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8/8/2019 Iftikhar Presentation

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Institutions for EconomicEfficiency

By

Iftikhar Ahmad


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Outline

Introduction

Police Reforms

Civil Service Reforms

Evidence Based Public Policy


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Introduction

Needs of the Technical expertise forNeeds of the Technical expertise for

economic efficiencyeconomic efficiency

Reforms are required to improve

institutions and economic efficiency

Reform is a process, where chance,uncertainty, and ambiguity dominate.


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POLICE REFORMS


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The Corporate aspect of professionalism hasmany aspects but one of its constituent parts isthe formulation and adherence to standards.

Once these standards have been developed,

police would need to provide training to enable

police officers to attain requisite level of

expertise in these standards.

POLICE REFORMS


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What is training? Is itchanging behavior?


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Training to change behaviour of the police

professionals in Pakistan:

Need to have not only high quality trainersbut also modern training techniques and state-

of-the-art training modules and curricula.

DIG Training was installed to oversee thetraining of the Police Schools system in 2000.

What is training? Is it changing behavior?


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Centralize the training regime while keeping in

view the paucity of training infrastructure was

not a bad approach.

More important than centralizing the delivery

of training is to centralize the system of training

evaluation.

Evaluation of training is as important as

delivery.



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Efforts to support the Police in the creation of aviable training infrastructure are underway.

Foreign Donors have started a number of programs to support the police reforms in theseareas.

These programs has developed a manual of investigation processes and procedures which areessentially a compendium of standards in theinvestigation ofcases.



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Police reform undertaken since 2002 have not

been effective because standards in training have

not improved.

These reforms have to be implemented has not

been taken care of.



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The district magistrate's accountability and in-

built mechanism has been removed to provide

autonomy while the public safety commissions

have been created to provide the same.

The former was an institutional mechanism to

provide an accountable working environment to

police



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This is not a good recipe for development of

professionalism or service to the ordinary poor

citizen in Pakistan's cities or villages.

Understanding the role of the police in society will

help create institutional structures, write rules and

lay out accountability mechanisms which work.

In the service delivery departments the operational

controls of the political executive should be

strengthened.



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Civil service reform is being discussed in

Africa, Latin America, Europe and North

America [(Ingraham 1996)].

Some are fixing legacies of past colonial civil

service systems while others are struggling with

identifying the role ofcivil service in a changingpolitical environment.



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Imperatives for reform


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The Economic Imperative for Reform

Changes based on incentives, performance, and

efficiency in civil service structures in most

developed countries including Australia, United

States, and others.

The Political Imperative for Reform

The relationship between civil service structure

and the political system is bidirectional as much

as civil service is influenced by the political system,

it also helps shape the political system.



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The Social Imperative for Reform

Civil service is the face of the government.

The public demand for civil service reform arises

out of the frustration of the citizens with failure of the government to deliver social services.

People believe that public service is not the focus

of the civil service in Pakistan.

Multilateral donor agencies also criticize poor

governance as an impediment to provision of social

services [(World Bank 2000)]



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Whyhas reform not worked?Whyhas reform not worked?


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Technically,Technically, mostmost publicpublic sectorsector employeesemployeeswhetherwhether theythey areare doctors,doctors, engineers,engineers, teachers,teachers,revenuerevenue collectors,collectors, policepolice oror secretariatsecretariat

employeesemployees areare `civil`civil servantsservants..''

WhenWhen aa commissioncommission takestakes upup civilcivil serviceservicereformreform mostmost oftenoften allall branchesbranches andand categoriescategories

ofof thethe publicpublic sectorsector employeesemployees areare includedincluded ininitsits purviewpurview..

Why has reform not worked?Why has reform not worked?


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This is wrongThis is wrong


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ReformingReforming thethe

Institutional structures,Institutional structures,

Career patterns, appointment,Career patterns, appointment,

Promotion and transfer mechanisms,Promotion and transfer mechanisms, Pay and compensation packages,Pay and compensation packages,

Retirement matters, performance evaluation,Retirement matters, performance evaluation,

Work environment,Work environment,

Efficiency, discipline and controlling laws ofEfficiency, discipline and controlling laws of

the civil servicesthe civil services

This is wrongThis is wrong


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Why aggregation forWhy aggregation for

conceptualizing, organizing andconceptualizing, organizing andmanaging reform, is not a goodmanaging reform, is not a good

idea?idea?


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TheThe uniformuniform paypay scalesscales isis anan unnecessaryunnecessaryconstraintconstraint..

TheyThey bringbring rigidityrigidity intointo thethe structurestructure of of civilcivil

serviceservice whichwhich shouldshould bebe shapedshaped toto matchmatch thethe

needsneeds ofof diversediverse rolesroles ofof thethe statestate..

AA falsefalse sensesense ofof socialsocial equalityequality withwith thethe uniformuniformpaypay scalesscales hashas createdcreated aa bigbig hurdlehurdle inin thethe wayway ofof

reformreform..


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Importance of Sector Specific ActionsImportance of Sector Specific Actions

SmallerSmaller andand moremore focusedfocused initiativesinitiatives havehave

metmet withwith moremore successsuccess..

ExampleExample:: TheThe ongoingongoing workwork onon institutinginstituting

contractcontract employmentemployment inin serviceservice deliverydeliveryprojectsprojects inin PunjabPunjab.. ThisThis experimentexperiment hashas

beenbeen aa successsuccess..


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Importance of a disaggregated approachImportance of a disaggregated approach

AA patwari'spatwari's reformreform cannotcannot bebe thethe samesame asas thatthat ofof aaroadroad engineerengineer..

TheThe statutesstatutes provideprovide thethe basicbasic principles,principles, whilewhile thetherulesrules andand otherother policypolicy instrumentsinstruments areare thethe onesoneswhichwhich shapeshape aa cadrecadre..

TheThe latterlatter shouldshould receivereceive muchmuch attentionattention andand itit isisherehere thatthat thethe bulkbulk of of thethe sectorsector basedbased approachapproachwillwill needneed toto focusfocus..


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Reforms that would workReforms that would work

ReformsReforms thatthat wouldwould workwork requirerequire anan innovativeinnovative

approachapproach whichwhich mightmight notnot bebe amenableamenable toto aauniformistuniformist legallegal frameworkframework..


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Historical perspective of Civil Service Reform in

Pakistan

Civil service reform is not a new concept in the

history of Pakistan. Burki (1969) describes three

efforts conducted between 1948 and 1958:

The Pakistan Pay and Services Commission

1948

A study by Rowland Egger 1953

A study by Bernard Galdieux - 1955.


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1962 Cornellius Pay Services & Reform

Commission

1973Administrative Reforms

Anwar-ul-Haq Commission

Shafqat (1999) shows that these reforms were

accompanied by purges in the civil service, shaking the

confidence of civil servants and politicizing of the service.

Subsequent Reforms


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As for the elite CSP of Pakistan, if the objective of reforms wasto disrupt the institution ofcivil service without any substantial

improvement in the quality or professionalism of its members,

then such policies were destined to depress the morale of the civil

service.

1973 reforms initiated a trend that diminished the elite nature

of the CSP by lowering standards and subverting meritocracy.

These reforms also helped establish patron-client relationshipbetween politicians and civil servants.

In place of professionalism and enhanced competence, they

promoted the opposite.

Subsequent Reforms


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Civil Service and Governance

The idea that civil services are meant for mediocreminds, seems to dominate intellectuals and politicians

in Pakistan.

We do not think it is a right policy for the State to offer such salaries to itsservants as to attract the best available material. The correct place for our men

of genius is in private enterprise and not in the humdrum career of public

service where character and desire to serve honestly for a living is more

essential than outstanding intellect. In an era where innovations in policy and

business drive the global markets, any framework for reforms that promotesmediocrity in the civil service can only guarantee poor governance.

Pay and Service Commission Report 1948


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Good governance involves solving problems withinnovative policy solutions (like Grameen Banks

system of micro finance in Bangladesh).

The recent structural changes in the Pakistani civilservice provide an opportunity to introduce reforms

sagely.

Having an elite civil service is not the problem. It isthe adherence to merit and the emphasis on

professionalism that earns the civil service an elite

status.

Civil Service and Governance


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Need for civil service training from human

capital approach

To achieve its goal of good governance, there needs to be a focus on

providing quality training to civil servants.

Good public policy is the backbone of good governance in any political

system.

Public policy training includes

Skills and analytical tools to perform policy analysis

Recommend policy options

Implement adopted policies

Evaluate the effectiveness of these policies

Traditional civil service training focuses on training officers to become

effective administrators but can do more to impart public policy skills.


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Evidence-based public policy

The movement towards evidence-basedpublic policy is gaining momentum in most

of the developed world.


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Public policy training of decision makers

Easy availability and access to government data

Establishing new or funding existing policy research

institutes

Using international policy linkages

Effective use of information technologies in governance.

Key factors which help in developing

evidence-based public policies:


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PolicyPolicy processprocess inin PakistanPakistan isis rarelyrarely basedbased onon anyany

systematicsystematic analysisanalysis andand isis almostalmost nevernever followedfollowed byby

systematicsystematic evaluationevaluation..

HaphazardHaphazard approachapproach toto publicpublic policypolicy isis likelylikely toto

leadlead toto aa longlong listlist of of failedfailed oror failingfailing policiespolicies ininalmostalmost allall sectorssectors ofof thethe societysociety..




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ProfessionalismProfessionalism inin thethe civilcivil serviceservice andand toto betterbetter

governancegovernance inin thethe countrycountry cancan resultresult fromfrom aa

combinationcombination ofof thethe followingfollowing::

AccessAccess toto datadata

EvaluationEvaluation ofof policiespolicies

EstablishmentEstablishment ofof policypolicy researchresearch programsprograms

UseUse ofof informationinformation technologiestechnologies




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