ieee search papers
DESCRIPTION
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Copyright © 2001. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.Company and/or product names used herein are trademarks of their respective owners.
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Using Search
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ iii
Table of Contents
Purpose of this Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v
1: What is IEEE Xplore™? ...............................1
Record Structure of the IEEE Xplore™ Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Collections in the IEEE Xplore™ Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Subscription Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2IEEE Xplore™ Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3IEEE Xplore™ Access and Page Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4IEEE Xplore™ Browse and Search Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
2: Getting Started...........................................5
Accessing IEEE Xplore™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Establishing an IEEE Web Account (IEEE Members Only) . . . . . . .5Logging In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
3: Browsing Tables of Contents....................9
Locating a Publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Locating an Issue (Journals) or Volume (Conference
Proceedings) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Performing a Quick Search: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Viewing a Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
4: Searching by Author: Author Search ....13
Locating an Author’s Articles or Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14How to Enter Author Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
5: Using Basic Search..................................17
Performing a Basic Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Specifying Multiple Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Order of Precedence Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Basic Search Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
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6: Using Advanced Search ..........................27
When to Use Advanced Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28Performing an Advanced Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28Overview of Search Query Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Tips for Using Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Advanced Search Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
7: Working with Search Results.................39
Viewing Search Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Changing the Search Results Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41Revising a Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42Printing Search Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Viewing an Abstract/Citation Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Viewing an HTML Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Viewing a PDF Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
8: Learning More About IEEE Xplore™:
Online Help ................................................47
Using the Help System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Additional Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Glossary........................................................49
Index .............................................................61
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ v
Purpose of this Guide
The purpose of this guide is to help you quickly find the IEEE/IEE
articles, papers, and standards you need, using IEEE Xplore™.
This guide provides an overview of what IEEE Xplore™ can do for
you and tells you how you can get started immediately.
For the most straightforward searches, this guide is all you need.
For more detail, this guide explains how to access IEEE Xplore™ ’s
comprehensive online help.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 1
1What is IEEEXplore™?
IEEE Xplore™ is a powerful electronic resource for accessing
documents in a database of publications from the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). IEEE Xplore™ contains
more than 610,000 articles in over 12,000 individual publications,
with more than two million page images. In addition, IEEE adds
about 25,000 new pages to the database per month, which builds
upon a back file of content published since 1988.
IEEE Xplore™ provides convenient, real-time access to this contin-
ually updated database. You can search by specifying one or more
authors, keywords, or other criteria. You can view and print
individual articles and papers, search results lists, tables of
contents, bibliographic records, and full-page images with no limit
on the number of prints.
Record Structure of the IEEE Xplore™ Database
The IEEE Xplore™ database merges a subset of the INSPEC biblio-
graphic database of abstracts, compiled from technical journals
published worldwide, with full-page images of all publications.
INSPEC is the leading English-language information service
providing access to the world’s scientific and technical literature.
To locate articles, you can search complete bibliographic
citations—including abstracts, subject indexing terms, and
hyperlinked reference lists—and soon in the article’s full text.
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The IEEE Xplore™ database contains complete original page
images, including all charts, graphs, diagrams, photographs, and
illustrative material—from an integrated-circuit schematic to a
topographic map to a photograph of a new crystalline structure.
All articles, papers, and standards are in PDF format so you see
them as published.
All IEEE journal articles, published since 1996 are also available in
HTML format. You can view HTML files using your Internet
browser.
Collections in the IEEE Xplore™ Database
The IEEE Xplore™ database contains the following IEEE collec-
tions:
• Journals and Magazines (referred to as “journals”) published
by the IEEE and IEE, dating from January 1988.
• Conference proceedings published by the IEEE and IEE,
dating from January 1988.
• IEEE Standards, including superseded standards but not draft
standards, dating from January 1988 but also including earlier
standards that are still active.
You have access to all or part of the collections based on whether
you are a member or whether your organization subscribes to all
or part of the collections in the IEEE Xplore™ database.
Subscription Packages
You must subscribe to a publication in order to view the full text
using IEEE Xplore™.
IEEE members have an automatic subscription to IEEE Spectrum
Magazine online. Members belonging to one or more IEEE
societies have access to their societies’ publications and any
personal subscriptions (formerly known as OPeRA subscriptions).
Institutions may purchase a subscription to the whole IEEE
Xplore™ database (known as IEL Online) or to a variety of subset
collections. Available subscription packages include:
• IEEE/IEE Electronic Library (IEL Online): all IEEE and IEE
journals, transactions, and magazines published since 1988, all
IEEE and IEE conference proceedings and colloquia published
since 1988, and all active IEEE standards.
The IEEE Xplore™ collectionscontain publications for whichthe IEEE or IEE has solecopyright.
2
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• IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP): 107 IEEE
society-sponsored journals, transactions, and magazines
published from 1998 to present.
• IEEE Conference Proceedings Order Plan (POP): 135 IEEE
conference proceedings published from 1998 to present.
• IEEE Conference Proceedings Order Plan All (POP ALL):
all IEEE conference proceedings from 1998 to present.
• The Proceedings of the IEEE: all issues of Proceedings of the
IEEE from 1998 to present.
• IEEE Spectrum Magazine: all issues of Spectrum Magazine
from 1998 to present.
IEEE Xplore™ Requirements
To use IEEE Xplore™, your computer should have the following:
• Browser software, for accessing IEEE Xplore™. IEEE Xplore™ is
optimized for operation within versions 4.x of Microsoft Internet
Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Older versions or other
browsers may display different results.
Note: IEEE Xplore™ displays the Search page in its own
window; all other pages share a window. If you use Internet
Explorer 3.x, you will need to manage these windows manually.
For example, to view the list of articles and papers found by a
search conducted in the Search page window, make the other
window active.
• Adobe Acrobat Reader 4.0, for viewing and printing full-page
images.
Note: For optimal performance and utility, set up Acrobat
Reader as a plug-in rather than as a helper application. Using
Acrobat Reader as a plug-in allows you to start viewing the full-
page images in PDF files faster. It also allows printing of these
images with the click of a button.
• Optionally, Sun Microsystems’ Java plug-in, for enhanced
functionality when using IEEE Xplore™’s Search capability.
To upgrade your system, refer to the IEEE Xplore™ FAQs for links
to the latest versions of this software.
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 3
Introduction
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4
IEEE Xplore™ Access and Page Types
The IEEE Xplore™ Web site is at
http://www.ieee.org/ieeexplore.
IEEE Xplore™ Browse and Search Functions
IEEE Xplore™ allows you to perform two main actions — you can
browse tables of contents or search the database.
Browse functions:The browse functions are available to everyone and are located
under Tables of Contents on the navigation menu. After
specifying a collection — Journals, Conference Proceedings, or
Standards — you can browse to a title of interest by using either
the browse letters or the Quick Find feature.
To use Quick Find, type a key word or phrase in the search box.
IEEE Xplore™ displays all titles in the collection that include the
keyword.
Search functions:The search functions are available only to IEEE members and IEEE
subscribers. IEEE Xplore™ allows to you perform searches three
ways:
• Basic Search guides you through the process of creating a
search query. You can enter a single keyword, or create a more
advanced query without knowing search syntax by selecting
field codes and search operators from pull-down menus. You
can control what is being searched using search options.
• Advanced Search allows you to enter a free-form search
query. You can enter a single keyword, a phrase, or a complete
search query using search syntax. Lists of field codes and
search operators can easily be displayed to provide assistance.
You can control what is being searched using search options.
• Author Search is similar to the Quick Find feature used by the
browse functions. It allows you to enter a complete or partial
name and searches the author field in each citation record for
your entry.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 5
2GettingStarted
While access to tables of contents is available to all, access to
search functions, abstracts, and full texts depends on your having
membership or subscription status. IEEE members can set up an
IEEE web account and then log in. If you belong to a subscribing
institution your system administrator will inform you whether you
need to log in. Access from home or while on travel may require
you to log in, even if access from your office does not.
Accessing IEEE Xplore™
You can access IEEE Xplore™ directly by going to
http://www.ieee.org/ieeexplore. The IEEE Xplore™ home page
appears, at which point you can browse tables of contents or log
in (if necessary) to access search functions.
Establishing an IEEE Web Account (IEEE Members Only)
The Establish an IEEE Web Account page enables an IEEE member
to create a user name and password for logging in to IEEE
Xplore™ and enjoying membership privileges. Click Establish
IEEE Web Account under Member Services on the navigation
menu to access this page.
Web accounts createdthrough OPeRA will notwork with IEEE Xplore™.You need to set up a newIEEE web account.
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6
To set up a web account:
1. Click Establish IEEE Web Account on the navigation menu.
2. Click Register for an IEEE Web Account and follow the
directions. The system will ask you to:
• Enter your member number (found on your membership card
or confirmation letter)
• Enter your registration PIN number (found in membership
renewal packet or new member welcome kit)
• Create a user name and password
• Enter an e-mail address
• Create personal security identifiers to help you remember your
password in case you forget it
The system verifies that you are listed in the member database
and saves your user name and password. You will receive an
email message confirming that your web account has been
established. Once your web account is established, you may
log in.
Logging In
The Log-in page allows IEEE members to access search functions
and selected documents by entering an established user name
and password. (If you belong to a subscribing institution, your
system administrator will inform you whether you need to log in.)
To log in:Note: IEEE members need to create a user name and password
by establishing an IEEE Web Account before they can log in.
1. Click Log-in Now under Welcome to IEEE Xplore™ on the
navigation menu to access this page.
2. Enter your user name (or your institution’s user name if you are
using an institution log-in ID).
3. Enter your password (or your institution’s password if you are
using an institution log-in ID).
4. Click Login. The system verifies your user name and password
and returns you to the home page or the page you were
attempting to access.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 7
Getting Started
To log out:Click the Logout button in the navigation bar at the top of most
IEEE Xplore™ pages to end the session.
Do I need to log in?Anyone can access IEEE Xplore™ without logging in to view
Tables of Contents pages for the journals, conference proceedings,
and standards in the collection (see Chapter 3, “Browsing Tables
of Contents”). In addition, some users may have full access
without logging in, depending on their membership/subscription
status and how they are accessing IEEE Xplore™.
Review the table below to determine whether you need to log in.
Note that subscribing organizations can set up IEEE Xplore™ to
verify their subscription status by IP address or a log-in ID. Your
librarian or system administrator can tell you if you need to log in.
Need Web Need to Log If You Are: You Can View: Account? In to Access?
Non-member or guest Tables of contents no no
IEEE member All abstract and citation records yes yesSpectrum yes yesPersonal subscriptions yes yes
IEEE society member All abstract and citation records yes yesSpectrum yes yesPersonal subscriptions yes yes
Non-member at a sub- Institution’s subscription package(s) no maybe*scribing institution
IEEE member at a sub- All abstract and citation records yes yes**scribing institution
Spectrum yes yes**Personal subscriptions yes yes**Institution’s subscription package(s) no maybe*
Society member at a sub- All abstract and citation records yes yes**scribing Institution
Spectrum yes yes**Personal subscriptions yes yes**Institution’s subscription package(s) no maybe*
IEEE member at a sub- All abstract and citation records yes yes**scribing institution, while traveling
Spectrum yes yes**Personal subscriptions yes yes**Institution’s subscription package(s) no yes***
Users accessing IEEE Xplore™through a subscribing institutionmight not need to log in.
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Need Web Need to Log If You Are: You Can View: Account? In to Access?
Society member at a sub- All abstract and citation records yes yes**scribing institution, while traveling
Spectrum yes yes**Personal subscriptions yes yes**Institution’s subscription package(s) no yes***
Non-member at a sub- Institution’s subscription package(s) no yes***scribing institution, while traveling
* Check with system administrator** Member log-in ID*** Institution log-in ID
Note: A member at a subscribing institution who logs in with a
member username and password will have access to the content
allowed by membership only. To access the subscribing institu-
tion’s content, DO NOT log in as a member.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 9
3BrowsingTables ofContents
Tables of Contents pages in IEEE Xplore™ enable you to identify
the specific articles and papers you need. If you subscribe to the
publication in which they are published, you also have access to
the full-page content of the publication’s articles, papers, and
other documents.
The Tables of Contents Search pages for journals, conference
proceedings, and standards all include the same basic elements:
For non-members and guests,the publication’s table ofcontents enables you to findthe articles and papers torequest at your local library.
Locate titles containing thekeyword(s)
Jump to a section of the titles list
Display the publication’s issue list
Enter title keyword(s)
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Locating a Publication
Use the following general procedure to locate a journal, confer-
ence proceeding, or standard in the IEEE Xplore™ collections.
1. Under Tables of Contents on the navigation menu, select
Journals, Conference Proceedings, or Standards.
IEEE Xplore™ displays a list of titles starting with the letter A.
2. Choose a title to browse.
• To quickly locate a specific publication, enter one or more
keywords from the title of the publication in the Quick Find
box, then click Go. If you are unsure of the spelling, you may
enter a partial keyword.
OR
• If you are not looking for a specific publication and just want to
browse the list of titles, you can jump to a section of the
alphabet by clicking on one of the letters below the Quick Find
box.
3. View multiple pages of results by using the Previous and Next
buttons.
4. Click on a title. For journals and conferences, the Publication page
opens. For standards, the Table of Contents page opens.
The Quick Find functionreturns plural and suffixedforms of the keyword(s). Forexample, if you enter thekeyword “electron,” theresults include titles containingwords such as electrons,electronic, and electronically.This capability helps you locatepublications by topic when youare unsure of the exact title.
IEEE Xplore™ automaticallylists titles beginning withthe letter A.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 11
Browsing ToCs
Locating an Issue (Journals) or Volume (ConferenceProceedings)
1. Locate a journal or conference proceeding as described in
“Locating a Publication” on page 12.
2. Click on an issue or volume link to view its table of contents.
Issues List Volumes List
3. Click on a year under Previous Years to view a list of issues or
volumes for that year. Then click on an issue or volume link to
access its table of contents.
Performing a Quick Search:
Note: This feature is available to IEEE members and subscribers.
It allows you to search for articles or papers within all available
issues of a specific publication.
1. Click in the text box and enter one or more keywords, names, and
dates.
2. Click Search. IEEE Xplore™ returns a list of search results (rather
than a table of contents).
<And> operators are implicitwhen you enter more than oneword. For example, IEEEXplore™ interprets acoustic
imaging as acoustic and
imaging.
The results include plural andsuffixed forms of any key-words entered. For example,entering electron will returnwords like electrons andelectronics. You can also enterpartial keywords if desired.
You can view full text if you, oryour institution, subscribes tothe publication. You can viewabstracts if you are an IEEEmember or your institutionsubscribes to the publication.
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Viewing a Table of Contents
The Table of Contents page is a special search results page that
displays the title and author of all documents in a journal or
conference proceeding (for standards only the title is displayed).
This page is accessed by clicking on an issue or volume link on a
journal or conference proceeding’s Publication page, or by clicking
a standard title on the Standards page.
On the Table of Contents page, you can:
• Print the Table of Contents by clicking the Print button in your
browser’s navigation bar.
• View a document’s abstract and citation record by clicking
View Abstract, if you are an IEEE member or your organiza-
tion subscribes to the publication.
• View the full text of a document by clicking View PDF, if you
or your organization subscribes to the publication.
• Return to your previous location in IEEE Xplore™ by clicking
the Back button in your browser’s navigation bar.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 13
4Searching byAuthor:Author Search
You can quickly find articles or papers written by a particular
author by using Author Search to search the author field of
citation records. (You can also search by author using Basic
Search and Advanced Search, discussed in later chapters.) Take a
moment to look at the Author Search page of IEEE Xplore™ and
learn what each of its elements lets you do.
Locate titles written by thatauthor
Jump to a section of the author list
Display a list of articles by theauthor
Enter full or partial author name
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Locating an Author’s Articles or Papers
Click By Author under Search on the navigation menu to access
the Author Search page.
Note: This feature is available to IEEE members and subscribers.
There are two ways to find authors using the Author Search page:
• Search for the author
• Browse the author list
To search for an author:
1. Enter a name in the Quick Find an Author box and click Go.
See “Formatting Author Names” on the next page for information
about entering first names and initials.
2. Use the Previous and Next buttons to scroll through the results,
fifty at time.
3. Click on a name to view a list of articles written by that author.
To browse the author list:
1. Click on one of the browse letters located beneath the “Quick Find
an Author” area. IEEE Xplore™ returns a list of the first fifty
authors whose last name starts with that letter.
2. Use the Previous and Next buttons to scroll through the results,
fifty at a time.
3. Click on a name to view a list of articles written by that author.
You can enter a partial nameif you are unsure how tospell the author’s name. IEEEXplore™ returns a list of lastnames starting with theletters you entered.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 15
Author Search
How to Enter Author Names
To find an article written by an author, you need to follow the IEEE
Xplore™ rules for specifying author names:
• Enter the last name first.
• If you know the first name or initial, enter a space, followed by
the initial, followed by a period (.). Do not enter a comma (,)
after the last name and do not enter the entire first name.
• If you know the middle name or initial, enter a space, followed
by the initial, followed by a period (.).
• Asian names appear as provided in the article or paper. If an
Asian name includes a non-Asian first name, that part of the
name is abbreviated to a first initial.
Examples:Johnson J. W.
Matches Johnson, J. W. Does not match Johnson, J. (both
initials must match) or Johnson, J. R.
Johnson S.
Matches Johnson, S. and Johnson, S. L. Does not match
Johnson, J. or Johnson, J. S.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 17
5Using BasicSearch
Use Basic Search to look for articles, conference papers, or
standards in the IEEE Xplore™ database. On the Basic Search
page, you enter one or more search expressions and select criteria
from lists to build a search query. With Basic Search, you can
perform highly targeted searches without being an expert in IEEE
Xplore™’s query language syntax.
Take a moment to look at the Basic Search page and learn what
each of its elements lets you do.
Limit the databaserecords searched
Enter search text
Clear the search text
Limit the fields searchedfor the text
Start the search process
Define the relationshipbetween the text boxes
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Performing a Basic Search
The Basic Search page guides you through the process of
constructing a search query. Click Basic under Search on the
navigation menu to access this page.
Note: This feature is available to IEEE members and subscribers.
To perform a Basic Search:
1. On the Basic Search page, click in the first text box and enter a
search string. The string can be a keyword, last name, date, or
phrase. You can also enter partial words if necessary. Note that
<and> operators are implicit for phrases. For example, IEEE
Xplore™ interprets optical fiber as optical and fiber.
2. If desired, limit your search by selecting a field from the pull-down
menu next to the text box. This choice tells IEEE Xplore™ to look
for the search string in only that field of the citation record—such
as the title, abstract, or subject field.
3. If you want to specify additional criteria, use the same process to
enter search text and select field codes for additional search query
boxes. Define the relationship between the criteria by selecting
search operators from the pull-down menus between the text
boxes. (See “Specifying Multiple Criteria,” next.)
IEEE Xplore™ searches foritems regardless of capital-ization.
The results include plural andsuffixed forms of anykeywords entered. Forexample, entering fiber
returns words like fibers andfiberglass.
Enclose your search text inquotation marks to look forthat exact phrase, withoutvariations.
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4. If desired, limit your search further by adjusting the selections in
the Search Options box. You can:
• Select publication types—decide whether you want IEEE
Xplore™ to look for your search query in the journals, confer-
ence proceedings, standards, or any combination of the three
collections.
• Select years to search—decide whether you want IEEE
Xplore™ to limit records searched to a specific range of years.
• Organize search results—decide how you want IEEE
Xplore™ to present the results.
5. Click the Search button.
Specifying Multiple Criteria
If you are searching for documents meeting any of several criteria,
you need to define the relationships among your criteria using
search operators.
Specifying a combination of criteria:If you are searching for articles meeting a combination of criteria
(for example, articles jointly written by M. Delgado and M. A. Vila),
select the <And> operator to combine items. Your search results
will list all articles meeting all criteria you specify. For example:
Specifying one of two or more criteria:If the documents you seek need to meet any one of the criteria,
select the <Or> operator to combine items. Your search results
will list all documents containing any of the items you specify. For
example, if you are searching for articles about fuzzy control or
fuzzy systems, you can enter:
If you need to specify fouror more criteria, useAdvanced Search.
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 19
Basic Search
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Specifying the exclusion of a criteria:If you want to exclude an item from your search, use the <Not>
operator. Your search results will include those documents that
meet the first criteria, but exclude the second. For example, if you
are searching for articles about imaging but not acoustic
imaging, you can enter:
Order of Precedence Guidelines
“Order-of-precedence” refers to how IEEE Xplore™ performs
multiple operations within a search query. In Basic Search, order
of precedence is governed by the order of criteria in the search
query boxes. If you use all three search query boxes, the phrase
formed by the first two boxes takes precedence over the entry in
the third box (in other words, the first operator has precedence
over the second).
For example, if you want to find all articles on inference
mechanisms written by both M. Delgado and M. A. Vila, you can
specify the following search selections:
In Advanced Search, you useparentheses to specify thatcertain operations take placebefore others.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 21
Basic Search
The search results provide a list of two articles (IEEE Xplore™ Jan
2000) written by both Delgado and Vila about inference
mechanisms. However, suppose you want to find articles by
either of these authors about inference mechanisms. If you
specify:
you receive a list of eight articles, four written by Delgado (two
jointly with Vila) about inference mechanisms, and four written
by Vila (one jointly with Delgado) about other subjects.
In search query language, you intended to specify:
inference mechanisms <and> (Delgado M. <Or> Vila M A.)
However, IEEE Xplore™ interpreted the specification as:
(inference mechanisms <and> Delgado M.) <Or> Vila M A.
That is, IEEE Xplore™ processes the first two boxes as a phrase.
Instead, if you specify the Or condition first:
you receive a list of four articles, all written by either Delgado or
Vila (or both), and all about inference mechanisms. IEEE
Xplore™ interprets the specification as:
(Delgado M. <Or> Vila M.A.) <and> inference mechanisms
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22
Basic Search Examples
You can use the following series of search query examples as
models for building your own queries using Basic Search.
Searching for a journalSuppose you want to find the article “First-Order Optimal Reduced
Delay Sample-Data Holds” by F. Leonard in the July 1999 issue of
IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. You might construct a
Basic Search query targeting content in specific fields:
If you are missing information such as the exact title or author,
search for keywords in All Fields. For example, if you know the
article is about sample-data holds and it appeared in a journal on
automatic control, you might construct the following query:
Searching for conference proceedingsSuppose you want to find the conference paper “Evolving Optical
Fiber Designs” by K. M. Able, presented at the 1997 IEEE Canadian
Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. You might
construct a Basic Search query that looks similar to this:
Select “Conference proceed-ings” in Search Options tosearch only the conferenceproceedings.
Select “Journals” in Search
Options to search only thejournals collection.
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If you are missing information such as the exact title, author, or
date of the conference, look for keywords in All Fields. For
example, if you know the presentation was about optical fiber
designs and was given at a Conference on Electrical and
Computer Engineering, you might construct the following query:
Searching for a standard:Suppose you want to find the IEEE standard 1070-1995 IEEE Guide
for the Design and Testing of Transmission Modular Restoration
Structure Components. You might construct a Basic Search query
that looks similar to one of the following:
Example 1:
or
Example 2:
If you are missing information such as the exact title or standard
number, search for keywords in All Fields. For example:
Because the titles of standardstend to be lengthy, it is usuallymost effective to enter a fewkey words or the number.
Select “Standards” in Search
Options to search only in thestandards collection.
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 23
Basic Search
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Searching for an author:Suppose you want to find a conference paper by Berger about
language modeling. However, you do not know the exact title of
the paper or the conference. You might construct a Basic Search
query that looks similar to this:
Searching for variations of a name: You can use wildcard
characters to search for variations of a name if you are unsure of
the spelling. For example, you can search for Berger or Burger by
using the ? character.
Type as many letters as you know of the author’s name in the first
text box, and use the “?” or “*” wildcard character to specify
letters you do not know or are unsure of. The “*” wildcard
character represents “any or no characters” and the “?” wildcard
character represents “any single character”. (Use no punctuation
except the wildcard characters.) Then click Search, and review the
search results for a name you recognize.
Searching for multiple authors: You can search for author
combinations by using the <and> operator.
You can search for alternate authors by using the <or> operator.
If you only know the authorname, the easiest way tolocate their articles or presen-tations is to use By AuthorSearch.
24
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 25
Basic Search
See “Specifying Multiple Criteria” and “Order of Precedence
Guidelines” earlier in this chapter for more information about
using the <and> and <or> operators.
Searching with keywordsSuppose you want to find journal articles about fuzzy logic or
fuzzy set theory. You might construct a Basic Search query that
looks similar to this:
IEEE Xplore™ searches all fields for occurrences of either fuzzy
logic or fuzzy set theory.
Excluding topics:Suppose your search query returned a number of articles about
inference mechanisms, in which you are not interested. You can
revise your query to add the <not> operator and exclude these
articles.
See “Logical Operators” in the online help for more information
about using the <not> operator.
You can use quotation marksaround your search text toindicate that you want IEEEXplore™ to look for that exactsearch string with no wordstem variations.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 27
6UsingAdvancedSearch
Use Advanced Search to look for articles, papers, or standards in
the IEEE Xplore™ database by directly typing in your own search
query rather than selecting criteria from lists. To use Advanced
Search effectively, you need to learn about IEEE Xplore™’s query
language syntax. This chapter gives a brief overview.
Take a moment to look at the Advanced Search page and learn
what each of its elements lets you do.
Limit the databaserecords searched
Start the search process
Clear the search query
Enter search text
Display a list of searchoperators
Display a list of fieldcodes
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28
When to Use Advanced Search
Advanced Search offers the most flexibility in constructing
complex search queries. If you know IEEE Xplore™ query
language syntax, this alternative can produce highly targeted
results. Using Advanced Search is a good choice if you need to:
• Search on more than three terms.
• Perform more powerful searches using additional operators
besides <And>, <Or>, and <Not>. For example, if you want to
search for two words occurring near each other, you can use
the <Near> operator available in Advanced Search.
• Construct search queries with a complex nesting of search
expressions within other search expressions.
Note that you need not invest a lot of time in learning the search
syntax. IEEE Xplore™ provides several types of assistance to help
you construct queries:
• Basic Search: You can build a Basic Search query, and view
the query language syntax in the Search Again box on the
Search Results page. You can then edit the search expression or
enter a new one.
• Search Examples: Click on Search Examples on the
Advanced Search page to see illustrations of the specific types
of search you wish to perform.
• Viewing lists of fields and operators: You can use the
More links on the Advanced Search page to display lists of
fields and operators that you can use as you build your query.
• Reading additional help topics: You can click on the Help
button at the top of the Advanced Search Page, then click on
the Query Language Reference link, for complete information
on constructing searches with the IEEE Xplore™ query
language.
Performing an Advanced Search
The Advanced Search page lets you construct your own free-form
search queries. Click Advanced under Search on the navigation
menu to access this page.
Note: This feature is available to IEEE members and subscribers.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 29
Advanced Search
To perform an advanced search:
1. On the Advanced Search page, click in the text box and construct
a query using one or more keywords, names, dates, or phrases,
connected by search operators. You can also enter partial words if
needed. Note that <and> operators are implicit for phrases. For
example, IEEE Xplore™ interprets acoustic imaging as acoustic
and imaging.
2. If desired, limit your search by using field codes and search
operators.
Note: Commonly used field codes and search operators are
shown below the search query box. Click on the More links for
complete lists of operators and field codes. See the Query
Language Reference in the online help for more information about
search query syntax.
3. Limit your search results by adjusting the selections in the Search
Options box. See step 4 on page 21 for descriptions of the search
options.
4. Click the Start Search button.
Overview of Search Query Syntax
This overview of search query syntax is intended for people who
are new to writing search queries. It walks through a progressively
more complex search query example to explain the elements of
queries and their syntax. For a detailed description of IEEE
Xplore™ search query syntax, refer to “Query Language
Reference” in the IEEE Xplore™ online help.
Simple search syntax:The most basic search query you can specify using Advanced
Search is:
searchtext
where searchtext is the term or name you are seeking. If you are unfamiliar with thesearch query language, youcan learn more about it bybuilding a query on theSearch page, then selectingDisplay Query to see theactual syntax.
The results include plural andsuffixed forms of anykeywords entered. Forexample, entering acoustic
returns words like acoustics
and acoustical.
Enclose your search text inquotation marks to look forthat exact phrase, withoutvariations.
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30
Stem variations: When you enter a search word without any
double quotation marks, IEEE Xplore™ searches through the
entire database for the word and for any stem variations of the
word. A stem variation is the base word plus varying endings
including plurals, -ing, and -ed.
For example, the following search specification:
cable
instructs IEEE Xplore™ to search in all fields for the words cable,
cables, cabled, and cabling. Matching records also include
records with the author name Cable in the Authors field.
Literal matches: If you search for the term cable but enclose it
in double quotation marks:
“cable”
you receive fewer matches because the double quotation marks
indicate that IEEE Xplore™ should look for an exact match of the
word, without stem variations.
Searching by exclusion: If you want to find all documents that
do not contain the word cable or its variations, you use the
following search specification:
<not> cable
Of course, this specification would yield a tremendous number of
records. You are more likely to use the <not> operator to modify
an existing search specification, as shown in “Building complex
queries” later in this section.
Searching in fields: Suppose you want to find articles or papers
by an author named Cable. That is, you want to find documents
by authors or editors named Cable, not about the subject term
cable. Use the following syntax:
cable <in> au
where au is the two-letter abbreviation for the Authors field. (The
most common individual fields available for searching are listed in
“Tips for Using Fields,” later in this section.)
IEEE Xplore™ looks for any combination of lowercase and
uppercase for the terms you specify. The above specification
returns all articles and papers with Cable in the Authors field.
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Searching for initials: If you know that the author’s first initial is
M, you can add that initial to the query as:
cable m. <in> au
Be sure to include the period after the initial when specifying
author names with initials in search queries. Also, omit the
comma between the last name and the initial.
Summary of operators:The <in> and <not> operators mentioned in the previous
examples belong to a set of operators you can use in Advanced
Search to make a search query more specific. The most commonly
used operators are defined below. Additional examples of using
operators are provided in “Building complex queries,” later in this
section.
Logical operators:
<and>, and: Specifies that two words or phrases must occur.
<or>, or: Specifies that either of two words or phrases must
occur.
<not>: Specifies that a word or phrase must not occur.
Proximity operators:
<in>: Specifies that a word or phrase must appear in a specific
field. A list of fields on which you can search is provided in “Tips
for Using Fields,” later in this section.
<near/N>: Specifies that the search terms must appear in close
proximity, or within N words of each other, where you specify N
as a whole number.
<paragraph>: Specifies that the search terms must appear in the
same paragraph.
<phrase>: Specifies that the search terms must appear in the
same phrase.
<sentence>: Specifies that the search terms must appear in the
same sentence.
Although you can omit thesurrounding brackets (<>)on “and” and “or”, theyare recommended forclarity.
Asian names are listed as theywere provided in the article orpaper. If the name includes anon-Asian first name, the lastname appears first, followedby the first name initial.
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 31
Advanced Search
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32
Thesaurus, wildcards, and truncation:
<thesaurus>: Specifies searching for words with similar meaning
to the search word.
?: The ? wildcard specifies any one alphanumeric character.
*: The * wildcard specifies zero or more alphanumeric characters.
<wildcard>: Specifies other variations, as shown in the following
examples. Note the use of the backquote (`). Also note that IEEE
Xplore™ does not search for stem variations when you use the
<wildcard> operator.
<wildcard> `resist[eo]r` locates occurrences of resister and
resistor.
<wildcard> `laminat{es,ion}` locates occurrences of laminates
and lamination.
Refer to the IEEE Xplore™ online help for more wildcard choices.
Note that the searches described earlier under “Simple search
syntax” are easy to accomplish using Basic Search as described in
Chapter 5. The examples are provided here as a starting point for
describing search query syntax. More complex queries (described
next) are possible with Advanced Search.
Building complex queries:By knowing the search operators available and the rules for
punctuation in search queries, you can construct complex,
effective queries. Here is an example of building a complex query
to achieve a very targeted search.
Specifying a broad topic: Returning to the subject term cable,
suppose you are interested in articles and papers about the use of
fiber optics in cable television networks. If you specify:
cable television, optical network
you search for all stem variations of these two phrases, where a
matching document needs to have only one of these phrases.
(The comma serves as the <or> operator.)
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Specifying the intersection of two topics: Rather than
finding articles about either topic, suppose you would like to find
articles and papers containing both the phrases cable television
and optical network. Use the <and> operator as follows:
cable television <and> optical network
This specification finds a more manageable number of articles.
Broadening the intersection: The two phrases you supplied
above do not capture all possible wordings of the concepts for
which you are searching. For example, they lack references to
fiber networks (and “fibre” networks, the British spelling) and to
cable “TV” rather than “television”. The following specification
broadens the search to include those possibilities:
(cable <phrase> (television <or> TV)) <and> ((optical
<or> fiber <or> fibre) <phrase> network)
The <phrase> operator lets you specify that two words must
appear within the same phrase. The parentheses ensure that IEEE
Xplore™ interprets the order of operations the way you intend
them.
Wildcard characters: Another way to specify the alternative
choices of “fiber” and “fibre” is to use wildcard characters and
truncation. The following specification:
fib??
instructs IEEE Xplore™ to look for all terms beginning with “fib”
and ending in any two characters. This specification finds “fiber”
and “fibre”, but other words as well. The specification:
fib*
finds all terms beginning with “fib” and ending in any number of
characters.
Excluding unwanted matches: Suppose you want the earlier
search to exclude documents with “satellite” in their title, because
that is not your focus. You can add the <not> and <in> operators
to the earlier complex specification, as follows:
(cable <phrase> (television <or> TV)) <and> ((optical
<or> fiber <or> fibre) <phrase> network) <not> satellite
<in> ti
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 33
Advanced Search
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Adding the <not> and <in> operators to exclude matches with
“satellite” in the ti (Title) field reduces the number of matches to
the targeted articles and papers you seek.
Searching for all similar terms: IEEE Xplore™ can also locate
words and phrases with similar meanings by using its proprietary
thesaurus. To instruct it to use the thesaurus, use the <thesaurus>
operator. For example:
<thesaurus> optical networks
Tips for Using Fields
Fields can help you target searching to only specific parts of the
bibliographic record. When you do not specify a field, IEEE
Xplore™ searches all fields.
Specifying a field in a query is especially effective in these
situations:
If you already know: Use this field specification:
Author name(s) <in> au
Conference title <in> ct
Date of a conference <in> cy
Editor name(s) <in> au
ISBN or ISSN <in> in
Issue of a publication <in> is
Journal name <in> jn
Publication name <in> jn
Subject term <in> de
Title or partial title; <in> ti
article title
Volume of a publication <in> vo
Refer to the IEEE Xplore™ online help for more information about
fields and advanced searching.
34
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Advanced Search Examples
You can use the following series of sample search query examples
as models for building your own queries using Advanced Search.
Searching for a journal:Suppose you want to find the article “First-Order Optimal Reduced
Delay Sample-Data Holds” by F. Leonard in the July 1999 issue of
IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. You might construct an
Advanced Search query that looks similar to one of the following:
Example 1 (most specific): (“First-Order Optimal Reduced
Delay Sample-Data Holds” <in> ti) <and> (“IEEE Transactions on
Automatic Control” <in> jn) <and> (Leonard F. <in> au)
Example 2 (less specific): (Sample Data Holds <in> ti) <and>
(Automatic Control <in> jn) <and> (Leonard <in> au)
If you are missing information such as the exact journal name,
article title, or author, enter what you know and add a keyword.
Example 3 (least specific): (Automatic Control <in> jn) <and>
(sample-data holds)
Searching for a conference proceeding:Suppose you want to find the paper “Evolving Optical Fiber
Designs” made by K.M. Able at the 1997 IEEE Canadian
Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. You might
construct an Advanced Search query that looks similar to this:
Example 1 (most specific): (“Evolving Optical Fiber Designs”
<in> ti) <and> (“Electrical and Computer Engineering ” <in> ct)
<and> (Able <in> au) <and> (1997 <in> cy)
Example 2 (less specific): (Optical Designs <in> ti) <and>
(Electrical Engineering <in> ct) <and> (Able <in> au)
If you are missing information such as the exact journal title,
presentation title, or presenter, enter what you know and add a
keyword:
Example 3 (least specific): (electrical computer engineering
<in> ct) <and> (optical fiber)
Select “Conferenceproceedings” in Search
Options to search only inthe conference proceedingscollection.
Select “Journals” in Search
Options to search only inthe journals collection.
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 35
Advanced Search
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36
Searching for a standard:Suppose you want to find the IEEE standard 1070-1995 IEEE Guide
for the Design and Testing of Transmission Modular Restoration
Structure Components. You might construct an Advanced Search
query that looks similar to this:
Example 1 (most specific): (“Design and Testing of
Transmission Modular Restoration Structure Components” <in> ti)
Example 2 (less specific): (1070 <in> ti)
If you are missing information such as the exact title, enter what
you know and add a keyword:
Example 3: (design and testing <in> ti) <and> (transmission
components)
Searching for an author:Suppose you want to find a presentation made by Berger about
language modeling. However, you do not know the exact title of
the presentation or the conference. You might construct an
Advanced Search query that looks similar to this:
Example 1: (Berger <in> au) <and> language modeling
You can use wildcard characters to search for variations of a name
if you are unsure of the spelling. For example, you could search
for Berger or Burger by using the ? character:
Example 2: (B?rger <in> au) <and> language modeling
You can search for author combinations by using the <and>
operator:
Example 3: ((Berger <and> Miller) <in> au) <and> language
modeling
You can search for alternate authors by using the <or> operator:
Example 4: ((Berger <or> Miller) <in> au) <and> language
modeling
Use parentheses to specify operations that take place before other
operations.
Since the titles of standardstend to be lengthy, it isusually most effective toenter the number.
Select “Standards” in Search
Options to search only in thestandards collection.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 37
Advanced Search
Searching with keywords:Suppose you want to find journal articles about fuzzy logic or
fuzzy set theory. You might construct an Advanced Search
query that looks similar to this:
Example 1: (fuzzy logic <or> fuzzy set theory)
IEEE Xplore™ searches all fields for occurrences of either fuzzy
logic or fuzzy set theory.
Suppose your search query returned a number of articles about
inference mechanisms, in which you are not interested. You can
use the <not> operator to revise your query and exclude these
articles:
Example 2: (fuzzy logic <or> fuzzy set theory) <not> (inference
mechanisms)
See “Logical Operators” in the online help for more information
about using the <not> operator.
You can use quotation marks around your search text to indicate
that you want IEEE Xplore™ to look for that exact search string
with no word stem variations. See “Searching for an Exact Word
or Phrase” in the online help for more information. If you want to
look for specific variations, see “Searching for a Root Word and
Words Derived from It” in the online help.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 39
7Working withSearchResults
IEEE Xplore™ displays the results of a search query on the Search
Results page. From this page, you can modify your search, print
results, and view abstract/citation records and full text. Take a
moment to look at the Search Results page and learn what each of
its elements lets you do.
Provides a summary ofsearch results
Edit or enter new search text
Type of publication
Start the search process
Display the abstract/citationrecord
Display the full-lengthdocument
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40
Viewing Search Results
The Search Results page lists titles of documents that meet your
search criteria. This page appears after you click on Search or
Start Search on the Author, Basic, Advanced, or Quick Search
pages.
Search results are organized by year in descending order with
fifteen results per page, unless otherwise specified under Search
Options on the Basic or Advanced Search pages. Each results
listing is five lines long, providing the document title,
author(s)/editor(s), the complete title, and page numbers.
On the Search Results page, you can:
• Revise your search specification to generate broader or
narrower results using the Search Again query box.
• Print the search results by clicking your browser’s print button.
• Scroll through the search results pages using the Previous and
Next buttons.
• View the citation/abstract record for a document by clicking
Abstract.
• View the full text of a document to which you or your institution
subscribes by clicking View HTML (where available) or PDF
FULL-TEXT.
Note: The results may include some titles for which you cannot
access full text. For example, if your institution subscribes to the
All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP), the results may include
conference proceedings or standards that match your search
criteria, but are not included in the subscription package.
The last line of ach resultsitem tells you whether adocument appears in ajournal (JRN), conferenceproceeding (CNF), orstandard (STD).
The Quick Search feature islocated on the PublicationPage.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 41
Search Results
Changing the Search Results Format
By default, search results are sorted according to year in
descending order listing 15 results per page. In Basic or Advanced
Search, you have the option to modify the results format.
To modify the search results format:
1. Select Basic or Advanced under Search on the navigation
menu. If you are navigating from a Search Results page, use your
browser’s Back button.
2. Enter or modify your search query as needed.
3. Go to “Organize search results” in the Search Options box.
4. For Sort by, select one of the following options:
• Score sorts records based on scores assigned to each record
by IEEE Xplore™. The higher the score, the more relevant the
article. Note that the Score setting only sorts records by score;
it does not assign scores to them. You may need to use the
<many> operator to assign scores to the results. Unquoted
search terms are scored by default; quoted search terms and
the results of some operators are not. Also, to view the most
relevant articles first (at the top of the results list), make sure
you select Descending in the next step.
• Year sorts records by publication year.
• Publication Title sorts records by article title.
5. For In…order, select one of the following orders:
• Descending (the default) sorts and displays at the top of the
results those records with the highest-relevance scores or latest
years, or with titles and authors in Z-A order.
• Ascending sorts and displays at the top of the results those
records with the lowest-relevance scores or earliest years, or
with titles and authors in A-Z order.
6. For List…Results per page, select 50, 25, or 10 results per
page.
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42
Revising a Search
If the search results you receive consist of too many or too few
documents, your first step is to analyze your results using the
guidelines shown below in “Narrowing a search” and
“Broadening a search.” Then you need to modify the existing
search query or start a new search.
Narrowing a searchYour first search attempt might result in many pages of titles. To
reduce the results to documents of greater relevance, a process
called “narrowing a search,” you can:
• Analyze the results for relevant titles, and note recurring
authors or publications. Then add an author or publication
specification to your search query.
• Read the citations of relevant titles, looking in the reference lists
for related articles or in the Index Terms field for additional
keywords that will further narrow your search.
Broadening a searchIf you have defined a search that results in few or no documents
matching your search criteria, you can broaden your search so
that it finds more matches. Try these techniques:
• Add an alternative search term to your original specification,
using the Or operator.
• Use truncation and the “*” wildcard character to specify
additional variations of a search term.
Example: To find documents about MOS, CMOS, and
BiCMOS, you can specify
*MOS
• IEEE Xplore™ returns all matches with words that end in MOS.
• Use the “?” wildcard character to specify a single unknown or
varying character in your search term.
Example: Suppose you know that someone named Gardner or
Gartner wrote an article about the use of robots. You can
specify robots for the subject term, and for the author you can
specify
Gar?ner
IEEE Xplore™ returns all documents about robots written by
either Gardner or Gartner.
Be sure to observe order-of-precedence rules when youcombine Or and And
operators. (See “Order ofPrecedence Guidelines” formore information.)
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To modify the existing search query:
• Edit the search query as it appears on the Search Results page
and click Search Again.
OR
• Return to your original search page using your browser’s Back
button and edit the search query.
To start a new search:
• Enter a new query in the text box on the Search Results page
and click Search Again.
OR
• Click on By Author, Basic, or Advanced in the navigation
menu, or use your browser’s Back button to return to your
original search page and enter a new query.
Printing Search Results
To print the list of titles and short citations generated by a search:
1. Click the Print button on your browser’s toolbar.
2. Click OK in the Print dialog box to start printing.
3. If the search results exceed one page, print each subsequent page
by:
a. Scrolling to the bottom of the page.
b. Clicking the next page number or Next to display the next
page.
c. Clicking the Print button in the browser toolbar, and OK in
the Print dialog box.
Viewing an Abstract/Citation Record
Click Abstract on the Search Results or Table of Contents results
page to access the document’s abstract. The Abstract/Citation
page provides full bibliographic citation records for most
documents, including the title, author(s)/editor(s), publication
identity, and page numbers, which are also listed on the Search
Results page. In addition, it lists the number of bibliographic
references cited in the article, the affiliation; the ISSN or ISBN
number; the CODEN reference; the INSPEC accession number; the
full abstract; and the subject terms used to index the document in
the IEEE Xplore™ database.
This feature is available toIEEE members and thepublication’s subscribers.
The Author Search and QuickSearch functions do not retainthe search query when youuse the browser’s Back
button.
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 43
Search Results
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For most journals published since 1996, bibliographic references
for each article are also listed in the abstract/citation record.
Among these references, those which are to other IEEE
documents held within the IEEE Xplore™ database (starting from
1988)—journal and magazine articles, conference papers, or
standards—include a hyperlink to the referenced document's
abstract and PDF full-text. Users with subscription rights to the
referenced document or its abstract can access it, or its abstract,
through the hyperlinks.
The bibliographic citation has no abstract if it represents one of
the following:
• An interim IEEE-created record that will be replaced when the
final INSPEC bibliographic record is available.
• An IEEE-created record for a document (such as a letter to the
editor, paper submission guidelines, or a new product review)
for which INSPEC supplies no bibliographic record.
On the Abstract/Citation page, you can:
• Print the abstract/citation record by clicking the Print button in
the browser’s navigation bar.
• Return to the search results page by clicking SEARCH
RESULTS at the top of the page.
• View a document in the reference list, if it is in the IEEE
Xplore™ database and you or your institution have subscription
rights to it.
• View the full text of a document to which you or your institution
subscribes by clicking View HTML (where available) or PDF
FULL-TEXT at the top of the page.
To print an abstract/citation record:
1. Click the to optimize the display for printing.
2. Click the Print button on your browser’s toolbar.
3. Click OK in the Print dialog box to start printing.
Viewing an HTML Document
IEEE Xplore™ will provide the full text of some documents in
HTML format beginning in 2001 so you can view them using your
Internet browser. Click View HTML on the Search Results or Table
of Contents page to view the full text of the document. This
feature is available to the publication’s subscribers.
Words shown in red on theAbstract/Citation page indicatethe occurrences of the searchterms you specified usingBasic or Advanced Search.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 45
Search Results
The HTML full-text includes the document’s complete content
including integrated links to figures, tables, and charts; math
formulae; and images. In a future release, you will be able to click
on a reference number and jump directly to that reference.
HTML files are generally used when you want to quickly view a
document online. If you want to view the document as published,
you should view the PDF version of the document.
To print an HTML document:
1. Click the Print button on your browser’s toolbar.
2. Click OK in the Print dialog box to start printing.
Viewing a PDF Document
IEEE Xplore™ uses Adobe Acrobat Reader to present complete
full-page images of documents in PDF format. These images show
all text and illustrative material, as published, and are available to
the publication’s subscribers. Click PDF FULL-TEXT next to a
document title on the Search Results or Table of Contents page to
view the full text of the document.
When viewing a PDF document, you can:
• View the displayed document page, using:
to enlarge the image size
to decrease the image size
to view the image at 100%
to select a specific image viewing size
• Move the document page on the screen by holding down the
left mouse button as you move the cursor over the page image
(the cursor appears as a hand).
• View the next pages of the displayed document by clicking .
• Return to previous pages of the displayed document by clicking
.
• Go to a specific page by clicking in the lower left
corner and either entering a number or clicking an arrow to go
forward or go back one page.
• Print the entire article or the current page by clicking the Print
button at the top of the page display.
You can also view somedocuments in HTML format.
You can also view documentsin PDF format.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 47
8LearningMore AboutIEEEXplore™:Online Help
Getting Started with IEEE Xplore™ is intended to provide the
concepts and examples needed to make effective, immediate use
of IEEE Xplore™. For that reason, it concentrates on frequently
used features to help you get started more quickly. Additional
assistance is available for in-depth use of IEEE Xplore™: the
online help and other onscreen information sources.
Using the Help System
For more information about using IEEE Xplore™, you can consult
its context-sensitive online help. Click the Help button in the
navigation bar of any IEEE Xplore™ page to display the Help
window, which presents information about using the IEEE
Xplore™ page you are viewing.
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For example, if you click Help on the Basic Search page, the
following help page appears:
From any help page, you can find additional information you need
in one of three ways:
1. Follow the underlined links from that page to the information you
need.
For example, on the help page for Performing a Basic Search, you
can click on “Order-of-Precedence Guidelines” near the bottom to
read more about that topic.
2. View the help Contents by clicking on Contents at the top of the
help page. Scroll through the Contents to find a topic of interest.
Click on that topic to view it.
3. Search through the Help system by clicking on Index at the top of
the help page. You can locate the topic of interest in the index by
typing it in the space provided. The index scrolls to that topic.
Additional Assistance
Additional onscreen assistance is provided for users of Advanced
Search. On the Advanced Search page there are lists of commonly
used field codes and search operators. Clicking the More button
next to either of these lists displays a help topic, including
relevant syntax information.
For information about building search queries for your specific
information needs, or for help with installation issues such as
gaining access to IEEE Xplore™ or printing to your local printer,
consult your online information specialist or librarian.
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 49
Glossary
Abstract: A summary of the contents of a document. The
abstract commonly explains the main points made in an article or
paper, including the main theme, argument, process, and results.
Abstract button: A link appearing next to each document listed
on a Search Results or Table of Contents Page. Click the link to
view the abstract/citation record of the document.
Abstract/Citation record: A description of an article, paper, or
standard that includes the following information: author name(s);
editor name(s); title of the article, paper, or standard; title,
volume/issue number, page number, and date of the publication in
which the article or paper appeared; other identifying information
including the accession number, ISSN or ISBN number, and
CODEN specification; and reference list.
Accession number, INSPEC: The record number created when
the bibliographic record was added to the INSPEC database, a
component of IEEE Xplore™. All IEEE Xplore™ documents have a
unique INSPEC accession number.
Adobe Acrobat Reader: The viewer software used by IEEE
Xplore™ to display page images of documents.
Affiliation: The organization or company employing the author
of an article or paper, or the corporate source if no personal
authors are credited.
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Alphanumeric character: Any letter A-Z or a-z, or any digit 0-9.
And operator: Indicates the relationship between your search
criteria. And means results should match all criteria.
ANSI: The American National Standards Institute, an organization
that coordinates U.S. voluntary standards for a wide range of
business, public, and consumer areas.
Article title: The full title of the document as published.
Conference paper titles and standard titles are also found under
the generic term “article title” in IEEE Xplore™.
ASPP: All-Society Periodicals Package. A digital library of IEEE
journal articles from 1998 forward.
Author: The author or presenter of the document as published.
Author list: A complete listing of all authors in the IEEE Xplore™
database, which can be accessed from the Author search page.
You can browse this list using the browse letters, or you can
search for a particular author using the Quick Find feature.
Clicking on an author name returns a list of articles and presenta-
tions by that author.
Back button: A button on the browser toolbar that enables you
to go to the previously viewed page. For example, while viewing a
list of search results, you can click the Back button to return to
the search page that generated those results.
Browse letters: An alphabet of clickable links appearing on the
Journals, Conference Proceedings, Standards, and Author pages.
Clicking on a letter allows you to jump to that section of the list of
titles.
Browser: The viewing software through which you use IEEE
Xplore™. Currently, IEEE Xplore™ operates within Microsoft
Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator, versions 4.0 or higher.
Catalog number: The IEEE Catalog Number for the document.
Clear button: Clears the search query box (or boxes) so you can
reenter your search criteria.
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CODEN: A unique alphanumeric code assigned to serial and
monographic publications and used as a permanent identifier. The
CODEN system was developed in 1963 by the American Society
for Testing and Materials for scientific and technical publications,
but has since expanded in scope. In 1975, the Chemical Abstracts
Service assumed responsibility for the assignment and dissemina-
tion of CODEN designations.
Colloquium: A meeting or conference, usually conducted by the
IEE.
Conference date: Date of the conference where the paper was
presented.
Conference proceedings list: A complete listing of all confer-
ence proceedings in the IEEE Xplore™ database which can be
accessed from the Conference Proceedings page. You can browse
this list using the browse letters, or you can search for a particular
conference using the Quick Find feature. Clicking on a conference
title returns a list of volumes for that conference.
Conference title: The name of a conference or meeting.
Country: The country in which the conference was held.
Document: An article, paper, or standard stored as a record in
IEEE Xplore™.
Document type: A legend on the Search Results page that
describes the publication category of the documents listed in the
results. CNF indicates conference proceedings, JNL indicates
periodicals (journals and magazines), and STD indicates
standards.
End page: The ending page of the article within the publication.
Evidence operator: An operator in search syntax that enables
you to expand a search word into a list of related words to be
used in addition to the original search word to retrieve document
matches.
FAQ Button: A button that appears on the IEEE Xplore™ banner
that provides a link to a list of frequently asked questions.
Field: A specific type of information within an abstract/citation
record. For example, the AUTHORS field, abbreviated au, contains
the name of the author of the document.
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 51
Glossary
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Fields list: A list of commonly used field codes that appears on
the Advanced Search page. Click More to see a complete list of
available field codes.
Fields menu: A pull-down menu on the Basic Search page that
allows you to select a specific field in which to search for the
associated search text.
Full-page image: A digital representation of an article, paper, or
standard in its published form. In IEEE Xplore™, full-page images
are in portable document format (PDF).
Go button: A button appearing on the Journals, Conference
Proceedings, Standards, and Author pages that starts the Quick
Find process.
Help button: A button appearing on the IEEE Xplore™ banner
that provides a link to online help.
HTML Full-Text button: A link appearing next to documents
listed on a Search Results or Table of Contents page, or at the top
of an Abstract/Citation page, if HTML format is available. Click on
the link to view the full text of the document in HTML format.
IEL: IEEE/IEE Electronic Library: A digital library of all articles,
conference papers, and standards published by IEEE and IEE since
1988.
INSPEC: An English-language information service providing a
bibliographic database of abstracts compiled from scientific and
technical literature, of which IEEE Xplore™ uses a subset.
ISBN: The International Standard Book Number: a four-part, ten-
character identifying code given a book (a non-serial literary
publication) before publication. The four parts are: group identifier
(e.g., national, geographic, language); publisher identifier; title
identifier; title identifier; and check digit. Started by British
publishers in 1967, the standard book number has been an
international standard since 1969. The numbering system is
administered among cooperating publishers in participating
countries by a standard book numbering agency. Most IEEE
Xplore™ conference publications have a unique ISBN.
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ISSN: The International Standard Serial Number: the international
numerical code that identifies a serial publication, based on
American National Standard Identification Number for Serial
Publications, Z39.9-1971, and approved by the International
Organization for Standardization as ISO 3297, International
Standard Serial Numbering. The ISSN program became operative
in the United States in 1971. Each IEEE Xplore™ transaction,
magazine, and journal publication has a unique ISSN.
Issue list: The issue list appears on the left side of the
Publication page, which is accessed by clicking a title on the
Journals page. Recent Issues are listed at the top, followed by a
listing of Previous Years. If you click on a year, the list of recent
issues is replaced by a list of issues for that year. Click on an issue
to access its table of contents.
Issue number: The number that uniquely identifies an issue of a
periodical or newspaper.
Issue part number: The number that uniquely identifies part of
an issue of a periodical or newspaper.
Journal: As used in IEEE Xplore™, any serial publication such as
a journal or magazine.
Journals list: A complete listing of all journals in the IEEE
Xplore™ database which can be accessed from the Journals page.
You can browse this list using the browse letters, or you can
search for a particular journal using the Quick Find feature.
Clicking on a journal title returns a list of issues from that journal.
Login button: A button located on the Log-in page that starts the
login process.
Logout button: A button that appears on the IEEE Xplore™
navigation menu that allows you to log out of the IEEE Xplore™
site.
Magnification: The size of the displayed page image, adjusted as
a percentage.
Matches: Records that meet search criteria and are listed on the
search results list.
More About menu: A list of links on the right side of the Home
page that lead to information about subscription packages. For
more information, see subscription packages.
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 53
Glossary
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Navigation bar: The banner at the top of each IEEE Xplore™
page that provides links to pages in IEEE’s main web site.
Navigation menu: The buttons at the left of each page that let
you navigate the pages within IEEE Xplore™.
Navigation numbers: Page numbers that appear at the bottom
of each Search Results page, allowing you to go to the results
pages generated by the search. Click a page number, or click Next
to go to the next page and Previous to go to the previous page.
Next button: A button that displays the next screen of results.
Not operator: Indicates the relationship between your search
criteria. Not means the results should not match this particular
criterion.
Operator: A syntax element in the search query language that
describes a relationship to another element. Commonly used
operators are <and>, <or>, and <not>.
Operators list: A list of commonly used search operators that
appears on the Advanced Search page. Click More to see a
complete list of available operators.
Operators menu: A pull-down menu on the Basic Search page
that allows you to specify the relationship between several search
strings using the <and>, <or>, and <not> operators.
Or operator: Indicates the relationship between your search
criteria. Or means results should match any one criterion.
Order of precedence: The order in which IEEE Xplore™
processes the parts of a search query. IEEE Xplore™ processes
Advanced Search queries from left to right, with items in
parentheses processed first. For a search specified in query boxes
on the Basic Search page, IEEE Xplore™ processes the specifica-
tion from the top down, so the first operator takes precedence
over the second operator.
Organize search results: An option in Basic and Advanced
Search that specifies how many records to include in one web
page of search results, in what order, and according to what
criteria.
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Password: Part of the log-in information you enter on the Log-in
page. Note that you may have two passwords — an IEEE member
password and a subscriber institution password — that allow
access to different documents. You create your IEEE member
password through the Establish an IEEE Web Account page.
Passwords may be up to eight alphanumeric characters long.
PDF: PDF (Portable Document Format) is a format that maintains
the page layout, color, graphics, and typography of the original
document. It can be viewed onscreen or printed from any type of
computer, using the Adobe Acrobat Reader software.
PDF Full-Text link: A link appearing next to documents listed on
a Search Results or Table of Contents page, or at the top of an
Abstract/Citation page. Click on the link to view the full text of the
document in PDF format.
PDF page viewer navigation buttons: Use the Adobe Acrobat
page viewer navigation buttons to:
Display the first page of the document.
Display the previous page.
Display the next page.
Display the last page of the document.
PDF page viewer supplemental navigation bar: Use the
Adobe Acrobat page viewer supplemental navigation bar choices
to:
Go directly to a page image.
Increase or decrease the image size by a specific
percentage.
Select whether images are displayed as
individual pages or in a continuous stream.
PDF page viewer toolbar (subset): Use these tools in the
Adobe Acrobat page viewer toolbar to:
Print the full-page image.
Display the image at 100%.
Display the image at 72%.
Display the image at 159%.
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 55
Glossary
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Personal security identifier: A reminder word to help you
recover your password if you forget it. You define this identifier
when you set up an IEEE Web Account.
Previous button: A button that displays the previous screen of
results.
POP: Proceedings Order Plans. Digital libraries of IEEE conference
proceedings from 1998 forward.
Printer format icon: An icon( ) that allows you to
change the display to a format that is better for printing.
Publication date: The date of publication of the document.
Publication information: Links to information about the
publication and information for authors. These links appear on the
right side of the Publication page under the Quick Search box.
Publication name: The name of the publication in which an
article or paper appears.
Publisher: The publisher of the document in which an article or
paper appears.
Publisher location: The city and state or province in which the
publisher of an article is located.
Query: A command to find and select records from a database,
often according to specific criteria.
Quick find box: A text box appearing on the Journals,
Conference Proceeding, Standards, and Author pages that filters
the titles in the IEEE Xplore™ database (or authors in the case of
an author search) for the search text entered.
Record: The bibliographic information associated with each
article, paper, and standard in the IEEE Xplore™ database.
Reference list: In the abstract/citation record, the bibliographic
references for the article, with hyperlinks to the referenced
documents’ abstracts and PDF full-text if the document is in the
IEEE Xplore™ database.
Relevance ranking: The determination of relevance of a search
result to the query that generated it, according to the number of
occurrences of the search term(s) in the resulting document.
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Score: The relevance ranking based on the number of
occurrences in the matching document of the search criteria you
specified.
Scroll bar: Use the scroll-bar elements to move through the list:
Scrolls up one line.
Scrolls entire list up and down.
Scrolls down one line.
Search Again query box: An area that appears on the Search
Results page that lets you modify your last query. After modifying
the query, click Search Again.
Search button: Generates a list of documents that meet your
search criteria.
Search expression: A combination of search text, operators, and
field codes that forms part of a search query.
Search Options box: An area on the Basic and Advanced search
pages that allows you to limit records searched and change the
results format.
Search query box: A text box on a search page where you enter
your search query.
Search result: On the Search Results page, a description of a
document stored in IEEE Xplore™ that matches the search criteria
supplied on the Author, Basic, Advanced, or Quick Search pages.
The description includes the document title, which if clicked takes
you to the Citation and Abstract page.
Search results button: A link appearing at the top of an
Abstract/Citation page. Click the link to return to your list of search
results.
Search results legend: A legend appearing on the Search
Results page, indicating that JNL stands for journals, CNF stands
for conference proceedings, and STD stands for standards. These
letters appear next to the results listings to indicate the type of
publication.
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 57
Glossary
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Search results summary: Information at the top of the Search
Results page that tells you how many documents matched your
search criteria out of the total number of documents stored in
IEEE Xplore™, the number of documents listed on the current
page, and the sort order of the results list.
Search text: Words, partial words, and phrases you enter in a
search query box to find matching information in IEEE Xplore™
database records. You can search for exact matches or variations
of words and phrases. You can use field codes and search
operators with your search text to form search expressions.
Select publication types: Choices on the Basic and Advanced
search pages that limit a search to journals, conference proceed-
ings, and/or standards.
Select years to search: Choices on the Basic and Advanced
search pages specifying that IEEE Xplore™ should look for the
search text in documents from a particular range of years.
Sponsoring Society: An IEEE society that sponsors or produces
a particular publication. This link appears on the right side of the
Publication page under the Quick Search box.
Standard number: The identifying number of an IEEE standard.
Standards list: A complete listing of all standards in the IEEE
Xplore™ database which can be accessed from the Standards
page. You can browse this list using the browse letters, or you can
search for a particular standard using the Quick Find feature.
Stem variation: The base word for which you are searching,
plus endings including plurals, -ing, and -ed.
Subject term: A significant word used as a descriptor of the
subject of an article or paper.
Table of contents listing: A listing of an article, conference
paper, or standard on a table of contents page. It contains the title,
author (if applicable), and page number.
Thesaurus: A compilation of terms showing synonyms and
hierarchical and other relationships and dependencies, the usual
function of which is to provide a standardized, controlled vocabu-
lary for an information storage and retrieval system. The IEEE
Xplore™ thesaurus enables searching for terms with similar
meanings to the search terms you provide. The IEEE Xplore™
thesaurus is based on the INSPEC thesaurus.
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Truncation: Specification of part of a word, to which you add
wildcard characters to represent the remainder of the word.
User name: Part of the log-in information you enter on the Log-in
page. Note that you may have two user names — an IEEE member
name and a subscriber institution name — that may allow access
to different documents. Member user names are created through
the Establish an IEEE Web Account page. Subscriber user names
are generated when the subscription is initiated.
Volume: The publication volume in which the article appears.
Volume list: The volume list appears on the left side of the
Publication page, which is accessed by clicking a title on the
Conference Proceedings page. All volumes for the conference are
listed, plus a list of conference proceedings from previous years if
available. Click on a volume to access its table of contents.
Welcome graphic: A graphic that appears on the Home page. If
you hold the mouse pointer over the section headings on the
navigation menu (Welcome to IEEE Xplore™, Tables of
Contents, Search, and Member Services), the graphic changes
to text that provides more information about the section.
Wildcard character: A character used in search queries to
represent one or more unspecified characters. The “*” wildcard
character represents “any or no characters” and the “?” wildcard
character represents “any single character.”
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 59
Glossary
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GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 61
AAbstract, 43Abstract/Citation page, 44Access denials, 6Accessing IEEE Xplore™, 5Account (IEEE web), 5Adobe Acrobat Reader, 3, 45Advanced search, 27
examples, 35overview, 27performing, 28results format, 41when to use, 28writing a query, 28
All-society periodicals package, 3And operator, 19Articles, 22
search examples, 22, 35ASPP, 3Author list, 14Author names (formatting), 15Author search, 13, 14
examples, 24, 36overview, 13performing, 14
BBasic search, 17
examples, 22multiple criteria, 19order of precedence, 20overview, 17
performing, 18results format, 41
Bibliographic citation (viewing), 43Broadening a search, 42Browse functions, 4Browse letters, 4, 10Browser requirements, 3Browsing publications, 10
locating, 10, 11Browsing tables of contents, 10By author search, 14, 15
examples, 24, 36formatting names, 15
CChanging the results format, 41Citation record, 1
structure, 1viewing, 43
Collections, 2IEEE Xplore™, 2subscriptions to, 2
Colloquia, 2Combining search expressions, 19Conference proceedings, 2
locating, 10, 11search examples, 22, 35viewing, 12
Conference Proceedings Order Plan, 3
Index
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DDatabase, 1
collections, 2IEEE Xplore™, 1record structure, 1
EEditing a query, 43Establishing an IEEE web account, 6Examples, 22
advanced searches, 35article searches, 22, 35author searches, 24, 36conference proceeding searches, 22, 35journal searches, 22, 35keyword searches, 25, 37magazine searches, 22, 35presentation searches, 23, 35presenter searches, 24, 36standards searches, 23, 36subject term searches, 25, 37
FFields, 30, 34Formatting author names, 15
names, 15Formatting search results, 41Full-text, 44
viewing, 44, 45
GGeneral public (logging in), 6
HHelp, 47HTML full-text (viewing), 44
IIEEE electronic library, 2IEEE member (logging in), 6IEEE Standards (locating), 2
locating, 10IEEE web account, 6IEEE Xplore™, 1
accessing, 5collections, 2record structure, 1requirements, 3subscription packages, 2web site, 4, 5
IEL Online, 2
62
In operator, 31, 33, 34Internet browser, 3Issues (selecting), 11
JJournals, 2
locating, 10, 11search examples, 22, 35viewing, 11, 12
KKeyword, 27
search examples, 25, 37
LLiteral matches, 30Locating an author, 14Locating publications, 10, 11Log-in page, 6Logging in, 6
MMagazines, 2
locating, 10, 11search examples, 22, 35viewing, 11, 12
Member services, 5Members (logging in), 6Multiple criteria, 19
NNames (formatting), 15Narrowing a search, 42Near operator, 31Not operator, 31, 34
OOnline help, 47Operators, 31Or operator, 19Order of precedence, 20Organizing the results format, 41Overview, 1
accessing IEEE Xplore™, 5advanced search, 27, 28author search, 13basic search, 17browse functions, 4collections, 2establishing an IEEE web account, 5
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IEEE Xplore™, 1Logging in, 6online help, 47search functions, 4search query syntax, 29search results, 39tables of contents, 9
PPage viewer, 45Paragraph operator, 31PDF full-text, 45Personal security identifier, 6Performing
advanced searches, 28author searches, 14basic searches, 18
Phrase operator, 31POP, 3POP ALL, 3Presentations, 23
search examples, 22, 35Presenter, 24
search examples, 24, 36Printing search results, 43Proceedings of the IEEE, 2Proceedings Order Plan All, 3
QQueries, 18
constructing, 18editing, 42syntax, 29writing, 28, 32
Quick Find, 10
RRecord structure, 1Reference list, 44Refining a search, 42Results, 40
changing format, 41printing, 43search, 40viewing, 40
Revising a search, 42
GETTING STARTED WITH IEEE XPLORE™ 63
Index
SSearch examples, 22
advanced, 35articles, 22, 35author, 24, 36basic, 22by author, 24, 36conference proceedings, 22, 35journals, 22, 35keyword, 25, 37magazines, 22, 35presentations, 22, 35presenter, 24, 36standards, 23, 36subject term, 25, 37
Search functions, 4Search queries, 32
editing, 42writing, 32
Search query syntax, 29Search results, 39
changing format, 41overview, 39printing, 43viewing, 40
Searchingadvanced, 28, 35basic, 18broadening, 42by author, 13, 14by exclusion, 30examples, 22fields, 34for initials, 31for multiple criteria, 19formatting names, 15in fields, 30literal matches, 30narrowing, 42order of precedence, 20overview, 17, 27revising, 42with wildcard characters, 33
Sentence operator, 31Setting up an IEEE web account, 6Sorting results, 41Standards, 2
locating, 10search examples, 23, 36
Stem variations, 30Subscribers (logging in), 6Subscription packages, 2Syntax (search query), 29
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TTables of Contents, 9
viewing, 12Thesaurus operator, 32, 34Transactions, 2
locating, 10, 11viewing, 12
VViewing, 7, 14
abstracts, 43Advanced Search page, 28Basic search page, 18By Author page, 14citation record, 43HTML documents, 44log-in, 7PDF full-text, 45search results, 40tables of contents, 12
Volumes (selecting), 11
WWeb account (establishing an IEEE), 6Wildcard characters, 33Wildcard operator, 32Writing a query, 28, 32, 42
YYear, 41
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