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i
CONTENTS
Chapter Page No's
List of Tables ii-ix
List of Figures x-xii
Acknowledgements xiii-xiv
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-21
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 22-47
Chapter 3 IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM OF
MGNREGA
48-61
Chapter 4 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 62-192
4.1 Socio-economic profile of beneficiaries & non
beneficiaries.
62-83
4.2 Impact of MGNREGA 84-168
4.3 Impact of MGNREGA on women. 169-174
4.4 MGNREGA & Financial Inclusion. 175-178
4.5 Constraints/ Problems. 179-192
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Suggestions 193-205
5.1 Summary/Conclusions 193-200
5.2 Suggestions/ Recommendations 201-205
Bibliography 206-218
List of Appendices 219-229
1. Annexure A 219-227
2. Annexure B 228
3. Annexure C 229
Publications
ii
LIST OF TABLES
S.No. Table No. Title Page No's
1 1.1 Time-Line of MGNREGA programme 3
2 1.2 An overview of the performance of MGNREGA at
National level
6
3 1.3 An overview of the performance of MGNREGA in
J&K
8
4 1.4 Profile of District Rajouri 10
5 1.5 An overview of the performance of MGNREGA in
district Rajouri
11
6 1.6 An overview of the performance of MGNREGA in
Block Sundarbani
13
7 1.7 An overview of the performance of MGNREGA in
Block Doongi
14
8 3.1 Distribution of sample respondents in context of
knowledge on basic entitlements of Act.
55
9 3.2 Distribution of sample workers according to literacy
level
55
10 3.3 Response of sample beneficiaries in respect of main
sources of MGNREGA information.
57
11 3.4 Distribution of respondents according to the entries
on their job cards.
58
12 3.5 No. of respondents who demanded & got
employment in the study area.
59
13 4.1 Block-wise distribution of respondents. 63
14 4.2 Distribution of sample respondent’s sex wise 64
15 4.3 Distribution of respondents age group wise 65
16 4.4 Distribution of sample respondent’s religion wise 66
iii
17 4.5 Distribution of BPL card holder & non-holder
respondents
67
18 4.6 Distribution of sample respondents according to
literacy level
68
19 4.7 Distribution of sample household’s social group wise 69
20 4.8 Distribution of respondents according to type of
house
70
21 4.9 Distribution of respondents according to Family-size 71
22 4.10 Distribution of respondents according to children
going to school
72
23 4.11 Distribution of respondent’s according to presence of
disabled persons
73
24 4.12 Distribution of sampled respondent’s migration-wise 74
25 4.13 Distribution of sample respondents according to
occupation
75
26 4.14 Distribution of respondents according to size of land
holding
76
27 4.15 Distribution of respondent’s according to annual
Income
77
28 4.16 Distribution of non-beneficiaries sex wise 78
29 4.17 Distribution of non-beneficiaries according to literacy
level
79
30 4.18 Distribution of BPL card holder & non-holder
respondents
80
31 4.19 Distribution of non-beneficiary respondents into their
size of land holding
81
32 4.20 Distribution of non-beneficiaries according to their
occupation
82
33 4.21 Distribution of non-beneficiaries according to their 83
iv
annual income
34 4.22 Showing respondent beneficiaries in Sundarbani &
Doongi block.
84
35 4.23 Mandays generated from MGNREGA in the study
area
85
36 4.24 Number of days the workers employed in different
works under MGNREGA
87
37 4.25 Proportion of additional employment from
MGNREGA to the total employment of the worker
by land holding category
89
38 4.26 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Sundarbani
91
39 4.27 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Doongi
92
40 4.28 Distribution of average mandays & income per
worker from MGNREGA by income groups
92
41 4.29 No. of respondents who demanded & got
employment in the study area
93
42 4.30 Gender-wise employment provided in the study
blocks
94
43 4.31 Distribution of sample workers according to their age
in the study area
95
44 4.32 Age-wise results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA
in block Sundarbani
96
45 4.33 Age-wise results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA
in block Doongi
96
46 4.34 Employment generation by respondents according to
their educational level
97
47 4.35 Education-wise results of t-Test before & after
MGNREGA in block Sundarbani
98
v
48 4.36 Education-wise results of t-Test before & after
MGNREGA in block Doongi
98
49 4.37 Caste/Community-wise employment in the study area 99
50 4.38 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Sundarbani
100
51 4.39 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Doongi
100
52 4.40 Days-wise employment provided in the study area 101
53 4.41 Employment generation by BPL card holders in the
study area
103
54 4.42 Category-wise (land holding) proportion of additional
income from MGNREGA sources to total income of
the respondents
105
55 4.43 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Sundarbani
107
56 4.44 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Doongi
107
57 4.45 Proportion of additional income from MGNREGA
sources to total income of the worker households on
the basis of categorization by income groups
108
58 4.46 Income generated under different works in the study
area
109
59 4.47 Gender-wise income of MGNREGA workers in the
study area
110
60 4.48 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Sundarbani
111
61 4.49 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Doongi
112
62 4.50 Age-wise income of MGNREGA workers in the 112
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study area
63 4.51 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Sundarbani
113
64 4.52 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Doongi
114
65 4.53 Income generated by the workers according to their
education level
114
66 4.54 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Sundarbani
115
67 4.55 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Doongi
116
68 4.56 Income generated by BPL card holders in the study
area
116
69 4.57 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Sundarbani
118
70 4.58 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Doongi
118
71 4.59 Community wise income of the beneficiaries in the
study area
119
72 4.60 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Sundarbani
120
73 4.61 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in block
Doongi
120
74 4.62 Income generated by women workers in the study
area
121
75 4.63 Comparison of income before and after MGNREGA
in block Sundarbani
121
76 4.64 Results of ANOVA 122
77 4.65 Comparison of income before and after MGNREGA
in block Doongi
122
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78 4.66 Results of ANOVA 123
79 4.67 Proportion of employment generated at current
period to the employment of non job card holders by
income groups
127
80 4.68 Proportion of income from sources other than
MGNREGA to the total income 140 of non job card
holders by income groups
129
81 4.69 Employment & Income generated by beneficiaries
(MGNREGA) & non- beneficiaries (other than
MGNREGA) household by income groups in
Sundarbani & Doongi block
131
82 4.70 Source-wise annual household expenditure before
and after MGNREGA in block Sundarbani & Doongi
134
83 4.71 Expenditure on food and other consumption items in
Block Sundarbani
135
84 4.72 Expenditure on food and other consumption items in
Block Doongi
136
85 4.73 Expenditure on clothing in Block Sundarbani 137
86 4.74 Expenditure on Clothing in Block Doongi 138
87 4.75 Expenditure on Health in Block Sundarbani 139
88 4.76 Expenditure on Health in Block Doongi 140
89 4.77 Expenditure on cooking fuel in Block Sundarbani 141
90 4.78 Expenditure on cooking fuel in Block Doongi 142
91 4.79 Expenditure on Education in Block Sundarbani 143
92 4.80 Expenditure on Education in Block Doongi 144
93 4.81 Expenditure on Transport in Block Sundarbani 145
94 4.82 Expenditure on Transport in Block Doongi 146
95 4.83 Expenditure on Social/ religious function in Block 147
viii
Sundarbani
96 4.84 Expenditure on Social/ religious function in Block
Doongi
148
97 4.85 Expenditure on Alcohol in Block Sundarbani 149
98 4.86 Expenditure on Alcohol in Block Doongi 150
99 4.87 Expenditure on Loan repayment in Block Sundarbani 151
100 4.88 Expenditure on Loan repayment in Block Doongi 152
101 4.89 Expenditure on Electricity bill in Block Sundarbani 153
102 4.90 Expenditure on Electricity bill in Block Doongi 154
103 4.91 Expenditure on Phone bill in Block Sundarbani 155
104 4.92 Expenditure on Phone bill in Block Doongi 156
105 4.93 Expenditure on Agricultural equipments & seeds in
Block Sundarbani
157
106 4.94 Expenditure on Agricultural equipments and seeds in
Block Doongi
158
107 4.95 Expenditure on Household assets in Block
Sundarbani
159
108 4.96 Expenditure on Household assets in Block Doongi 160
109 4.97 Expenditure on Recreation in Block Sundarbani 161
110 4.98 Expenditure on Recreation in Block Doongi 162
111 4.99 Expenditure on Maintenance of House in Block
Sundarbani
163
112 4.100 Expenditure on Maintenance of House in Block
Doongi
164
113 4.101 Showing expenditure of income for which results are
significant in both Sundarbani & Doongi blocks
166
114 4.102 Showing the priority of works in the study blocks 167
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115 4.103 Wage rates of MGNREGA since inception in Jammu
& Kashmir state
167
116 4.104 Share of Women in Employment (%age) at National
Level
170
117 4.105 Employment provided to women respondents in the
study area
171
118 4.106 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in the
study blocks
172
119 4.107 Income generated by women respondents in study
area
172
120 4.108 Results of t-Test before & after MGNREGA in the
study blocks
173
121 4.109 Block-wise number of respondents having bank
accounts under MGNREGA in the study area
177
122 4.110 Constraint Index of Beneficiaries 180
123 4.111 Constraint Index of women beneficiaries 185
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LIST OF FIGURES
S.No. Figure No. Title Page No's
1 1.1
Map of District Rajouri showing study area
Sundarbani & Doongi blocks
10
2 3.1 Implementation structure of MGNREGA 49
3 3.2 Distribution of sample households social group wise 56
4 4.1 Block wise share of respondent households 63
5 4.2 Graphic representation of respondents sex wise
respondents
64
6 4.3 Graphic representation of respondent’s age group 65
7 4.4 Graphic representation of respondent’s religion wise 66
8 4.5 Graphic representation of BPL card holder & non
holder respondent’s
67
9 4.6 Graphic representation of literacy rate of respondents 68
10 4.7 Graphic representation of social groups of
respondents
69
11 4.8 Graphic representation of type of house of
respondents
70
12 4.9 Graphic representation of family size of respondents 71
13 4.10 Graphic representation of the respondent’s children
going to school
72
14 4.11 Graphic representation of respondents with disabled
persons
73
15 4.12 Graphic representation of migration pattern of
respondent’s
74
16 4.13 Graphic representation of occupation of respondent’s 75
17 4.14 Graphic representation of respondent’s land holding 76
xi
18 4.15 Graphic representation of respondent’s annual
income
77
19 4.16 Showing gender of non-beneficiaries 78
20 4.17 Graphic representation of literacy level of non
beneficiaries
79
21 4.18 Graphic poverty line of non-beneficiaries 80
22 4.19 Graphic representation of land holdings of non-
beneficiaries
81
23 4.20 Graphic representation of occupation of non-
beneficiaries
82
24 4.21 Graphic representation of annual income of non-
beneficiaries
83
25 4.22 Graphic representation of respondents in Sundarbani
& Doongi block
84
26 4.23 Graphic representation of respondents covered &
Provided with employment in block
Sundarbani & Doongi
86
27 4.24 Graphic representation of percentage of respondents
in different works in Block Sundarbani & Doongi
87
28 4.25 Graphic representation of respondents who demanded
employment & provided with employment
93
29 4.26 Graphic representation of respondents worked for
different number of days in block Sundarbani &
Doongi
102
30 4.27 Graphic representation of employment generated by
BPL card Holders in study blocks
103
31 4.28 Graphic representation of BPL respondents &
Income
117
32 4.29 Income levels Before & After MGNREGA in Block 124
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Sundarbani
33 4.30 Income levels Before & After MGNREGA in Block
Doongi
124
34 4.31 Lorenz Curve Before and After MGNREGA 125
35 4.32 Graphic representation of Share of women
respondents in study area
171
36 4.33 Graphic representation of Bank accounts and saving
status
177
37 4.34 Graphic representation of constraint index of
beneficiaries
181
38 4.35 Graphical representation of constraint index of
women beneficiaries
186