BY J E S S I E M C C LU R E A N D M E G A N G A R R E TT

II. THE LIVING WORLD

BIOLOGICAL POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES

• Organisms occur in populations, communities, and ecosystems• A population is all the members of a

species living in a given area at the same time• All of the populations in one area make up

a biological community • An ecosystem consists of the biological

community as well as the physical environment (biotic and abiotic factors)

FULL SPECTRUM

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Community

Population

OrganismOrgan system

Organ

Tissues

Cells

VOCABULARY

• Species• Population• Biological

Community• Ecosystem• Producers• Productivity• Biomass• Detritivores

• Food Chain• Food Web• Trophic Level• Consumer• Herbivores• Carnivores• Omnivores• Scavengers• Decomposer

COMMUNITY PROPERTIES AFFECT SPECIES AND POPULATIONS

• Productivity is a measure of biological activity • Community Structure describes spatial distribution of organisms• Complexity is an important ecological indicator• Edges and boundaries affect communities

ECOLOGICAL NICHE

•An ecological niche is the functional role and position of a species or population within a community or ecosystem including what resources are used, how and when it used these resources as well as how it interacts with other populations.

VOCABULARY

• Primary Productivity• Abundance•Diversity • Complexity • Edge Effects

• Random Distribution •Uniform Distribution • Clustered Distribution • Ecotones

T R O P I C A L R A I N F O R E S T S A R E S T R U C T U R A L LY A N D E C O L O G I C A L LY C O M P L E X

COMPLEXITY

SPECIES INTERACTIONS

•Competition leads to resource allocation•Predation affects species relationships•Certain Adaptations Help Avoid Predation•Symbiosis Involves Intimate Relations Among Species

T H E O T T E R S P R O T E C T S K E L P F O R E S T S B Y E A T I N G U R C H I N S T H A T W O U L D O T H E R W I S E D E S T R O Y T H E K E L P

KEYSTONE SPECIES

VOCABULARY • Adaptation

• Natural Selection

• Selection Pressures

• Tolerance Limits

• Indicators

• Habitat

• Ecological Niche

• Competitive Exclusion Principle

• Resource Partitioning • Speciation

• Geographic Isolation

• Allopatric speciation

• Sympatric Speciation

• Binomials

G E O G RA P H I C B A R R I E R S I N F LU E N C E S P E C I AT I O N

ALLOPATRIC V. SYMPATRIC SPECIATION

BIOMES TO KNOW

Major Terrestrial • Tropical Forest • Tropical Savanna and Grassland• Deserts• Temperate Grasslands• Temperate Shrublands• Temperate Forests (Deciduous and Coniferous)• Boreal Forests• Tundra

VOCABULARY

• Biome

• Vertical Zonation

• Cloud Forests

• Tropical Seasonal Forests

• Grasslands

• Savannas

• Chaparral

• Deciduous

• Coniferous

• Taiga

C H A RAC T E R I Z E D BY C O N I F E R S AT H I G H L AT I T U D E S

BOREAL FOREST/TAIGA

C H A R A C T E R I Z E D B Y P E R S I S T E N T , F R E Q U E N T O R S E A S O N A L L O W - L E V E L C L O U D C O V E R

CLOUD FOREST OF COSTA RICA

BIOMES TO KNOW

Major Aquatic• Streams/ Rivers• Lakes/ Ponds•Wetlands• Estuaries• Coastal• Coral Reefs•Open Ocean

VOCABULARY • Phytoplankton

• Benthic

• Pelagic

• Coral Bleaching

• Mangroves

• Salt Marshes

• Tide Pools

• Barrier Islands

• Thermocline

• Swamps

• Marshes

• Bogs

• Fens

C H A RAC T E R I Z E D BY T R E E S T H AT G R O W I N S A LT WAT E R

MANGROVE

P E L AG I C A N D B E N T H I C

OCEAN ZONES

VOCABULARY

• Chemosynthesis

• Photosynthesis

• Chlorophyll

SPECIES DIVERSITY

• Evolution produces species diversity •Natural selection leads to evolution• All species live within limits• Speciation maintains species diversity • Evolution is still at work

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Green plants get energy from the sun • Photosynthesis captures energy from the sun• Extremophiles live in severe condition

• Process: • Occurs in organelles called chloroplast in plant cells• Begins with light dependent reactions that occur when

the chloroplast is receiving light• Enzymes split water molecules and release O2• 6H2O + 6CO2 + solar energy C6 H12 O6 (sugar) + 6O2

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

A D I AG RA M O F T H E PR O C E S S

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• Respiration releases the energy gained during photosynthesis

• The Process:• It involves splitting carbon and hydrogen atoms from the

sugar molecule • They are then recombined with oxygen to create carbon

dioxide and water• C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + released energy

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

video• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=2f7YwCtHcgk

Remember• Two types/stages:• Glycolysis: anaerobic,

does not need oxygen• Aerobic also called the

Kreb’s cycle, requires oxygen • Generates energy• Crucial to

decomposition

FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBSFood chains are a linked

feeding series

Food webs are interconnected food

chains

G R A S S G R O W S . R A B B I T E A T S G R A S S . F O X E A T S R A B B I T. W O L F E A T S R A B B I T

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS DESCRIBE TROPHIC LEVELS

Carnivore

Herbivore

Producers

Top Carnivore

BIODIVERSITY

Genetic DiversityA measure of the variety of different versions of the same genes within

individual speciesSpecies Diversity

The number of different types of organisms within a community or

ecosystemsEcological Diversity

The richness of the community including the number of niches, trophic levels, and

ecological processes

BIODIVERSITY

• Two main factors give us biodiversity:

Natural selection&

Mutation(through sexual reproduction)

N AT U RA L S E L E C T I O N E X P L A I N S W H Y T H E Y H AV E D I F F E R E N T B E A K S ( B A S E D O N D I F F E R E N T AVA I L A B L E F O O D S O U RC E S )

GALAPAGOS FINCHES

NATURAL SELECTION• The organisms with

preferable traits for their environment are the ones that evade predators longer and survive longer and live to produce offspring.

• For example of the mice you see in the picture the lighter colored mice are better adapted to living on sand dunes where as the darker colored mice are more likely to survive on the darker soil nearby.

• Article:• http

://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/08/mice-living-in-sand-hills-quickly-evolved-lighter-coloration/

EVOLUTION

•A theory that explains how random changes in genetic material & competition for scarce resources cause the species to change gradually over generations

VOCABULARY

• Intraspecific Competition • Interspecific

Competition • Predator-Mediated

Competition • Coevolution • Batesian Mimicry

• Müllerian Mimicry • Symbiosis • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism

RANGE OF TOLERANCE

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

CLIMATE SHIFTS

• If gradual -> Natural selection -> favorable traits for new climate

• If rapid -> mass die outs-> possible extinction

Possible explanations for climate shifts: • Changes in the sun’s

energy output• Shifts in the moon’s orbit,

altering tides & circulation• Milankovitch cycles: slight

variations in the earth’s tilt and orbit, explain extreme shifts

• Volcanos releasing large amounts of ash and sulfur, causing temperatures to drop quickly

SPECIES MOVEMENT

• Occurs when species migrate to a different climate because their original has become unsuitable

• NPR recording on climate change & species movement• http://

www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=95603499&m=95606687

COMMUNITIES CHANGE OVER TIME

• Communities develop in a sequence of stages• Ecological succession describes a history

of community development• Appropriate disturbances can benefit

communities • Introduced species can cause community

change

VOCABULARY

• Climax Community

• Primary Succession

• Secondary

Succession

• Pioneer Species

• Disturbance

• Disturbance-Adapted Species

B E G I N S B A R E O F S O I L , E N D S W I T H A C O M M U N I T Y

PRIMARY SUCCESSION

R E S U LT I N G F R O M A F I R E

SECONDARY SUCCESSION

CARBON CYCLE

• Cartoon on the carbon cycle (strange but helpful)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3SZKJVKRxQ• Teacher/lecture style:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xV3rYB79lcU&feature=fvwrel

NITROGEN CYCLE

• Video of cycle including sources• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=BosHU4ARR9w&feature=related• Teacher/lecture

style:• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=GU17Q10GEE8&feature=relmfu

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

• Videos:• in short: http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKkC2JpjaGc• In detail/lecture

style: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gT3r2de8WqI

SULFUR CYCLE

Animation:http://academic.cengage.com/biology/discipline_content/animations/sulfur_cycle.html

THE WATER CYCLE

THE WATER CYCLE

• Animated Water Cycle• (stop motion)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRWvovaHzkM&feature=related

• Water Cycle Rap(surprisingly helpful for vocabulary)• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3NeMVBcXXU&feature=related

VOCABULARY

• Evaporation

• Precipitation

• Condensation

• Sublimation

• Assimliation

•Nitrification

•Denitrification

•Abiotic

•Biotic

CONSERVATION OF MATTER

•Matter is neither created nor destroyed

But rather recycled over and over again as chemical elements are used and reused by organisms

• In other words…Matter can be combined and transformed in many different ways, but will never disappear

REMEMBER

• All living things are made of the same 6 elements that cycle and are reused over and over

• CHNOPS!

•Carbon•Hydrogen•Nitrogen•Oxygen•Phosphorous•Sulfur

NOTEBOOK STUDY TOOLS FORTHE LIVING WORLD

• Chapter 4 & 5 test

• (remember) the Eco-Column Project

• Climatogram worksheet

• And of course any in-class notes (especially on videos)

• Biomes worksheet