II.II. New Age of New Age of ScienceScience

(1830’s – early 1900’s)(1830’s – early 1900’s)

In Western Europe, the introduction of electricity, chemicals,and petroleum triggered a Second Industrial Revolution, and

a world economy began to develop.

The telegraph changedcommunications forever.

A. Samuel Morse.1. Mid-1830s,

developed electric telegraph

(Morse Code).

B.B. Henry Bessemer.Henry Bessemer.

1.1. The ‘Bessemer process’ – 1The ‘Bessemer process’ – 1stst inexpensive industrial inexpensive industrial

process for process for mass-mass-production of steel from production of steel from molten molten pig iron (1855).pig iron (1855).

Two weights used in the theatre and madeof pig iron; because of this, they are dubbed 'pig weights.'

Pig iron is raw iron.Pig iron is raw iron.

C.C. Charles Darwin.Charles Darwin.

1.1. Showed that species Showed that species originated through originated through evolutionary evolutionary change; scientific change; scientific theory of theory of natural selection..

2.2. “Survival of the “Survival of the fittest.”fittest.”

3.3. 1859, 1859, Origin of Origin of SpeciesSpecies.. A satire in Hornet magazine

portraying Darwin, the English naturalist, with an ape body and the bushy beard,

1866.

The Galapagos Islands hold 13 species of finches that are closelyrelated and differ most markedly in the shape of their beaks.

The beak of each species is suited to its preferred food, suggestingthat beak shapes evolved by natural selection.

D.D. Louis Pasteur.Louis Pasteur.

1.1. Prevent milk from going Prevent milk from going sour in 1862, known as sour in 1862, known as pasteurizationpasteurization (kill organisms). (kill organisms).

2.2. Created 1Created 1stst vaccine for rabies. vaccine for rabies.

E.E. Alexander Alexander Graham Bell. Graham Bell.

1.1. Invented Invented the the telephone telephone in in 1876.1876.

In "The Telephone Gambit: Chasing Alexander Graham Bell's Secret," journalist Seth Shulman argues that Bell — aided by aggressive lawyers and a corrupt patent examiner — got an improper

peek at patent documents Elisha Gray had filed, and Bell was wrongly credited with filing first.

F.F. Thomas Edison.Thomas Edison.

1.1. Invented the phonograph Invented the phonograph (1877), research laboratory, & (1877), research laboratory, & improved the light bulb (1879).improved the light bulb (1879).

Early advertisement for phonograph,showing the inventor Thomas Edison. 1879

G.G. Guglielmo Marconi.Guglielmo Marconi.

1.1. Invented 1Invented 1stst radio radio

in 1895.in 1895.

2.2. ImprovedImproved

Morris Code;Morris Code;

used onused on

ships.ships.

H.H. Marie Curie.Marie Curie.

1.1. Discovered the radioactive Discovered the radioactive elements elements of polonium and of polonium and radium (1898).radium (1898).

The first two-time Nobel laureate and the only person with Nobel Prizes in two different fields of science (physics and chemistry). She also became the first woman appointedto teach at the Sorbonne.

I.I. The Wright Brothers. The Wright Brothers.

1.1. 11stst controlled, powered, heavier- controlled, powered, heavier-than-air human flight on Dec. 17, than-air human flight on Dec. 17, 1903. 1903.

2.2. OrvilleOrville

& Wilbur& Wilbur

in Kittyin Kitty

Hawk,Hawk,

N.C.N.C.

First flight of “Wright Flyer” on December 17, 1903.

J.J. Henry Ford.Henry Ford.

1.1. Father of modern assembly lines Father of modern assembly lines used in mass production (1913). used in mass production (1913).

2.2. "Fordism", produced many "Fordism", produced many inexpensive; inexpensive; ↑↑ wages wages ($5/day in 1914). ($5/day in 1914).

Ford assembly line, 1913.

“You can paint it any color, so long as it's black.” -- Henry Ford

Model T from 1908-1927.

Production by 1916 was over 700,000 Production by 1916 was over 700,000 model T's -- twice the output of all model T's -- twice the output of all competitors combined. competitors combined.

The increased efficiency allowed Ford The increased efficiency allowed Ford to cut prices by a third, selling the car to cut prices by a third, selling the car for for $850$850 in 1909, and in 1909, and $290$290 by 1924. by 1924.

Ford made Ford made

15 million 15 million

model T's model T's

by 1927. by 1927.

ActivityActivity

In groups of 2, In groups of 2,

create a chartcreate a chart

((4 across and 4 across and

10 down10 down))

listing the listing the

person, item, person, item,

year, and year, and

purpose.purpose.

PersonPerson Item/ Item/ InventionInvention

YearYear PurposePurpose

SamuelSamuel

MorseMorseElectricElectric

telegraphtelegraphMid-Mid-1830’s1830’s

CommunicCommunica-tiona-tion