ii batuan - uigm | login student · pdf fileii batuan 1. batuan beku 2. batuan sedimen 3. ......
TRANSCRIPT
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II BATUAN1. Batuan Beku
2. Batuan Sedimen3. Batuan Metamorf
Dr. Budhi Kuswan Susilo, S.T., M.T.
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PENGENALAN
BATUAN BEKU(igneous rocks)
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SIKLUS BATUAN
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Magma dan Lava
Magma : material silikat pijar dibawah permukaan bumi;magma yang mengalir di permukaan bumi, disebut Lava; magma yang terlempar ke udara membentuk Pyroclastic materials
Magma yang membekumembentuk batuan beku(Igneous rocks)
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• Tipe Magma (Monroe & Wicander, 1997)
– Mafic magma = 45 – 52 % SiO2
– Intermediete magma = 53 – 65% SiO2
– Felsic Magma = > 65% SiO2
• Viskositas Magma– resistensi magma untuk dapat mengalir
• Mafic magma– Relatif mudah mengalir
– dikontrol jaringan silika tetrahedron (SEDIKIT)
– lava tipis
• Felsic magma– Relatif mengalir perlahan
– dikontrol jaringan silika tetrahedron (BANYAK)
– lava tebal
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Lava dan Debu Volkanik dari Mount Mayon, Philippines, 1993
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Lava : Pahoehoe and AA flows
Bagian bawah : pahoehoe flow, terbentuk dari aliran cepat, lava tipis
Bagian atas : AA flow, sangat kental (viscous), gerak perlahan, lava tebal
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Permukaan Pahoehoe flow (P. Hawai)ropy structures; tipis
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Permukaan Aa flowKumpulan angular blocks, aliran kentaldan lebih tebal dari pahoehoe flow
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Pendinginan Magma
• Magma mendingin di bawah permukaan – Mengalami pendinginan dan kristalisasi membentuk
tubuh batuan beku intrusif (intrusive igneous body) di dalam kerak bumi (earth’s crust)
– Produk pendinginan membentuk batuan plutonik (Plutons)
• Concordant plutons = memiliki batas yang paralel/selaras dengan lapisan batuan yang diintrusi (country rocks)
– SILL, LACCOLITH
• Discordant plutons = memiliki batas yang memotong lapisan batuan yang diintrusinya
– DIKE
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• Magma mendingin di permukaan bumi melalui volcanic eruptions– Mengalami pendinginan dan kristalisasi
membentuk extrusive rock body– Menghasilkan Pyroclastic materials– Produk
• Lava flows– Aa flow
– Pahoehoe flow
• Hexagonal columnar joints (terbentuk karena kontraksi ketika pendinginan magma, sumbu panjang columnar joint tegak lurus dengan arah pendinginan magma)
• Tephra• Volcanic bomb
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Batuan Plutonik (Plutons).Penampang diagramatik bagian dari kerak bumi (crust)
Memperlihatkan variasi bentuk dari plutonic rocks.
Banyak batuan plutonik dapat terkait dengan gunungapi (volcanoes)Terdapat hubungan yang erat antara batuan intrusif dan batuan ekstrusif.
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Laccolith : mirip sill (concordant), tapi bentuk menyerupai jamurBatholith : tubuh intrusi batuan beku dengan daerah permukaanyang paling luas (> 100 km2)Stock : menyerupai batholith, tapi punya luas permukaan yang lebih kecil
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VOLCANIC NECK,CENTRAL FRANCE
Volcanic neck, merupakan sisa erosi dari gunungapi purba (ancient volcano).
(Hoggar Mountains of Algeria).
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DIKE, BAR HARBOR,MAINE
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BATHOLITHS,EASTERN EGYPT
seen from space(EOSAT Company)
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VOLCANIC BOMB
TEPHRA(Vol. Ash & dust)
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Columnar joints, Devil’s Tower, Wyoming
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ATAS
Cinder cone : terbentuk oleh debu volcanik yang keluar dari central vent.Vent /volcanic neck : terisi solidified lavadan fragmental debris
BAWAH
Pillow basalt, pendinginan lava dibawah air membentuk ellipsoidal masses
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Pendinginan dan Kristaslisasi• Magma mendingin relatif perlahan (dibawah permukaan
bumi)– Cukup waktu membentuk kristal yang sempurna
– Ukuran kristal relatif kasar (besar)
– Tekstur Kristalin (crystalline texture)
• Magma mendingin relatif lebih cepat (dekat/di permukaan bumi)
– Tidak cukup waktu membentuk kristal yang sempurna
– Ukuran kristal relatif lebih halus (kecil)
– Tekstur kristalin
• Magma mendingin relatif sangat cepat (di permukaan bumi)– Tidak sempat membentuk kristal
– Membentuk kaca (glass)
– Tekstur amorf (amorphous texture)
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WARNA
• REFLEKSI DARI KOMPOSISI MINERAL-MINERAL PEMBENTUK BATUAN– FELSIC MINERALS
– MAFIC MINERALS
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KRISTALINITAS
• KRISTAL (CRYSTAL) VS KACA (GLASS) • UKURAN KRISTAL :
– KASAR (PHANERITIC TEXTURE)
– HALUS (APHANITIC TEXTURE)
– PADUAN KASAR DAN HALUS (PORPHYRITIC TEXTURE)
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Slow cooling
Phaneritic texture
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Rapid cooling
Aphanitic texture
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Aphanitic texture : Kristal diidentifikasi menggunakan mikroskopPada batuan ini tidak mungkin mengidentifikasi tanpa bantuan mikroskop.Gambar contoh setangan (hand specimen) dan sayatan tipis (thin section)
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Porphyritictexture
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KOMPOSISIBATUAN BEKUASSOSIASI MINERAL
BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES
MATERI KULIAH GEOLOGI REKAYASAJURUSAN TEKNIK SIPILUNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA
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(Hamblin & Cristiansen, 1995)
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(Hamblin & Cristiansen, 1995)
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BATUAN PIROKLASTIK
MATERI KULIAH GEOLOGI REKAYASAJURUSAN TEKNIK SIPILUNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA
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KLASIFIKASI UKURAN MATERIAL PIROKLASTIK
Ukuran Nama Fragmen Nama tekstural batuan
> 64 mm BlockBomb
Volcanic brecciaAgglomerate
2-64 mm Lapillus Lapilli tuff
< 2 mm ash Tuff
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PENGENALAN
BATUAN SEDIMEN(sedimentary rocks)
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SIKLUS BATUAN
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Batuan sedimen(Sedimentary Rocks)
• Batuan dapat berkomposisi asal klastika batuan yang lebih tua (older rocks).
• Batuan yang tersingkap di permukaan ~75% adalah batuan sedimen.
• Studi tentang batuan sedimen dapat merekonstruksi sejarah bumi (earth history).
• Memiliki nilai ekonomis penting sebagai sumber dari coal, oil & gas, iron, aluminum, sand, gravel etc.
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Empat TahapPembentukan Batuan Sedimen
1. Pelapukan (weathering)
2. Pengangkutan (transportation)
3. Pengendapan (deposition) – terjadi bila geologic agent tidak dapat mengangkut sedimen lebih lama
4. Pembatuan (lithification)
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Tahap 1: Pelapukan (weathering)
• Melapukkan batuan yang hadir lebih dahulu (pre-existing rock) – Mechanical
– Chemical
• Mengubah batuan menjadi sediment
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Tahap 2: Pengangkutan Sedimen
• Sediment diangkut oleh :– Angin (wind)
– Air (water)
– Es (ice)
• Gambaran dari pengangkutan sediment?– Pemilahan (Sorting)
– Pembundaran (Rounding)
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Tahap 2, Lanjutan :• Bila butiran (sediment) terangkut jauh, maka akan
menghasilkan butiran yang membundarJarak dekat
(Short distance)Jarak jauh
(Long distance)
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Tahap 2, lanjutan• Lebih lama sediment terangkut
– Sediment lebih tersortasi
Short distance
Long distance
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Tahap 3: Pengendapan (deposition)
• Mengangkut sediment membutuhkan energy!• Terdapat hubungan antara ukuran butir (grain size)
& energy– Butiran yang lebih kecil membutuhkan energi yang kecil
– Buturan yang lebih besar membutuhkan energi yang besar
– Jika sungai mengalir melambat, sediment akan diendapkan
– Jika sungai mengalir lebih cepat, sediment berukuran besar akan terbawa
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Ukuran partikel (Particle Size) & Lingkungan Pengendapan (Depositional Environment)
• Partikel berukuran besar diendapkan pada lingkungan dengan energi yang besar (higher energy environments).
• Contoh– Gravel – diangkut oleh aliran air yang cepat, longsoran
batuan (rock slides), atau aliran es (glacier)
– Sand – diangkut oleh angin (wind), kerja ombak (wave action-di pantai), sungai (rivers)
– Silt & Clay – di Lingkungan danau (lakes), rawa (swamp), tau laut dalam (deep oceans)
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Tahap 4: Pembatuan (Lithification)
• Kompaksi (Compaction) – tekanan dari sedimen yang menutupi diatasnya (overlying sediments) akan menyusun butiran dan menekan air dari rongga pori
• Sementasi (Cementation)- rongga pori terisi oleh pengendapan :– Calcite– Quartz– iron oxide
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Sumber material sedimen• Detritus – pecahan batuan
– e.g., gravel, sand, silt, clay yang berasal dari erosi permukaan lahan
• Precipitasi kimia (Chemical Precipitation) – pengendapan material terlarut dalam air– Presipitasi langsung (direct precipitation)
– Tetumbuhan atau binatang mengekstraksi zat kimia dari air untuk membentuk cangkang (shells), kerangka (skeletons), etc.
– Ketika binatang mati, maka cangkang diendapkan
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Batuan sedimen detrital(Detrital Sedimentary Rocks)
• Komposisi – kebanyakan terdiri dari quartz, feldspars & clay
• Diklasifikasikan berdasarkan ukuran partikel :– Conglomerate (> 2 mm, rounded grains)
– Breccia (> 2 mm, angular grains)
– Sandstone - 2 to 1/16 mm (see grains)
– Siltstone - 1/16 to 1/256 mm
– Shale - < 1/256 mm
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Konglomerat (Conglomerate)• Asal batuan :
– Aliran sungai yang cepat
– Endapan laut dangkal karena badai (storm)
– Terbawa aliran es (glacier)
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Batupasir (Sandstone)• Asal batuan :
– Sungai
– Pantai
– Gumuk pasir (sand dunes)
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Serpih (Shale)• Asal batuan :
– Laut dalam (Deep ocean)
– Danau dalam (deep lake)
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Batuan Sedimen Kimia(Chemical Sedimentary Rocks)
• 2 jenis :– Fisik - Evaporation (Evaporites)
• Salt, gypsum – endapan yang tertinggal pada proses evaporasi air
– Biokimia• Air-Tetumbuhan dan binatang mengekstraksi
CaCO3, membentuk shells etc. • Kerangka yang telah mati (mis. Terumbu)
berakumulasi pada dasar laut sebagai detritus.• Coal – material organik yang terawetkandi
lingkungan rawa.
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Ringkasan (Summary)
• Detrital Sedimentary Rocks– Kuncinya adalah Ukuran Butir (Grain size)
• Chemical Sedimentary Rocks– Kuncinya adalah komposisi kimia
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Special Features
• Terbentuk selama pengendapan :– Bedding - parallel or cross
– Ripple Marks
– Graded Bedding
– Mud cracks
• Membantu dalam menentukan lingkungan masa lampau dan iklim
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Lingkungan Pengendapan (Depositional Settings)
• Continents– Desert, glacial, fluvial (rivers), lake, swamp, cave
• Mixed (Transition zone)– Lagoon, river delta, estuary, beach
• Marine– Shallow, intermediate, or deep water
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Grain Sizes
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Mud Cracks
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Coal
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Shells
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Ripple Marks
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Cross-bedding
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Bedding
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Whole Fossil Rock
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Lithification of Detrital Sediments
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Graded bedding
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BATUAN METAMORF
Budhi Kuswan Susilo
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SIKLUS BATUAN
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• Dicirikan dengan Foliasi (Faliation), kesan berlapis pada tektur kristalin
• META = perubahan; MORPHO = bentuk• Batuan Metamorf = Batuan yang telah
mengalami perubahan bentuk dari batuan beku, batuan sedimen, dan/atau batuan metamorf
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Penyebab Metamorfisme
PERUBAHAN• Temperatur• Tekanan• Komposisi
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• Perubahan dipengaruhi oleh :– Temperatur – pertambahan PANAS
• Mineral menjadi tidak stabil• Membentuk mineral baru (Kondisi Baru)• Sumber Panas :
– Gradient Geothermal
– Peluruhan Radioaktif
– Magma Migrasi
– Tekanan• Peningkatan Tekanan
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Diagram Fase Andalusite, Sillimanite dan Kyanitemenunjukkan perubahan Al2SiO5
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– Fluida Aktif• Perubahan komposisi kimia – Pelepasan
H20 dan CO2. Contoh : Calcite (CaCO3) dan lempung [Al2Si2O5(OH)4] terurai melepas H2O dan CO2. Larutan ini akan mengendap pada Kondisi dan temperatur yang sesuai (baru)
• Metasomatisme : infiltrasi fluida asal luar, terkait dengan magma intrusion → Hydrotermal alteration
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TIPE METAMORFISME
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Types of Metamorphism
• Contact metamorphism – metamorfisme terjadi secara lokal pada batuan yang dekat dengan magma chamber
• Regional metamorphism – tegasan skala besar dan pemanasan batuan karena deep burial atau terkait dengan kerak atau lempeng kontinen dan tubrukan (colliding)
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Asal Mula (Origin) Batuan Metamorf pada Batas Lempeng Konvergen
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Contact Metamorphismn Adjacent to igneous intrusionsn Thermal (± metasomatic) effects of hot magma
intruding cooler shallow rocks n Occurs over a wide range of pressures, including
very lown Contact aureole
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Regional MetamorphismMetamorfisme yang terjadi pada tubuh batuan yang
luas dan meliputi pelamparan lateral yang luas
Tipe Utama :n Orogenic metamorphism
n Tipe metamorfisme yang berasosiasi dengan convergent plate margins
n Dynamo-thermal: episode orogenesa terkait dengan gradien geotermal dan deformasi
n Karakteristik : Batuan terfoliasi
n Burial metamorphism
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The Types of MetamorphismOrogenic
Metamorphism
Schematic model for the sequential (a c) development of a “Cordilleran-type” or active continental margin orogen. The dashed and black layers on the right represent the basaltic and gabbroic layers of the oceanic crust. From Dewey and Bird (1970) J. Geophys. Res., 75, 2625-2647; and Miyashiro et al. (1979) Orogeny. John Wiley & Sons.
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Asal Mula (Origin) Batuan Metamorf pada Batas Lempeng Konvergen
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(a) Shallow fault zone with fault breccia
(b) Slightly deeper fault zone (exposed by erosion) with some ductile flow and fault mylonite
Schematic cross section across fault zones. After Mason (1978) Petrology of the Metamorphic Rocks. George Allen & Unwin. London.
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MACAM-MACAM
BATUAN METAMORF
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Examples of foliated metamorphic rocks. a. Slate. b. Phyllite. Note the difference in reflectance on the foliation surfaces between a and b: phyllite is characterized by a satiny sheen. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
a
b
Slate: compact, very fine-grained, metamorphic rock with a well-developed cleavage. Freshly cleaved surfaces are dull
Phyllite: a rock with a schistosity in which very fine phyllosilicates (sericite/phengite and/or chlorite), although rarely coarse enough to see unaided, impart a silky sheen to the foliation surface. Phyllites with both a foliation and lineation are very common.
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
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SLATE
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Spotted Phyllite. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
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Garnet muscovite schist. Muscovite crystals are visible and silvery, garnets occur as large dark porphyroblasts. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Schist: a metamorphic rock exhibiting a schistosity. By this definition schist is a broad term, and slates and phyllites are also types of schists. In common usage, schists are restricted to those metamorphic rocks in which the foliated minerals are coarse enough to see easily in hand specimen.
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
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SCHIST
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Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss with obvious layering. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Gneiss: a metamorphic rock displaying gneissose structure. Gneisses are typically layered (also called banded), generally with alternating felsic and darker mineral layers.
Gneisses may also be lineated, but must also show segregations of felsic-mineral-rich and dark-mineral-rich concentrations.
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
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GNEISS
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Quartz sandstone Quartzite
Limestone Marble
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Akhir Perkuliahan