SOil BIOENGINEERING Construction Type Manual

111H>KEHEPHAH 61110ßOrlllH Cnpaao~HMKcoopy>KeHM~

ENGENHARIA NATURAL Manual tecnico

±ii~~IJI &fi I I z; ~ fJfJ

~ Eff ~ 2f" ~~aH~~

INGENIEURBIOLOGIE GENIE BIOLOGIQUE INGEGNERIA NATURALISTICA SOil BIOENGINEERING

ROLF STUDER

HELGARD ZEH

* ~ . European Federation for Soil Bioengineering EFBE * . ~ ~ Esponel1cKa11 <l>eAepa4M11 HHlKeHepHoM fü1onorMM ECl>L/16

, " r'* Federa~äo Europeia de Engenharia Natural FEEN ~. ~ ~ ±. ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~

{}iE;l~EH~~~~

Contents

Foreword ................... .

What are the Aims of Soil Bioengineering? .

Purpose of the Construction Type Manual

How did it come about? . . . . . . . . . .

Second and Translated Edition of the Manual

Contributors to the Manual

Translation Assistance

Financial Support.

Design and Print .

Preface by H. M. Schiechtl

Definition of Bioengineering.

Fields of Application and Plants for Bioengineering Control Works

Functions and Effects of Bioengineering Structures .

Technical functions .

Ecological functions

Landscaping functions .

Economic effects . . . .

Planning of Bioengineering Construction Works .

Living building materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Choice of the best-suited bioengineering construction method

Timetable .. ...... .. .

General and detailed planning .

Tending and Maintenance of Bioengineering Structures

ln-process tending .

Sustained tending .

.36

.36

.36

.36

.36

.36

,37

,37

.37

46

46

46

46

46

.47

.47

.47

,47

.47

48

48

49

,49

49

.49

5

6

Tending and maintenance schedule

Service Life . . . . . .

A - Preliminary work .

1 - Working with non-living materials.

-Shaping . ... . .. ..... .. . .

1.1 - Rounding off offailure and cutting edges 1.2 - Flattening •• . •• . . 1.3 - Shaping ••.. •• . . 1.4 - Terracing, berm construction.

-Draining . . . . ... .

1.5 - Subsurface drainage 1.6 - Open channel. • • . 1.7 - Rock channel, rough rock paving, riprap 1.8 - Seepage ditch, rubble drain. 1.9 - Drain wedge,areafilter

- Supporting .

1.10 - Pile . .. 1.11 - Pile wall. 1.12 - Retaining works, sheet piling, pile wall, plank wall, board wall. 1.13 - Retaining wall, dry wall of crudestone, linestone pavement, concretewall, sandbag wall 1.14 - Snow barrier, snow bridge

-Anchoring . . . . . . . .

1.15 - Earth and rock nails . 1.16 - Anchors • . .. 1.17 - Dowel .•. . • 1.18 - Reinforced earth

- Protection from rock fall

1.19 - Catch net, wire mesh for rockfall protection, cable braclng . 1.20 - Catch wall . • ... •. .. 1.21 - Catch dam, guide dam, catch ditch

- Protection from wind .

1.22 - Wind-break fence. 1.23 - Drift fence . . . . 1.24 - Brushwood layer, layer of dead branches. 1.25 - Brushwood mat •• .

- Protection from erosion .

1.26 - Branch layering of gullies, gully protection works 1.27 - Slope protection mats. • . . • • . . 1.28 - Rock-filled woven-wire mat, gabion mat 1.29 - Rock paving, rock layering • . • • . • .

49

.so

.70

.70

.70

.70

.72

.74

.76

.78

.78 80

.82

84 86

88

88 90 .92

94 96

98

98 . 100

• 102

. 104

. 106

. 106

• 108

110

112

112

114

116

118

120

. 120

• 122

. 124

. 126

- Hydraulic engineering . .

1.30 - Riprap, arrayofblocks .•• 1.31 - Wooden sill, wooden weir. 1.32 - Rock-filled log cribwall 1.33 - Pole obstacle •.... 1.34 - Tree spur ..•.... 1.35 - Root stock, tree stump, array of root stocks, root stock plantlng • 1.36 - Baffle, structurlng bouider . . • • . • . . . . . . . • . 1.37 - Rockgroyne •..•.••..••..••.... 1.38 - Ground ramp, blockstone ramp, spatiallycurved ground ramp, ground slip 1.39 - Hump sill ..•.• ••. 1.40 - Fish shelter • • . • • . • 1.41 - Nichefor small animals 1.42 - Ford •.•..•..

B - Working with plants .

2- Seeds ......... .

- without commercial seeds

2.1 - Hayseed sowing ..• 2.2 - Sowing of threshed hay, appiication ofthreshed hay 2.3 - Seeding of hay mulch ........... . 2.4 - Planting of infructescences, application of grass mulch •

- with commercial seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5 - Dry sowing, standard sowing, sowing in rills, furrows or rows (drilling), sowing of cover crops . 2.6 - Wet sowing, hydroseeding . . • . • • • • . • • • . • • • • . • . . . . • . 2.7 - Mechanical mulch seeding, mulch seeding method . . . • . . • . . • • . . • 2.8 - Mulch seeding with long straw or long hay, straw cover seeding, application of brushwood • 2.9 - Sowing of wild flowers, sowing of herbs, ecotypes, dry turf, poor grassland 2.10 - Hydroseeding ofwoody plants .........•. 2.11 - Manual seeding ofwoody plants,patchsowing,pitplanting

-others . ............ .

2.12 - Seeding with loam slurry . . 2.13 - Application of seeding mat • 2.14 - Seeding with net cover ... 2.15 - Topsoil application •.... 2.16 - lnoculation with mycorrhiza.

3 - Plant ing of woody species . .

3.1 - Planting, planting method, planting ofseedlings. 3.2 - Planting of divided woody species. . • 3.3 - Bare root planting, individual.planting, hedgerow planting, planting of woody species with bare roots. 3.4 - Ball planting of woody species, container planting, pot planting, root trainer. 3.5 - Pit planting, deep-hole planting, mound planting, bunch planting, group planting . 3.6 - Large-tree transplantation, large-pit planting 3.7 - Angle planting, notch planting, slit planting . . • . . • . 3.8 - Row planting . . . . • . • . . . • • . • • • . • . 3.9 - Pioneer planting, dead fascine with back-up of woody plants .

128

128

130 132

134 136 138

. 140

. 142

. 144

. 146

. 148 150

. 152

• 154

. 154

154

154 156 158

. 160

• 162

. 162

. 164

. 166

. 168

. 170 172

174

176

176 178

. 180

. 182

. 184

. 186

• 186 . 188

. 190

. 192

. 194

. 196

. 198

. 200

. 202

7

8

3.10 - Contour planting, contour structure, berm planting, oblong-hole planting . . . . • . . • . . • 204 3.11 - Afforestation, mixed planting, reforestation, reforestation in small groups, high-altitude afforestation • 206

4 - Working with herbaceous plant parts . . . . . . 208

4.1 - Container and pot planting of grass and herbs. 4.2 - Rhizome planting, runner planting. 4.3 - Dividing oftufts,offshootplanting ••••. 4.4 - Stern planting,stemcutting ..•..•. 4.5 - Brush mattress construction with reeds

. 208

. 210 • 212 . 214 . 216

5 - Working with shoot-forming woody plants and woody plant parts. • 218

5.1 - Dormant cutting, planting ofcuttings, pole, slip, transplant. . . • . . . . . . 218 5.2 • Log branch cutting, planting of log branch cuttings, palisades, setting of stems . • 220 5.3 - Palisade construction,arrayofpiles. . . • . . . 222 5.4 - Construction of living brushes and combs . . . • . • • . 224 5.5 - Wattle fence, living wattle work, wattling. • • . . • • • • • . . 226 5.6 - Diagonal wattle fence, honey-combed wattling, rhombic wattling . 228 5.7 - Fascine along the toe of embankments, willow fascine horizontal or diagonal, array offascines . • 230 5.8 - Fascine with brushlayers, willow protection, multiplefascines. . 232 5.9 - Slope fascine, living fascine drain, drainage fascine . • . . . • • . . . • 234 5.10 - Living pole drain • . . . . • . . . . • . . . • . • . • • . • • 236 5.11 - Living brush mattress, brush mattress construction, willow brush mattress • 238 5.12 - Brush layer . • . . • . • • . • • . . • • . • . • 240 5.13 - Hedge layer, hedge layer construction, rooted brush layer • . . • . • 242 5.14 - Hedge brush layer, mixed brush layer. . . • . . . . . . • . . 244 5.15 - Log brush barrier, log brush barrier construction, fascine mattress . . 246 5.16 - Branch layering ofgullies,gullycontrolworks. . . • 248 5.17 - Living ground sill, vegetated sill, brush sill, fascine sill. . 250

6 • Working with plant communities. . . . . . . . 252

6.1 - Sponta neous vegetation, self-colonization of plants (succession zones) • 252 6.2 - Transplantation, transplanting pieces of natural vegetation, dump . • 254 6.3 - lntermediate storage of transplants . . . . • 256 6.4 - Sod, sod slab, turf • • • . • . . . • • . • . . • 258 6.5 - Sod rolls, ready-made sward, laying of sod, reed mat . . 260 6.6 - Sod waterway, sod trough . • . . • . . . . • . 262 6.7 - Sod wall, sod sill . • . • • . . • • . • . . . • 264

7 - Combined construction methods (with living and non-living materials) . 266

- with timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

7.1 - Vegetated log cribwall, vegetated wooden crib, log cribwall with branch layers. • 266 7.2 - Gravity log cribwall, vegetated Roman log cribwall after Cornelini • . 268 7.3 - Bank pile wall • . . • . . • • • • 270 7.4 - Vegetated pile wall . • • • . . • . . • . 272 7.5 - Slope grid, vegetated wooden grating • . . . . 274 7.6 - Vegetated chase, wooden chase, living chase • • 276 7.7 - Double-row palisade . . • . • 278 7.8 - Living siltation construction. . 280

- with rocks . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.9 - Branch packing, branch packing with gravel, living layer ofbranches

. 282

. 282

7.10 - Guide structure with brush layer . .. ...• .. •.• 7.11 - Vegetated drain wedge, living drain wedge . • . . .. . .. 7.12 - Vegetated loose rockfill, riprapping, tipped stone, array of stones. 7.13 - lnterstitial planting, vegetated stone paving, living riprap, blockstone bank protection 7.14 - Vegetated stone wall, vegetated rock wall, vegetated riprap . 7.15 - Structured vegetated rock .. ..• 7.16 - Vegetated rock sills, living block ramps . 7.17 - Vegetated rough bed channel •. . 7.18 - Gravel turf . • . • • . • . . • . • 7.19 - Grating bricks, concrete paving setts, cast stones with spacers • 7.20 - Vegetated prefabricated element wall, vegetated concrete crib wall, living grid construction •

-with wire . . .. . . . .... .. . . .. .

7.21 - Structural mesh, wirework, mesh reinforcement • 7.22 - Vegetated hard gabions . . •• 7.23 - Vegetated cylindrical gabion • 7.24 - Elastic bank protection works .

- with geotexti/es . . . . . . . . . .

7.25 - Vegetated bank protection mattress. 7.26 - Rhombic wattling, geotextile in honey-comb configuration. 7.27 - Soft gabion, vegetated geotextile structure, geotextile roll with brush layers . 7.28 - Vegetation roll, reed roll .

- combinations . . . . . . .

7.29 - Vegetation with wire mesh cushions, vegetation strip 7.30 - Vegetated geotextile mattress with wire mesh. 7.31 - Vegetated wire mesh mattress with soil filling . . 7.32 - Vegetated reinforced soil . • • . • . . • . • . . 7.33 - Vegetated noise-protection wall, living noise-protection dam • 7.34 - Rock-brush fascine, sinking fascine, geotextile fascine along the toe of embankments • 7.35 - Vegetated sandbag barrier . • . . • . . . 7.36 - Vegetated block groyne, vegetated rock groyne . 7.37 - Log crib groyne, gabion groyne . 7.38 - Brush groyne, living groyne. • . • • . • • . .

C- Maintenance . ...... .

8 - Tending and maintenance measures.

- Promoting the development of vegetation cover .

8.1 - Hoeing • •. ..• 8.2 - Fertilizing. • • . . 8.3 - lrrigating, sprinkling . 8.4 - Draining • .

- Tending of stand

8.5 - Mulching • 8.6 - Mowing . • 8.7 - Weeding • . 8.8 - Temporary grazing 8.9 - Aerating and loosening of soil •

. 284

. 286

. 288

. 290

. 292

. 294

. 296

. 298

. 300

. 302

. 304

. 306

. 306 • 308

. 310 312

314

314 316 318

. 320

. 322

• 322 . 324

. 326

. 328

. 330

. 332

. 334

. 336

. 338

. 340

. 342

. 342

. 342

. 342

. 344

. 346

. 348

. 350

. 350

. 352

. 354 • 356

• 358

9

10

8.10 - Propping up and fastening . .. . 8.11 - Pruning ... .... .• .... . 8.12 - Pollarding, pollard willow, pollard poplar . 8.13 - Thinning . . . .. . . .. .. . . 8.14 - Notching .. .. ..... . . . . 8.15 - Sprouting from the stool, sawing oft above the root collar 8.16 - Mature timber ... . 8.17 - Clearing of shrubs . ... . • • . . . 8.18 - Chaffing of cut matter . . .. . .. . 8.19 - Branch pile, "Benjes" hedge, "Benjes" hedge . 8.20 - Haystack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.21 - Stone heaps . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.22 - Supporting spontaneous vegetation 8.23 - Removal of herbaceous plants from water bodies

- Prevention of damage. . . . . .

8.24 - Fencing, maintaining offences . . 8.25 - Prevention of game damage 8.26 - Biological pest control . . . 8.27 - Chemical pest control . . . . 8.28 - Bird of prey poles, high-stand seats 8.29 - Tying up of trees . • . . . . .

- Remedying of deficiencies and damage.

8.30 - Reseeding . . . . 8.31 - Replanting . . . . 8.32 - Removal of stones 8.33 - Removal of silt . . 8.34 - Removal of floating debris and drift material.

Alphabetical index .

Bibliography. . . . .

Editors' Portraits and Addresses

. 360 • 362

. 364

. 366

. 368

. 370

. 372

. 374

. 376

. 378

. 380

. 382

. 384

. 386

. 388

. 388

. 390 • 392 . 394 . 396 . 398

. 400

. 400

. 402

. 404

. 406

. 408

• 411

. 432

. 436