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Page 1: مﻼﺴﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻲـﻧاﺮﺒﻴﺴﻟا · (Personal Digital Assistant) PDA ( ) PMP (Permanent Monitoring Panel of Information Security (WFS)) (Supervisory

البحث عن السالم السيبرانـي

2011

س مار

|ي رانسيب الالمس العن

ث بحال

لمزيد من المعلومات:شعبة االسرتاتيجية املؤسسيةاالحتاد الدويل لالتصاالتPlace des Nations – 1211 Geneva 20Switzerland

[email protected] :بريد إلكرتوينwww.itu.int/cybersecurity

طبع يف سويسراجنيف، مارس 2011

03/2

011

Page 2: مﻼﺴﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﻲـﻧاﺮﺒﻴﺴﻟا · (Personal Digital Assistant) PDA ( ) PMP (Permanent Monitoring Panel of Information Security (WFS)) (Supervisory
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hereinafter( www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml(ISOC) All About the Internet, “A Brief History of the Internet”)E��J, K "����#�� �#L+��" ����HM� NF��4OP ����( ' @#�� �+�� Q 1962

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5 �W�� K ���2153-145 Q ������� .8�� �4 6 A Brief History of the Internet Q��� ���� �W�� K ���2146.8�� �4 Q 7 A Brief History of the Internet.

8 .9 ]�2�0��Y 1�:��&The Inventor of the World Wide Web,” AmericanHeritage.com, 12 Nov. 2005,

-lee-nersber-tim-web-wide-world-internet-www.americanheritage.com/articles/web/20051112

consortium.shtml-web-wide-world-url-html-enquire-cern-geneva-computer.

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12 1%���Y !��3(“Analysis on Defense and Cyberwarfare,” Infosec Island, 8 July 2010,

Warfare.html-Cyber-and-Defense-on-Analysis-https://infosecisland.com/blogview/5160

(hereinafter “Elliot”). 13 1�*�P !�Y“Cyberattack Seen as Top Threat to Zap U.S. Power Grid,” NetworkWorld, 2 June 2010,

grid.html-power-cyberattack-nerc-www.networkworld.com/news/2010/060210 ��b �, ���: i�B�)�3�� �3H 79�P n�H: 6�u& d2� N��2 U*a� !#$ 7O�� v��M� -������ 6�uw� <l_3�� U�F�P" x�f��Y �V4T�

.("�*�P" \(�2 y��9, UB�M� �O& pY '�+� �) (����*+�� �# �P, K i�2��#�� %�9�PY z�� "99�3�� {�|�P� 14 1�'�2@4 A�P�F“Under Cyberattack, Georgia Finds ‘Bullet-Proof’ Hosting With Google And Elsewhere,”

InformationWeek, 12 E��J, 20081 www.informationweek.com/news/security/attacks/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=210002702.

15 1E�:�9 ��}�B“Hackers Take Down the Most Wired Country in Europe,” Wired, 21 Aug. 2007,

09/ff_estonia?currentPage=all-www.wired.com/politics/security/magazine/15.

16 ( �}� 1;�4'�P ��B� ��& ~�“Cyber attacks Jam Government and Commercial Web Sites in U.S. and

South Korea,” 10$�F ?'��� ���W�8 ���� 2009 1 www.nytimes.com/2009/07/09/technology/09cyber.htmlergay, and Jack Date, Jason Ryan, Richard S ;

Theresa Cook, “Hackers Launch Cyberattack on Federal Labs,” ABC News, 7 Dec. 2007,

http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/Technology/story?id=3966047&page=1. 17 1� �� �P )# �PBrazil’s Next Battlefield: Cyberspace,” Foreign Policy Journal 115 �*:�� 2009 1

cyberspace-battlefield-next-http://foreignpolicyjournal.com/2009/11/15/brazils (hereinafter “Mylrea”).

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r!\�L! 4��!i��*! H%Y! N�\P� U2A�- *4�%��0*! 42��=!� 5!� � v�M� k+7�� ��*� r!\�L! F2�f2�* 4���Y! 4��<�*! 4��3*! - +g 5+�+�3*! :�+�M� 4�[!%y�! 438!%/! 5+�3y� 4�'c*! 5+�3A*! b*^ 9

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18 ���� ���. 19 �'�,��4�B 1����& )�`�P�“Google, Citing Attack, Threatens to Exit China,” The New York Time, 112

� �� 2010 1www.nytimes.com/2010/01/13/world/asia/13beijing.html. 20 1?<#(�2 ��: %���Y“Denial-of-Service Attack Knocks Twitter Offline (Updated),” Wired.com, 17

E��J, 20071down/-apparently-icenter/2009/08/twitterwww.wired.com/ep.

21 .9 6�&��2, ���� .7 '�*�(� � �:�( 1��P9�BThe Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism,

0817999825_1.pdfhttp://media.hoover.org/documents/2001 at 14, .

22 Critical Infrastructure Protection: Multiple Efforts to Secure Control Systems are Under Way, but Challenges Remain, United States Government Accountability Office, Sept. 2007,

1036,-07-GAO www.gao.gov/new.items/d071036.pdfIn 1997 (hackers attacked the Worcester .

Airport in the U.S., disabling phone services to the airport tower and shutting down the control system managing the runway lights).

23 .%���Y

24 1)��2 ��}�B“Securing the Smart Grid: The Road Ahead,” at 2, NetworkSecurityEdge.com 15 � ��: 2010. ahead-road-grid-smart-ringhttp://www.networksecurityedge.com/content/secu.

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26 "Grid Smart qW3M� %� 8��� K �c���� q'�h� "1, TopBits.com; “SCADA,” www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htm

faq.com/scada.html-www.tech .("�9�#(" \(�2 UB�M� pY '�+� �) 27 .�9�#(

28 �}�L���: ��4“10 Things to Know About Smart Grid Security,” 9 Oct. 2009, Earth2Tech, Gigaom,

security/-grid-smart-about-know-to-things-http://gigaom.com/cleantech/10 \(�2 UB�M� pY '�+ �) ..("�}�L���:"

29 ���� ���.

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30 “SCADA Security and Terrorism: We’re Not Crying Wolf,” at 26, BlackHat,

up.pdf-Graham-Maynor-06-Fed-06/BH-federal-www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh.

31 .��P'�J ��:�}“Electricity Grid in U.S. Penetrated By Spies,” The Wall Street Journal, 8 Apr. 2009,

http://online.wsj.com/article/NA_WSJ_PUB:SB123914805204099085.html. 32 .�*��P d�Y“Cyberwar’ author: U.S. needs radical changes to protect against attacks,” NetworkWorld,

review.html-book-clarke-www.networkworld.com/news/2010/040710pr. 2010, A 7 UB�M� pY '�+� �) ." \(�2 Radical Change.("

33 ���� ��� K ����2��#�� g���� %�#L} j�HF !� ~�L ) %�:�+#3(8� !P ;8�� %��M )H���2 qW3M� %� 8��� �, N�: i�B ]�f) �}�L���: Q(x��P� 40 .(���PT� %�c��e� !P 9H� )H���2 j�HF c x��M�� �L4�' n4� A���P ����P

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36 “Cyberwar: War in the fifth domain,” 7 Jan. 2010, The Economist,

www.economist.com/node/16478792 ”)“Fifth Domain \(�2 ��� H2 z*� �(. 37 Smart Grid: Hardware and Software Outlook, Zpryme, 2009 at 2,

www.zpryme.com/SmartGridInsights/2010_Smart_Grid_Hardware_Software_Outlook_Zpryme_Smart(stating that the U.S. smart grid industry was valued at $21.4 billion in 2009 and will _Grid_Insights.pdf

reach an estimated $42.8 billion by 2014); Jonathan Weisman and Rebecca Smith,“Obama Trumpets Energy Grants,” The Wall Street Journal, 28 Oct. 2009,

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125663945180609871.html ��P ��F !� �P�2�, E����� �@�Y !� �b) ~�L 0:��f3,4 .(�P�3M� ����2��#�� %�#L+�� U '�+M '8�9 '���P

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38 Fifth Domain.

39 ���� ��� �� ���� ��� ��� x�W�B�F �V4T� ��*H3(8�" �, N�: i�B ]�f)c � ����� �W�(�� 8 R�fY ��# .("q9�t ��f j��JT �w�*H3(� ��#�( !#�� )P�} -��3#�Y <PF

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41 CERT Research 2006 Annual Report, 1����P nu� '�4 �HP�B 1Software Engineering Institute, at 7 et seq.,

http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/cert_rsch_annual_rpt_2006.pdf.

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42 Understanding Cybercrime: A Guide for Developing Countries, at 72, International Telecommunication -cybercrime-understanding-D/cyb/cybersecurity/docs/itu-www.itu.int/ITU9, Union, April 200

(hereinafter “Understanding”) guide.pdf

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revolution/-http://www.fidis.net/resources/identity.

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44 1A�' �F<4 x�� , ����“Cyber War I: Estonia attacked from Russia,” European Affairs, Vol.9, No1-2, 2008,

2_9/ai_n28550773/-http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7054/is_1.

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http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/9361/.

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New York: Wiley, 1979 at 4-103

47 )(�'�9'�& 1Trust and Trustworthiness; Russell Sage Foundation Series on Trust, Vol. 4, 2002.

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48 1�P� �4�: E�����:Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, Free Press, 1995.

49 .9 %�2�' )� �:�'� 79'����� %�2�'� 6��F�27��. 1�����Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in

Modern Italy, Princeton University Press, 1993.

50 d��& 16��L����� “Securing Trust Online: Wisdom or Oxymoron?” Boston University Law Review, Vol. 81,

www.nyu.edu/projects/nissenbaum/main_cv.html, 664-635at June 2001No. 3, .

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58 “McAfee, Inc. Research Shows Global Recession Increasing Risks to Intellectual Property,” McAfee Press Release, Feb. 2010,

www.mcafee.com/us/about/press/corporate/2009/20090129_063500_j.html; see also Unsecured

Economies Protecting Vital Information, McAfee, 2009,

http://resources.mcafee.com/content/NAUnsecuredEconomiesReport.

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94 Ariana Eunjung Cha and Ellen Nakashima, “Google China cyberattack part of vast espionage campaign,

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23&homepage=no-03-edu/CLJC/index.aspx?mainid=418&issuedate=2010http://lawlib.wlu..

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112 The Insider Threat to U.S. Government Information Systems, National Security Telecommunications

and Information Systems Security Committee, NSTISSAM INFOSEC/1-99, .99.pdf-cnss.gov/Assets/pdf/nstissam_infosec_1www.

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liberty-and-security-need-ingbalanc-cyberspace-responsiblities-and-www.ewi.info/rights.

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141 Gurmeet Kanwal, “China’s Emerging Cyber War Doctrine,” at 20, Journal of Defense Studies, 2009 1 :K ��3Ples/jds_3_3_gkanwal_0.pdfwww.idsa.in/system/fi �(��(� d��� K %�P��HM� ��f Cc�� )

�*�:] .(=@H�� 1H2“Kanwal”[. 142 1q'�3¬ ��� U:����� )��(��� )��� :��������� ����

Dartmouth College, Institute for Security, Technology, and Society, Nov. 2004 at 2,

www.ists.dartmouth.edu/docs/execsum.pdf�*�:) 1 1H2“Selected Nations”(.

143 1x@VP ����Richard Westcott, “UK Seeks Next Generation of Cybersecurity Specialists,” BBC News, 126 ���� 2010 10742588-www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology .

144 Kanwal at 20

145 Gordon Corera, “Cyber-security strategy launched,” BBC News, 25 June 2009, http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8118348.

,” “Cyberwarrior Shortage Threatens U.S. Security ,GjeltenTom ; (hereinafter “Corera”) stm?ad=1

.www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1285740552010, July National Public Radio, 19. 146 Eshel

147 Kanwal at 20

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البحث عن السالم السيبرانـي

2011

س مار

|ي رانسيب الالمس العن

ث بحال

لمزيد من المعلومات:شعبة االسرتاتيجية املؤسسيةاالحتاد الدويل لالتصاالتPlace des Nations – 1211 Geneva 20Switzerland

[email protected] :بريد إلكرتوينwww.itu.int/cybersecurity

طبع يف سويسراجنيف، مارس 2011

03/2

011