tal C

ap

ac

ity

(M

We

)

≤10 Years

11-20 Years

21-30 Years

31-40 Years

>40 Years

Efficiency, Size and Age of operating units

0

5

10

15

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25

30

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≤100MWe 101-200 MWe 201-300 MWe 301-400 MWe 401-500 MWe

Size of units, MWe

Op

era

tin

g u

nit

eff

icie

nc

y, H

HV

, n

et ≤10 Years

11-20 Years

21-30 Years

31-40 Years

>40 Years

• 70 GW coal-fired in 2004

• all sub-critical

• Average efficiency just over 26% in 2004

• improving with new refurbishments under

progress and

• the first supercritical units commissioned

• improve further with the new ultra-mega

projects (600 and 800 MW units in 4000

MW stations

• coal quality and temperate climate

© OECD/IEA 2008


… sample observations- USA

Age distribution of US coal-fired power plants

>40 Years

28%

31-40 Years

36%

21-30 Years

29%

11-20 Years

5%

≤10 Years

2%

Total – ~325000 MW

~80% of the fleet sub-critical

>60% of the fleet over 30 years old

~20% of the fleet ≤ 200 MW unit size

Efficiency, Age and Operating Efficiency

0

5

10

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35

40

45


Size of Units, MWe

Un

it e

ffic

ien

cy

, H

HV

, n

et

≤10 Years

11-20 Years

21-30 Years

31-40 Years

>40 Years

154 GW new planned by 2030

~100 GW of 500 MW units© OECD/IEA 2008


Work ongoing…..

… sample observations – Japan

Efficiency, Age and Size of operating units in Japan

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Size of units, MWe

Op

era

tin

g e

ffic

ien

cy

(H

HV

, n

et)

≤10 Years

11-20 Years

21-30 Years

31-40 Years

>40 Years

Age distribution of coal-fired power plants in Japan

>40 Years

5%

31-40 Years

6%

Unknown age

5%

21-30 Years

14%11-20 Years

26%

≤10 Years

44%

© OECD/IEA 2008


As of 2004…

© OECD/IEA 2008

• ~50% of the operating fleet - >25 years age, ≤300MWe unit size

• >80% of the operating fleet – sub-critical units

• average operating efficiency ~28.4%, HHV, net

Currently available supercritical technology operates around 40% or higher

efficiency depending on coal quality and ambient conditions

Efficiency improving…. – where new plants are being commissioned

new plants being planned – China, USA, India

Capacity, Age and Size of Operating Coal-Fired Units

Worldwide

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

≤10 Years 11-20 Years 21-25 Years 26-30 Years 31-40 Years >40 Years

Age of Units

To

tal in

stalled

cap

acit

y, M

We >50 0 M W e

4 0 1- 50 0 M W e

3 0 1- 4 0 0 M W e

2 0 1- 3 0 0 M W e

10 1- 2 0 0 M W e

≤10 0 M W e


… indications

• coal-fired power and CHP plants worldwide account for ~25% of total CO2

production

• ~7.5 billion ton/annum of CO2 emission in 2005

© OECD/IEA 2008

• replacement “potential” - ~300 GW

these are all sub-critical, ≤ 300 MWe unit size, ≥ 25 years age, efficiency 15-30%,

HHV, net, located in all major coal-using countries

• upgrade “potential” - up to 200 GW

these are all sub-critical, ≤ 300 MWe unit size, 15-25 years age, efficiency ≤30%,

HHV, net, located in all major coal-using countries

• globally 1.35 - 1.7 billion ton/annum of CO2 reduction possible by moving to current

state of the art pc-plants – through replacement/upgrade as above, improved plant

operation and coal beneficiation

in excess of 0.5 billion ton/annum of reduction in coal consumption

higher reduction with possible improvement in higher steam conditions plant –

ongoing R&D requires to be accelerated

• replacement or upgrade of some units under progress or already planned

depend on country-specific supply-demand situation

will require plant-specific techno-economic assessment


Scope of work

Summary of recent and ongoing developments in process technology

Sub-critical, super-critical and ultra-supercritical pf technology

Materials developments for high steam conditions

Developments in oxy-firing

Developments in circulating fluidized bed combustion

Developments in drying of high-moisture lignites

Summary of developments in equipment used in coal-fired generation

Summary of developments in instrumentation and control

Prospects of using these developments as retrofit or replacement in existing coal-fired units in the next decade

Potential of efficiency improvements from using these developments

Efficiency reconciliation methodology - IEACIAB

Report: Developments in coal-fired power

generation – potential for higher efficiencies

© OECD/IEA 2008


Impetus for Efficiency improvement

major and immediate effect on reduction of CO2 emission

0

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34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

Net, HHV, efficiency, %

CO

2 r

ed

ucti

on

, %

1% point efficiency gain > 2.5% point CO2 reduction © OECD/IEA 2008

Current sub-critical state-of-the-artCurrent SC state-of-the-art Future USC state-of-the-art


Efficiency improvement - developments

165 bar/538C/538C

238 bar/565C/565C – 39%

E

F

F

I

C

I

E

N

C

Y

%HHV

net

Steam temperature, C

35

48

550 600 650 700 750

238 bar/600C/600C – >41%

375 bar/700C/700C – >45%

European R&D

375 bar/760C/760C – >48%

DOE/EPRI R&D

Lignite drying – WTA

2-4% point efficiency gain

©OECD/IEA 2008


Recommendations to G8- Hokkaido

12 recommendations in the following areas:

Requirements for newly-built units

Replacement or upgrading of older units

Incentives for replacement and upgrading

Development and diffusion of advanced technologies

Plant maintenance and coal quality control

Use of Coal beneficiation and cogeneration for efficiency

improvement

Best Practice in plant operation

Training of plant personnel and plant manufacturers

Need for quality statistics

Renovation of electricity grids

© OECD/IEA 2008 available at: http://www.iea.org/G8/2008/G8_Towards_Sustainable_Future.pdf

http://www.iea.org/G8/2008/G8_Towards_Sustainable_Future.pdf


Other forthcoming Publications

©OECD/IEA 2008

Case studies on recently constructed highly-efficient supercritical

or ultra-supercritical coal-fired units• Australia, China, Denmark, Germany, India, Japan, Poland, USA

• technical and cost information

• policies that facilitated their construction

By the G8 summit in Italy, 2009

Assessment of full coal process chain for efficiency improvement in power

generation• from mining, coal preparation, boiler and turbine development to ash use

What is required to facilitate upgrading older coal-fired plants in G8 + 5

countries

• regulatory policies, financial incentives and technical issues

• through questionnaire surveys in these countries

iea activities in cleaner fossil fuels · global database –iea ccc report on efficiency...

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