O a S i

© - & 5 / i •

I K I T i C O M K I I T I VPrios

Victoria 4962 ^ ao<*»*t« low.* Loudon , S»V»1.

SPEAOBS' N o n a

KENYA

Situated on the Equator between Lrke Victoria and the Indian Oceonj Abyssinia in the North, Tanganyika on the South. Ia nearly four time* the combined area of England and Wole*. Population (estimated late 1951)i

Afrfgana - 5t5O0,000 Aaipna - 159*000Europeana - 42,000Arr.be - 24,000

Stffetcgic lmportrnce

A key poaition, on the east-west end north-aouth routes aoross the continent. Conveniently placed for operations in easterly and north-easterly directiona.Possessing a lr.rgo port and deej^-weter harbour (Mombasa). Vrst attention of the hrrbour worka and a £70 million oil jrefinery nearby ora now in hand for"Commonwealth Defence".

Capital inveatment r ^

Totel foreign investmente in Kenya £200 million (in industry, commerce, agricul* ture). Grert increase aince the wrr. New industriee as well re increase in harbour and railway plant.

52 now companies registered in 193®* capital £763*000 ^221 " " " " 1950i " £0,749.000248 •* " ” " 1951* " £12,526,000

Largest combines' interests in Konya arei- ^- East African Portlrnd Cement Co..subsidiary of Tunnel Portlrnd Cemeftt Co.,

is to construct a tljt million worka.- New fVctory for inaecticidea, diainfectrnta, etc., oatobliahed by African

Explosives & Chemicfl Industries (E<at Africa), a subaidirry of I.C.I.and De Beers Industrial Corporation.

- Megcdi Soda Co., e aubeidifry of I.C.J., in operation. .._ LfrgB mercantile houses such as Smith, Mrckensie end Mitchell Co«%r « d

Drlgetty do a lot of busineaa.- United Africa Co., a eubaidiery of Unilvers, took over a naaber of f*™"_ Brooke Bonds own tea estates. Bata, Schweppes end others have opened fso-

"A detailed sociological survey ia to be carried out in the Mombasa area on behrlf of Royal Dutch Shell group as a preliminary to the propoaed eatebliahnwot of a new oil refinery in Mcmbnea." PIBAijCIilL TIMES 9th ootober 1953*

(Notes the new oil refinery haa been referred to aa "a vital- factor in the Commonwealth Defence system, safeguarding petroleum production in the event of wartime severance of supplies from the Middle Eaat Oilfields'*)

"Full detrils of the United States loene for the development of the port of Mombasa in Konya and the port of Tange in Tanganyika were publiahed yesterday in a White Faper. The Mutual Security Agency ia to loan the United Kingdom Government from the United Stetea portion of the Counterpart Account,£2,020,000 for the port of Mombasa and £370,000 for the port of Tange."

FINANCIAL TIMES 14th Ootobar 1*5>

"A leading United States oil company, the name of whioh has not bssn disclosed, is to carry out an oil survey in Northern Kenya with a view to Opdevelopment licences there..... likelihood that two big American concern* willestablish factories in Kenya. They are c motor company, planning far the assembly and part manufacture of vehlolea at Mombasa, and a clothing

manufacturing firm." TIKES, 19th Ootober 1953

"i,ir.William Moran, head of the African aection of the United States Forsi^a Operationa Administration, arrived in Nairobi today on a three-day visit. H» said his inveatigationa were 'purely exploratory', fcttt he would go into the needs of organisations in all three Eaat African territories."

TIMES, 12th Ho***0T. 1953.

: > y $

Speakers' Notes (2)

AgriculturePnffee tea wattle, dairying, cereals etc., are produced. While white

settlersax! assisted and encouraged to develop these product., severe restrict-

ione art. placed on their farming and marketing by Africans.

™ fniiowinc auotetion illustrates the clandestine methods by which Africrns are to pli f S ^ o h Ulcul tu ro l reforms the Government considers good for

them:

"So here, rs elsewhere, disguised taxation is J ^ U s ^ o p SfiTttai.from pevitvc the Africen producer prices below world prices A hEtesse IcltZ end malse. Funds received from those ,sources * ^ culturai

little financial u n ^ s t a n d

K r ^ i s n ^ ' ^ r j u less ^ 1. ^ ^ ^ —

THE BACKGROUND

conditions before the advent of white Peoplear= referrsdjjo * J r

in "Ract end Politics in Kenya ; — indeed the whole country

: S \ S “r i r L " u l l ‘ge!: ^ T h e / h e v 0; moreover, a very .sll-contriv*

system of irrigetion."

Britain annexed K e ^ a ^idete the conquest, perlirnnsn vc e there wore 13 British settlers.Indien Ocean through Keny* to Uganda. ^ 220 000 rcres of lend were alienatedBetween Key 1905 end December W ' " ^ ^ . “^ “^ the U M Board had from Africans end diBtri^tedto 542 E u r p ^ ^By^ ^ 8ettlers took over the

S H - S t S - S t o S ^ The Kikuyu "people alone lost over 500,000 acres, *>

without pny compensction.

"About 3,000 white settlers own, with ee^ r e ^ n^ o ’acreI°of8therreS.inder, without

I h f e f n ? r t i v , t o L i s thsh cne-tcnth of * • £ * £ *

K P NAIROBI DAILY CHROBICUS 1st April ltfO . _

* Bast African U n d e . Bevelopment Co s c a r e d '

l ^ r - d l ^ n 8?^!. V - t ifrlSa u £ 2 L . . i * » * stock compshy, « ovsr

350,COC rcres. . . , the European....»»an

"Lend hunger is to persons in Kiambu (Kikuyu reservsofficial report ... .smd(194°) ort within a short time*. In Bpitenepr Kairobi) 'might be without means of n0 1(i83 th0I1 loc.000

^ n ^ e r n n H ^ r ^ * • • ~ r •

"Landlessnesa drives the ' ‘l O ^ o ' S r i S n families living

without”proper she1ter•" OBSERVER, 2«th October 1952- ....

Taxation is used to provide ^ E u r o p e a n i « T f V w ”

M ? i i yerr!r"n.oae ^ho rfe unable to make • .

ItolrZl' £ t * K S S S S S S ^ V * — » 16th 1915)11'

!« Ton!id!rrSthst\axation is the only p o e s i b U ^ t h o d o f c o m p e l U n g the n a t i v e *

I b “ r V t * 3UPPly of “l~rnd the price of labour depend."

a a n i a of M ^ ^ t i ^ L a j t e j g * * * * * * **“^ y L'*s)

T5ie movements of Africrns can J L - f f i f e S S T S ^ s u b j e c t

* > *“* °f ^° PePn “““““

may by appointed a Justice of the Peace. Europeans are not subjected to the jurisdiction of the lowest courts. No magistrates’ court is entitled to try a European if the result of such trial would be a sentence of more then six months' imprisonment. An ordinary European District Officer in his magisterial capacity may not try Europeans at all (Criminal Procedure Code). Europeans are entitled to trial Dy a jury of Europeans, while Africans are not entitled to a jury at all (Criminal Procedure Code).

y^ges and Working Conditions

"The minimum wr^e in Kenya is based on the requirements of a single man living in the area affected by the minimum wages order. It is not intended to cater for the needs of a man and his family. This is the official stPtistical basis on which minimum wage awards have hitherto been made.*... (The wages structure)is an unrealistic structure.... unleSB the worker is able to earn sufficientto Buppert himsdf and his immediate dependents.. .then sooner or later he will

reject urbrn employment. o f ^ PARLLAibENTARY DELEGATION TO KENYA Jan. 1954-

Wages in Government service: Skilled workers - £2.10.0 to £15 per month(fkr Africans) Unskilled workers - £1.0.0 to £3*10.0 per aonth.

(Note: these rates rre for Afriorna. Sir Leslie Mitchell, in "Land end Popul­ation in Effit Africa" writes: "Despite the very many married women in employment, there is c. constant shortage of fwfiifcle 1 rV**r unqualified cl' rks can earn £30 ninthly and typists £40, shile alowst the minimim salary for c qualified stenographer is £50." This refers, of course, to Europeans)

"The Committee estimates thpt the total emoluments cf nearly three-quarters of urban workers' in private industry end one quarter of those in the public services receive wage-s which are insufficient to provide for the basic needs of health,decency and working efficiency...... The Committee estimates that th* totalemoluments of nearly three-quarters of the monthly contract and ticket workers in non-plantation agriculture are inadequate to eupport a min.lajum standard ot health- decency ?nd working efficiency......The report lays emphasis on thenecessitv cn .uoral, social, economic and political grounds of moving es

f'klv as possible to a position where ever an unsullied wor k e r can earn a ^ u m c L n t to support himsaf m l bis family. Tho full fsmily minimum w * h

should be reached by the beginning of 196.5 •

TIMES, 25th February 1953 (article dealing with the report cf the Committee of all races appointed to consider Africrn wage-s and conditions, issued in Nairobi 24th Feb.)_

"There ere no old age, sickness or unemployment benefit schemes which are

rpplied generally." KENYA LABOUR DEPARTMENT REP0KT, 1950

Sir Leslie Hummer, M.P.,scid in the House of Commons*

"IT IS NOT MAU MAD TEAT IS STALKING KENYA, BUT POVERTY"

Eduet tion and Health Services

Education is compulsoryfor all EuropeandUldien^t tb|E*•child of school — * * * tbe6,,only two yurj^’ schj^HHR

"At nresent, out of *very hundred pupils in Primary school*, 25J * ”^ e Intermediate school7and of these only six or seven go on to the Secondary

Schools." fltiTPOKT qj> jjjf; PARLIAMENTARY DELEGATION TO KENYA, January 1954*

Eipenditure in Government schools in 1949*European children - C1Q0 per pupil per year

r . . »__ rlfl n •• "

Speakers' Notes (3)

w — -----Asian children - £10Arab children - £3 " 1

. .»j „ *0 *1 •• " "African children - £2

tt. Kikuyu people .ot up • * * * - ■ * £ •M othor Africa org«l8.tlon. lnd.p<*4«nt .chool. ..re closod.Following the o.eclarati n of the emergen y ir» •R<.u_a*4on Bnrrd orOnly o handful have since b*en reopened, under District Education floaraMission management.

Sperktrs' Notes (4)Number of beds in Govf.rm.uTit 111 • 4 **w/opitriet —

4750 •* M

p.f s a r " ■ i k“d f;r 102 °f p°p“i'«o„iisiflns - 1 m 11 „ 4Q- lfAfricrjiB ** 1 M m tf 7CU

Representation in the Legislative Council

F"T l S e ^ ^ i ^ r 8 I ^ f ^ c t d “ ^ 29 °fficiel or nominptod4 members, elected by non-Muslims

" 24,000 Arabs _ ? mt^ b.cr-s’ elected by Muslims

M 5,500,000 Africms - 5 n o ^ L T ! Lhnomne- ^ DfeE rnominated members and 2 officirl members

(BOf,E *“ * » >

ordinance was enactfdlrtiic/f!!S!d”5 j S ™ 1“ns was psssed in 1945, sent cut by the Colonial Office to all"d°n nrt ** ProY1sions of the 'model'

society.' *“* ^ * * * • • « « « .

Ir. 1948 an amending Ordinance was passed to incrap«« ~ov*r the trade uni.ns, particularly with I ^ TB of the ^ s t M rand in 1949 under yet another l « an ^ n ^ f « ° f®fusal of registration, if they wished to Lntinue £ e ^ t e l r » to r^ e g i . t e r ^three months' probationary period fnr * "eW 01,511181106 provided aTrade Union Congress was banned andlts l e L ^ 0"8' I V 950’ the E*8t Afrl< ^ registration wat refused ^ exiled. Recentlyregistration wal refused tT the S b o ^ T r a d f u M ^ f f ? * 6llled- R^ently, the first trade union in Kenya ffounded iqt/ *» 2- Epet Ifrica, which was

i» 19?7); emaller 2 2 ? S 7,“thS 1“d t0 ^. have been registered es separate unions in its p i e ^ Par95U lCdy’

£ j s . * ^ : r s r s ; > - - • » • * » * « . * «to which trade union officials have nc rirht oJ I ®ffipl°ytrB' property,

iaation and edmini strati on very difficult. a-cess, nade efficient orgen-

>n

African organisations

opposition to ^op^eodCS t t SirC^ i c S l ^ ^ e^ f ' rf ThU^ ’ a K^ yu) organised His arrest caused the first i e n ^ f s?rik7 in ^ + T ™ id; to ^ a ^ay. of people. Thuku end others were deported T h e !??£,* P°lloe ^seacred scores was set up not long after t h i s . ^ f ^ ^ o

to n o w / By ^ ^ i t ^ p d 100 OOcTpeid ulTi/r.b^0* ^ stron« est organisation up signatures to a petition cn the C t Z 400,000 Ptc tho Secretery of Stete lor tho col ni a °n fatLSUlt 5cifeSetes to bring it nodest claim that Africans 'shell immediately b ! Petition made thethe large unused arees which are in tho tor- w pllow9d to occupy end fern that 'the Migration of further setUers tC ^ P 6™ 8-' «nihunger frCm which the African community suffers ^ ^ / iew ofby the Colonial Secretary but won widespread

EVETTS LKADITG TO THE E J^GEKCY

^ frr . r ^ % a — « » - —

S c ^ S ^ f 0°“pal8n Pe,'in5t " u •*> « « ««11» to destroy th. Kenya

r : i ‘r* in K^ a'Kcndrll Ward, Executive Of ficer nf m * *sue p. letter signed by Mr.

which ccntoiaod tho following paeaagt-- Unl°n Cni det8d

t odS?eer,rn d Z « i T sttrp%cs t^ r r ,of the opinion thpt '***-the present wave O ^ J T s u ^

that the European communities in the area most affected would themselves feel that the time had come for them to act in default of Government intervention.... The Executive Committee were very strongly of the opinion that the firsttask of Government should be the neutralisation of all known leaders of subversive organic tions or any African leaders who are suspected of fieingleaders of subversive organisations..... .this action should be given firstpriority."

The leaders of the Kenya Africen Union had repeatedly condemned ell terrorism. They were demanding a cjnferene#, with ell reoes represented, to discuss an* deal with the Government, but the Government refused this. The demands of the Kenya African Union are«-

1. Release of rll Africrn political, trade union end educrtionel leaders, as well as all those against whom no specific charge he.e been brought.

2. Restoration of freedom of assembly end the press.3- Reopening of African schools.4. The establishment of a minimum wage.5. Abolition by law of all racial discrimination.6. Immediate introduction of rn election system.7 . Universri compulsory education for all races.6. Afcpt-ri of thy Crown Land and Native Trust Ordinance of 195©•

During the time lefding up to the declaration of the state of emergency, th& "□cunt of violent crime in Kenya wrs no more than that in Ugnnda.

The Chief Notjve CoxMiissioner of Keny° said in London in September 1952 thet reporxs rbcut a secret terrorist society, Meu ftiau, had been greatly exaggerated■ When asked a.bout terrorism, he replied: "Whrt terrorism? I don’t know o f any terrorism."

Speakers’ Notei (5)

f m ;EVENTS SINCE THE EhEKGKNCY

In February 1953 th« Africen Secretary of the Church Missionary Society, Canon T.C.F-Bowes protested tc the Governor against communal punishments, violence towards suspected persons and third degree measures by both African and European police in attempts tc gain information from the Kikuyu people. (Report in the Manchester Guardian 1st February 1951)

On Februrry 22nd 1954, Hr.Oliver Lyttleton stated that from October 1952 to the beginning of February 1954» & total of 3>399 Africans had been killed by British troops, another 1.J80 'suspects’ had been captured, of whom 363 were wounded.

The figures given by ivir.Lyttleton in the House of Commons on the 21st October 1953 show the huge numbers jjf people wrongly arrested. Between the beginning of the emergency and thet date, he said, 138,235 people had been arrested and screened; 82,C63 were released at once; 55*507 tried; 065 were aweiting trial in custody.

I

Evidence of brutal methods. r

"There heve been 130 prosecutions for brutality among the Police Forces ending in 73 convictions. Forty cases £^e pending. There have also been pro­secutions for oor^uptiyn of which there were 12 convictions} 13 are pending. These arc significant figures, representing much lrrger numbers of complaintsreceived by the authorities..... "

REPORT OF THE IARLIAiftENTARTf DELEGATION TO KENYA January 1954-

"We wvre also disturbed fcy the attitude of a section of European public opinion towards the- sanctity of the law and the generrl question of police malpractices. For example, we were informed thet e fund had recently buen started with the object cf paying the legal expenses of European member* of the- security forces committing offences ’in the course of their duty'. Activity of this kind....is tantamount to giving support to breaches of the la**

REPORT OF THE PARLIAMENTARY DELEGATION TO t VTA JANUARY 1954-r I r*

"Captain G.S.L.Griffiths (Burhem Light Infantry), accused of murdering en Africen forestry w o r k e r , ,told a company «ergeent-majcr that he 'could ahootanybody he liked — providing they were bleok'".

MANCHESTER GUARDIAN November 26th 1953

Spsaksrs1 lots* (6)■oriffithe told the Court that th« , »regard to Mau Ifeu kills was the seme as th*t° - ® battallon ooBBandsr with competition, and hite comanding officer h^d tofd°M Tfe*P* , M a lot °f

.... the 23rd Battalionf K i n g ^ A f ^ n R i n T - ^ * ^ had .thet he personally had given Askaris Ss r«f!L 1 I..... Griffith* saidcompany commmders-gave 10b. ^ i a p rlc iill “a t a o w ^ ^ S * ^ kilUd fl°“«

d ppproved- » • » £ “ m x £ ° z £ . % ’rTIMES, November 27th 1955•

a ? r , ? r - • * * * -alleged that Hvaas ordered the suspects h!e+Pi*Qded .... Mr.Webberand berten. They were then stripped and berten ii th * Ujh h°E?ln? u charo° 81 et°re whip)......As r. result of the beatings Mr Webb«r « * kiboko (rhinoceros hideon hie lega and buttocks, rnd- enoth!? 24 tml IlJ h M 27 weal8some of which had turned septic." "sh mprk« on their becks,

Manchester guardian 22nd December 1954

search o f ^ %u“su sp e c tf a ^ o ^ ^ e8J o c e f i J i k r ^ ^ ^ 0^ ^ TeD« “ ^ ik a **interest..... Brian Hryward the 8et*1®rs has aroused local

three months' imprisonment tlnd fined £100 **?* T®! 8entenced toaccepted full responsibility for h - T h l " who Pleaded guilty,stcd .tori,. t o l d V i S J S . S l S ' ‘J ? 2 T ? ' . f -11" 1 0,rta“« ooZobcT-necks and of some who cloned thrt +h i-r wit-, k 1 ?r round their, * =Ul»,d that « 0igarstte8,,

pubuchgeiiows? ’S ^ o r l i S ? r - S T * 1* cecpe'closing of schools, t a r t S “ L rf ^ h U w s tock, destruction of village., and no. th. bombing of dSfnc” ” J“PSc pr.aa rJld votings,

Wnr on the African people

"A spokesman for the Erst Africa Command H.Q.said todpv th-* „ a *

Cnbi^tLS ^ l 1?..b0mb“rB a* rln8‘ * * “fU * > "“*•*• hod been . I T m S

MANCHESTER GUARDIAN 10th November 1953

IL!'tlWri^ ! ? Jb5 V ? PrrJln^ » J ™ January 20th 1954, Mr.Hopkinson, Minister of State, stated thrt fr.u April 1953 to January 14th 1954, Hrrvard aircraft had carried out 576 attacks involving 1,700 sorties and had dropped 20-lb.bomba to a total weight of 110 tons; Lincoln aircraft had carried out 17 rttacks involvingU 08S s ! 8 rJld dr°PP 500_1V‘ rr" 1 ' n00- lb -b- nb8 ^ « totrl weight of approx?

In the Konya Legislature on February 19th 1954, Group Captrin L.R.Brigg#. pleaded for "full recognition of a state of war" and advocated the use ofparachute troops and more aircrrft......

Sir Evelyn Brring, opening the- East Africpn Forces conference in Nairobi on the. 1st February 1954, said thf t THE COST OF MAINTAINING THE EAST AFRICAN FORCES HAD INCREASED IN THE PAST FOUR YEARS BY £1,550,000 a YEAR AND WAS NOW £4,200,000 A YEAR, APART FROM SF5CIAL EMERGENCY EXPENDITURE.

It was announced by Mr.Lyttleton on March 10th 1954 that a War Council would be s«t up -enrrgtd with the duty of supervising the conduct of the emergency and ensuring that acticn t secure its errly t»nd is prosecuted with the utmcst vigour."

I D S r / O -* E, N rfitwvssnd M I T T E E

SUPPLEMENTARY SPEAKERS * NOTES^ ......... n, . .MARCH 1955. ------------ ~ © c u r .... flb-Roehaatar Row,

Te.......

R.eajgnation of Chief of PolPc4um ......... .'.?.“ T '

On December 20th, 195<tVfBS>’V M S . n of.<:ol....iounfo,'"9'a' Chi®f of

H e t r o L n T i ■ wa s . announced• Col. Young had been a co.mlsaioner in the Jlllv u“"u ! iCe London and had re-organised the police force in

^ l i ^ o ^ h e r e T 36C0nded *° Ke“,a f” 12 “°"‘ha - r eani.rth\n

na,io“: % d i ^ r : r a L ; “\ r : h ^ ^ i ° r f o , n: : nt;h*ch;cth led1to n s rosi*-be indepenuent of the Government and have the’right io inve«igaie

courtt ^ “* Se°Urity f°r" S a"d bri"* offendera to justice in a civil

jev. tavid steel's Sermon in Nairobi, Church Missionary Society B n l L M n

ScotlnndJ^ “S t 9^;,c!,° ?',! D" “ Stee1' M°<-ator of the Church of

Nairobi in which he c c U e d ^ i r ' a ^ j u d i c i i W o n n° P?Cked conSreSation in

stitutionnl law" to pronounco on the l e gaUty oJ ’Jch of T h V T ^ C°n‘ legislation which gives "the CDreornr, nf il J.? 7 emergencyunjust in the eyss of God but- ill' \ v, legality to practices not only

that the Church "dares not and i n 1' ™ ^ , „ aCOepted ls* °f Don"- «» said

lea are abrogated.., and r e m i n d e d ' U s t nh\” Brltil^n PrinCiP' and people aro ultimately responsible fnr m British GovernmentHe further added that he'w's confiSsnt h»g°Ve nment.°f this Colony."whelming r.;ajority of the Eujoni.^r* i v ~ W° 3 sPeR^ing for the over- Govtrruiient had grossly misjudged, enya, whose tamper and attitude .the

population" fl" ‘ ^ ot an, open protest by the European

on K e„° yViTwh LTt hey hp S t e d ' o u j“arieus ‘ S >“U 1 Bulletinsermon uni a ked all their members I Z t , * ’ «'* " • < * to Mr ■ St.el's

K S T S of ■

— - - widest possible

Operation "HamperM.

Aberdare mountains r c n g e ^ ^ T h i ^ e n t’il e ^ t h th,! forests °f theover 1 1 ,0 0 0 troops, which G e n i a l a ^ i n e s U U d H L ' b°ttali0'la • forests for aoiie weeks, iilthousrh he was nnt r engaged in theoperation. expecting much success frog the

Subsequent reports show that it-resulted in *-h resistance fighters. depths of only a few

Heplacefuent of General E r s k m e

fcy MojorJ* n « r a l 1G^W.Lathburyn (atnpreacnttVicnUAd^ W8S to b°Office) to take effect from May 1955 General at the War

tried to restrain the security forces f m h« t f °n °C ny occ-3io“3prisoners. At the tiue of the attempted n« t * t * S UP ®nd torturing African the settlers hfld thr,at«ned to n a r S f*S°?f-Ctl O M throueh Gen*ral China

™ 1 °f both Gonera^Er akine and Si r « "

, Attorn°y General to leave Kenya

in Kenya^was^going on llavl?. f ^ t ' h e r ^ e p o ^ s slid Attor^ Generalonces with thu Government over th*» «..r- P° 3 3Qld that he hc,d had differ-

fighters. He had a r ^ e d thlt t L s 1 “ 0,f*” d “> *»• resistanceoffered to the s e c u r S y forces should “f”ty t<Jr“S *hlch * erePressure fro. the settlers for’his r„.ovol b K « • X t l l T r ™ ' '

- 2 -

The Amnesty and Surrender Offers

On lttth January the Governor announced the granting of an unconditional amnesty to the security forces, no matter what they had done. He then announced terms to the resistance fighters - that any who surrendered would not be executed, but would be detained and the irreconcilables would not come back.

The Colonial Secretary stated (9th March) that between l8th January and 5th March only 1 +7 "Mau Mau adherents" had surrendered.

Resistance fighters are being threatened by the authorities with the confinoation of their land and told that they must surrender if they want to lodge any objection to this action.

Strike at Mombasa

On 3 March the Mombasa dockers wtht on strike for higher pay of 2s. per shift. They were soon joined Dy workers in oil companies, a brewery, a transport firm, an aluminium company and the East African Power and Ligating Co. The claim was for an increase to me t the increased cost of living. Ten thousand workers were reported to be taking part. Five days later, after accepting an interim increase of 6d . per shift, the premise of arbitration for the full award and the withdrawal of dismissal notices, t h e y returned to work.

Some rccent figures.

Resistance fighters, killed in action 7,000executed 800died in camp (typhoid etc) 700

"Loyalists" killed 1,300

9^00

(The above items have been given in round figures, several items are more than have been given hero and the total of Africans killed as a result of the emergency is certainly more, not les.j, than 1 0 ,000).

In various prison and concentration camps 110,000In fortified "village's", to which they were

moved compulsorily, 300,000

Indications of .je-ricus Differences amongst the V/hito Settlers.

following the publication of the amnesty and surrender offers, the di f t e-rtnces amongst the settlers, which had be.n becoming more and mere marked, came right into the open. Angry meetings were held all over the "white highlands" and it is clear that opinion was very much divided.Michael Blundell, memter of the War Council which supported the surrender offer, was strongly criticised, as was his Party, the United Country Party, oy the r>ore rabid settlers, wnose spokesman is Humphrey .Slade.

xhe racid section issued leaflets, sabotaging the Government's surren­der ofi'jr and threatening that any Center of the resistance who surrender : would ce killed. Settlers posted notices on their fr.rms saying "Mau Mau c '.nuct surrende-r here". The Government later issued an order banning thes- le'tl.ti nnd threatening 2 ve r s * irprincnment cn those continuing to circulate them.

A political truce" had b*je-n agreed i-etwee-n the European political groups, but the report issued Dy the Truce Committee recently was not an igreerl report. Mr. Norman Harris, one of tne founders of the United Count: Party, 3 -id "The report emphasised that there- r,r« fundamental differences of opinion between various sections of the European com^Mnity and any in­ference that these d i f f e r e n c e s ;_ifi De rescivea is misleading."

it i s l e . r , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e w r . x t e s e t t l e r s a r e d i v i d e ! amcnjst t h e L i S e l v e s ; t h e m a s s o f t h e o t h e r Europe a - . 3 b e i n g o p p o s e d t o t h e m a n d t r e

l O V e r n m e n t i t s I f i n a s t a t e o f c o n f u s i o n , o n e m i n u t e s u c c u m b i n g to t h e

p r e ^ s u r t o t triu o e t c 1 o r j i n d t h e n t * x t a c t i o r . i g a i n s t their.*

Here ixi uritnin, We should seize the- opportunity to tiring pressure or. the Government to stop the fighting and b^'gin immediate negotiations witr,the African le-dcrs for r just peace.

PRESS EXTRACTSI

March 1955

2nd

0 S / /

1.

Sir Barclay Nihill, president of the Eaat African Appeal Court, disclosed here today that a Government inquiry into administration of African native courts in Kenya has begun as a i e ult of criticismsof alleged malpractices...... he also said that the Appeal Courtunderstood that a Government commission of enquiry was investigating the native courts in certain areas...... •*

, . MANCHESTER GUARDIAN* unofficial atrike of African workers which began early this mornin

has paralysed the port of jjjombassa and spread to some other under­takings. <+,000 men comprising the casual labour pool, together with about 1,700 men engaged on a monthly basis, were prevented by pickets fron entering the port area, and groups of agitators armed with clubs were active. Altogether 10,000 men are idle. No industrial disputi has been declared but discussion begain in Nairobi this afternoon./.n intimation of unrest among port workers was first given at a meetij

I a in,dustrial council at the end of January, when it wasstated that workers were becoming restless cwing to the continually rising cost of living, and the disparity between their wage and •onditions and those of other Government employees.

TIMES

9th. The Mombassa strike was settled this afternoon when a mass meeting

dsciJ:e? h « V ? i t0rin iQCrease of 6d a 8hift subject to arbitration to . . ^ full award. Work is resuming tomorrow. Th« men's leaders

originally asked for an increase of 2s. to bring thee to the wage

i o n b V * /i Pf d at P°rt Tanga* The labour connissioner went toMombassa today to arrange arbitration. Mr. Mboya, the trade union

offer h f ^ i a t e d the discussions, this morning said that theb u t i * accepted reluctantly because it was inadequatebut half a loaf was better than m bread. It is assumed thct the increase is retrospective to Mrrch 1st.

M TIMES

th»’h ' ’ e r0 1 e,cratarJr °f tha Fade- ation of Trad. Union said that tha basic causes of the strike were the jump in the cost of

fact“th»? ”oubassa 1“ tha past year, a 5C* increase in rants and the

W a n 12 oonths”b L r a°Vt; “mpjl;03rees ha<i recently boen granted nore I j J Pay e new selary scales. Another great

the dockera union !"1 ^ “> recognise

n t h . The Wide gap between dnrlr MANCHESTER GUARDIAN

atives oIa h ' : Industrial^CouncilMonbaasa their represent, causes of the strike °f tha ^ i e f Kenya Federation of Registered Trade i’i ■ Mb°ya » Gen. Sec. of the The general body of employees naJ«r w 83 at ® Presa Conference the Joint Industrial Council? n S * * T ^ in future fhe employers g « . o f f i n i l w ®°r9 sati=f=ctory if

union, and if the union assumed r e a p o n s i b m t y T r ' a l e c t i 00^ * 0^ 61'8’ ativea of tha employees on the Joint Industrial * repr" ant- He continued, ''experience show*? t-ho*- *. * Council......

an industry where a union ocists wilL support thlt 1 °** employees ifl they are not members. support that union even though

(also see TIMES, 21st H.rch) EiSI AFRICAN STANDARD

" • Hioha.1 Blundell, Minister '

ultimate responsibility of the Britiah rn* ounci1’ referred to the the Emergency had cost

1 5th .TIMES

including ^

Speak For Themselves" published in the n ' « m? People °f Konyaof the former senior Kikuyu chief K o L „ n ^ ^ aUth°r is tha s°“publications of the anti-colonial burei \ t Govt* baa also banned

conferonca hald in Rangoon, and those of th! p " <“* A°ian ana World Federation of Trade Unions Another1"1 • Comuunist Partybanned list is "the Kenya Connit-t-A« * t ' j organisation on the

nay ia aponsorad by the Britiah Communi^Tp^rty ”'liCh th6 authoriti”■ TIMES

’ jr. t o o

MARgH 19^;> ^ •

l6t:., 15 terror- -to ni''c o :en k-ll-d ana five captured in the past 2^ hours, the hig-.est Mau .Mau casu jxti* s for many weeks.

MANCHESTER GUARDIAN

17th. Extracts of 3 pe-ones from Cor....ittee st?ge in the House of Commonsof the Civil Supplement pry Estimates:Mr .A.G.Bottor.Iey (Labour, Rochester •< Chatham): said on a Supplementary Estimate of \'.J>, 97jJ,550 for sundry colon-.'1 services, that irresponsible Europeans were by tneir behaviour in Keny sowing deep the seed of r cial tension wit: , pcrlu.ps, outbi'urka c; a more serious nature in _ the futur••. It was essonti 1 t: t should be a totally newapproach to the politic .1 it \J ■ Si -’.p ~n f^enya • "Wo should try to draw upon the abilities of all, of it.ever rrce or creed, who are willing to try to help in < ii.i - the r . t - o* emergency”. The Opposition firr.ly believed th ' l tae cr.ly hip’* o* i_ncir r * he hostilities in Kenya, in 3uch a way as tc enatlu itc pjo.'lt :c 'oo> forward to peaceful and co-oper­ative futui e , was <y stati nt -l.-a.-ly the shape of the new Kenya we envisaged. There should .n. r. statement on the Government's attitude to land policy. "Thre- Europe-!n elected members of the Council of Ministers have said they will not oil civ any tampering with the White Highlands.We, and the people o{ Kenya, have a right to know whether they represent the vie*s of the British GovernmentV Separate racial representation was the negation of a uulti-rtc;ial society. 'Vitiiout the development of African politics 1 organisations th?ro -ould be no truly represent:tive leadership *•»•* • ..Mr .A.F.Brociwray, (Lab. Eton ■< Slough)sa:' d the methods oy which the surrender propos/is had oeen oifer.'.! in Kenya might prejudice their acceptance and the realisation of pe c°, Since the emergency began,836 Africans had b^en hange-1 bur vh; t v. 1 disturbing was tnat only 262 had been found guilty of r.urdv.-; }*.'• v ere for unlawful possession of arras and aumuni&iQn......

^.v- .LYNCHESi1 GU«RDI,Ui

10t:.. Rift Valley poli ce heudqu.-.r ters h: v<: appealed to settlers again to ask their labour, including f.-»r:.. guards '.nd Home Guards, to give full assistance in providing information on the presence ox’ gangs on farms.

9 "There is little doubt that the mair. gang activity has shifted from the

estorn edge of tiie A b e r dares '.nd terrorists are now operating within t.ie fprir.ing are:ss, pr.rticul• rly around N ivasha, Gilgil, 01 Joro Orok ai.d further nortn in tne M rmanet and Ru.,.uruti rreas”. Mr .F .G.Davis,S>. \r. Supt. of Police states, Westward of these plrces the position re; lins quiet. We want the African employees on firms to assist us and tji port the theft of f^od ana stocl: rr . finis of tracks as early as possible. The -.bsence of local "i':uyu ircm a farm should be viewed with great suspicion and should reno"ted to t;;e nearest polic' -tTtinn We r.x .1 paij- substantial rcsrrdr to Africans for information.

EAST AFRICAN STANDARD

21st. In -1 c bel from Nairobi to Tht Times, K r , Michael Blundell says thrt he reijretu that in c. speech which he ..iadt i.i Nakuru, which was reported on March l,th, a wrong impres3icr: maj havr bee.: caused by the figure of £-+G milJ .on wnicii he quoted as the likely cost of the emergency in Kenya to the U.K. He w ar trying to give in indication of the burden which rij t f 11 upon Britain by reason of her responsibilities. The direct ii m c i a i assistance fror tne U.K. fjnds towards prosecution of

f the emerge cy consisted of £& million i.: the current U.K. financialye-.r c n i i:l aijllion in 1955/56. Th cr ? wore also interest free loans of .*.'3 million in the current year and £-+ m. in 1955/5 6 . j further loan of £500,COC n 19 5^ /5 5 was offerad h>.t not drawn'on.......

TIMES

23rd. The Govcrmror. to-day revoked two emergency rejrv”! atioAs concerning news­paper rep rts. The regulations, which haif*- not been enforced during tne emergency, were based on the Ln’t.^ A in*gdom defence regulations,,',

i.u-enied emergency regulatio.a.j public ed to-day make new provisions for the arreso nd deter4’i.a of suspectOL persons. Detention for a period of more thou db .loura will be permissible only if authorized in writing by an vJKinistrative officer or a police officer of the rank of assist­ant superintendonfc or above. The maximum o^gr.gate period of detention

PRESS £XTRACTS 3.* MaHCH 1 9 5 3.

authorized pending enquiries and a decision on whether a detention ordershould be made is fixed at 28 days.

Our Colonial Correspondent writes:-The adverse trade balance of £^0,350,000 in 195^ is an advance on

that of 1953. which was £28,780,000. The exports remain much .the same, but the rise in/imports is marked TIMES.

25th. Three* areas lying south-east of the Mount Kenya Forest, in the Eknbu district, have been declared prohibited areas under an Emergency Order gazetted this week. They comprise parts of the Karingani and Magumoni Locations of Embu. E aST .AFRICAN STANDARD.

Mombasa Municipal Board has approved proposals for more pay and better working conditions for its lower-paid staff and job labourers... The increases very from 8/- to 12/60 a month. EAST AFRICAN STANDARD.

11th. (Mombasa Strike) ... tnere was an anomaly between the pay of Sh.7/50 a shift awarded at Tanga and the Shs. 5/50 paid at Mombasa....municipal rents for some dockers had, in certain cases, risen by as much as Shs. 13/- a month per room. Rice, coffet and tea had risen in price and cups of tea in the dock aren~now cost 25 conts a cup compared with 20 cents prtviously. The Lidbury increases, dating back for a year, had been paid to railway workers in cash and notes and of course this caused considerable dissatisfaction amongst the aasual labourers at the docks ... The last straw was the Tanga tribunal award of Shs, 7/50 a shift.... Officials and unofficials in Mombasa discounted reports that there were political motivew behind the strike and also denied that the strikers were subject to Communist or Mau Mou influence.

"Lessons of the Strike", KENYA WEEKLY NEWS.

18th. Although in Central Province the problems of detention seem to be under control there are other areas where the time is ripe to hold a carrot under the nose of the Kikuyu who has done with Mau Mau and merely wants to get back to useful living. Already camps such as Manyani are beginning to be termed "the Mau Mau universities" where men stagnate and gradually become worse. There is need for the introduction of n current which will flow in the direction of hope as well as the tide of no return which washes people up on the shores of such places as Mande Island... farmers., in some areas of the Rift Valley are suffering from an aclito shortage of labour... It will naturally be the duty of any settler who takes back men who have been infected by Mau Mau to take a close and active interest in them on their return to farm work,

"Screening in Reverse", KENYA WEEKLY NEWS.

25th. Speaking at the Ukanba European Electors’ Organisation last week Mr, Clive Salter is reported to have said:-

"We have set our face against political parties..."At the SEnie me ting Sir Charles Markham is reported to have said:-

"Those parties would never have dared to raise their ugly heads if we had had a strong Electors' Union. The majority of people are sick and tired of the bickering entailed by party politics. If we can make the European Union a strong oody there will be no future for political parties,"

In a statement (Kenya Weekly News, 25 February) Mrs. Shaw, Member for Nyanza said:-

"...There is nothing to be gained by the abolition of parties... unless the Europeans can sink their personal antagonism and learn to work together, we are not fit to bo leaders... If we continue on this path of disunity it will not bo a cose of losing our leadership, but of destroying our own community..." Leading Articlo, KENYA WEEKLY NEWS.

26th. Inspector George Horsfall, of the Kenya Police, was sentenced here (Nairobi) to-day to eighteen months' hard labour for perjury...(which) had been committed by Horsfall in the trial of an African who wo3 sentenced to death, but was subsequently acquitted on appeal.

<5 / /

p

( p s r t t

PRESJ EXTRACTS . •MARCH 195?.

* * v*28th. Some Kenya settlers, fearing that soon the White Highlands will no

loftger be an exclusive Europeen praserve, are making alternative plans to sell out and move elsewhere.

Uneasiness over the future of these 12,000 square miles of the White Highlands ... has been mounting in the past few months. Now, with the report of the Royal Commission on Land and Population due to be published shortly, speculation ie' rife ...

Farmers who have carried on their~tfork tradeterred by Mau Mau murders all round them are now soying that their main fear today is not terrorism but what the Britiah Government is going to do about the White Highlands.

... There are many who are resigned to leave if any radical change is introduced. The long strain of the emergency has accounted for for much of their pessimism about Kenya's future. Over two years of locking and barring windows every night, heavy financial losaes in slaughtered and stolen livestock, and, above all, labour difficulties - these have made many old-timers come to the conclusion that farming in Kenya is "not what it used to be"* and mort and more are talking of getting out...

...Some are thinking of the Rhodesins ...others to Australia and New Zer.Iand. There are quite a few to whom hill-farming in Britain or Ireland had an appeal...

But evernthing depends upon the Royal Commission. If the White Highlands "escape" with nothing more than severe; criticism of the idle acres, there are many Europeans in Kenya onlt too ready to agree that this is the weakest link in the Europern community's armour.

A drive is afoot at present to make European farming much more intensive than it hue. betn. Chief protagonist of thih is the European Settlement Bonrd, whose objoct is to get large numbers of young, eriorgetic men on to the land to work intensively compact 1,000 acre farms instead of the large areas which some farmers own but do not use to anything like the maximum potential. (Copyright) from a r t i c l c ,"Kenya's White Highlands", from a Speiial Correspondent, Nairobi, in THE SCOTSMAN.

*&> $ y j

SOn„ jQi:'TS RKGAKDIF7 ":.AU JlAU"

(a) It is; tr.e cu£t5m «f aggressors in mcdern times (as it was rf cours e in I P6^ ' t;> tTy t# justify sg^ressicn by calling' thise wne defend their

independence such nar.eo. as 'bandits', 'terr«rists* etc. This seeks tc cover jp a^.resbi n by re tending tnat it is merely a 'police action'.

When tne Kenya Government declared a et-»te oi emergency in October 1952 they fule^ed that it w; s tc suppress a '*.au /e u conspiracy' but all the evidence (see puge 5) piints to the feet that what really motivated this action was the growing strength ana support being won for the Kenya African Union, par­ticularly on the land question.

(b) If a white rr.an is murdered in Kenya, it is described in the press as a 'terrorist -outrage'; but the keeping of competetive scoreboards of Africans killed by British tro«ps is treated as 'natural rivalry'. When Kikuyus mutilate huropean farmers' cattle in desperate pretest against their intoler­able conditions, it is described as 'barbaric' ; when the RAF drops bombson tribesmen wh# have taken refuge in the forest, it is described as 'a satisfactory mcpping-up operation'.

(c) A people who are living in intalerable conditions and are -denied any means of bettering them, or any democratic rights, MUST form secret organis­ations to carry »n their struggle. The earlp trade unions and friendly societies in Britain took aths, signed in blood, and performed vpri^us rites,senk.times with a skeleton or other syubol of death at the meeting, to protect their organisation frt tn betrayal, because betrayal meant death, ae it does inKenya today.

(d) Every crime is new laid at the door of V a u Mau'; for example, the murder of a European w. man ne^r Kairobi, whose own husband was later found to have, been responsible for it.

- *(e) The total casualties arising from the emergency in Kenya es given by the.Rt.II. n.Oliver Lyttlet n *n the 21st October 1953 were:

Killed arid wounded: Eurcpeens 57Asians 24Kikuyu 5^743 ’ ‘ ^

other Africans 281

(f) The R«purt of the Parliamentary DelegPti.n to Kenya (January 1954) Sifted that s. me ».Ipu i. u practices' w«_re 'unfit fc r publication'. Can they be mere- horrible and revolting (even if there are such practices) than theserevealed et the Griffiths rnd other triels --- cutting off ears, threatenedCfs+ration, boating with rhinoceros hide whips, burning of eardrums with cigarettes, setting d* g*s to m>ul people etc.?

Supplement Ne.2 THE KENYA COifrlTTEE

The Kenya Committee for Democratic Rights for Kenya Africans has been in existence for more than a year and was confirmed in it©-present fori*by a Conference held lrst July. Chairman is Mis.Frida Leski, Vice-Cheirm&n, Miss

f.:onica Whately.

A Day of Protest was ergpnised *y the Committee lrst December, when po&^crrds bearing signrtures resresenting nearly hr If a million people were teken tc_ the Colonial Office by a deputation. Since that time, further signatures ave c me in and the number now exceeds 550,000' people.

Th Efkr Ster in the cpmppign is centred r^und Empire Dry (toy 24th)

when a Nati nal Deputation will go t ^ t h e ^ l H o l d ™ ^ being i n v i t e d to send delegPtea ^ y tQ the c&lonial office; clergy

ferences tc elect t » rPyfer8 in churches on the previous Sunday ft

( E , 2$ ) ! l Squcrfc d L natreticn Is plennod for the Sunday in

London.

Spar-kers' N.tea: ..up], I emeu t No i.

Collection Number: AD1812

RECORDS RELATING TO THE 'TREASON TRIAL' (REGINA vs F. ADAMS AND OTHERS ON CHARGE OF HIGH TREASON, ETC.), 1956 1961 TREASON TRIAL, 1956 1961

PUBLISHER: Publisher:- Historical Papers, University of the Witwatersrand Location:- Johannesburg ©2012

LEGAL NOTICES:

Copyright Notice: All materials on the Historical Papers website are protected by South African

copyright law and may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, or otherwise published in any format, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

Disclaimer and Terms of Use: Provided that you maintain all copyright and other notices contained therein, you may download material (one machine readable copy and one print copy per

page) for your personal and/or educational non-commercial use only.

People using these records relating to the archives of Historical Papers, The Library, University of the

Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, are reminded that such records sometimes contain material which is uncorroborated, inaccurate, distorted or untrue. While these digital records are true facsimiles of the

collection records and the information contained herein is obtained from sources believed to be accurate and reliable, Historical Papers, University of the Witwatersrand has not independently

verified their content. Consequently, the University is not responsible for any errors or omissions and

excludes any and all liability for any errors in or omissions from the information on the website or any related information on third party websites accessible from this website.

This document is part of a private collection deposited with Historical Papers at The University of the

Witwatersrand.