ii sem.ba malayalam- complementary course kerala padanam - madhya kala keralam (1) (1)

8/19/2019 II Sem.ba Malayalam- Complementary Course Kerala Padanam - Madhya Kala Keralam (1) (1)

1/27

a

UNIVSC

Calicut U

Icf ]T\w

yImetIcf

Complementary

Course for

II SEMESTER

BA MALAYALAM

(CUCBCSS)

(2014 Admission)

RSITY OF CALIOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIO

iversity P.O. Malappuram, Kerala, India

1006

UT N

673 635


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School of Distance Education

tIcf]T\w þ a[yIme tIcfw 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL

II Semester

Complementary Course for

BA – MALAYALAM

tIcf ]T\wþa[yImetIcfwX¿mdm¡nbXv

A\q]v BâWnAkn. s{]m^kÀaebmfw hn`mKwae_mÀ {InkvXy³ tImtfPv tImgnt¡mSvLayout: Computer Section, SDE

©

Reserved


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tamUyqÄ þ1

hnhn[ aX§Ä þ CÉmw, {InkvXpaXwþ{ioi¦c\pw AssZzXhpwþ

_p²þssP\þaX§fpsS XIÀ¨þ {_mÒWm[n]Xyw.

tamUyqÄ þ2

\mSphmgnIfpsS DbÀ¨bpw hfÀ¨bpwþtIme¯p\mSvþsIm¨nþthWmSv þ tImgn

t¡mSv, Adbv¡Â cmPhwi§Ä, IqSnbm«w, IYIfn, XpÅÂþ

`àn{]Øm\wþsNdptÈcnþFgp¯Ñ³þ]q´m\wþAd_naebmfwþaplnbp±o³ame þ

Ipªmbn³ apkveymÀ.tamUyqÄ þ3

]m«pw aWn{] hmfhpw, tIc fob t£{XIeI fpsS BhnÀ`mhw, Iq¯v.

tamUyqÄ þ4

PmXn hyhØbpw tIcfkaqlhpwþa®mt¸Sn, ]pet¸SnþAbn¯wþ

Ifcn, A¦w, s]mbv̄ vþhS¡³ ]m«pIÄþ DÕhmtLmj§ÄþHmWwþhnjp

amam¦wþtchXn ]«¯m\w.


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5/27



tamUyqÄ þ1

I¨hS¯n\p h¶htcmsSm¸w {]Ncn¨Xpw a\x]qÀÆambn {]Ncn¸n¨Xpamb aX§Ä tIcf¯nÂ BZyImew apXte thtcmSnbncp¶p. ChnsSbpÅ

cmPm¡·mÀ ]peÀ¯nt¸m¶ aXklnjvWpXbpw hnhn[ aX§fpsS {]Nmc¯n\v B¡w Iq«nbn«p-v. BbXn\mÂXs¶ _p²aXw, ssP\aXw, {InkvXpaXw, blqZaXw,CÉmwaXw XpS§nb aX§Ä AXnsâ DÛhImew apXÂXs¶ tIcf¯nÂ {]Ncn¨p.

CÉmwaXw

Ggmw \qäm-nsâ BZy]mZ¯nÂ, Atd_ybnÂ {]hmNI\mb apl½Zv Xsât{ijvTamb ktµiw P\§Ä¡p \ÂIns¡m-ncp¶ Ime¯pXs¶ hym]mcmÀ°wZ£ntWýbpsS ]Snªmtd Xoc¯v F¯nbncp¶ Ad_nIÄ AXnhnsS F¯n¨pF¶v ae_mÀ am\zenÂ temK³ Nq-n¡mWn¡p¶p. Cu Ad_nIÄ \m«pImcmbkv{XoIsf hnhmlw sNbvXv ae_mÀ Xoc§fnÂ IpSn]mÀ¡pIbpw AXphgn

am¸nfamcpsS Hcp k¦ckapZmb¯n\v ASn¯d ]mIpIbpw sNbvXXmbn _p¡m\³\nco£n¡p¶p-v. HSphnes¯ tNcN{IhÀ¯nbmb tNcam³ s]cpamÄ CÉmw aXwkzoIcn¨v a¡bnte¡v t]msb¶pw AXns\XpSÀ¶mWv CÉmw aXw tIcf¯nÂ{]Ncn¨sX¶pw Hcp sFXnlyw \nehnep-v. CÉmw aXw {]Ncņ n¡m³ amenIv C_v³Zo\mcpw IpSpw_hpw tIcf¯nÂ hcnIbp-msb¶papÅ IYbpw {]NmcW¯nep-v.AhÀ BZys¯ apÉow]Ån sImSp§ÃqcnÂ Øm]n¨p. AXv tNcam³ PpamakvPnZv F¶ t]cnÂ Adnbs¸Sp¶p. XpSÀ¶v sImÃw, amSmbn, ImkÀtImSv,{ioIWvT]pcw, [À½]«Ww, ]émb\n, Nmenbw F¶nhnS§fnÂ ]ÅnIÄ Øm]n¨p.

tIcf¯nse cmPm¡·mÀ A\phÀ¯n¨ aXklnjvWpX apÉow kapZmb¯nsâ {]m_ey¯n\pw {]Nmc¯n\pw klmbIambn. tImgnt¡ms« kmaqXncnamÀC¯c¯nÂ {]m[m\yw AÀln¡p¶p. kmaqXncnbpsS \mhnI¸SbmfnIÄ apÉo§fmbncp¶p. AXpt]mse amam¦ n̄\v kmaqXncn \ne]mSp XdbnÂ Fgps¶Åpt¼mÄIqsS \nÂ¡m\pÅ AhImiw D-mbncp¶Xv tImgnt¡ms« tImbbv¡mbncp¶p.

]Xn\mdmw iXI¯nsâ Bcw`w apXÂ ]mÝmXyiànIfpsS hcthmsSapÉo§Ä¡v ]eXc¯nepÅ IjvS\jvS§fpw A\p`hnt¡-nh¶p. Ime{ItaWkap{ZhmWnPy n̄Â Ad_nIÄ¡p-mbncp¶ B[n]Xyw \jvSambn. F¶mÂsslZcmenbpsSbpw Sn¸phnsâbpw Ime¯v ZpcnX§Ä¡v Ipds¨mcp Bizmkap-mbn.F¶mÂ ae_mÀ Iem]hpw {_n«ojpImcpsS at\m`mhhpw apÉo§fpsS ZpcnXwhÀ²n¸n p̈. ]n¶oSv kapZmb¯nsâ km¼¯nIþ kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob ]ptcmKXn

e£yam¡nbpÅ \nch[n {]Øm\§fpsSbpw kwLS\IfpsSbpw {]hÀ¯\êambnapÉowkapZmbw ]ptcmKXnbpsS ]mXbnÂ F¯s¸«p.

{InkvXpaXw

{InkvXpaXw bqtdm¸nÂ HutZymKnIambn AwKoIcn¡s¸SpItbm tdmanseaXambn {]XnjvT t\SpItbm sN¿p¶Xn\p aq¶p ]Xnäm-pap¼v F.Un. H¶mw iXI¯nÂ¯s¶ tIcf¯nÂ {]Ncn ņ¡s¸«p. {InkvXpinjy\mb skâv.tXmakv F.Un.52þÂ sImSp§ÃqcnÂ h¶psh¶pw {_mÒWcS¡apÅhsc aX]cnhÀ¯\wsN¿n¨psh¶pw IW¡m¡p¶p. amenb¦c, ]menbqÀ, tIm«¡mhv, sIm¡awKew,sImÃw, \ncWw, \nebv¡Â F¶nhnS§fnembn Ggp ]ÅnIÄ Øm]n̈ psh¶pamWv

sFXnlyw. F¶mÂ Ncn{XImc·mÀ _lp`qcn]£hpw Cu sFXnlywAwKoIcn¡p¶nÃ.


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F.Un. 68þÂ sImSp§ÃqcnÂ h¶ PqX·mcpsS hnhc§fnÂ sImSp§Ãqcnse

ss{IkvXh kapZmbs¯¡pdn¨v ]cmaÀin¡p¶p-v. F.Un. c-mw \qäm-nÂ tIcfwkµÀin¨ AeIvkm³{Unb³ hnZymebm²y£\mb ]m´tb\kv A¶v tIcf¯nÂ

{]_eamb Hcp {InkvXy³ kapZmbs¯ I-Xmbn {]kvXmhn¨n«p-v. G.Un. 325þÂ\nknbmbnÂ h¨pIqSnb kmÀhtZiob ss{IkvXh kt½f\¯nÂ CýbpsS

sa{Xmt]meo¯bpw ]s¦Sp̄ ncp¶p. G.Un. 345Â Im\mbn sXm½³ F¶I¨hS{]amWnbpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ 400 {InkvXym\nIfS§nb Hcp kwLw kndnb¡mÀ

tIcf¯nse¯n. AhcpsS ]n³KmanIsf Iv\m\mb {InkvXym\nIÄ F¶p

hnfn¨phcp¶p.

ChnsSsb¯nb {InkvXym\nIÄ hmWnPycwK¯v {]mamWyw t\SpIbpw

cmPm¡·mcpambpÅ kulrZ¯nsâ êambn Ht«sd B\pIqey§fpwhntijm[nImc§fpw ssI¸äpIbpw sNbvXp. c-mw tNckm{amPyIme¯v

ØmWpchn N{IhÀ¯nbpsS `cWkab¯v thWm«nse A¿\SnIÄ XncphSnIÄ Na¨ Xcnkm¸Ån sNt¸mSv, sImÃs¯ {InkvXym\nIÄ¡v H«\h[n AhImi§Ä

\ÂIns¡m-v D-mbXmWv. 13þmw \qäm-nse hoccmLh]«bw A\pkcn v̈ hoccmLh N{IhÀ¯n atlmZb]pcs¯ CchntImÀ¯³ F¶

{InkvXy³ hym]mcn¡v Ht«sd Øm\am\§Ä¡p ]pdsa aWn{Kmaw F¶ aWnIv

kwL¯nsâ \mbI]Zhnbpw A\phZn̈ psImSp̄ ncp¶Xmbn ImWmw.

kpdnbm\n `mjbnepÅ IpÀºm\bmWv tIcfob {InkvXym\nIÄ¡n

SbnÂ BZyImew apXte {]Nmc¯nencp¶Xv. BbXn\mÂ tIcf¯nse BZys¯{InkvXym\nIsf kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIÄ F¶p hnfn¨pt]m¶p. BZyIme¯v

t]Àjy³ ss{IkvXh k`bpsS Bßob t\XrXz¯nembncp¶p tIcf ss{IkvXhk`.BbXn\mÂXs¶ AhcpsS Bcm[\m`mjbmb kpdnbm\n ChnsS

Bcm[\m`mjbmbn {]Ncn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. F¶mÂ a[yIme v̄ sImÃs¯¯nbe¯o³ {InkvXy³ anj\dnamÀ tIcf¯nÂ Bcm[\bv¡v BZyambn e¯o³ `mj

\S¸nem¡n. t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsS hchpw 1599þÂ D-mb DZbwt]cqÀ kp\ltZmkpw

tIcfk`sb e¯o³ k`bm¡p¶XnÂ {][m\ ]¦phln̈ p. XpSÀ¶v tIcf¯nse{InkvXym\nIfpsS Hcp hn`mKw t]m¸nsâ A[nImc¯n³ Iognembn. F¶mÂ

adphn`mKw X§fpsS kpdnbm\n ]mc¼cy¯nÂ Dd¨p\nÂ¡m³ Xocpam\n¨p. 1653Â

a«mt©cnbnÂ \S¶ Iq\³ IpcnipkXyw CXnsâ ]cnWXnbmWv.

19þmw iXI¯nsâ Bcw`¯nÂ Cw¥ojpImÀ tIcf¯nÂ {]XnjvTt\SnbtXmSpIqSn sX¡³ tIcf¯nÂ FÂ.Fw.Fkpw. a²ytIcf¯nÂ

kn.Fw.Fkv.Dw hS¡³ tIcf¯nÂ _n.C.Fw.Fkv.Dw anjWdn {]hÀ¯\w \S¯n.ChcpsS {]hÀ¯\êambn cq]w sIm- k` kzmX{ým\ćw kn.Fkv.sF. k`

F¶ t]cnednbs¸«p. anj\dnamcpsS {]hÀ¯\êambn tIcfob kpdnbm\n

{InkvXym\nIÄ¡nSbnÂ \n¶v ]ptcmKa\mib¡mÀ thÀ]ncnªp. X§fpsS]mc¼cyw ssIhnSmsX amä§sf DÄs¡m-v AhÀ cq]w sImSp¯ k`bmWv

amÀt¯mam k`. XpSÀ¶t§m«v ]ehn[ ImcW§

fmÂ AkwJyw ss{IkvXh kÌÄ D-mbn«p-v. tIcf¯nsâ kmaqlnI,

km¼¯nI cwK¯pam{XaÃ kmwkvImcnI taJebnepw ss{IkvXhÀ ap{Z]Xn¸n¨Xnsâ DZmlcW§fmWv amÀKw Ifnbpw Nhn«p\mSIhpw.


7/27



{io i¦c\pw AssZzXhpw

`mcXob ZmÀi\nI ]mc¼cy¯nsâ kapPzeamXrIbpw thZm´ ]²XnbpsS

]camNmcy\pambncp¶p {ioi¦c³. At±l¯nsâ PohnXImew F.Un. 788þ820

BsW¶p IW¡m¡p¶p. ImeSnbnÂ P\n¨ At±lw \ÀaZm Xocs¯¯nKuU]mZcpsS injy\mb tKmhnµ]mZsc Kpcphmbn hcn¨p. At±l¯nÂ \n¶v

A[ymßhntZym]tZiw {Kln¨ i¦c³ Iminbnse¯n. {_Òkq{Xw, D]\nj¯p¡Ä,

`KhXvKoX F¶nhbv¡p `mjysagpXn. kpZoÀLamb hmZ{]XnhmZ§Ä¡mbn `mcXw

apgph\pw Npän k©cn¨p. ZnKznPb¯n\nSbv¡vv sX¡v irwtKcnbnÂ imcZm]oThpw,Ing¡v ]pcnbnÂ tKmhÀ[\]oThpw, ]Snªmdp ZzmcIbnÂ Imfo]oThpw, hS¡v

_Zco\mYnÂ tPymXnÀ]oThpw, Im©o]pc¯v ImatImSn]oThpw Øm]n¨p. XpSÀ¶v

kÀÆÚ]oTw Ibdn.

i¦csâ IrXnIfnÂ hnthINqUmaWn, kuµcyelcn, inhm\µelcn F¶nh

IqSmsX lnµpaX¯nse {]Øm\{Xb§Ä F¶p hntijn¸n¡p¶ {_Òkq{X`mjyw,D]\njZv `mjyw, `KhXv KoXm`mjyw F¶nhbpw DÄs¸Sp¶p. ]ß]mZÀ, kptcizc³,

lkvXmaeI³, tXmSI³ F¶nhÀ i¦cmNmcycpsS injyKW¯nse {][m\nIfmWv.

bpàncmlnXy¯nÂs]«pt]mb lnµpaXs¯ AXnÂ\n¶p tamNn¸n¡p

Ibpw AssZzXthZm´ ]²XnbpsS {]mamWnIX Dd¸n¨psImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp

F¶XmWv i¦cmNmcycpsS Gähpw {][m\ kw`mh\. aoamwkIÀ, kmwJoÀ, imàÀ,Im]menIÀ, ssP\À, _u²À XpS§n `mcX¯nep-mbncp¶ kakvXaXhmZnIsfbpw

i¦mcmNmcyÀ hmZ{]XnhmZ¯nÂ tXmÂ¸n̈ p.

“{_ÒkXyw PK·nYy

Pothm {_ssÒh\m]c:” þ

F¶XmWv i¦cZÀi\¯nsâ ]caamb s]mcpÄ. \ne\n¶ncp¶ IÀ½`àn amÀ¤¯n\v

]Icambn AssZzXZÀi\w Bhnjv¡cn¨p. D]\nj¯p¡fpsS ]ctam¶X ]Zhn

Øm]ns¨Sp¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

Bkv XnI aX¯nsâ c£bv ¡pw sI«pd¸n\pw th-n `mcX n̄sâ \mep

Zn¡pIfnembn k¶ymknaT§Ä Øm]n¨p. CXneqsS At±lw GI`mcX

k¦ev]w hn`mh\w sNbvXp. CXv ]n¶oSv tZiob sFIy¯n\v KpWIcambn `hn¨p.

A\pjvTm\]camb t£{Xmcm[\m k{¼Zmbw ]cnjvIcn¡p¶ Imcy¯nepw At±lw Xsâ {i² ]Xn¸n¨p. C{]Imcw lnµpaX¯nsâ {]XnjvTm\w

icnbmb hn[¯nÂ \nÀÆln¡s¸«Xv i¦cmNmcycpsS {]bXv\^eambmWv.

_p²aXw

AtimIsâ `cWImeamb _n.kn. aq¶mw iXI¯nÂ¯s¶ _p²aXw

tIcf¯nÂ F¯nbXmbn IW¡m¡mw. tIcf¯nse _p²aXs¯¸än Adnhp Xcp¶

Gähpw {]mNo\amb tcJ AtimIsâ c-mw \¼À imk\w F¶dnbs¸Sp¶KnÀWmÀ imk\amWv. AXnÂ tIcf]p{X (tIcfw) n̄Â a\pjyÀ¡pw arK§Ä¡pw

th-n BXpcmeb§Ä \nÀ½n¨Xmbn ]dªncn¡p¶p. _p² tZhmeb§sf ‘]Ån’

F¶mWp hyhlcn¨ncp¶Xv . Nne¸XnImcw FgpXnb Cft¦mhSnIÄ Hcp _p²


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k¶ymknbmbncp¶p. _p²aXX¯z§sfbpw AXnsâ alXzs¯bpw {]IoÀ¯n¡p¶

ImhyamWv ‘aWntaJe’. ‘AactImiw’ F¶ kwkvIrX tImi{KÙ¯nsâ

IÀ¯mhmb Aacknwl³ _p²aX¡mc\mbncp¶p. tIcf ISÂ¯oc¯p

{ioaqehmksa¶ t]cnÂ `mcXsa§pw {]kn²amb Hcp _p² hnlmcap-mbncp¶p.CXp ISÂt£m` n̄Âs¸«p \in¨pt]mbn. Abv cmPmhmb hn{IamZnXyhcKpWsâ]menbw imk\w C¡mcy¯nÂ hyàamb sXfnhv \ÂIp¶p-v. D¯ctIcf¯nepw

_p²aXw {]Nmc¯nencp¶p. hf]«W¯n\Sp¯pÅ ]Ån¡p¶nepw

Ggnaebv¡Sp¯pÅ amSmbnbnepw _p²hnlmc§fp-mbncp¶p F¶Xn\v

k©mcnIfpsS Ipdn¸pIÄ km£yw \nÂ¡p¶p.

{]Jym]nX e£y§fnÂ \n¶v hyXnNen¡m³ XpS§nbXnsâbpw

i¦cmNmcycpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ lnµpaXw DbnÀs¯gpt¶äXnsâbpw ^eambn_p²aXw £tbm·pJambn. ]{´-mw iXIambt¸mtg¡pw _p²aXw

\mamhtijamIp¶XmWv ImWm\mhpI. F¶mÂ tIcf¯nsâ kmwkvImcnI`qanIbnÂ _p²aX¯nsâ kw`mh\IÄ hfsc hepXmWv. t£t{XmÕh

hpambn _Ôs¸« sI«pImgvNIfpw ctYmÕh§fpw B\sbgp¶Å¯pIfpw

_p²aXhpambn _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶p. amthen¡c, sN«n¡pf§c, \oewt]cqÀ

`mK§fnepÅ sI«pImgvNIÄ CXn\p sXfnhmWv. imkvXmhv AYhm A¿¸³

lnµptZh\m¡s¸« _p²\msW¶pw i_cnaebnse A¿¸t£{X¯nte¡pÅ XoÀ°mS\¯nÂ _p²aXmNmc§fmWv ap¶n«p \nÂ¡p¶sX¶pw ]ÞnX·mÀ

A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p-v. imkvXmt£{X§Ä _p²hnlmc§fptSXpt]mse h\m´À`mK

¯mWv ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv F¶pÅXpw imkvXmhn{Kl¯n\pw _p²hn{Kl¯n\pw

X½nÂ Ccp¸nepw, cq]¯nepw kmayaps-¶pÅXpw {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶hkvXpXIfmWv. tIcf¯nÂ {]_eamb \mKmcm[\bpsS Bcw`hpw _p²aX n̄Â

\n¶mWv. _p²aX n̄sâ kzm[o\ iàn {]ISamIp¶ {]_eamb Hcp taJebmWv

BbpÀthZNnInÕ. _u²]ÞnX\mb hmKv`Ssâ ‘AjvTmwKlrZbw’ F¶

BbpÀthZ {KÙ¯n\v tIcf¯nepÅ {]Nmcw CXn\p sXfnhmWv. Xncphngm

inht£{X n̄epw XIgn imkvXmt£{X n̄epw \ÂInhcp¶ NnInÕ

_p²hnlmc§Ä \S¯nh¶ BXpc ip{iqjbpsS XpSÀ¨bmbncn¡Ww._p²k¶ymknamÀ _p² hnlmc§tfmSp tNÀ¶v ]mTimeIÄ Øm]n¨p. ]n¶oSv

lnµpaXw Cu k{¼Zmbw A\pIcn¡pIbmWv D-mbXv. ]mÀ°nh]pcwimebpw

Im´fqÀ imebpsaÃmw DÛhn¡p¶Xv Cusbmcp ]Ým¯e¯nemWv.

tIcfkwkvImc¯nÂ _p²aXw sNep n̄b kzm[o\ iàn kam\X

IfnÃmsX C¶pw \ne\nÂ¡p¶p.

ssP\aXw

ssP\aXw tIcf¯nÂ {]thin¨Xv _n.kn. aq¶mw iXI¯n

embncn¡msa¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶p. aucyN{IhÀ¯nbmb N{µKp]vX aucy\pw `{Z_mlp

F¶ ssP\ k¶ymknbpw {imhWs_ÂtKmfbnÂ h¶ncp¶p F¶v A\pam\n¡p¶p.CtX XpSÀ¶mWv tIcfapÄs¸sSbpÅ Z£ntW´y³ kwØm\§fnÂ ssP\aXw

{]Ncn¨Xv. ChcpsS A\pbmbnIÄ aX{]NcW¯nsâ t\XrXzw GsäSp¡pIbmbncp¶p.`cWm[nImcnIfpsS t{]mÕml\w AhcpsS DZyas¯ Ffp¸apÅXm¡n amän. Bbv

cmPmhmb hn{IamZnXyhcKpW³ Xncp¨mcW¯v ssP\aX tI{µ¯nte¡v Ht«sd


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hkvXp¡Ä Zm\w sN¿p¶Xns\ ]cmaÀin¡p¶ imk\w CXn\p sXfnhmWv.

Nne¸XnImc IÀ¯mhmb Cft¦mASnIÄ ssP\aX¡mc\mbncp¶p. At±l¯nsâBØm\amb Xr¡WmaXneIw ssP\ tI{µsa¶ \nebnÂ {]kn²n t\Sn.

{]mNo\ tIcf n̄Â \ne\n¶ncp¶ ]essP\t£{X§fpw ]nÂ¡me¯v lnµpt£{X§fmbn ]cnWan n̈«p-v. Ccn§me¡pSbnse IqSÂamWnIy t£{Xw Hcp

Ime v̄ ssP\ t£{Xambncp¶p F¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶p. `ctXizc³ F¶ ZnKw_c

ssP\\mWv ]n¶oSv `cX\m¡s¸«Xv F¶mWv ]ÞnXaXw. s]cp¼mhqcn\Sp¯v IÃnÂF¶ Øes¯ Kplm\nÀ½nXamb ssP\ t£{Xw C¶v `KhXn t£{Xambn

¡cpXnhcp¶p. t£{X¯nÂ ]mÀiz\mYsâbpw almhocXoÀ°¦csâbpw ]XvamhXo

tZhnbptSbpw {]XnaIÄ ImWmw. Hcp Ime v̄ CXv ssP\ t£{Xambncp¶p F¶

\nKa\¯ntes¡¯p¶Xn\v Cu sXfnhpIÄ Dt]mZv_eI§fmWv. I\ymIpamcnbnseXncp¨mcW¯p `KhXnt£{Xhpw ]-v ssP\aX tI{µambncp¶p F¶v a\knem¡mw.

]mÀiz\mYsâbpw ]ßmhXo tZhnbpsSbpw almhoctâbpw {]XnaIÄ Ct¸mgpwAhnsS ImWmw. \mKÀtImhnense \mKcmPmt£{Xw 16þmw iXIw hsc ssP\

t£{Xambncp¶p. thWm«pcmPmhmb `qXehoc DZbamÀ¯mÞ³ Cu t£{X¯n\v hkvXphIIÄ Zm\w sNbvXXn\v sXfnhp-v. hb\m«nse am\´hmSn, kpÂ¯m³

_t¯cn, FSbv¡Â F¶o {]tZi§Ä ssP\ tI{µ§fmbncp¶Xmbn hneyw temK³

ae_mÀ am\zenÂ ]dbp¶p-v. ]me¡mSv SuWnepÅ ssP\taSv ssP\cpsS Hcp{][m\ tI{µambncp¶p.

ae_mdnse t£{X§fpsSbpw apÉow ]ÅnIfpsSbpw hmkvXpinev]¯nÂ ssP\aX kwkvImc¯nsâ Nne ASbmf§Ä ZÀin¡mw. F.Un. 8þmw

iXI¯nÂ ssihþsshjvWhaX§Ä iàn {]m]n¨tXmSpIqSn tIcf¯nÂssP\aXw £bn¡m³ XpS§n. F¦nepw 16þmw \qäm-phsc AXp \ne\nÂ¡p

Ibpw B \qämt-msS \mamhtijamhpIbpamWv D-mbXv.

{_mÒWm[n]Xyw

sshZnI {_mÒWÀ tIcf¯nse¯nbXv F.Un. 8þmw iXI¯nsâ

BZyhÀj§fnÂ Xpfp\m«nÂ \n¶v ISÂ¯ocw hgnbmsW¶v hneyw temK³

A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p-v. F¶mÂ _n.kn.bnÂ Xs¶ sXt¡ C´ybnÂ Bcym[n\nthiw

Bcw`n¨p Ignªncp¶p. {InkvXphÀj¯nsâ BZyiXI§fnÂ Bcy·mcpsSkzm[o\iàn tIcfob kmaqlyPohnX¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p F¶Xn\v

kwLkmlnXy¯nÂ sXfnhpIfpap-v. tNccmPm¡·mcpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ

{_mÒW]ptcmlnX·mÀ thZhn[n{]ImcapÅ bmKm[n IÀ½§Ä A\pjvTn¨ncp¶p.H¶mw tNc km{amPy¯nsâ XIÀ¨bv¡ptijw tIcf¯nÂ Bcym[n\nthiw

XzcnXs¸«p. F.Un. 8þmw iXI¯nÂ shfnbnÂ \n¶v Hcp henb kwLw {_mÒWÀ

h¶ptNcpIbpw t\ct¯Xs¶ ChnsSbp-mbncp¶ {_mÒWyiàn¡v Icp¯phÀ²n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ChtcmsSm¸ap-mbncp¶ `S·mÀ ChnSs¯ _p²k¶ymkn

amcpambn hmZ{]XnhmZ¯nteÀs¸SpIbpw Ahsc ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n {_mÒWy¯nsâ

{]mamWyw Øm]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. `àn{]Øm\hpw i¦mcmNmcycpsS ZnKvhnPbhpwBcyhÂ¡cWw AXnsâ ]qÀ®Xbnse¯n¨p.


10/27



C¯cw {]hÀ¯\§fpsS ^eambn tIcfobþkmaqlnI kwhn[m

\¯nÂ amä§Ä D-mbn. IÀ¡iaÃmXncp¶ PmXn hyhØ {_mÒWm[n\nthiw \o¡pt]m¡nÃm¯Xm¡n ōÀ¯p. tIhew {ZmhnU \mSphmgnIfm

bncp¶ ChnSps¯ `cWm[nImcnIsf £{Xnb hÀ¤ambn DbÀ¯pIbpw ]W¡mcmbI¨hS¡msc hWnIÀ hn`mKam¡n amäpIbpw sN¿pI hgn NmXpÀhÀWy¯nsâ

{]amW§Ä kaqlKm{X¯nÂ _p²n]qÀÆw XncpInIbäpIbmWv sNbvXXv.kwLIme¯nsâ Ahkm\amIpt¼mÄ {_mÒWkwc£Ww cmPm¡·mcpsS

al¯mb [À½ambn amdp¶Xp ImWmw. kwLIme¯nsâ ]pÀÆL«¯nÂ

kapZmb¯nsâ D¶X]Zhnembncp¶ ]mW³, thSÀ, IpdhÀ XpS§nb A[zm\n¡p¶hÀ¤¡mÀ Xmgv¶ hǹ mKambn (IotgmÀ) amän \nÀ¯s¸«p. imcocnIm[zm\w

BhiyapÅ {]hr¯nIfnÂ GÀs¸«ncp¶hsc kaql¯nsâ Gähpw Xmgv¶

]SnbnepÅhcmbn«mWv KWn¨ncp¶Xv.

NmXpÀhÀ®y¯nÂ Gähpw Xmsgbmbnt¸mbhÀ¡pw kv{XoIÄ¡pwhnZym`ymkw \njn²ambncp¶p. P\§fpsS `£Wioe§fnepw hyXnbm\w hcp n̄.

amwkw `£n¡p¶Xv kmaqlnIamb Hc]IÀjambn Iev ]n p̈. HcmfpsS kmaqlyamb]Zhn \nÀ®bn¡s¸SpI AbmfpsS sXmgnensâ ASnØm\¯n

embncn¡pw F¶ \ne kwPmXambn. BcyaX {]NmcIÀ _p²þssP\ aX§sf

FXnÀ¯p. _p² hnlmc§fpw _p² hn{Kl§fpw XIÀ¡s¸«p. lnµpaXw{]Ncņ n¡m³ AkwJyw t£{X§Ä \nÀ½n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ]e _p²

hnlmc§fpw sslµh Bcm[\meb§fmbn amdn. BtcyXcamb tZhXIfpw

BNmc§fpw {]ikvXnbpsSbpw {]Nmc¯nsâbpw am\ZÞ§Ä sh¨psIm-v

BcyhÂ¡cW¯n\v hnt[bambn. sImässh F¶ {ZmhnUtZhX `KhXn BIp¶Xpwimkv Xmhv lcnlc]p{X³ BIp¶Xpw Cusbmcp ]Ým¯e¯nemWv .

C{]Imcw Bcy·mÀ {ZmhnU P\Xsb lnµpaX¯nÂ ebn¸n¨Xv Hcpkmbp[m{IaWw sIm-mbncp¶nÃ. adn¨v kmaqlnI eb\¯nsâbpw kmwkv

ImcntImZv{KY\¯nsâbpw {Iam\pKXamb {]{InbbneqsSbmbncp¶p.


11/27



samUyqÄ þ2

\mSphmgnIfpsS DbÀ¨bpw hfÀ¨bpw

kwLIme¯n\p tijw Ncn{Xs¯ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw ‘\o- cm{Xn’

bmbmWv Ncn{XImc·mÀ IcpXp¶Xv ’. Bdv, Ggv, F«v \qäm-pIfnse tIcf¯nsâ

Ncn{Xw AÚmXambn XpScp¶p. NmeqIyÀ, ]ÃhÀ, ]mÞy³, cmjv{SIqSÀ F¶nhÀ

tIcfs¯ B{Ian¨Xmbn AhcpsS tcJIfnÂ AhImis¸Sp¶p-v. F.Un. 9 apXÂ 11hscbpÅ \qäm-pIÄ c-mw tNckm{amPyambn IcpXs¸Sp¶p. F.Un. 800mw

Bt-msS IpetiJc hÀ½bpsS t\XrXz n̄Â ]p\xØm]nXamb tNciàn

cmahÀ½ IpetiJc\nse¯p¶tXmsS Ahkm\n¡p¶XmbmWv ImWpI. `mkvIc

chnhÀ½ H¶masâ Ime v̄ XpS§nb tNcþtNmfbp²w Hcp \qämt-mfw \o-p

\n¶Xmbn Ncn{XImc·mÀ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. CXv ‘\qäm-pbp²w’ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p.

`mkvIchnhÀ½ c-ma³, cmPknwl³, `mkvIcchnhÀ½ aq¶ma³, cmahÀ½

IpetiJc³, hoctIcf³ F¶nhÀ C¡me¯v `cWkmcYyw GsäSp¯cmPm¡·mcmWv. tNmf·mcpsS \ncćamb B{IaWw tNc iànsb

£oWn¸n¡pIbpw BXyńIambn IpetiJc km{amPy n̄sâ ssiYney¯n\p

hgnshbv¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Cusbmcp ]Ým¯e¯nemWv tIcf¯nse

\mSphmgnIfpsS DbÀ¨bpw hfÀ¨bpw AXnsâ ]mcay¯nse¯p¶Xv. CXv tIcfNcn{X¯nse ]pXnsbmcp A[ymbs¯Ipdn¡p¶p. Cu kabw thWmSv Hcp

kzX{ćmPy¯nsâ ]Zhn t\Sn. s\Snbncn¸v, s]cp¼S¸v, tIme¯p\mSv, Adbv¡Â

cmPhwi§fpsS DÛhw Cu ZimkÔn¡p tijw kw`hn¡p¶ H¶mWv. CXpIqSmsXsX¡v FfbS¯p kzcq]w sXm«v hS¡v Ip¼fhsc sNdpInS \m«pcmPy§fpw

DbÀ¶ph¶p. Bän§Â, ImbwIpfw, ]´fw, sX¡pwIqÀ, hS¡pwIqÀ, ]qªmÀ,

CS¸Ån, sImSp§ÃqÀ, hÅph\mSv, ]me¡mSv, IS¯\mSv, \oteizcw F¶n§s\

H«\h[n \m«pcmPy§Ä CXn\nSbnÂ \ne\n¶ncp¶p.

tIme¯p\mSv

tIme¯p\mSnsâ DÛhw AÚmXamWv. kwLImew AYhm H¶mw

tNckm{amPyIme¯v Ggnae BØm\am¡n `cn¨ncp¶ Hcp cmPhwi¯nsâ

Iognembncp¶p B {]tZiw. c-mw tNckm{amPyIme¯v hSt¡ ae_mdnse

{]tZi§Ä IpetiJc·mcpsS B[n]Xy¯n³ Iognepambncp¶p. aqjIcmPywF¶mWv tIme¯p\mSv Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. AXpesâ aqjIhwiw kwkvIrX

almImhyw 12þmw iXI¯nsâ Bcw`w hscbpÅ aqjIcmPyNcn{XamWv {]Xn]mZn¡p¶Xv. ]Xn\memw iXIw apXÂ Cu \mSv tIme¯p\mSv F¶dnbs¸«p.

]Xnaq¶mw iXI¯ns\mSphnÂ tIcfw kµÀin¨ amÀt¡m

t]mtfm FgpXnb k©mc hnhcW§fnemWv tIme¯ncnamcpsS cmPys¯¡p

dn¨v BZys¯ kXykÔamb ]cmaÀiw ImWp¶Xv. GencmPyw tIme¯p\mSmsW¶XnÂ kwibanÃ. tIme¯p\m«pcmPyw ]camh[n hS¡v t\{XmhXn \Zn

apXÂ sX¡v tImçpg hscbpw Ing¡v IpSIpae sXm«v ]Snªmdv Ad_n¡SÂ

hscbpw hym]n¨ncp¶p. tIme¯p\mSphmW {]kn² cmPmhmWv cmLh³.


12/27



Ip¼f, \oteizcw, tIm«bw, IS¯\mSv, F¶nh tIme p̄\m«nÂs¸«

\mSpIfmWv ’. cmPIpSpw_¯nse Gähpw {]mbapÅ ]pcpjmwKamWv tIme¯ncn F¶

Øm\t¸tcmSpIqSn cmPyw `cn¨ncp¶Xv. sXm«Sp¯ Cfapd¡mÀ sXs¡fwIqÀ,

hSs¡fwIqÀ, \memwIqÀ, A©mwIqÀ F¶o t]cpIfnÂ Adnbs¸«pt]m¶p.sXs¡fwIqÀ Bbncp¶p ASp¯ cmPyhImin. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ tIcf¯nÂhcpt¼mÄ tIme¯ncn tImgnt¡ms« kmaqXncnbpsS kzm[o\iànbnÂ AaÀ¶ncp¶p.

hmWnPy cmjv{Sob cwK§fnÂ AhÀ _²i{Xp¡fpambncp¶p.

tIme¯p\mSv kmwkvImcnIambn Gsd ap¶n«p\n¶ncp¶p. `mKhX¯n\v

‘IrjvW]Zn’sb¶ hymJym\sagpXnb cmLhm\µ³ tIme¯p\m«pcmPmhmbncp¶

cmLhsâ kZky\mbncp¶p. AtamL cmLhw N¼phnsâ IÀ¯mhmb ZnhmIc\pwCt±l¯nsâ BØm\Ihnbmbncp¶p. bp[njvTnc hnPb¯n\v ]ZmÀ°Nn´\sa¶

hymJym\w cNn¨ cmLh³, {ioIrjvW hnPbsa¶ kwkvIrX Imhy¯nsâ

IÀ¯mhmb i¦c³ F¶nhÀ {]kn²cmWv. CfapdcmPmhmb cmahÀ½bmWv

`mcXkw{Klw almImhy¯nsâbpw N{µnIm Ipem]oTw \mSI¯nsâbpw IÀ¯mhv.IrjvWKmYmImcsâ ]pckvIÀ¯mhmb DZbhÀ½³ tIme¯ncnbpw Cu hwi¯nsâ

biÊmWv.

sIm¨n (s]cp¼S v̧ kzcq]w)

IpetiJc·mcpsS AkvXa\¯n\ptijw DSseSp¯ kzcq]amWv s]cp¼S¸v.

tNcam³ s]cpamfpsS ktlmZcnbnÂ s]cp¼S¸v \¼qXncn¡p P\n¨ aq̄ ]p{Xsâ

A[o\XbnÂ h¶ {]tZiamWv sIm¨n F¶mWv 1901þse sIm¨n³ tÌäv sk³kkv

dnt¸mÀ«nÂ ]dbp¶Xv. ‘s]cp¼S¸v ’ KwKm[c hoctIcf Xrt¡mhnÂ A[nImcn’F¶mWv sIm n̈ cmPm¡·mcpsS ]qÀ®amb Øm\t¸cv. s]cp¼S v̧ cmPhwi n̄sâ

BØm\w BZyIme¯v atlmZb]pc¯pXs¶bmbncp¶psh¶mWv IW¡m¡p¶Xv.

IpetiJc·mÀ¡ptijw amam¦ atlmÕhw BtLmjn¡pIbpw AXnÂ A[y£whln¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶Xv s]cp¼S¸v cmPm¡·mcmWv. hoccmLh ]«b¯nsâ

inev]n hoccmLh N{IhÀ¯n s]cp¼S¸p cmPmhmbncp¶p. imk\ Imew F.Un. 1225

BsW¶mWv IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶Xv . ]n¶oSv s]cp¼S¸ns\¡pdn¨pÅ hnhc§Ä

e`n¡p¶Xv t]mÀ¨pKokv BKa\t¯msSbmWv.

F.Un. 1341 Â s]cnbmänep-mb shÅs¸m¡s¯XpSÀ¶v sImSp§ÃqÀ AgnASªpt]mhpIbpw sIm¨n Agn Xpd¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. ssh¸n³ Zzo]v DbÀ¶ph¶Xpw C¡me¯mWv. GXm-v Cu kw`h n̄\p tijw s]cp¼S¸p cmPm¡·mÀsIm¨nbnte¡v XeØm\w amän. ]Xn\©mw \qäm-nÂ s]cp¼S¸p kzcq]¯nÂD-mb aq¯Xmhgn CfbXmhgn XÀ¡w kmaqXncnbpsS B{IaWe£y§Ä¡v IqSpXÂ klmbIambn¯oÀ¶p. `cWm[nImcw ssI¡em¡phm³ aq¯XmhgnkmaqXncnbpsS klmbw A`yÀ°n¨p. XpSÀ¶v ]cam[nImcw ]Wbs¸Sp¯nkmaqXncnbpsS klmbt¯msS `cW¯ntedn. ]Xn\mdmw \qäm-nÂt]mÀ¨pKokpImcpw XpSÀ¶v U p̈ImcpamWv sIm¨nbpsS A ǹhr²nbv¡v ASn¯d]mInbXv. kmaqXncnbpambpÅ bp²¯nÂ sIm¨n¡v t]mÀ¨pKokv klmbw

e`n̈ ncp¶p. CXns\ XpSÀ¶mWv C´ybnÂ¯s¶ BZyambn bqtdm]y·mÀ \nÀ½n¨tIm«bmb am\phÂtIm« t]mÀ p̈KokpImÀ sIm¨n cmPmhnsâ A\phmZt¯msS]Wnbp¶Xv. t]mÀ¨pKokv ImeL«¯nse Gähpw {]kn²\mb cmPmhv


13/27



hoctIcfhÀ½bpsS ]n³Kmanbmbncp¶ tIihcmahÀ½bmbncp¶p. a«mt©cnbnsePqX¸Ån C¡me¯mWv \nÀ½n¡s¸«n«pÅXv. 1658þÂ sImÃw, sImSp§ÃqÀ, sIm n̈,]pd¡mSv, I®qÀ F¶o {]tZi§Ä t]mÀ¨pKokpImcnÂ \n¶v U¨pImÀ ]nSns¨Sp p̄.sIm¨n cmPys¯ {][m\a{ńamcmbncp¶p ]menb¯¨·mÀ. U¨v ta[mhnXz¯nsâBZyL«¯nÂ ]menb¯¨\p-mbncp¶ {]mamWyw A\ntj[yambncp¶p. U¨pImeL«¯nse Gähpw {]ikvX\mb cmPmhv 1701 apXÂ 1721 hsc `cWw \S n̄bcmahÀ½bmbncp¶p. 1775 apXÂ 1790 hsc cmPyw `cn¨ cmahÀa cmPmhnsâ Ime¯mWv

sslZcpsS B{IaWap-mbXv. XpSÀ¶v A[nImc¯ntednbXv ‘ià³ X¼pcm³’F¶ t]cnÂ {]kn²\mb cmahÀ½bmbncp¶p. At±lw CuÌným I¼\nbpambn[mcWbnteÀs¸«p. cmPys¯ {]`p¡·mcpsS A[nImcw AaÀ¨ sNbvXv cmPm[nImcw{]_eam¡phm³ At±lw ]cn{ian¨p. {_n«ojv dknUâmbncp¶ tIWÂsa¡msfbpsS _w¥mhv B{IaWhpambn _Ôs¸«v ]menb¯¨s\ \mSpIS n̄.AtXmsS ]menb¯¨·mcpsS a{ńØm\hpw Ahkm\n¨p. 1949Â cmahÀ½

]co£n¯pX¼pcm³ cmPmhmbncn¡pt¼mÄ XncphnXmwIqdpambpÅ kwtbmP\s¯A\pIqen¨Xnsâ êambn XncpþsIm¨n tÌäv \nehnÂ h¶p.

thWmSv

IpetiJc km{amPy n̄sâ AkvXa\t¯msS 12 þmw iXIt¯mSpIqSn{]_eamb cmPyamWv thWmSv. tNckm{amPy¯nsâ Gähpw sX¡v ØnXnsNbvXncp¶ Cu \mSns\¡pdn¨v kwLkmlnXy¯nÂ ]cmaÀianÃ. Ncn{XtcJIfpsSASnØm\¯nÂ thWm«nse BZys¯ `cWm[nImcn A¿\SnIÄ XncphSnIÄ BWv.(F.Un. 849þXcnkm¸Ån tNt¸Sv). Hcp kzX{ćmPysa¶ \nebnÂ thWm«nsâ Ncn{XwBcw`n¡p¶Xv cmahÀ½ IpetiJcsâ Ime¯mWv. tImXhÀ½, hoctIcfhÀ½,hocchnhÀ½, BZnXyhÀ½, DZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½, chn tIcfhÀ½, ]ß\m`³amÀ¯mÞ hÀ½, Pbknwl³, chnhÀ½ IpetiJc³, hocDZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½,Cchn, Cchn hÀ½, BZnXyhÀ½ kÀÆmwK\mY³, tNc DZb amÀ¯mÞhÀ½,chnhÀ½, `qXe hoc DZb amÀ¯mÞhÀ½, {io hoc tIcfhÀ½, D®nt¡cfhÀ½,chnhÀ½, Dab½ dmWn, tIm«bw tIcfhÀ½, chnhÀ½, BZnXyhÀ½, cmahÀ½F¶nhÀ XpSÀ¶p h¶ cmPm¡·mcmWv. cmahÀ½bv¡ptijw XncphnXmwIqdnsâ`cWw GsäSp¯Xv B[p\nI XncphnXmwIqdnsâ Øm]I³ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ A\ngwXncp\mÄ amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bmWv.

]ß\m`kzman t£{X n̄sâ ]p\À\nÀ½mWw \S¶Xpw ipNo{µ¯n\v

‘hoctIcf NXpÀthZnawKew’ F¶v \maIcWw sNbvXXpw hoctIcf hÀ½bpsSIme¯mWv. I-nbqÀ, aWen¡c F¶o imk\§fnÂ chn tIcfhÀ½sb¡pdn¨v ]cmaÀiap-v. ]ß\màmÀ¯mÞhÀ½bpsS Ime¯mWv thWmSn\ptaÂ ]mÞym[n

]Xyw D-mIp¶Xv. sImÃ n̄\pw kao]{]tZi§Ä¡pw ‘Pbknwl\mSv ’ AYhm

‘tZin§\mSv ’ F¶ t]cp-mbXv Pbknwlsâ Ime¯mWv. thWm«Nâ a¡¯mb

a\pkcn̈ v `cWm[nIcmtaä Ahkm\ cmPmhmWv ‘kw{Kma[oc³’ F¶ _ncpZapÅchnhÀ½ IpetiJc³ (1299þ 1314). ]mÞy `cW n̄embncp¶ thWmSnsâ {]tZi§fnÂ Ct±lw B[n]Xyw Dd¸n¨p. 1312þÂ Ct±lw Z£ntWýbpsS N{IhÀ¯nbmbn

A`ntjIw \S¯n. sImÃw ]«Whpw, XpdapJhpw ]cnjvIcn¡p¶Xpw C¡me¯mWv.


14/27



thWm«nÂ acpa¡¯mba\pkcn¨v A[nImc¯ntednb BZys¯ cmPmhmWv

hocDZb amÀ¯mÞhÀ½. D®p\oen ktµi n̄se ktµihmlI\mWv CchnCchnhÀ½bpsS A\pP³ Cchn BZnXyhÀ½. Ihnbpw ]ÞnX\pw

bp²hoc\pambncp¶ BZnXyhÀ½ kÀÆmwK\mYs\bmWv D®p\oen ktµi n̄Âkw{Kma[oc³ (bp²hoc³) F¶pw kÀÆmwK\mY³ (kÀÆhnZymhnN£W³) F¶pw

hmgv̄ p¶Xv. thWmSnsâ Ncn{X¯nse Gähpw \o- `cWImew tNcDZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½bpsSXmbncp¶p. Cu kabw thWmSnsâ AXnÀ n̄IÄ

Xncps\Âthen {]tZi§fnte¡pw hym]n¨p. ‘eoemXneIw’ cNn¡s¸«Xv

At±l¯nsâ Ime¯mWv.

{io ]ß\m`kzman t£{X¯nse tbmK¡mcpw cmPmhnsâ BfpIfpw X½nÂ

\ncćw {]iv \§Ä D-mhpI ]Xnhmbncp¶p. ]nÅamcpw tbmK¡mcpw ]et¸mgpwcmPm[nImc¯n\p Xs¶ òjWnbmbn `hn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. F¶mÂ ChcpsS

A[nImc§sf \nb{ń¡m³ chnhÀ½ (1484þ1512) {ian¨p. t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpambpÅ_Ôw Bcw`n¡p¶Xpw C¡me¯mWv. `qXe hoc DZb amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bpsS

Ime¯v hnPb\KchpambpÅ bp²w D-mhpIbpw AhcpsS taÂt¡mbva

AwKoIcnt¡-n hcnIbpw sNbvXp. F¶mÂ D®nt¡cfhÀ½bpsS Ime¯v thWmSv

Cu B[n]Xy`mcw X«ns¯dn¸n¨p. a[pcbnse Xncpae\mbn¡sâ \©n\mSm{IaWw

D-mIp¶Xv chnhÀ½ (1611þ63) bpsS Ime¯mWv. Cchn¡p«n¸nÅ a[pcssk\yt¯mSv s]mcpXn hocNcaw {]m]n¨p. apKÄ kÀZmÀ F¶ kmlknI\mb apÉoansâ (apIne³

]S) thWmSm{IaWw D-mIp¶Xv Dab½ dmWnbpsS Ime¯mWv. Cu bp²¯nÂ

dmWn¡v tIm«bw tIcfhÀ½bpsS klmbw e`n¡pIbpw dmWn At±ls¯

Zs¯Sp¡pIIbpw; CcWnbnÂ cmPIpamc³ ]Zhn \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXp. ]pet¸Sn,a®mt¸Sn F¶ {]mNo\mNmcw \ntcm[n̈ Xv Ct±lamWv.

BZnXyhÀ½bpsS Ime¯v tbmK¡mcpw ]nÅamcpw cmPmhns\Xnsc

KpcpXcamb \o¡§Ä \S¯n. cmPy¯v Ac£nXmhØ Act§dn. \m«pIm

cpsS A©psX§ptIm« B{IaWhpw C¡me¯mWv D-mIp¶Xv. ]n¶oSph¶

cmahÀ½bpsS Ime¯v cmPm[nImcw XIÀ¶p. Cw¥ojv CuÌným I¼\nbpw thWmSpcmPmhpw DS¼SnbnÂ H¸ph¨p. tbmK¡mÀ¡pw ]nÅamÀ¡pw FXncmb \o¡§fnÂ

cmPmhnsâ \ne iàns¸Sp¯m\mbn Cw¥ojpImcpsS klmbw tXSn. XpSÀ¶v

`cW¯ntednb amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bmWvþthWm«nÂ cmPm[nImcw ]p\xØm]n¨Xpw

]nÅamcpsSbpw tbmK¡mcpsSbpw òjWn, ]qÀ®ambpw Hgnhm¡nbXpw, XpSÀ¶v kpØncamb `cWt¯msS cmPyw hn]peoIcn¡p¶Xpw.

tImgnt¡mSv (s\Snbncn¸v kzcq]w)

tIctfmÂ]¯nbnse sFXnlyw A\pkcn¨v Ahkm\s¯ s]cpamÄ tIcfw]Ip p̄ kvt\lnX·mÀ¡pw _Ôp¡Ä¡pw \ÂInbn«v a¡¯pt]mbn F¶pw

s\Snbncn¸nse amWnIys\¶pw hn¡cs\¶pw t]cpÅ GdmSn ktlmZc·mÀ¡v sNdnb

tZihpw Xsâ ‘HSnªhmfpw’, ‘DSª iwJpw’ tImSp¯n«v ‘N¯pw sIm¶pw

IogS¡nbpw’ N{IhÀ¯nbmbn ae\mSS¡n hmgpI F¶Xv D]tZin¨psh¶pamWv

hnizkn¡p¶Xv.


15/27



]Xnaq¶mw iXIwhsc tImgnt¡mSv Hcp anI¨ XpdapJhpw kpiàamb Hcp

cmPy¯nsâ BØm\hpambncp¶nÃ. IpetiJc km{amPy¯nsâ ]X\¯n\ptijwtImgnt¡mSpw kao]{]tZi§fpw t]mf\mSnsâ `mKambn

cp¶p. Gd\ms« s\Snbncn¸nse GdmSnIÄ ISente¡v Hcp {]thiamÀ¤wI-p]nSn¡m\pw kap{ZhmWnPy¯nÂ t\cn«v ]s¦Sp¡m\pw Nne ]²XnIÄ

Bkq{XWw sNbvXp. GdmSnbpw t]mÀfmXncnbpw X½nepÅ bp²w HSphnÂ Iemin¨Xv GdmSnIfpsS hnPb¯nembncp¶p. t]mf\mSp ]nSn¨S¡nbtXmsS GdmSnIÄ AhcpsS

BØm\w s\Snbncn¸nÂ \n¶pw tImgnt¡mt«¡p amän. thfm]pcw F¶ Øe¯v

tIm«bpw sIm«mchpw \nÀ½n¨p. tImbnÂ+tIm« tImbnÂt¡m« tImgnt¡mSv.

]Xn\memw iXIw apXÂ tImgnt¡mSv tIcf¯nsâ cmjv{Sob Imcy§fnÂ

]cnKW\obamb Hcp iànbmbn DbÀ¶p h¶p. tIcf¯nse Gähpw anI¨

XpdapJambncp¶p tImgnt¡mSv. IpcpapfIv, Gew, XpWn¯c§Ä F¶nh IbäpaXn

sNbvXp t]m¶p. tImgnt¡mSv Hcp kzX{́ XpdapJambncp¶p. Ad_nIfpwNo\¡mcpamWv hntZi hmWnPy¯nÂ ap¼·mcmbncp¶Xv.

Ip¶et¡m\mXncn, ssiem_v[oizc³, ]q´pdt¡m³, GÀfmXncn,s\Snbncn¸paq¸³ F¶n§s\ ]e t]cpIfnemWv tImgnt¡mSnsâ `cWm[nIm

cnbmbncp¶ kmaqXncn Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. cmPmhv tkzÑm[nImcnbmbncp¶p. F¶mÂ

]c¼cmKXamb \nba§sfbpw a{ńamcpsS D]tZi§sfbpw cmPmhv BZcn¡

Wambncp¶p. `cWw kpKaam¡p¶Xn\mbn At±l n̄\v ‘kÀÆm[nImcy¡mÀ’ Bb

\mev {][m\ a{ńamcpw D-mbncp¶p. {][m\ a{́ namcnÂ ap¼³ a§m«¨³

Bbncp¶p. Bbp[mNmcy·mÀ [Àt½m¯p ]Wn¡À Bbncp¶p. cmPyw ]e\mSpIfmbn

hǹ Pn n̈cp¶p. \mSphmgnIÄ Xeapdbmbn \mSnsâ `cWImcy§Ä t\m¡nh¶p.bp²Ime v̄ ChÀ ]SbmfnIsf Ab¨psImSp n̄cp¶p. `Þmcw hI \nIpXn]ncnhv

Imcy¡mc·mcpw IW¡v kaÀ¸Ww sIm«mcw tat\m¡nIfpw \S¯nh¶p.

kpiàamb ssk\yw kmaqXncn¡v D-mbncp¶p. IfcnbneqsS ]cnioe\w

]qÀ¯nbm¡p¶ bphm¡sf \mSphmgn {]mtZinI ssk\y¯nÂ AwKam¡nbncp¶p.

AXn\p sXfnhmbn hmÄ k½m\n¡pambncp¶p. \mSphmgnbpsS A ǹaXwt]mse

bp²¯nÂ tNÀ¶p ]Ssh«m³ ISs¸«hcmWv ChÀ. \Kc n̄Â ‘Xes¨t¶mÀ’F¶

tk\m\mbI·mcpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ Øncw ssk\yw D-mbncp¶p. kmaqXncnbpsS

IpXnçS ‘IpXnch«¯p \mbcpsS taÂt\m« n̄epambncp¶p. I¸Â]Sbv ¡v t\XrXzw\ÂInbncp¶Xv am¸nfamcmb Ipªmenacbv¡m·mcmbncp¶p.

\oXn \nÀÆlW¯nsâ ]cam[nImcn cmPmhv Xs¶bmbncp¶p. hyhlmcw

BÀ¡pw kuP\yambncp¶p. {Inan\Â Ipä§Ä¡v {]mIrXin£bmWv

\S¸nem¡nbncp¶Xv. C¯cw in£IfnÂ\n¶v {_mÒWsc Hgnhm¡nbncp¶p.

kmwkvImcnI cwK¯pw Gsd ]ptcmKXn ssIhcn¨ncp¶p tImgnt¡mSv.tImgnt¡mSv \Kcw IhnIfpsSbpw ]ÞnXcpsSbpw kt¦Xambncp¶p. kmaqXncnbpsS

kZÊns\ ‘]Xns\«c¡hnIÄ’ F¶ ]Xns\«v cmPIhnIfpsS hnZypXvkZÊv Ae¦cn¨ncp¶p. D±Þimkv{XnIÄ, ]¿qÀ `«XncnamÀ, Im¡tÈcn `«Xncn, tN¶mkv \mcmbW³ \¼qXncn, ]p\w \¼qXncn XpS§nb {]apJÀ CXnÂ DÄs¸«ncp¶p.

kmaqXncnbmb am\hn{Ia\mWv A\ÀLcmLh¯n\v ‘hn{Iaobw’ hymJym\w cNn¨Xv.


16/27



{]kn²amb ‘tchXn ]«¯m\hpw’ \S¶ncp¶Xv kmaqXncnbpsS kZÊnembncp¶p.Xpemamk¯nse tchXo \£{X¯nÂ tImgnt¡ms« XfnbnÂ t£{X¯nÂsh¨v kmaqXncnbpsS kwc£W¯nemWv CXv \S¶p h¶ncp¶Xv. kmaqXncnbmb

am\thZ\mWv ‘IrjvW\m«w’Nn«s¸Sp¯nbXv.

{ioIrjvWsâ PohnXIY F«p ImÞ§fnembn hn`Pn¨v kwkvIr

X¯nÂ cNn¨ ‘IrjvWKoXn’ F¶ ImhyamWv CXn\mbn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. IYIfncq]mćs¸Sp¯p¶XnÂ IrjvW\m«w hln¨ ]¦v AZznXobamWv.

Adbv¡Â cmPhwiw

tIcf¯nse GI apÉow cPmhwiamWv Adbv¡Â cmPhwiw. AXnsâDÛhs¯¡pdn v̈ ]eIYIfpap-v. tNcam³ s]cpamfnt\msSm¸w At±l¯nsâktlmZcnbmb {iotZhnbpw aXwamdnbncp¶p. {iotZhnbpsS aI³ alm_en aXwamdna½menbmbn. Ct±lamWv hwiØm]I³ Adbv¡Â cmPm¡·msc a½men¡nSmhv F¶v hntijņ n¡mdp-v. an\nt¡mbnsb e£Zzo]nÂ \n¶v thÀXncn¡p¶ `mKwa½men¨mÂ F¶mWdnbs¸Sp¶Xv. hneyw temK³ ae_mÀ am\zenÂ ]dbp¶Xv C{]ImcamWv, tIme n̄cnbpsS a{ńbmbncp¶ Acb³ Ipf§fc \mbÀ tIme n̄cncmÚnsb hnhmlw Ign¡pIbpw aXw amdpIbpw sNbvXp. ChcmWs{X Adbv¡Â

hwiØm]IÀ, Bcy³ Ipf§c Acb³ Ipf§fc Adbv¡Â. AXn\psXfnhmbn At±lw Nq-n¡mWn¡p¶ Nne Imcy§fp-v. Adbv¡Â cmPmhv acn¨mÂ ih¡¨ \ÂIpI tIme¯ncnbmWv. Adbv¡Â cmPmhnsâ IncoS[mcWthfbnÂ B\äb§fpw tIme¯ncnbnÂ \n¶mWv.

Adbv¡ensâ BZy BØm\w ‘[À½Sw’ F¶ [À½ ]«W¯nembncp¶p.]n¶oSXv I®qcnte¡v amän. `cWm[nImcnbmIp¶ hyàn ]pcpj\msW¦nÂ

‘BencmPm’ F¶pw kv{Xo BsW¦nÂ ‘Adbv¡Â _ohn’ F¶pamWv Adnbs¸SpI.ChÀ acpa¡¯mbnIÄ Bbncp¶p. cmPhwi¯nse aq¯bmsf taemhv F¶pw CfbBsf Cfbmhv F¶pamWv hnfn¡pI. Jpdm³ BZyambn Ad_naebmf¯nÂ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nbXv Adbv¡se Hcp CfbmhmWv. 1770 apXÂ 1849 hsc `cn¨ Pq\p½_ohn F¶ cmÚnbmWv Gähpa[nIw Imew Adbv¡Â hmW `cWm[nImcn.hntZinIÄ Adbv¡Â cmPm¡·msc kpÂ¯m\pÂ _lÀ (kap{Z cmPmhv) F¶phnfn̈ p. sslZcmen, Sn¸pkpÂ¯m³ F¶nhcpambn Adbv¡en\v \Ã _ÔamWv D-mbncp¶Xv. sslZcmen e£Zzo]pw amenZzo]pw Adbv¡Â cmPmhns\

Gev]n¨ncp¶p. Adbv¡Â 1780þÂ Sn¸phpambn IcmdnÂ GÀs¸«p. AX\pkcn v̈ Cw¥ojpImÀs¡Xnsc Adbv¡Â Sn p̧hns\ klmbn¡pw. ]s£, 1790þÂ{_n«ojpImÀ I®qÀ tIm« ]nSn¨S¡n. 1911 Bbt¸mtg¡pw Adbv¡Â cmP]ZhnXs¶CÃmXmbn. 1921se Jnem^ v̄ hn¹hw ]ScmsX XSbp¶XnÂ {][m\ ]¦phln p̈Adbv¡Â IpSpw_w.


17/27



samUyqÄþ3

BZyIme aebmf kmlnXy¯nsâ {]_eamb c-v hn`mK§fmWv ]m«pw

aWn{]hmfhpw. aWn{]hmfw ss{XhÀWnIcpsS `mjbnemWv. F¶mÂ ]m«v

km[mcW¡mcpsS `mjbnepw. hnjbkzoIcW n̄Â aWn{]hmfw Iev]nX

hnjb§fpw ]m«v CXnlmk]pcmWmZnIfmb hnjb§fpamWv sXcsªSp¯ncn¡p¶Xv.

]m«v

]Xn\memw \qäm-nÂ hncNnXamb eoemXneIw F¶ aWn{]hmf e£W

kwkvIrX {KÙ¯nÂ ]m«ns\ C{]Imcw \nÀÆNn n̈cp¶p.

“ {ZmhnU kwLmXm£c \n_²þ

saXpI tam\ hr¯hntijbpàw ]m«v ”

BbXv ]m«v Xangv A£camebnse A£c§ÄsIm-v cNn¨Xmbncn¡Ww. AXnÂ

FXpI, tam\ F¶o {]mk§Ä D-mbncn¡Ww. aebmf n̄se ZznXobm£c

{]mk¯n\p kam\amWv FXpI. Hmtcm ]mZ¯ntebpw ]qÀtÆm¯c `mK§fnse BZyA£c§Ä tbmPn¨phcp¶XmWv tam\. {ZmhnU hr¯§fmbncn¡Ww

ImhycN\bv¡v D]tbmKnt¡-Xv. AYhm kwkvIrX ]Z§Ä D]tbmKnt¡-n

h¶mÂ Ah XÛh§fm¡n D]tbmKn¡Ww (DZmþ {iocma³ þ Nocma³).

]m«pkmlnXy¯nÂs¸« apJyIrXnIfmWv cmaNcnXw, Xncp\ngÂame, cmaIYm¸m«v,`mcXw]m«v, ]¿¶qÀ]m«v, I®È IrXnIÄ, IrjvWKmY F¶nh. BZyIme ]m«p

kmlnXy¯nÂ taÂ¸dª e£Ww ]qÀ®ambn ]men¡s¸«ncps¶¦nÂ ]n¶oSpÅIrXnIfnÂ AXn\v Abhp hcp¶Xv ImWm³ km[n¡pw.

aWn{]hmfw

“`mjm kwkvIrXtbmtKm aWn{]hmfw” F¶mWv eoemXneIImc³

aWn{]hmf¯n\v \ÂIp¶ e£Ww. aWnbmIp¶ aebmf ]Z§fpw ]hngam

Ip¶ kwkvIrX]Z§fpw kaRv Pkambn kt½fn¡pt¼mgp-mIp¶ `mjbmWv aWn{]hmfw.

“

XangvaWn kwkIrX ]hngwtIm¡ntâ³ hr¯am\ sN¶qt·Â ”

F¶pw eoemXneIImc³ ]dbp¶p. amWnIyhpw ]hnghpw sN¶qent·Â tImÀ¯mÂ

Xncn¨dnbm\mhm¯ hn[w Hcpt]mse Ccn¡p¶amXncnbmbncn¡Ww `mjm]Z§fp

sSbpw kwkvIrX]Z§fpsSbpw tNÀ¨ F¶v CXneqsS kqNn¸n¡p¶p. eoemXneIImc³ aWn{]hmfs¯ H¼Xmbn hn`Pn¡p¶p. D¯aw, D¯aIev]w, a[yaw,

a[yaIev]w, A[aw F¶o hn`mK§fnembmWXv. `mjbv¡pw (aebmfw) ck¯n\pw

{]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ aWn{]hmfw D¯ahpw, `mjbpw ckhpw Ipdhmbn¡mWp¶aWn{]hmfw A[ahpw BIp¶p. `mjbv¡v {]m[m\yhpw ck¯n\pw hmNymÀ°¯n\pw

Xpey {]m[m\yhpapÅXv, ckw {][m\ambpw `mjbpw kwkvIrXhpw Xpeyambpwhcp¶Xv F¶n§s\ D¯a Iev]w c-phn[w. `mjm kwkvIrX]Z§Ä¡pw ckhmNy

§Ä¡pw Xpey{]m[m\yapÅXv a[yaw. `mjbpw kwkvIrXhpw kaambpw


18/27



ckt¯¡mÄ hmNyw {][m\ambpw ImWp¶Xv, hmNymÀ°¯n\pw ck¯n\pw Xpey

{]m[m\yhpw `mjtb¡mÄ kwkvIrX¯n\v {]m[m\yhpw DÅXv, `mj Gdnbpw ckwIpdªpw Ccn¡p¶Xv, ckw {][m\ambpw `mj Ipdhmbpw F¶n§s\ a[yaIev]w

\mephn[w.kaql¯nÂ DbÀ¶ t{iWnbnÂ hncmPn¨ncp¶hcmbncp¶p aWn{]hmf

IrXnIfpsS cNbnXm¡Ä F¶Xn\mÂXs¶ Ah ]m«p kmlnXy¯nsâ hnjb

kzoIcW¯nÂ\n¶p `n¶ambn kv{Xo icochÀ®\IÄ¡pw kwt`mKirwKmc n̄\pw {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. D®nbmSn, D®nb n̈, D®n n̈cptXhn NcnX§Ä

CXn\p km£yw \nÂ¡p¶p. aWn{]hmf kmlnXy¯nse {]_eamb Nne

hn`mK§fmWv N¼p¡fpw ktµiImhy§fpw.

‘ KZy]ZymßIw Imhyw

N¼qcoXyZn[obtX ’ þ F¶mWv N¼phnsâ e£Ww

sshinIX{´w apXÂ Nt{µmÕhw hscbpÅ BZyIme aWn{]hmfIrXnIfnÂ aWn{]hmf e£W§Ä ]qÀ®ambn ImWm³ km[n¡psa¦nepw

]n¶oSpÅ IrXnIfnÂ Ah ]qÀ®ambpw ]men¨v ImWp¶nÃ. `mjbnepw

hnjbkzoIcW¯nepw Ah Nne hyXnbm\§Ä ImWn¡p¶p-v. ]m«p`mj

bnepw aWn{]hmf¯nepw Ime{ItaW hyhØIÄ¡p-mb Cu AbhmWv ]n¶oSv Fgp¯Ñ\nÂ AhbpsS icnbmb kwtbmK¯n\v hgnsXfnbn¨Xpw aebmf `mj

Icp¯päXmbn Xocp¶Xn\v ImcWambn¯oÀ¶Xpw.

tIcfob t£{XIeIfpsS BhnÀ`mhw

Bcym[n\nthit¯msS ]pXnsbmcp {Ia¯nte¡v hgnamdnbncp¶p tIcf¯nsâkmaqlnI km¼¯nI cmjv{Sob kmwkvImcnI aXtaJe. Bcy{ZmhnU

ka\zb¯nsâ Awi§Ä Cu ImeL«¯nsâ {]tXyIXbmWv. BbXn\mÂXs¶

sImÃhÀj n̄sâ (F.Un. 825) BZy iXI§Ä tIcf¯nsâ ‘kphÀ®Imew’ F¶p

hntijn ņ¡s¸«p. tIcf¯nse {][m\ t£{X§fpsSsbÃmw \nÀ½mWImew

IqSnbmWnXv. Ah tIhew Bcm[\meb§Ä am{Xambncp¶nÃ. {]XypZ hnZymtI{µhpw

IemtI{µhpsaÃmambncp¶p. inev]Ie, Nn{XIe, kwKoXw, \r¯w, \mSyw F¶otaJeIfnseÃmw h³ IpXn¸v C¡me¯p-mbn. Iq¯v, IqSnbm«w apXemb ]pXnb

Iemcq]§Ä cq]w sImÅp¶Xpw C¡me¯mWv. aäv ]pXnb Iemcq]§fpsSDcphs¸Sen\p ImcWamIp¶Xn\pw C¡me¯p-mb Iq¯v, IpSnbm«w apXemb

Iemcq]§Ä¡p Ignªp.

Iq¯v

`KhÂ¡Y hÀ®n¡p¶ GIm`n\b{][m\amb ZriyIem {]IS\amWv Iq¯v.

NmIymÀ hn`mKamWv Iq¯v AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. AhXcWthZn t£{X§tfmS\p

_Ôn¨pÅ Iq¯¼e§fmbncp¶p. Iq¯n\v ‘\r¯w’ F¶v AÀ°ap-v. ‘IpZv ’ F¶

kwkvIrX [mXphnÂ \n¶pw \njv]¶amb ‘IpÀZ\w’ F¶ hm¡nÂ \n¶mWv CXnsâ

DÛhw. ]pcmWIYIÄ ckIcambn hniZoIcn̈ v P\§Ä¡v Adnhp \ÂIpIbmWv sNbvXpt]m¶ncp¶Xv. CXnt\mSpIqsS AwKNe\hpw `mhm`n\bhpw H¶n¨p

tNcp¶p-v. NmIymÀ Iq v̄ ]dbpt¼mÄ \¼ymÀ angmhpsIm«pw, \§ymÀ


19/27



Ipgn̄ mfhpw. kwkvIrX {]_Ôw sNmÃn, IY at\m[À½§Ä tNÀ v̄ ^enX

]qÀ®ambn hnkvXcn¨p \S¯p¶ Iq¯v kmaqlnI hnaÀi\w IqSn \nÀÆln̈ phcp¶p.ss\animcWy¯nÂ kqX³EjnIÄ¡p ]pcmWIY ]dªpsImSp¡p¶p F¶XmWv

Iq¯n\p ]n¶nse k¦ev]w.IqSnbm«w

kwkvIrX\mSI§fpsS tIcfobmhXcWamWv IqSnbm«w. Iq¯¼e§fnemWv CXv \S¯nbncp¶Xv. NmIym·mcpw \§ym·mcpw BWv IqSnbm«w

AhXcn¸n¡pI. kv{Xothjw \§ym·mcmWv. angmhv sIm«pI \¼ymcpw

\mSyimkv{XamWv IqSnbm« n̄se \mSy¯nsâ ]n³_ew. lkvXe£WZo]nIbnse Ccp]¯n\mev ap{ZIfmWv ASnØm\w. efnXamb cwKkÖoIc

WamWv DÅXv. ] ,̈ ]gp¡ F¶o c-p hn[¯nemWv \mbIthjw. hnZqjI\v

Iq¯nse NmIymÀ thjw Xs¶bmWv. kv{Xothjw ]gp¡bmWv. aq¶phn[w A`n\mb

{]IcW§fmWv IqSnbm«¯nepÅXv. ]Xnªm«w, CfInbm«w, Ccp¶m«w F¶nh.\mbnIm\mbI·mÀ sNmÃp¶ {]mIrX kwkvIrXtÇmI§Ä¡v aebmf kwkvIrX

tÇmI§Ä sNmÃn hnZqjI³ hyJym\n¡pw. hnt\mZw, h©\w, Ai\w, cmPtkh

F¶nhbmWv IqSnbm«¯nse ]pcpjmÀ°§Ä. F.Un. F«mw \qäm-nÂ Pohn¨ncp¶

IpetiJchÀ½bmWv IqSnbm«¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhmbn IcpXp¶Xv. At±lhpwkNnh\mb tXme\pw IqSnbmWt{X IqSnbm«w Nn«s¸Sp¯nbXv.

IYIfn

tIcf¯nsâ X\Xp ZriyIemcq]amWv IYIfn. CXv \r¯m`n\b {][m\amWv.

AXmbXv ]ZmÀ°m`n\bamWv CXnÂ \S¡p¶Xv. NXpÀhn[m`n\b§fnÂ (BwKnIw, hmNnIw, kmXznIw, Blmcyw) hmNnI¯n\v IYIfnbnÂ

Øm\anÃ. hmNnIm`n\b¯n\p]Icw kwKoXamWv. ap{Zss¡, hmZy§Ä, thj§Ä,

kwKoXw, cwKNS§pIÄ F¶o LSI§Ä H¯ptNÀ¶mte IYIfn ]qÀ®amIq.ap{ZsIm-mWv IYIfnbnse BwKnIm`n\bw \nÀÆln¡p¶Xv. lkvXe£WZo]nI

F¶ \mSyimkv{X{KÙamWv ap{Zm ǹ\b n̄Â IYIfn \S·mÀ¡v Ahew_w. sN-,

ip²a±fw, Ce¯mfw, tN§ne F¶o \mephmZy§Ä thWw IYIfn¡v. ]¨, an\p¡v,

I¯n, XmSn, Icn F¶nhbmWv {][m\ thj§Ä. [otcmZm¯cmb cmPm¡·mÀ¡pwkmXznI hǹ mK¯nÂs¸Sp¶ CXc \mbI·mÀ¡pw ]¨. {_mÒWÀ¡pw, ap\namÀ¡pw

kv{XoIÄ¡pw an\p¡pthjw. cmPkhn`mK¯nÂs]Sp¶XmWv I¯n, XmSn F¶nh.Xmak{]IrXnIfmb ZpjvSIYm]m{X§Ä¡v Icnthjw. tkm]m\ kwKoXcoXnbmWv IYIfnbnÂ kzoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. {][m\ ]m«pImcs\ s]m¶m\nsb¶pw

IqsS¸mSp¶bmsf in¦nSn F¶pw ]dbp¶p. tIfn, Ac§ptIfn, tXmSbw,

hµ\tÇmIw, ]pd¸mSv, aRvPpXc (taf¸Zw) F¶nhbmWv cwKNS§pIÄ.

taf¸Z¯n\ptijw IYIfn Bcw`n¡p¶p. IhnhmIyamb tÇmIw sNmÃp¶tXmSpIqSnIYm]m{Xw cwK p̄ {]Xy£s¸Sp¶p. IYIfnbnÂ tÇmI§Ä IhnhmIyamWv;

]Z§Ä IYm]m{XhmIyhpw ]ndInÂ tIÄ¡p¶ ]m«nsâ ]Zw {]XnbpÅ AÀ°w

ssIap{ZIÄ sIm-pw `mhkv^pcW§ÄsIm-pw A`n\bn¡p¶XmWv sNmÃnbm«w.

at\m[À½w BSp¶Xn\v CfInbm«w F¶p ]dbp¶p. cma\m«w ]cnjvIcn¨mWv IYIfnD-mbXv. IYIfnbpsS kmlnXyamWv B«¡Y. I¹n§mS³, Nn«, IÃphgnNn«,

sX¡³, hS¡³ F¶n§s\ ]e hn`P\§Ä AhXcW¯nep-v.


20/27



XpÅÂ

km[mcW P\§sf BIÀjn¡p¶ Hcp ZriyIemcq]amWv XpÅÂ.

NmIymcpsS ]cnlmk n̄\v hnt[b\mb \¼ymÀ X¡ adp]Sn \ÂIp¶Xn

\mbn ASp¯ Znhkw Xs¶ ]pXnsbmcp Iemcq]w AhXcn¸n¨psh¶pw AXnÂP\§Ä BIrjvScmbn F¶pamWv XpÅensâ DÛhIY. CXv XnI¨pw Hcp

t£{XIebÃ. Iq v̄, IqSnbm«w, IYIfn, ]SbWn, tIme³

XpÅÂ F¶n§s\bpÅ Iemcq]§fnÂ \n¶pÅ Awi§sfÃmw \¼ymÀ

XpÅen\pth-n kzoIcn¨p. XpÅÂ aq¶v hn[ap-vþ]db³, ioX¦³, Hm«³XpÅÂAhXcn¸n¡m³ XpÅÂ¡mc\pw, a±f¡mc\pw, Xmf¡mc\pw BhiyamWv. XpÅÂ

kmlnXys¯ XpÅÂ¡YIÄ F¶p]dbp¶p. \¼ymÀ Xs¶bmWv XpÅÂ¡YIÄ

cNn̈ ncp¶Xv. XcwKnWnbmWv Hm«³ XpÅense {][m\ hr¯w. ImIfn, tII,IfIm©n F¶o hr¯§sfÃmw CXnÂ ImWmw. ]db³, ioX¦³ F¶nhtb¡mÄ

apdp¡w IqSpXemWv Hm«³ XpÅen\v. thjhn[m\¯nepw aq¶p XpÅepIfpwhyXymks¸«ncn¡p¶p. ]pebcpsS CSbnepÅ Nne \r¯§fpsS ]cnjvIrX cq]amWv

ioX¦³ XpÅÂ. ]db³ XpÅÂ ]dbcpsS hnt\mZ¯nsâ ]cnjvIrX cq]ambnIcpXs¸Sp¶p. _mt[m¨mS\ n̄\mbn the·mÀ \S p̄¶ A\pjvTm\¯nsâ

]cnjvIrXcq]amWv Hm«³ XpÅÂ F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p.

CXnlmk ]pcmWIYIÄ tIcfob ]cnkc¯nÂ BhnjvIcn¨psIm-v

kmaqlnI hnaÀi\w \S¯pI F¶Xmbncp¶p \¼ymcpsS Dt±iyw. AXn¶mbn

At±lw ]gs©mÃpIfpsSbpw temtImànIfpsSbpw klmbw tXSn. CXmWv \¼ymscP\Iob Ihnbm¡nXoÀ¯Xv. At±l¯nsâ XpÅÂ¡hnXIÄ ssIcfnbpsS

s]m«n¨ncnbmbn IcpXp¶Xn\pw ImcWw CXpXs¶.

`àn{]Øm\w

`mcX¯nepS\ofw BªSn¨ `àn{]Øm\¯nsâ Imäv tIcf¯nepwF¯mXncp¶nÃ. lnµpaX \hoIcWhpw Iq« n̄Â \S¶ncp¶p. tIcf¯nÂ c-mw

tNc km{amPy¯nse IpetiJcN{IhÀ¯namcpsS Ime¯v lnµpaXw h¼n¨ hfÀ¨

t\Sn. H³]Xmw \qäm-nÂ IpetiJc BgvhmÀ, tNcam³ s]cpamÄ \mb\mÀ,

hnd·n- \mb\mÀ F¶nhcpsS B`napJy¯nÂ `àn{]Øm\w BhnÀ`hn p̈.`àn{]Øm\¯nsâ D]ÚmXm¡fmb kn²·mÀ, hnjvWp, inh³þXpS§nb

sslµh tZh·mcpsSbpw tZhnamcpsSbpw Bcm[\bv¡v {]Nmcw t\Sns¡mSp¯p.BtcyXcamb tZhXIsfbpw BNmc§sfbpw lnµpaXw kz´am¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

“sImässh” F¶ {ZmhnU tZhX ZpÀ¤, Imfn, `KhXn F¶o t]cpIfnÂ sslµh

tZh·mcpsS AWnIfnÂ kzoIcn¡s¸«p, P\kmam\yw Bcm[n¨pt]m¶ imkvXmhns\

{_mÒWÀ lcnlc]p{X³ F¶ t]cnÂ lnµp tZh\m¡n. lnµpaX¯nsessihþsshjvWh hǹ mK§sfbpw _p²aX n̄Â \n¶pw ]pXpXmbn

lnµpaX¯nte¡p h¶htcbpw Hcpt]mse BIÀjn¡phm\mWv AhÀ Cu ]pXnb

tZhs\ C§s\ hmÀs¯Sp¯Xv. lnµpaX ]cnjvIcW¯n\pth-nbpÅ

i¦cmNmcycpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä kwkvIrX¯nembncp¶XpsIm-v AI¶p \n¶ncp¶

P\kmam\ys¯ BIÀjn¡p¶Xn\v sslµh kn²·mcpsS `P\IÄ¡v Ignªp.AhÀ PmXn hyhØsb AhKWn¨p. `ànbpsS ]mcay¯nÂ Cuizc\v apgph\mbn

kaÀ¸n¡p¶ coXnbmbncp¶p AXv. AXv P\kmam\ys¯ BIÀjn¨p.


21/27



`àntbmK n̄\p ]ca {]m[m\yw \ÂIns¡m-v IS¶ph¶ c-v IhnIfmbncp¶p

Fgp¯Ñ\pw, ]q´m\hpw. Fgp¯Ñsâ A²ymß cmambWhpw ]q´m\¯nsâÚm\¸m\bpw Cu coXnbnÂ {]kn²§fmWv. X§fpsS Imhy§fneqsS km[mcW

P\§sf Cuizcm`napJyapÅhcm¡n [mÀ½nIamsbmcp PohnXw sI«n¸Sp¡m³ CuIhnIÄ Ahsc klmbn¨p.

sNdptÈcn

aebmf kmlnXy n̄sâ imeo\Xbv¡v aIptSmZmlcWamb IrjvW

KmYbpsS IÀ¯mhmbmWv sNdptÈcn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. Ct±lw tIme¯p\m«p

cmPmhmb DZbhÀ½sâ kZky\mbncp¶p. At±l n̄sâ \nÀ_Ô n̄\phg§nbmWv IrjvWKmY cNn¨Xpw. IrjvWKmYmImc³ sNdptÈcnbmsW¶pw AXÃ

]p\w \¼qXncnbmsW¶pw hyXykvX hmZKXnIfp-v. IqSmsX sNdptÈcnbpw ]p\hpw

HcmfmsW¶pw NneÀ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. sNdptÈcn F¶Xv CÃt¸cmWv. IhnbpsS t]cv

i¦cs\t¶m atäm Bbncn¡msa¶p A\pam\n¡p¶p. D¯ctIcfob\mbncp¶p IhnF¶v IrXnbnse `mjbnÂ \n¶v Duln¡mw. ]n¶oSv sNdptÈcn CÃw A\yw

\n¶XmIm\mWv km[yX. IrjvWKmY IqSmsX `mcXKmY Fs¶mcp IrXnIqSn

sNdptÈcnbptSXmbn IcpXnhcp¶p. F¶mÂ kmlnXyKpWw A[nIw CÃm¯

`mcXKmY, IrjvWKmYt]mse D¯aamsbmcp Imhyw cNn¨ BfptSXmbn IcpXm³km[n¡nÃ F¶v A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶hcpw D-v. kmlnXy ]©m\\sâ A`n{]m

b¯nÂ IhnbpsS PohnXImew sImÃhÀjw 650\pw 750\pw CSbnÂ BIm\mWv

km[yX. Sņ phnsâ ]Stbm«¡me v̄ D¯ctIcf¯nse ]e \¼qXncnKrl§fpsSbpw Iq«¯nÂ sNdptÈcn CÃhpw \mamhtijambn F¶v IcpXp¶Xv

bpànklamIpw. F´mbmepw IrXnbnÂ ImWp¶ irwKmcw, ^enXw, `àn F¶o`mh§Ä \ncq]n¨p t\m¡nbmÂ IrjvWKmYmImc³ Hcp \¼qXncnbmsW¶v

A\pam\n¡mw. {]Xn`bpw hypev]¯nbpw H¯nW§nb A\pKrloX\mbIhnbmbncp¶p sNdptÈcn.

Fgp¯Ñ³

Fgp¯Ñs\ B[p\nI aebmf`mjbpsS ]nXmhmbn IcpXnt¸mcp¶p. Xp©¯v

cmam\pP³ Fgp¯Ñ³ F¶mWv ]qÀ®\maw. N¡me\mbcmsW¶pwFgp¯mim·mcpsS hn`mKamsW¶pw ]dªp hcp¶p. {InkvXphÀjw 1475\pw 1575\pw

CSbnemWv Fgp¯Ñsâ PohnXImesa¶v kmam\yambn A\pam\n¡pw.sh«¯p\m«nemWv At±lw P\n¨Xv. InfnsbsIm-v IY]dbn¡p¶Infn¸m«p{]Øm\¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhmWv At±lw. tIcf¯nse [mÀanIPohnXw

Xmtg¡v Iq¸pIp¯ns¡m-ncp¶ kmlNcy¯nemWv DbÀ¶ [mÀ½nIt_m[hpw

BßobXbpw DÄs¡mÅp¶ IrXnIfpambn Fgp¯Ñ³ cwK{]thiw sNbvXXv. aebmf

`mjbnÂ am{XaÃ aebmf¡cbnepw \hoIcW¯nsâ hàmhmbn Fgp¯Ñ³.AXn\mÂXs¶ Fgp¯Ñ³ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXXv hmevaoIn cmambWaÃ;

A²ymßcmambWamWv. A²ymßcmambWw Infn¸m«v, `mcXw Infn¸m«v F¶nhbmWv

Fgp̄ Ñsâ {][m\ IrXnIÄ. `mKhXw, lcn\maIoÀ¯\w, Nń mcXv\w,

D¯ccmambWw, inh]pcmWw, Ccp]¯n\mephr¯w, tZhoamlmßyw F¶oIrXnIfpw Fgp¯ÑtâXmbn¡cpXp¶p.


22/27



Fgp¯Ñsâ cmambWw ]n¶oSv tIcf¡cbnemsI Hcp kwkvImcambn

hnIkn p̈. km£ccmb P\§Ä cmambW ]mcmbWw \S n̄bpw \nc£cÀ AXv {ihn¨pw ]pXnb kmaqlnI t_m[¯nsâ hàm¡fmbn. A²ymß

cmambW¯neqsS hmÀ¶phoW PohnX amXrIIfpw, PohnX _Ô§fpw km[mcWP\§sf kv]Àin¨p. hn]pe\¯n\pw kwt£]¯n\pw Fgp¯Ñ\pÅ Ignhv

hnfnt¨mXp¶XmWv At±l n̄sâ `mcXw Infn¸m«v. CXv Hcp kzX{´ XÀÖabmWv.ImhyKpWhpw inev] `{ZXbpw Cu IrXn¡v IqSpw DtZzKP\Iamb cwK§Ä

Nn{XoIcn¡phm\pÅ Fgp¯Ñsâ Ignhv CXnÂ {]tXyIw ]cmaÀint¡-XmWv.

]Zkzm[o\hpw A]mcwXs¶.

DZm¯amb [mÀ½nIX, Xo{hamb `àn, {]t_m[\mßIX, am\pjnIX F¶o

khntijXIÄ DÄs¡m- At±l¯n\v AXmhnjvIcn¡m³ ]pXnsbmcp `mjBhiyambncp¶p. AXphsc \ne\n¶ncp¶ ]m«p`mjsbbpw aWn{]hmfs¯bpw

\mS³]m«nse hmsamgnhg¡§sfbpw IrjvWKmYbnse sXfnaebmfs¯bpwDÄs¡m-v tXPÊpw HmPÊpapÅ Hcp aebmfw At±lw cq]Iev]\ sNbvXp.

AXpsIm-pXs¶bmWv ‘]pXpaebm×X³ atlizcm\mbn’ At±ls¯ IcpXp¶Xpw.

]q´m\w

aebmf¯nse `àn {]Øm\¯nsâ Ct§bäs¯ I®nbmWv ]q´m\w.

hypev] n̄sb¡mÄ `ànbmbncp¶p ]q´m\w \¼qXncnbnÂ ap¶n«p\n¶ncp¶Xv.

taÂ¸ q̄cnÂ \n¶pw ]q´m\w hyXykvX\mIp¶Xpw C¡mcW¯mÂXs¶.

s]cn´Âa®bv¡Sp¯v IogmäqÀ F¶ Øe¯mWv ]q´m\w CÃw ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv.

{InkvXphÀjw 1547\pw 1640\pw at²y Pohn¨ncp¶Xmbn IcpXp¶p. XnIªIrjvW`à\mb At±l¯nsâ {][m\ PohnXcwKw KpcphmbqÀ A¼eambncp¶p.

kwkvIrX {`aw XoscbnÃm¯ ip²aebmf¯nÂ km[mcW¡mÀ¡pt]mepw

a\ÊnemIp¶ coXnbnÂ Kl\§fmb PohnXX¯z§Ä At±lw Bhnjv¡cn¨p.

At±l¯nsâ Gähpw {][m\ IrXnbmWv Úm\¸m\. k´m\tKm]mew, {ioIrjvWIÀ®marXw F¶o IrXnIÄ At±l¯nsâ `àn¡pw IhnXz¯n\pw sXfnhmWv.

Kl\amb thZm´X¯z§fpsS lrZbkv]Àinbmb BhnjvImcw am{XaÃ

Úm\¸m\. AXnÂ A¶s¯ kmaqlnI PohnX¯nsâ PoÀ®X shfns¸Sp¶p.

kv{Xoe¼S·mscbpw Zpcm{KlnIsfbpw Al¦mcnIsfbpsaÃmw CXnÂ ImWmw.

iàamb kmaqlnI hnaÀi\amWv Cu Imhyw. A\]XyXmZpxJw DdªpInS¡p¶ImhyamWv ‘IpamclcWw]m\’ F¶pIqSn t]cpÅ k´m\tKm]mew. IrjvWsâ

_meeoeIfmWv {ioIrjvW IÀ®marX¯nse {]Xn]mZyw. CXpIqSmsX Ht«sdkvtXm{XIrXnIfpw ]q´m\w cNn¨n«p-v.

Ncn{X]cambn ]cntim[n¨mÂ kmlnXys¯ htcWyhn`mKtaÂt¡mbvabnÂ \n¶v tamNn ņ v̈ km[mcWP\§fnÂ F n̄¡m\pÅ ]ptcmKa\

Nn´bpsS km^eyamWv ]q´m\w IhnX.


23/27



Ad_n aebmfw

am¸nf `mjbpsS Fgp¯pcq]amWv Ad_naebmfw. CXv kwkvIrXhpw aebmfhpwIqSnt¨À¶ aWn{]hmf `mjt]msebpÅ asämcp an{i`mjbmWv. Ad_nbpw aebmfhpw

an{iWw sNbvXv D-m¡nb Ad_naebmf¯n\v X\Xmb en]namebp-v. AXv aebmf¯nsei_vZ§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯m³ ]mI¯nÂ Ad_nen]n ]cnjvIcn¨v D-m¡nbXmWv. GähpwNpcp§nbXv Aªqdp hÀjs¯ Ncn{Xhpw \nch[nþKZy]ZyIrXnIfpw DÅ hn]peamsbmcpkmlnXy k¼ v̄ Ad_n aebmf¯n\p-v. AXnse ]ZyimJbmWv am¸nf¸m«pIÄ.

CuW¯n\v {]m[m\yapÅ am¸nf¸m«pIfnÂ Ad_n aebmf]Z§Ä¡p ]pdta I¶U,kwkvIrXw, Xangv F¶o `mjIfnse ]Z§fpw tNÀ¡p¶p. IqSmsX Ad_naebmf Km\imJI¼n, Igp v̄, hmÂ¡¼n, hmep½Â I¼n F¶n§s\bpÅ {]mk hyhØbnÂ

\nÀ_ÔamWv.

aplnbp±o³ame

am¸nf kmlnXy¯nÂ Gähpw P\IobambXv am¸nf¸m«pIfmWv. Ad_n aebmfhn`mK¯nse ]ZyimJbmWv am¸nf¸m«pIÄ. Hcp P\kaql¯nsâ Ncn{XhpwkmwkvImcnIt\«§fpw {]Xo£m \nÀ`camb PohnXhpw am ņf¸m«pIfnÂ \ndªp\n¶v

Ahsb `mh \nÀ`cam¡p¶p. kwKoXw, {ipXn, am[pcyw, Xmfw, {]mkw, kuµcyk¦ev]w,

`mjbpsS {Kmaimeo\X, emfnXyw XpS§nbh am¸nf¸m«nsâ khntijXIfmWv.am¸nf¸m«pIÄ¡v ame¸m«pIÄ, ]S¸m«pIÄ, sIÊp]m«pIÄ, InÊ]m«pIÄ, I¯p]m«pIÄ,

IÃymW m̧«pIÄ, kÀ¡o«p]m«pIÄ F¶n§s\ ]e D]hn`mK§fpap-v. hnip²·msc

{]IoÀ¯n¡p¶ ]m«pIfmWv ame¸m«pIÄ.

In«nbn«pÅXnÂ Gähpw ]g¡apÅ am¸nf¸m«v aplnbp²o³ amebmWv. aplyp±o³A_vZpÄ JmZÀ Pnem\n F¶ ]pWy ]pcpjsâ A]Zm\§fmWv CXnÂ {]Xn]mZn¡p¶Xv.

aebmf kwkvIrX§Ä tNÀ¶v krjvSn¨ aWn{]hmfwt]mse Ad_n aebmf `mjIÄtNÀ v̄ Hcp k¦c`mj krjvSn¨v AXnÂ {]kvXpX Imhyw cNn¡p¶p F¶v Ihn, IhnXbpsSapJhpcbnÂ {]kvXmhn¡p¶p-v. `ànamÀ¤ ¯nte¡v P\§sf BIÀjn¡m\pÅHcp]m[nbmbn«mWv Jmknapl½Zv CXv cNn¨Xv. ]«nWnbpw, ZpcnXhpw th«bmSp¶

IÀ¡nSI\mfpIfnÂ tIcfob lnµpIpSpw_§fnÂ cmambWw hmbn¡p¶Xpt]mse tIcfobapÉow IpSpw_§fnÂ aplnbp±o³amebpw hmbn¡s¸«p. ssZh¯n\v Gähpw th-s¸«Hcmfpw AÛpXkn²nIfpÅ ]pWy]pcpj\pambmWv Cu ]m«nÂ aplvbp±o³

AhXcn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv.

Ipªmbn³ apÉymÀ

am¸nf kmlnXy¯nse BZyIme Fgp¯pImcnÂ {][m\nbmWv Ipªmbn³ apÉymÀ.]Xns\«mw \qäm-nÂ Pohn n̈cp¶ apÉymÀ kmaqXncn¸mSnsâ sIm«mcw hnZqjI\pwX¯zÚm\nbpambncp¶p. a\pjyicocs¯ PohnXkmKc¯nÂ k©cn¡p¶ I¸embn\ncq]Ww sNbvsXgpXnb `mhkpµcamb ImhyamWv I¸¸m«v. a\pjy\mIp¶ Cu I¸Âicnbmb amÀ¤¯neqsS Ncn¡m³ A\nhmcyamb IÀ½m\pjvTm\§Ä Ihn CXnÂ

hnhcn¡p¶p. Cu Imhyw Ipªmbn³ apÉymcpsS cN\mssh`hw, AhXcW NmXpcyw,\À½t_m[w F¶nhbvs¡Ãmw DZmlcWamWv. PohnXamIp¶ I¸Âbm{XbpsS e£ywXs¶

‘tIm\mb\mbs\’ (cmPm[ncmPs\þCuizcs\) ImWpI F¶XmWvþ F¶v Ihn AÀ°

i¦bv¡nSbnÃm¯hn[w ]dbp¶p. \_nXncpta\nbpsS Ncn{Xhpw A\nXckm[mcWamb

kw`h§fpw hnhcn¡p¶ apÉymcpsS ZmÀi\nI {KÙamWv ‘

\qÂaZvlqw’. \½psSBßobtiJc¯n\v \nkvXpeamb kw`mh\ \ÂInb {]Xn`m[\\mWv Ipªmbn³ apÉymÀ.


24/27



tamUyqÄ þ4

PmXnhyhØbpw tIcfkaqlhpw

Bcym[n\nthi¯n\ptijw Bcy·mcpw ]qÀÆ\nhmknIfpw Hcpan¨pPohn¡m³ Bcw`n¨tXmsSbmWv C¶pImWp¶ coXnbnepÅ PmXnhyhØbpsS Bcw`w Ipdn¡p¶Xv. hÀWhyXymk¯nemWv CXnsâ XpS¡w.kwLIme v̄ hyXykvX PmXnIÄ \ne\n¶ncp¶psh¦nepw sXmgnÂhn`P\¯n\¸pdt¯¡v AXn\v {]kànbp-mbncp¶nÃ. ]n¶oSv XmWPmXn¡mÀ F¶v ap{ZbSn¡s¸«hcpw A¡me v̄ kmaqlyambn ka·mcmbncp¶p.F¶mÂ {_mÒWm[n\nthiw iàns¸«t¯msS AhØamdn. temI¯v asähnsSbpwImWm¯ coXnbnepÅ AXniàhpw a\pjzXzclnXhpamb PmXnk{¼ZmbwtIcf¯nÂ DSseSp¯p. \oXnbpw \nbahpw CXns\ ASnØm\s¸Sp¯nbpÅXmbncp¶p. khÀWcmb {_mÒWÀ¡v h[in£tbm XShpin£tbm

D-mbncp¶nÃ. F¶mÂ AhÀWÀ¡v tamjW¡pä n̄\pt]mepw h[in£\ÂInbncp¶p. _p²ssP\aX§fpsS £bw lnµpaXs¯ hfÀ¯n. IqSpXembnlnµpaX¯nte¡v h¶ BfpIsf AhÀWcm¡n \nÀ¯p¶Xn\pw sshZnItaÂt¡mbva {i²]peÀ¯n. NmXpÀhÀWyw hyhØm]nXambtXmsS Hcp PmXnbnÂP\n¨hÀ asämcp PmXnbnte¡v amdpI F¶Xv Akm²yambn. IÀ½a\pkcn¨mbncp¶pPmXn hyhØ XpS§nbsX¦nepw ]n¶oSXv P·a\pkcn¨mbn amdn. PmXn¡pÅnsePmXnbpw Abn¯mNmcWhpw Xo-epw sXmSoepsaÃmw tIcf¯nse PmXnhyhØAXnk¦oÀ®hpw XnI¨pw a\pjyXzclnXhpamb H¶m¡n¯oÀ¯p.

a®mt¸Sn, ]pet¸Sn

sX¡³ XncphnXmwIqdnÂ a®mt¸Sn F¶p ]dbp¶XmWv hS¡v ]pet¸Sn F¶p]dªphcp¶Xv. a²yIme¯v tIcf n̄Â \ne\n¶ncp¶ Hcp A\mNmcamWnXv.IÀ¡SI amk¯nÂ kÔyIgnªmÂ B¬XpWbnÃm¯ \mbÀ kv{XoIÄ hoSn\pshfnbnend§pIbnÃmbncp¶p. ImcWw hoSn\p ]pd¯psh¨v Xmgv¶ PmXnbnÂs¸«HcmÄ \mbÀ kv{Xosb sXmSpItbm AhfpsS icoc¯nÂ ItÃm, It¼m

FdnªpsImÅn¡pItbm, FhnsSb¦nepw \n¶v ‘It-’ F¶p hnfn¨p ]dbpItbmsNbvXmÂ AhÄ¡v PmXn{`jvSv kw`hn¡pambncp¶p. C§s\bpÅ kv{XoIsfho«nepÅhÀ ]ns¶ kzoIcn¡pambncp¶nÃ. AhÄ a®msâ IqsS s]mbvs¡mÅWw.a®mt¸Snsb¸än B[nImcnIambn BZyw kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv _Àt_mkbmWv. {_o«ojv `cWImew hsc ae_mdnÂ Cu BNmcw \ne\n¶ncp¶p. F¶mÂ thWm«nÂ

cmPmhmb tIm«bw tIcfhÀ½ F¶ D®nt¡cfhÀ½ Hcp hnfw_c¯neqsS CXv \nÀ¯em¡n. XncphnXmwtImSv inemimk\w AXnsâ B[nImcnI tcJbmWv.Abn¯w

‘Aip²w’ F¶ kwkvIrX]Z¯nsâ XÛhamWnXv. sXm«pIqSmbva,Xo-n¡qSmbva F¶p c-pXc n̄Â Abn̄ w D-v. DbÀ¶ PmXn¡mcpw Xmgv¶PmXn¡mcpw am{XaÃ Xmgv¶ PmXn¡mÀ¡nSbnÂXs¶ `n¶hn`mK¡mÀ X½nepwAbn¯w BNcn¨ncp¶p. tIcf¯nÂ {_mÒWm[n]Xy¯nsâ ^eambn PmXnhyhØ\o¡pt]m¡nÃm¯ coXnbnÂ BbtXmsSbmWv Abn¯mNcWhpw Bcw`n¨Xv.kwLIme¯v PmXnIÄ D-mbncps¶¦nepw Abn¯mNmcWw D-mbncp¶XmbnIcpXp¶nÃ. C´ybnÂ s]mXphmbpw tIcf¯nÂ khntijambpw CXv \ne\n¶ncp¶p.

‘{`m´mebw’ F¶v kzman hnthIm\µ³ hnfn¡¯¡ coXnbnÂ ITn\ambncp¶ptIcf¯nse Abn¯mNcWw. AXn\mÂ¯s¶ tIcf¯nse kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcW


25/27



{]Øm\§fnÂsh¨v Gähpw iàamb H¶mbncp¶p Abnt¯m¨mS\ {]t£m`Ww.almßmKmÔnbpsS t\XrXz n̄epÅ Cý³ \mjWÂ tIm¬{Kkv tZiob{]Øm\¯nsâ `mKambn Abnt¯m¨mS\ {ia§sfbpw I-p. tIcf¯nÂ Cu{]Øm\¯n\v Np¡m³ ]Sn¨Xv N«¼nkzmanIÄ, {io\mcmbWKpcp, Ipamc\mim³XpS§nb kmaqlnI ]cn£vIÀ¯m¡fpw Fkv.F³.Un.]n, F³.Fkv.Fkv XpS§nb

kwLS\Ifpw Bbncp¶p. ‘anXhmZn’ ]{Xm[n]À kn. IrjvW³, Sn.sI. am[h³,a¶¯p ]ß\m`³, sI.]n. tIihtat\m³ sI.tIf¸³ F¶nhÀ Abn¯¯ns\Xncmb kacapJs¯ {][m\ t\Xm¡·mÀ Bbncp¶p. s]mXp\nc¯p IfnÂAhÀ®À¡v \S¡p¶Xn\pw t£{X{]thi\¯n\p th-nbpw \nch[n kac§ÄD-mbn. ssh¡w kXym{Klw, KpcphmbqÀ kXym{Klw, ]menbw kacw F¶nhDZmlcW§fmWv. 1936 \hw_À 12mw Xo¿Xn XncphnXmwIqÀ cmPmhv {ioNn̄ nc

Xncp\mÄ _mecmahÀ½ \S¯nb t£{X{]thi\ hnfw_cw ‘B[p\nI Imes¯

AÛpX’ambn ]pIgv¯s¸«p. Cý kzX{ámbt¸mÄ Abn¯mNcW \nbawaqew

\nÀ¯Â sNbvXp.

Ifcn

tIcf¯nÂ \qänsb«p IfcnIfpw AhntS¡p Ifcn tZhXIsfbpw ]cipcma³

Iev]n¨p F¶v ‘tIctfmÂ]¯n’bnÂ ]dbp¶p-v. a[yIme tIcf¯nÂ bphm¡Ä¡v Bbp[]cnioe\w \ÂInt¸m¶ Øe§fmWv IfcnIÄ. \mb·mcpw, CughcpwBbncp¶p CXnÂ kw_Ôn¨ncp¶ hn`mK§Ä. ChnsS kv{XoIÄ¡pw {]thi\w\ÂInbncp¶p. \mSphmgnIfmbncp¶p `cWw \S¯nbncp¶Xv F¦nepw ssk\ywamS¼namcpsS ssIIfnembncp¶p. bpt²mhkc§fnÂ ssk\yklmbwsN¿p¶Xn\mbn AhÀ \nÀ n̄bncp¶ ssk\yw C¯cw ]cnioe\w Ignªhcmbncp¶p. Hmtcm Ifcnbnepw Atbm[\apdIfnÂ Xg¡hpw ]g¡hpapÅ HcmÄBim\mbn D-mbncn¡pw. Ifcnbmim³, ]Wn¡À, Ipdp¸v, Kpcp¡ÄF¶n§s\bmbncn¡pw Ct±lw Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. IpdphSn, ZÞv, hmÄ, Ip´w, NpcnI,Ddpan F¶o Bbp[§Ä {]tbmKn¡m\pÅ hnZKv² ]cnioe\w IfcnIfnÂ\ÂIs¸«ncp¶p.

\päm-pImew \ne\n¶ tNcþtNmf bp²w tIcf P\Xbnepfhm¡nb cmPykvt\l¯nsâ êamWv Ifcn k{¼Zmbw. {_mÒWm[n]Xy¯n\ptijhpw AXv XpSÀ¶p t]mcpIbmWp-mbXv. hS¡³ ]m«pIfnÂ hnIkn¡p¶ ImeL«w IfcnIÄ{]Nmc¯nep-mbncp¶ Imeambncp¶p. D¯ctIcf¯nse IS¯\mSmbncp¶p

IfcnIfpsS {]apJtI{µw.A¦w

tIcf¯nse a²yImeL« n̄se \oXn\ymb kwhn[m\§Ä ssI¿q¡pambn_Ôs¸«mWv \ne\n¶ncp¶Xv. c-v I£nIÄ X½nepÅ A`n{]mbhyXymkwXd¡q«¯nt\m \m«p¡q«¯nt\m Xr]vXnIcambn ]cnlcn¡m³ IgnªnsÃ¦nÂ BI£nIÄ A¦wsh«n Imcy¯n\v XoÀ¸p-m¡pIbmWv sNbvXncp¶Xv. I£nIÄXs¶t\cn«v A¦wsh«Wsa¶p-mbncp¶nÃ. AhÀ¡pth-n Bbp[ {]tbmK¯nÂsshZKv²yapÅ tNIh·msc \ntbmKn̈ mepw aXnbmbncp¶p. ]p¯qcw ho«nseBtcmaÂ tNIhÀ, aI³ Btcmaep®n, Xt¨mfn amWnt¡m¯p ho«nse HtX\³

A\ćh³ N´p F¶nhÀ {]ikvXcmb tNIh·mÀ Bbncp¶p. A¦s¯¡pdn¨v t\ct¯ \mSphmgnsb Adnbn v̈ ‘\m«pIngn’ sImSp¡Wambncp¶p. A¦¯n\pÅHcp¡§Ä sNbvXncp¶Xv \mSphmgnbmWv.


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s]mbv¯v

A¦¯nÂ \n¶v hyXykvXamb H¶mWv ‘s]mbv¯v ’. c-v hyànItfmtZi§tfm X½nepÅ kzImcy aÕcambncp¶p AXv. BbXn\mÂ¯s¶

s]mbv¯ns\¡pdn v̈ s]mXpP\§Ä¡pw \mSphmgnIÄ¡pw Adnhp \ÂtI-Bhiyap-mbncp¶nÃ. Xt¨mfn HtX\\pw IXncqÀ Icp¡fpw X½nÂ \S¶ s]mbv v̄

{]kn²amWv. ‘IpSn¸I’ ]et¸mgpw s]mbv n̄te¡v \bn¡pItbm s]mbv n̄eqsSAhkm\n¡pItbm sN¿mdp-v. HcmÄ asämcmsf h[n¡pItbm D]{Zhn¡pItbmsNbvXmÂ aÀ±\¯n\ncbmb BfpsS IpSpw_¡mÀ AXv sNbvXhsâ IpSpw_t¯mSv imizXamb sshcw ]peÀ¯nt¸m¶ncp¶p. CXns\bmWv IpSn¸I F¶p ]dbp¶Xv.hS¡³]m«pIfnÂ IpSn¸IbpsS Ncn{X¯n\v F{XthWsa¦nepw DZmlcWw ImWmw.

hS¡³ ]m«pIÄ

aebmf¯nse hocIYmKm\§fnÂ apJybn\amWv hS¡³]m«pIÄ.

A¡mes¯ tIcfob PohnXs¯¡pdn¨pÅ hkvXpXIÄ a\Ênem¡m\pÅHcp]m[nIqSnbmWnXv. Ifcnk{¼Zmbw tIcfob kmaqlyPohnX¯nsâAhn`mPyLSIambncp¶ Hcp ImeL«¯nsâ {]Xnê\amWv Cu ]m«pIfnÂImWp¶Xv. AXnÂ \ndªncn¡p¶Xv hocNcnX§fmWv. D¯c tIcf¯nseIS¯\mSmWv CXnsâ {]`htI{µw. IqSmsX tIme¯p\mSv, hSIc, \mZm]pcw F¶o{]tZi§fpw Cu hocIYmKm\§fnÂ DÄs¸«ncp¶p. Bbp[ hnZymhnZKv²cmbncp¶Xt¨mfn HtX\s\bpw BtcmaÂ tNIhscbpw Ipdn̈ mWv ]e]m«pIfpw.HtX\s\¡pdn¨pÅ ]m«pIÄ Xt¨mfn¸m«pIÄ F¶pw, BtcmaÂtÏhÀ, D®nbmÀ¨F¶nhsc¡pdn̈ pÅ ]m«pIÄ ]p¯qcw ]m«pIÄ F¶pw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. AÚmXIÀ¯rI§fmb Ch BZyw kamlcn¨Xp t]gvknamIzn³ BWv.

HmWw

tIcf¯nsâ tZiotbmÕhamWv HmWw. Nn§amk¯nÂ A¯w apXÂHmWmtLmjw XpS§p¶p. hnjvWp hma\mhXmc¯nse¯n AkpcN{IhÀ¯nbmb alm_ensb aq¶Sna®v Zm\ambn tNmZn¨psIm-v ]mXmf¯nte¡v Nhn«n¯mgv¯n F¶pw [À½njvT\mb alm_enbv¡v hÀj¯nsemcn¡Â Xsâ {]PIsf ImWm³ hcp¶Xn\pÅ A\phmZw sImSp¯p F¶pamWv HmWs¯¡pdn¨pÅ sFXnlyw. tIcf¯nse Bcym[n\nthi¯nsâ êambn{ZmhnUÀ¡p-mb A]Nbs¯¡pdn¡p¶ H¶mbpw hnfshSp¸pambn_Ôs¸Sp¯nbpw ]pXphÀjmtLmjambn kwtbmPn¸n¨pw HmWs¯¡pdn¨v

Nnń¡mdp-v. am¦pSn acpX\mcpsS ‘a[psscIm©n’bnÂ HmWs¯¡pdn¨v ]cmaÀin¡p¶p-v. tIcf¯nÂ `mkvIcchnhÀ½bpsS Ime¯mWv HmWw Bcw`n¨Xv F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p. HmWmtLmjhpambn _Ôs¸« khntijamb NS§mWv sIm¨ncmPmhnsâ A¯äb tLmjbm{X. Xr¡m¡c t£{X¯nse DÕhImew

IqSnbmWnXv. ‘A¯w ]t¯mWw’ F¶mWv sNmÃv. A¯w apXÂ HmWw hsc]¯pZnhkw hoSpIfnÂ I\yIamÀ hr¯mIrXnbnÂ ]qhnSp¶p. Xp¼bpwap¡pänbpamWv CXnÂ apJyw, XpSÀ¶v Xr¡m¡cb¸s\ {]XnjvTn¡pw, ASt\Zn¡pwIpchbnSpw. XncpthmW\mfnÂ hn`hkar²amb kZy D-mIpw. ssIsIm«n¡fn,]´pIfn, Duªmem«w, hÅwIfn, HmW¯Ãv, ]pen¡fn F¶o hnt\mZ§fpw

HmWt¯mS\p_Ôn¨v \S¶phcp¶p.


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hnjp

hnjp aebmfnIfpsS ]pXphÕcamWv. taSamkw H¶mw Xo¿XnbmWv hnjpBtLmjn¡mdv. At¸mÄ kqcy³ ao\w cminhn«p taSw cminbnÂ IS¡p¶p. A¶v

cm¸IepIÄ¡v XpeyssZÀLyw Bbncn¡pw. cmhW \n{KlkvacWbmWv hnjp F¶pw]dªphcp¶p. CsXmcp ImÀjntImÕhw IqSnbmWv. hnjphn\v IrjnbpsS{]mcwàmbn \new DgpXp¶ NS§mWv hnjp¨mÂ DgÂ. hnjphns\ kw_Ôn̈ pÅBZy]cmaÀiw `mkvIcchnbpsS Xrs¡mSn¯m\w imk\¯nÂ ImWmw.IenhÂkc¯nsâ {]mcwàmWv hnjp F¶p]dbp¶Xv. hnjphnsâ {][m\NS§pIfmWv hnjpss¡\o«hpw, hnjp¡Wnbpw. Hcp DcpfnbnÂ DW¡ecn\nc¯nAXnÂ IWnshÅcnbpw {KÙhpw sIm¶ q̧hpw \mfntIcapdnbpw hbv¡p¶p. IqSmsX\nehnf¡v, ]gp¡Sbv¡, N¡, hmÂ¡®mSn F¶n§s\ aäp hkvXp¡fpw tNÀ¯v IWns]men¸n¡p¶p. AXncmhnse ho«nse FÃmw AwK§fpw IWn ImWpIbpwXpSÀ¶v kkymZnIsfbpw hfÀ p̄arK§sfbpw IWnImWn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. ]n¶oSv

]S¡w s]m«n¡pw tijw ImcWhÀ IpSpw_¯nse FÃmhÀ¡pwh hnjpssI\o«w\ÂIpw. hÀjw apgph³ \ofp¶ hnjpêhpw Irjn XpSt§- aplqÀ¯wIpdn¡epw CtXXpSÀ¶v \S¡pw. D¨bv¡v hoSpIfnÂ kZysbmcp¡pw. N¡, am§,shÅcn hn`h§Ä¡v kZybnÂ {]mapJyw D-mbncn¡pw. \mfntIcw sIm n̄bn«Iªnbpw, iÀ¡cbpw ]¨cn \mfntIçmenÂ Ipdp¡nb hnjp¡«bpwiÀ¡çm\nbpw {][m\ hnjp hǹ h§fmWv.

amam¦w

]{´-v hÀj¯nsemcn¡Â `mcX¸pgbpsS Xoc¯v Xncp\mhmbbnÂ sh¨p\S¯nbncp¶ DÕhw. amLaIw BWt{X amam¦w BbXv. _p²sâ P·Zn\mtLmjw

F¶ \nebnemWv NS§pIÄ XpS§nbsX¶v Hc ǹ{]mbap-v. Ipw`tImW¯p\S¶ncp¶ tNmf·mcpsS kv\mt\mÕhamWv tNmf {]Xn\n[nbmb ØmWpchn.Xncp\mhmbbnÂ Bcw`n¨ amam¦w Fs¶mcp ]£hpw D-v. s]cpamÄ Cu AhImiws]cp¼S¸p kzcq]¯n\p \ÂIn. ]n¶oSXv hÅph t¡m\mXncn¡v e`n¨p. XpSÀ¶v BØm\w kmaqXncn ]nSn¨S ¡n. CXmWv Ncn{Xw. AXn\mÂ¯s¶ kmaqXncn \ne]mSpXdbnÂ Fgp¶ Åpt¼mÄ hÅpht¡m\mXncn HgnsI asäÃm tIc fcmPm¡·mcpw ASnas¡mSn sImSp ̄ b¨v kmaqXncnbpsS A[oiXzw AwKoI cn¨ncp¶p.hÅpht¡m\mXncn NmthÀ ]SsbbmWv ]Icw Ab¨ncp¶Xv. AhÀ ]Ssh«nhocarXyp hcn¨ncp¶p. Xsâ {]Xntj[w C¯c¯nemWv hÅpht¡m\mXncn{]ISam¡nbncp¶Xv. amam¦t¯msS FÃm `qanssIamä {]amW§fpw Akm[phmIpw.

]n¶oSv Ah ]pXpt¡-nbncp¶p. Ahkm\s¯ amam¦w \S¶Xv 1766emsW¶v hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶p.

tchXn]«¯m\w

Xpemamk¯nse tchXo\£{X¯nÂ tImgnt¡m«v XfnbnÂ t£{X¯nÂsh¨v kmaqXncnbpsS kwc£WbnÂ \S¡p¶ k]vXZn\ hnZypXvkZÊmWv tchXo]«¯m\w. CXnÂ shfnbnÂ \n¶pt]mepw hnZzm·mÀ ]s¦Sp n̄cp¶p.hmZ{]XnhmZ§fnÂ A\nXck[mcWamb ]mÞnXyw {]ISam¡p¶ ]ÞnXhtcWy·mÀ¡p `«Øm\w (]«¯m\w) \ÂInh¶p. F«mwZnhkw kmaqXncnbmWv ]«¯m\hpw ]W¡ngnbpw \ÂInbncp¶Xv. aoamwk, hymIcWw, thZm´w F¶o

hnjb§fnemWv NÀ¨ \S¶ncp¶Xv. CXnÂ tIcf¯nse FÃmw k`maT§fpsSbpw{]Xn\n[nIÄ ]s¦Sp¯ncp¶p. hn[nIÀ¯m¡fnÂ {]apJ³ ]¿¶qÀ a\bv¡se{][m\nbmbncp¶p.

ii sem.ba malayalam- complementary course kerala padanam - madhya kala keralam (1) (1)

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