1

Ikzdj.k 1 ys

iapokf”kZd ;kstukiwoZ dkGkrhy

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph fLFkrh

2

Ikzdj.k 1 ys

iapokf”kZd ;kstukiwoZ dkGkrhy ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph fLFkrh

1 izLrkouk

2- la’kks/ku ladYiuk

3- la’kks/kukph mfn”Vs; &

4 Xk`ghrds &

5- la’kks/ku i/nrh&

6- Lak’kks/kukph O;kIrh %&

7 la’kks/kukph ekSfydrk &

8- lkfgR;kps voyksdu

9- ejkBokM;kph ,sfrgkfld ik’oZHkweh

10- ejkBokM;krhy ftYgs

11- iapokf”kZd ;kstukiwoZ dkGkrhy ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph fLFkrh

12- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph lkekftd fLFkrh

13- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph ‘kS{kf.kd fLFkrh

14- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph vkfFkZd fLFkrh

15- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph jktdh; fLFkrh

16- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph lkaLd`frd fLFkrh

17-lekjksi

3

1izLrkouk

Hkkjrh; lektO;oLFkse/;s fL=;akuk lrr nq ;eLFkkuh Bso.;kph O;oLFkk

dj.kkjk ,d oSf’k”V;iq.kZ vkd`rhca/k vki.kkl fBdfBdk.kh igko;kl feGrks- ;k

lkekftd jpukuqdzekeqGs Hkkjrh; fL=;k ‘kS{kf.kd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktdh;

brdsp uOgs rj ekufld Lokra«;kP;kgh ijh?kkckgsjp ‘krdkuq’krds thou txr

jkfgY;k- fL=;kuka fodkl izdh;spk ,d psruk{ke ?kVd gks.;kph la/kh u feGkY;keqGs

iq#”klRrkd lektkP;k fgrlaca/kkaps j{k.k o lao/kZu gksÅu iq#”klRRkk cGdV gks.;kps

rkRdkyhu /;s; tjh lk/; >kys vlys rjh R;kps nh?kZdkyhu ifj.kke ns’kkph

fodklO;oLFkk f[kGf[kGh gks.;kr >kys gs ,sfrgkfld lR; vkgs- Hkkjrh;

yksdla[;spk fuEek Hkkx vlysY;k fL=;kauk lkekftd fo”kerk tksikl.;klkBh

fodklkP;k loZp izdkjP;k la/kh iklwu nwj Bsoys xsY;kewGs ns’kkpk lexz fodkl

gks.;kr vusd vMFkGs fuekZ.k >kys-

“In the context of adopting human development as the ultimate goal of all our

development efforts, empowerment of women gains priority of on the countnus

development” 1

dkss.kR;kgh ns’kkP;k lexz izxrhps eksteki dj.;kps L«khdsanzhr ifjek.k

lkaxrkuk Hkkjrh; ?kVusps f’kYidkj o L=hlersps [kans iqLdrsZ HkkjrjRu MkW- ckcklkgsc

vkacsMdj Eg.krkr dh] ß,[kkn;k ns’kkph izxrh fdrh >kyh gs eh R;k ns’kkrhy

fL=;kaph izxrh fdrh >kyh ;ko:u eksftr vlrks”2 Hkkjrklkj[;k fodlu’khy

ns’kkyk izxrhps gs L=h dsanzhr ifjek.k ykxq dsY;kl gkrh ;s.kkjs fu”d”kZ vfr’k;

udkjkRed vkgsr] dkj.k izkphu dkGkrhy L=hlRrkd dky[kaMkpk viokn oxGrk

loZp dkGkr fL=;kph ifjfLFkrh izpaM [kkykoysyh gksrh-

4

15 vkWxLV 1947 jksth fczVh’kkaP;k iznh?kZ xqykefxjhrwu Hkkjr eqDr >kyk-

26 tkusokjh 1950 iklwu ,d iztklRrkd jk”Vª Eg.kwu txkP;k udk’kkoj Hkkjrkus

vkiys LFkku fuf’pr dsys- txkrY;k lokZr eksB;k yksd’kkghpk drkZ vl.kk&;k

Hkkjrkus ns’kkP;k fodklkph uoh O;wgjpuk vk[kyh- ?kVusP;k lkjukE;ke/;sp Lokra«;]

lerk ca/kqrk ;k rRo=;hapk voyac d#u eqyHkwr gDd o drZO;akP;k vk/kkjs

ukxfjdkaP;k fgrj{k.kkph Xokgh ?kVukdkjkauh fnyh- ßHkkjrh; jkT;?kVusP;k frl&;k

Hkkxkr eqyHkwr vf/kdkjkaph ppkZ dsysyh vkgs- R;ke/;s lekursP;k vf/kdkjkoj

foLr`r izdk’k Vkdysyk vkgs- dye pkSnk uqlkj jkT; dks.kR;kgh O;fDrl HkkjrkP;k

jkT;{ks=kr dk;|kiq<s lekurk vFkok dk;|kps leku laj{k.k ukdkj.kkj ukgh-Þ3

ek= lekursph gh Xokgh fL=;kaP;k fodklklkBh iqjs’kh Bj.kkj ukgh fadok

lekursP;k ukok[kkyh fL=;kaP;k fodklklkBh fof’k”V iz;kstu dj.;klkBh vMp.kh

;s.;kph ‘kD;rkgh ukdkjrk ;s.kkj ukgh- ;kpk fopkj d#u ?kVusr fL=;kaP;k

fgrj{k.kkph o izlaxh R;klkBh fo’ks”k ;kstuk jkcfo.;kph rjrqngh ?kVusP;k ia/kjkO;k

dyekr dsysyh vk<Gwu ;srs- gs dye Eg.kts ?kVukdkjkaP;k L«khlersP;k n”Vhps o

nwjn`”Vhpsp izfrd vkgs- tkr] /keZ] oa’k] fyax] tUeLFkku ;kiSdh dks.kR;kp ?kVdkP;k

vk/kkjs lekursyk ck/kk ;s.kkj ukgh ;kph n{krk ?ksr vlrkukp dye 15 P;k

frl&;k vuqPNsnkuqlkj vls lkax.;kr vkys vkgs dh] ß;k vuqPNsnkrhy dks.kR;kgh

xks”VheqGs fL=;k o ckyds ;kaP;kdfjrk dks.krhgh fo’ks”k rjrqn dj.;kl jkT;kyk

izfrca/k gks.kkj ukghÞ4

‘krdkuq’krds udkjkRed HksnHkkokP;k cGh BjysY;k fL=;kaP;k mUurhlkBh

dye 15@3 uqlkj dsysyh gh ldkjkRed HksnHkkokph rjrqn] fL=;kaP;k fodklklkBh

jkcfo.;kr ;s.kk&;k fofo/k fo’ks”k ;kstukapk ik;k Bjysyh vkgs- ‘krdkuq’krds

vkfFkZd ijkoyafcRokP;k] lkekftd #<h ijaijkP;k] ekufld U;quxaMkP;k pdzO;qgkr

5

xqjQVysY;k fL=;kauk R;keqGsp jk”VªkP;k fodklizfØ;sP;k Hkkxhnkj gks.;kph la/kh izkIr

>kyh-

Lokra=;ksRrj dky[kaMke/;s Hkkjrkus vkiY;k lokZaxh.k izxrhlkBh fu;kstu

i/nrhpk fLodkj dsyk- R;klkBh lu 1950 e/;s fu;kstu vk;ksxkph LFkkiuk

dj.;kr vkyh o 1951 iklwu iapokf”kZd ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrqu fodklkpk fuf’pr

VIik xkB.;klkBh i/nr’khj iz;Rukauk izkjaHk >kyk- iapokf”kZd ;kstukae/kwu ‘ksrh {ks=]

xzkfe.k fodkl] flapu lks;h o iqj fu;a+=.k] mtkZ] m?kksx o [kfut] okgrqd]

nG.koG.k] ‘kkL=s] ra=fo|k o okrkoj.k]lkekftd lsok v’kk fujfujkG;k

ckchcjkscjp fL«k;kaP;k fodklkphgh rjrqn dj.;kr vkysyh vkgs- R;kek/;ekrqu

fL=;kaps f’k{k.k vkjksx; o dY;k.k ;klaca/khP;k fofo/k ;kstuk ns’kO;kih Lo#ikr

jkcfo.;kr ;srkr-

egkjk”Vª jkT;kph ,d osxGh vksG[k ns’kkP;k vkSn;ksfxd fodklkckcr rj

vkgsp ijarq ,d izkxfrd jkT; Eg.kwu ns[khy rs loZifjphr vkgs- Qqys] ‘kkgq]

vkacsMdj ;kaP;k oSpkfjd okj’kkrqu egkjk”Vªkph lkekftd tM.k ?kM.k >kysyh vkgs-

vkSn;ksfxd –“V;k izxr vlysY;k ;k egkjk”Vª jkT;kr ek= vkfFkZd fodkl loZ=

lkj[kkp vkgs vls Eg.krk ;sr ukgh- egkjk”Vkªr izkeq[;kus if’pe egkjk”Vª] dksd.k]

fonHkZ] ejkBokMk vkf.k [kkuns’k vls foHkkx ;srkr- uSlfxZd fofHkUursP;k vk/kkjs R;k

R;k HkkxkP;k vkfFkZd fodklkps ifjek.k cnyr vlrs vkf.k lgkftdp vkfFkZd

fodklkrwup rsFkhy lkekftd ] lkaLd`frd] ‘kS{kf.kd] jktdh; lehdj.kkaph tqG.kh

gksr vlrs- ;k ik’oZHkwehoj fopkj djrk vki.kkl vls tk.kors dh egkjk”Vª

jkT;kP;k brj foHkkxkP;k rqyusr ejkBokMk gk fodklkP;k ckcrhr ekxs vkgs-

vo”kZ.k] nq”dkG ;k fuR;kP;k ladVkaeqGs ejkBokMk lrr vkfFkZd vkf.kck.khP;k

ifjfLFkrhyk lkeksjs tkr vlrks gs ,d okLro vkgs- R;kpcjkscj gs gh ,d fl/n

6

>kkysys dVw lR; vkgs dh dsoG dqaVwckrhyp uOgs rj jkT;krhy o izlaxh ns’kkrhy

vkfFkZd foiUuoLFkspk ifgyk cGh fL=;kp vlrkr- dqVawckrhy vkfFkZd vkHkkokrwu

thou txrkuk ifgY;kank fL=;kaP;k xjtkauk dk=h ykoyh tkrs] ex rs f’k{k.k vlks

dh brj ckch- gkp U;k; tsOgk egkjk”Vzkrhy fL=;kaP;k fodklkyk ykoyk tkrks

rsOgk lgkftdp gs fnlwu ;srs dh ejkBokM;krhy fL«k;k fodklkP;k ckcrhr

uDdhp ekxs vkgsr- ns’kO;kih ikrGhoj efgykaP;k lokZafx.k fodklklkBh iapokf”kZd

;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu fu/khph rjrqn dsyh tkrs- R;krwup fL=;kalkBh ns’kHkj fofo/k

dY;k.kdkjh o fodklkRed ;kstuk jkcfoY;k tkrkr vkf.k ;k ;kstukaP;k

ek/;ekrwup loZp foHkkxkrhy rGkxGkP;k fL=;kai;Zar ykHk iksgpfo.;klkBh ‘kklu

iz;Ruf’ky vlrs- ;k lexz izdzh;se/;s fL=;k fdrh ltxi.ks ;k ;kstukapk ykHk

?ksÅu vkiyh lokZaxh.k izxrh lk/; d#u ?ksrkr ;kojp R;k R;k foHkkxkrhy

fL=;kaP;k fodklkps eksteki dsys Tkkow ‘kdrs- folkO;k ‘krdkP;k mRrjk/kkZe/;s

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k fodklke/;s iapokf”kZd ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrqu dj.;kr

vkysY;k fofo/k fodklkRed rjrqnhapk Qk;nk fdrir >kyk o dks.kR;k ;kstukaP;k

vk/kkjs >kyk ;kpk ,sfrgkfld vk<kok ?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs- L=hlcyhdj.kklkBh

vk[k.;kr vkysY;k O;wgjpusP;k ifjisz{;kr ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k fodklkpk

fopkj dj.ks vko’;d okVY;kkus lnj la’ksk/kuklkBh ßHkkjrkrhy iapokf”kZd ;kstuk

vkf.k fL=;kapk fodkl ,d ,sfrgkfld vH;kl ejkBokM;kP;k fo’ks”k lanHkkZr b- l-

1970 rs b-l-2002i;Zar״ vlk fo”k; fuoMyk vkgs-

bfrgklkr mn;kl vkysY;k uoufou ys[ku izokgkauh bfrgklkps ikjaikfjd

jktdh; #i cnywu R;kl lkekftd] vkfFkZd ] lkaLd`frd ] /kkfeZd] L=hoknh vls

uouohu vk;ke fnys- R;keqGsp dsoG y<k;k vkf.k jktoa’kkph jktdh; djdhnZ

;k,soth ekuoh thoukP;k ;k fofo/k vaxkkdMs c?k.;kpk iz?kkr bfrgklys[kuk e/;s

lq# >kyk- oafpr ‘kks”khrkapk bfrgkl] fL=;kapk bfrgkl ;kauh rj bfrgkl ys[ku

7

i/nrhe/;s ,d dzakrhp ?kMohyh- 1970 P;k n’kdke/;s L«khiz’ukauktxHkj izpaM

eksBk vkokt izkIr >kyk- ;kp ik’oZHkwehoj Hkkjrh; fL=;kapk vkfFkZd bfrgkl ;k

n`”Vhdksukrwu la’kks/ku dj.ks vko’;d okVw ykxys o R;krwup lnj fo”k;

la’kks/kuklkBh fuoMyk-

2- la’kks/ku ladYiuk &

2-1 ,sfrgkfld vH;kl &

izzfl/n bfrgkldkj bZ-- ,p- dkj ;kauh bfrgklkph O;k[;k djrkuk EgVys vkgs

dh]

Histoy is a continues process of interaction between historian and its fact it is an״

unending dialogue between past and present5״

bfrgkl Eg.kts orZeku vkf.k HkwrdkG ;kaP;krhy vfojr pky.kkjk laokn

vlsy rj ekuoh izxrhpk lokZaaxh.k vkys[k vki.kkl R;kP;k ek/;ekrwu letw

‘kdrks- ekuoh thoukrhy vusd orZekudkyhu leL;kph mRrjs ‘ksk/k.;klkBh

HkwrdkGkyk R;kP;k rF;kaP;k vk/kkjs cksyrs djkos ykxrs o R;klkBh ,sfrgkfld

vH;klkph vko’;drk vlrs- dks.kR;kgh ,sfrgkfld ?kVusps fdaok Hkkxkps izkFkfed

lanHkZlk/kukP;k vkf.k rF;kaP;k vk/kkjs oLrqfu”Bi.ks dsysys voyksdu o ekaMysys

fu”d”kZ Eg.kts ,sfrgkfld vH;kl gks; bfrgklke/;s fL=;kapk bfrgkl ;k uO;kus

fuekZ.k >kysY;k Kku’kk[ksPkk lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktdh;] laLd`frd] /kkfeZd vaxkuh

fopkj dj.;kpk iz?kkr lq# >kysyk vkgs- iq#”klRrkd lektO;oLFksr fL=;k loZ=p

vn`’; jkfgysY;k vkgsr R;keqGsp bfrgklkrgh R;kaps okLro izfrfcac fnlw ‘kdysys

ukgh- ‘krdkuq’krds fL=;kaps iq#”kkaojhy vkfFkZd ijkoyachRo gsp R;kaP;k nq;;eRokps

xed vkgs vkf.k Eg.kwup fL=;kaP;k bfrgklkpk ;k vkfFkZd n`”Vhdksukrwu fopkj dj.ks

dzeizkIr Bjrs- lkizar loZp Kku’kk[ke/kwu fL=;kaP;k dr`ZRokpk o ;ksxnkukpk vk<kok

8

?ks.;kpk iz;Ru gksrkuk fnlwu ;sr vkgs R;klkBh ,sfrgkfld vH;klkph vko’;drk

vkgs-

2-1 iapokf”kZd ;kstuk

Iakpokf”kZd ;kstuk ;k ladYiuspk vFkZ iq<hyizek.ks lkax.;kr vkysyk vkgs-

Any plan for national economic or industrial development specifying goals to

be reched within a period of five years especially as undertaken by the government of

lndia

Tkxfrd baxzth ‘kCndks’kkiqlkj iapokf”kZd ;kstuk ;k ladYiuspk vFkZ iq<hyizek.ks

lkax.;kr vkysyk vkgs-

˝A government plan for economic development over a period of five year״6

Iakpokf”kZd ;kstuk ;k ladYiusr izkeq[;kus nksu ?kVdkapk lekos’k gksrks ,d

Eg.kts vkfFkZd fu;kstu vkf.k nqljk ?kVd Eg.kts fof’k”V dkye;kZnk

2-2 fL=;k &

L=h fdaok efgyk Eg.kts ״an adult female human being distinguished by man ״7

iapokf”kZd ;kstukaP;k ‘kkldh; dkxni=akuqlkj fL=;k fdaok efgyk ;k

ladYiusps iq<hy izek.ks Li”Vhdj.k ns.;kr vkysys vk<Gwu ;srs

fodkl izfdz;se/;s fL=;kaph oxZokjh iq<hyizek.ks dj.;kr ;srs-

1 ckfydk & 0rs 14 o”ksZ o;ksxV

2 fd’kksjkoLFksrhy eqyh & 15 rs 19o”ksZ o;ksxV

3 iqu#Riknd o;krhy fL=;k &15 rs 44 o”ksZ o;ksxV

4 vkfFkZd n`”V;k ldzh; fL=;k & 15 rs 59 o”ksZ o;ksxV

9

5 ts”B fL=;k & 60 o”kkZiq<hy o;ksxV8״

2-3 fodkl &

fodkl gh ,d xfrf’ky izdzh;k vlwu frph okVpky ,[kk|k lk/kkj.k fdaok

vR;ar deh ntkZP;k ifjfLFkrhdMwu izxr] ijhiw.kZ rlsp ,dkfRed voLFksdMs gksr

vlrs fodkl gh lkrR;kus pky.kkjh ,d izfdz;k vlwu rh ,d fuf’pr fdaok

lai.kkjh ckc ukgh R;keqGsp fodklkph O;k[;k djrkuk vls EgVys tkrs dh

lkrR;iw.kZ xrhf’ky cnyakph izdh;k th gGwgGw iq<s dze’k% okVpky djr vlrs

frykp fodkl vls Eg.krkr- O;Drh] laLFkk] jkT; fdaok ns’k ;kauh Bjfoysyh

fuf’pr /;s; lk/; dj.;klkBh fodkl izdzh;k gs ,d lk/ku vlrs o fodkl gs

lk/; vlrs- tkxfrd efgyk n’kdke/;s HkjysY;k tkxfrd efgyk ifj”knsse/;s

fodkl gh ladYiauk fL=;kaP;k n`”Vhdskukrqu vfr’k; vH;kliw.kZ o fparukRed

ppsZrwu Li”V dsysyh vkgs-

development is here interpreted to mean total development, including development in

the political ,economic, social ,cultural and other dimensions of human life as also the

development of economic,and other material resources and also the physical, moral

intellectual and cultural growth of the human person. The improvement of the status

of women requires a change in the attitude and roles to both men and women.

Womens development should not only be viewed as an issue in social development

but should be seen as an essential component in every dimension of development. To

improve the status of women and their role in the procers of development, Such

development should be an integral part of the global project for the establishment of a

New Internationl Economic order based on equily sovereign equality,

interdependence, common interst and co-opration among all states ˝9

c&;kpnk fodkl ;k ladYiusyk Ik;kZ; Eg.kwu empowerment vFkZkr

lcyhdj.k gh ladYiuk okij.;kr ;srs- tkxfrd L=hoknh fopkjoar o

dk;ZdR;kZae/;s 1970 P;k tkxfrd efgyk n’kdke/;s lcyhdj.k gh ladYiuk

10

vfr’k; yksdfiz; >kyh o laiq.kZ txHkj frpk Qkj izpaM izek.kkoj izpkj o izlkj

>kyk- ßlcyhdj.k gh ,d ldhz;] cgqvk;keh izdzh;k vkgs ftP;keqGs fL=;kauk

R;akP;k LoRokph vkf.k loZp {ks«kkrhy {kerkaph tk.kho gksrsÞ10 iq#”kiz/kku

lektO;oL;se/;s fL=;kauk Lor%aps gDd Lor% izkIr djowu ?ks.;klkBh leFkZ cufo.ks

o fyaxHkkoukRed HksnHkkokyk vkOgku ns.ks gs lcYhdj.kkps izeq[k mns’k vkgsr-

lcyhdj.kkeqGs fL=;kae/;s vkRefo’okl] Lo;afu.kZ;kph {kerk] vkfFkZd lalk/kukaojrh

fu;a=.k vkf.k jktdh; iz.kkyh e/;s ldkjkRed gLr{ksi dj.;kph ;ksX;rk fuekZ.k

gksr vlrs- lcyhdj.k gh fodklkph iq<ph ik;jh vkgs- lcyhdj.kkps ikp izeaq[k

rRo vkgsr rs Eg.kts ¼1½ vkRefuHkZjrk ¼2½ Lo;a&tkx`rh ¼3½ la?kVu ¼4½

uofuekZ.k{kerk ¼5½ cgqeq[kh O;DrheRo fodkl

2-4 ejkBokMk &

ejkBokMk gh HkkSxksyhd ladYiuk vlqu rh egkjk”Vzkrhy lgk iz’kkldh;

foHkkxkaIkSdh ,dk foHkkxkpk funsZ’k djrs- T;k izns’kkrhy yksdkaph cksyhHkk”kk ejkBh

vkgs rks izns’k Eg.kts ejkBokMk vlk ljG vFkZ lkafxryk tkrks- ;k foHkkxkr ,dw.k

vkB ftYg;kapk lekos’k gksrks ¼1½ vkSjaxkckn ¼2½ tkyuk ¼3½ chM ¼4½ ijHk.kh ¼5½

ykrwj ¼6½ mLukukckn ¼7½ ukansM ¼8½ fgaxksyh- ejkBokMk foHkkxkps iz’kkldh;

eq[;ky; vkSajaxkckn ;sFks vkgs-

3- la’kks/kukph mfn”Vs; &

lnj la’kks/kukph mfn”Vs; iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr-

3-1 iapokf”kZd ;kstukiwoZ dkGkrhy ejkBokM;krhy fL«kk;kaP;k ifjfLFkrhpk vH;kl

dj.ks-

11

3-2 iapokf”kZd ;kstuk o R;krhy fL=;kaP;k fodklk laca?khP;k rjrqnhapk vk<kok

?ks.ks-

3-3 iapokf”kZd ;kstuk dkGkr >kysyk ejkBokM;krhy fL«k;kaPkk ‘kS{kf.kd fodkl

vH;kl.ks-

3-4 iapokf”kZd ;kstuk dkGkrhy ejkBokM;krhy fL«k;kaP;k vkjksX;fo”k;d

fodklkpk vk<kok ?ks.ks-

3-5 iapokf”kZd ;kstuk dkGkrhy ejkBokM;krhy fL«kk;kaP;k vkfFkZd fodklkpk

vk<kok ?ks.ks-

3-6 iapokf”kZd ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu ejkBokM;krhy fL«k;kaP;k >kysY;k fodklkps

ewY;ekiu dj.ks-

4 Xk`ghrds &

4-1 folkO;k ‘krdkP;k iwokZ/kkZr ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lkekftd] vkfFkZd

fodklkph xrh vfr’k; deh gksrh-

4-2 Loka«;ksRrj dky[kaMke/;s izkeq[;kus 1970 P;k efgyk n’kdkuarj fL=;kaP;k

iz’uakdMs ‘kkldh; Lrjko#u xkaHkh;kZus ikfgys tkow ykxY;keqGs iapokf”kZd

;kstukae/kwu efgykaP;k dY;k.kklkBh fofo/k rjrqnh dj.;kr vkY;k

4-3 Iakpokf”kZd ;kstuake/kwu fL=;kaP;k fodklklkBh fu/kkZjhr dsysY;k fu/kkhP;k

mi;kstuklkBh lq# >kysY;k fofo/k dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukpk ykHk

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kauk >kY;keqGs R;kaP;k ‘kS{kf.kd fodklkyk pkyuk feGw

‘kdyh-

12

4-4 Iakpokf”kZd ;kstuake/kwu fL=;kaP;k fodklklkBh lq# >kysY;k fofo/k

vkjksX;fo”k;d dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukpk ykHk ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kauk

>kY;keqGs R;kaPkk vkjksX;fo”k;d ntkZ mapko.;kl enr >kyh-

4-5 Iakpokf”kZd ;kstuake/kwu fL=;kaP;k vkfFkZd fodklklkBh lq# >kysY;k fofo/k

dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukpk ykHk ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kauk >kY;keqGs R;kaP;k

vkfFkZd fodklkyk pkyuk feGkyh-

4-6 Iakpokf”kZd ;kstuake/kwu fL=;kaP;k fodklklkBh lq# >kysY;k fofo/k dY;k.kdkjh

;kstukpk ykHk ejkBokM;krhy rGkxkGkrhy fL=;kai;Zar iqjs’kk izHkkohi.ks

iksgp.ks vko’;d vkgs-

5- la’kks/ku i/nrh&

lnj la’kks/kuklkBh ,sfrgkfld o.kZukRed vkf.k fo’ys”k.kkRed i/nrhpk

voyac dj.;kr ;s.kkj vkgs- lnj fo”k;kyk ,d vkarjfo|k ‘kk[kh; ifjizs{;

vlY;keqGs L=hv/;;u rlsp vFkZ’kkL=klkj[;k fo”k;kaP;k ladYiuk letkowu ?ksmwu

R;kP;k vk/kkjs fo’ys”k.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk tk.kkj vkgs- fL=;kaP;k bfrgklk’kh

laca?khr vlysY;k ;k la’kks/kuklkBh izkeq[;kus iapokf”kZd ;kstukaph izkFkfed dkxni=s]

ejkBokM;krhy fofo/k ftYg;ke/khy ftYgk lakf[;dh dk;Zky;kae/;s miYc/k

vlysyh ekfgrh o vkdMsokjh] fofo/k ‘kklu fu.kZ;]egkjk”Vª jkT; efgyk /kksj.k]

efgyk vkf.k ckydY;k.k foHkkxkrhy miyC/k dkxni=s] vkdMsokjh o okf”kZd

vgoky ;k ek/;ekrwu rF; ladyukps dk;Z dsys tk.kkj vkgs- miyC/k izkFkfed o

nq;e lanHkZlk/kaukP;k vk/kkjs izkIr >kkysY;k ekfgrhps fo’ys”k.k d#u R;kvk/kkjs

13

x`fgrdkaph iMrkG.kh dj.;kpk o fu”d”kkZizr iksgp.;kpk iz;Ru dj.;kr vkysyk

vkgs-

6-5 Lak’kks/kukph O;kIrh %&

HkSkxksfyd n`”V;k lnj la’kks/kukph O;kIrh ejkBokMk ;k izknsf’kd foHkkxkiqjrh

e;kZnhr dj.;kr vkysyh vkgs- ;k foHkkxkrhy vkSjaxkckn] tkyuk] chM]

mLukukckn] ijHk.kh] ykrwj] fgaxksyh o uaknsM ;k ftYg;kpk vH;kl dsyk tk.kkj

vkgs- dky[kaMkP;k n`”Vhus ;k la’kks/kukph O;kIrh b-l-1970rs 2002 brdh e;kZnhr

dsysyh vkgs- gk dky[kaM Eg.kts izkeq[;kus folkO;k ‘krdkpk mRrjk/kZ vkgs- 1970

iqohZ iapokf”kZd ;kstukae/kwu fL=k;kaP;k fodklkyk brj {ks=kaP;k rqyusr vfr’k; deh

egRo ns.;kr vkysys fnlrs ek= 1975 rs 1985 P;k tkxfrd efgyk n’kdkeqGs

loZ txHkj efgykaP;k iz’ukadMs xkaHkh;kZus c?k.;kph n`”Vh fuekZ.k >kyh o

fodklkrhy fL=;kapk lgHkkx fdrh egRokpk vkgs gs loZp ns’kkauh ekU; dsys

R;keqGs Hkjrkrgh fL=;kaP;k fodklkyk vxzdze ns.;kr vkyk o R;kpsp izfrfcac

Eg.kwu 1970 iklwu iapokf”kZd ;kstukae/kwu fL=;kaP;k fodklkpk fo’ks”k fopkj gksow

ykxyk-Eg.kwu lnj la’kks/kukpk izkjaHk b- l-1970 iklwu dj.;kr vkysyk vlwu

folkO;k ‘krdkP;k ‘ksoVi;Zarpk dkG R;kr lekfo”V dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs- lu

1969&70 ;k o”khZ pkSFkh iapokf”hZd ;kstuk izkjaHk >kkysyh gksrh rsOgk iklwu rs

folkOks ‘krd lairkukph uooh iapokf”hZd ;kstuk lq# gksrh b- l- ¼1997&2002½

rksi;Zarpk dky[kaM lnj la’kks/kukr fopkjkr ?ks.;kr ;s.kkj vkgs

7 la’kks/kukph ekSfydrk &

bfrgkl ys[kuke/;s lkezkT;oknh] jk”Vzoknh] ikSokZR;] ekDlZoknh]lckYVZu v’kk

fofo/k fopkjizokgkaps ys[ku vk<Grs- bfrgkl ys[kuke/;s fL=;kaps vfLrRo ek= lrr

vn`”; vkgs fdaok rs nq;;entkZP;k ekaM.khrwu lkdkjysys vkgs- fL=;kauk vkf.k

14

R;kaP;k drqZRokyk ,d vkokt feGowu ns.;klkBh uO;kus mn;kl vkysyk fopkj

izokg Eg.kts L=hoknh bfrgkl ys[ku gks;-

^It argules that womne’s role as the makers of the history has been neglected, made

invisiable, stereotuped, taken for granted or divisively presented in the main stream

history. It claims that every reality is as gendered reality and therefore it questions the

history being equated to his story11

L=hoknh bfrgkl ys[kukps pkj izeq[k VIis iMrkr ¼1½ fL=;kaP;k lekos’kkpk

bfrgkl ¼2½ fL=;kapk ‘kks”k.kkpk bfrgkl ¼3½ fL=;kapk drqZRokpk o ;ksxnkukpk

bfrgkl ¼4½ fyaxHkkokRed bfrgkl 12

fL=;kaps loZp {ks=krhy ;ksxnku o lgHkkx ;kapk vH;kl dj.;kpk iz;Ru loZ=

gksr vlrkukp lnj la’kks/ku gs ejkBokMk foHkkxklkj[;k ekxkl letY;k tk.k&;k

foHkkxkrhy fL=;kaP;k bfrgklkpk vH;kl dj.;kpk ,d egRokpk iz;Ru Bj.kkj

vkg-s ;k ek/;ekrwu ;sFkhy fL=;kaP;k ‘kS{kf.kd]vkfFkZd o vkjksX;fo”k;d ifjfLFkrhoj

izdk’k Vkdyk tk.kkj vlwu Lokra=;ksRrj dkGkr R;kapk >kkysyk fodkl js[kkV.;kr

;s.kkj vkgs- FkksMD;kr lkaxko;kps >kY;kl lnj la’kks/ku Eg.kts ejkBokM;krhy

fL=;kaP;k fodklkpk bfrgkl vl.kkj vkgs

8- lkfgR;kps voyksdu &

A comprehensive review of literature is essential for any good research endeavour״

as it provides back ground information to aid researcher in designing and analyzing

research work ˝ 13

Hkkjrkrhy iapokf”kZd ;kstuk] R;kaph O;qgjpuk] vaeyctko.kh vkf.k

;’k&vi;’k ;klkj[;k fo”k;ka’kh laca/khr la’kks/ku Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr vFkZ’kkL=h;

n`”Vhdksukrwu >kkysys fnlwu ;srs- fL=;kaP;k fodklk’kh laca/khr fofo/k vaxakps la’kks/ku

>kysys vk<Gwu ;srs] ek= iapokf”kZd ;kstuke/kwu fL=;kapk >kysyk fodkl vls nksu

15

osx osxG;k fo”k;kauk ,df=r lka/k.kkjs la’kks/ku vtqugh Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr >kysys

fnlwu ;sr ukgh- ;k fo”k;h’kh laca/khr la’kks/kukpk ekxksok ?ksrkuk iq<hy izek.ks

la’kks/ku >kY;kps vk<Gwu vkys-

1- fodklkP;k izfdz;srhy L=h iz’u &

iz[;kr L=hoknh vH;kld lqxrk eksgarh ;kauh fygysY;k ;k xzaFkkpk oS’kkyh

isa<kjdj tks’kh ;kauh vuqokn dsysyk vkgs- ;k e/;s fodkl izfdz;k Eg.kts dk;

;kpk lfoLrj vk<kok ?ks.;kr vkysyk vlwu] fL=;k vkf.k fodkl] fyaxHkkokf/kjhr

fu;kstukps egRo]fyaxHkko vkf.k Je] fL=;k vkf.k vkjksX;] Lokra=;ksRrj Hkkjrkrhy

fL=;k ;k fo”k;koj FkksMD;kr izdk’k Vkd.;kr vkysyk vkgs- iapokf”kZd ;kstuk

vkf.k fL=;kapk fodkl ;k ?kVdkoj Hkk”; d#u ys[khdsus ;klaca/kh vf/kd la’kks/ku

gks.ks vko’;d vkgs vls er ekaMysys vkgs -

2 Hkkjrkrhy fu;kstu]21O;k ‘krdkP;k fn’ksus fodklkRed ifjizs{; &

ojhy f’k”kZdkps vfr’k; egRoiw.kZ o mi;qDr la’kks/ku lqizfl/n vkH;kld enu

eksgu c«kk ;kauh dsysys vkgs- vkfFkZd n`”Vhdksukrqu Hkkjrh; fu;kstukP;k fofo/k

cktwaoj R;kauh vH;kliw.kZ o la’kks/kukRed izdk’k Vkdysyk vkgs- izFke izdj.kke/;s

R;kauh fu;kstukps eqyHkwr rRoKku] R;kps mf|”Vs vkf.k O;qgjpuk ;k cíy ekfgrh

fnysyh vkgs-R;kauh fu;kstukP;k pkj egRoiw.kZ ?kVdkapk lkdY;kus fopkj dsysyk

vkgs rs ?kVd Eg.kts ¼1½o`/nh ¼2½vk/kqfudhdj.k ¼3½vkRefuHkZjrk vkf.k ¼4½lkekftd

U;k;- b- l- 1951rs b-l-1985;k pkj n’kdkrhy fu;kstukapk R;kauh

ewY;ekiukRed vk<kok ?ksrysyk vkgs- vkfFkZd] vkS?kksfxd vkf.k d`”khfo”k;d ;k

la’kks/kukaP;k izeq[k ckch vkgsr- R;keqGs ys[kdkus HkkaMoy] ldy mRiknu] d`”kh

mRiUu]vkS/kksfxd mRiknu] ;kalkj[;k ?kVdkapk l[ksky fopkj dsysyk vkgs- lkrO;k

iapokf”kZd ;kstusckcr foLrkjkus ekfgrh nsÅu ys[kdkus TRYSEM ;k ;kstusckcrgh

16

egRokph ppkZ dsysyh vkgs- efgykaP;k fodklke/;s TRYSEM ;k ;kstusps LFkku

egRokps vlY;keqGs lnj la’kks/ku gs ekxZn’kZd Bjrs

3. Gender in Indian planning--

lscLVh ,y jkt ;kauh laiknhr dsysY;k ;k xzaFkkph ekaM.kh in~feuh

LokehukFku ;kauh dsysyh vkgs- R;ke/;s Hkkjrh; fu;kstu i/nrhrhy fyaxHkkokRed

n`”Vhdksukph vfr’k; eqyHkwr] fpfdRld o la’kks/kuiw.kZ ekaM.kh dj.;kr vkysyh

vkgs+ +

4 . Planning for millions-

Jh- vkuan l#i vkf.k Jherh lqyHkk czkEgs ;k nksu ukeoar fo}kukauh

lnj la’kks/kukRed ys[ku dsysys vkgs- Hkkjrh; fu;kstukus ns’kkyk fnysyh opus

vkf.k R;kaph okLrokr >kysyh veyctko.kh ;kapk vfr’k; ij[kMi.ks vk<kok ;k

ys[kuke/;s ?ks.;kr vysyk vkgs- ;k xzaFkkps egRokps oSf’k”V Eg.kts iapokf”kZd

;kstukalkj[;k vfr’k; rka«khd o fDy”V fo”k;kph ekfgrh ;kr vfr’k; lqcks/k o

lksI;k ‘kCnke/;s loZlkekU; ek.klkYkk letsy v’kk Hkk”ksr ns.;kr vysyh vkgs-

fu;kstukpk vFkZ] Lo#i]fu;kstu vk;ksxkph jpuk] xzkfe.k fodkl b- fo”k;kaoj

l[kksyi.ks ekaM.kh dj.;kr vysyh vk<Gwu ;srs- fL=;k vkf.k iapokf”kZd ;kstuk

;kapk vuU;lk/kkj.k lac/k vkf.k iapokf”kZd ;kstukaph ns’kkpk v/kkZ Hkkx vlysY;k

fL=;kadMs c?k.;kph Hkwfedk ;kfo”k;h lnj xzaFkkr FkksMD;kr fopkj dj.;kr vysyk

vk<Grks- fu”d”kkZizr iksgprkuk ys[kd vkotqZu gk mYys[k djrkr dh fL=;kaP;k

fodklkf’kok; ns’kkpk lexz fodkl d/khp gksmw ‘kdr ukgh- R;keqGs iapokf”kZd

;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu ‘kklukus tkLrhr tkLr fu/kh fL=;kaP;k fodklklkBh cgky

dsyk ikfgts-

17

5 ejkBokM;krhy xzzkfe.k fL=;kaps lcyhdj.k

Jherh fo|k rk;Ms ;kauh vkiY;k ;k la’kks/kuke/;s ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k

vkfFkZd fodklkph cktw FkksMD;kr ekaMyh vlwu ejkBokM;krhy fL=;k vktgh m?kksx

o vkfFkZd Lokoyacuk e/;s egkjk”Vzkrhy brj foHkkxkP;k rqyusr ekxs vkgsr gs lR;

ueqn dsysys vk<Gwu ;srs-

6 efgyk vkf.k cky fodkl Women and child development-

vfr’k; ukeoar o vH;klq Eg.kwu loZifjphr vlysY;k Jherh dYiuk jWk;

;kauh fygfysY;k ;k xzaFkke/;s fL=;kaP;k fodklklaca/kh vR;ar eqyHkwr o egRoiq.kZ

la’kks/kukph ekaM.kh dsysyh vk<GYks R;ke/;s fL=;kaP;k fodklkrhy jk”Vzh; efgyk

vk;ksxkph Hkwfedk] fL=;kaps dk;ns’khj vf/kdkj ;k fo”k;h lkaxksikax ppkZ dj.;kr

vkysyh vkg-s

7- Ekgkjk”Vkrhy fL=;kapk ntkZ &

izksQslj Nk;k nkrkj ;kauh lnj la’kks/ku dsysys vkgs R;klkBh R;kauk Jherh

,u- t;k] Jherh izKk tks’kh vkf.k Jherh furk f’kjkyh ;kps lgk¸; ykHkysys vkgs

egkjk”Vzkrhy fL=;kaPkh vkjksX; fo”k;d] f’k{k.kfo”k;d] vkfFkZd fodklkfo”k;d

egRoiw.kZ ekfgrh o vkdMsokjh lnj la’kks/kukrwu feGrs efgykaP;k jktdh;

lgHkkxkps fp= nk[ko.kkjh vkdMsokjh ns[khy ;ke/;s miyC/k gksrs- egkjk”Vªkrhy

fL=;kaP;k fodklkpk vk<kok ?ks.;klkBh lnj la’kks/ku mi;qDr Bjrs-

8- Financing the eightth plan -

lnjps la’kks/ku gs Jh- ds-,l- jkepanzu ;kauh iw.kZ dsysys vkgs- vkBO;k

iapokfFkZd ;kstuspk lokZafx.k vk<kok ;ke/;s ?ks.;kr vkysyk vkgs vkBO;k iapokfnZd

18

;kstusr fL«k;kaP;k fodklklkBh dsysY;k rjrqnhph ekfgrh feGo.;klkBh lnjps

la’kks/ku egRoiw.kZ Bjrs-

9 States of women in India -

Hkkjrkrhy fL=;kapk ntkZ ;k la’kks/kukRed xzaFkke/;s Jh-,l-lh- mik/;k; ;kauh

Hkkjrh; fL=;kaP;k ‘kS{kf.kd] lkekftd ifjfLFkrhoj izdk’k Vkdysyk vkgs fL=;kaP;k

vf/kdkjkaP;k ?kVukRed rjrqnh] dk;ns] fL=;k fo#/nps vR;kpkj b-ckchpk l[kksy

mgkiksg dsysyk vkgs

9- ejkBokM;kph HkkSxksfyd vkf.k ,sfrgkfld ik’oZHkweh

ejkBokMk gh ,d izknsf’kd ladYiuk vkgs] frpk vFkZ loZlkekU;r% ejkBh Hkk”kk

cksy.kk&;k yksd leqgkapk izns’k vlk ?ksryk tkrks

ßThe term Marathwada has its origin in the word Marhatti-vada (Mar-hat-vada)

meaning a region of Maratha community ״14 ejkBokMk ;k ‘kCnkps ZejkB* gs iwoZin

egkjk”Vz ;k laLd`r ‘kCnkps viHkz”V #i vlwu R;kps miin okMk gs okVd ;k laLd`r

‘kCnkps rnHkko gks;- okMk fdaok okMh gh miins izkphu dkGh nf{k.ksr izkafrd

iz’kklu foHkkxkauk ykoysyh vk<Grkr v’kkp vFkZkus ejkBokMh ;k laKspk mYys[k

fViw lqyrkukP;k dkjfdnhZr izFke vk<Grks vBjkO;k ‘krdkP;k mRrjk/kkZrhy gk

mYys[k gSnzkckn laLFkkukrhy ejkBh Hkkf”kd izns’kkP;k Eg.ktsp l/;kP;k

ejkBokM;kP;k lanHkkZrhy vkgs gSnzkckn laLFkkukP;k dkxnksi=hgh iq<s ;k izns’kkpk

ejkBokMh vlkp mYys[k vk<GrksÞ15

ejkBokMk ;k ‘kCnkP;k ,sfrgkfldrspk ‘kks/k ?ksr ekxs xsys vlrk R;kpk

mYys[k lksGkO;k ‘krdkrgh lkiMrks vkfny’kkgh dky[kaM fo”k;d ekfgrh ns.kk&;k

rkjh[k -,- QsfjLrk ;k xzaFkkr gk mYys[k ;srks- ;krhy ifgY;k dky[kaMkr

19

ejkBokM;kpk mYys[k ejgVokMh vlk >kkyk vkgs-]rlsp fViw lqyrkuphgh b-l-

1753 r 1799 e/khy i=s miyC/k vkgs R;krwugh ejkBokM;kpk ejgVokMh vlk

mYys[k vkysyk vkgs-16 *ejkBokMk ;k vFkkZus futke’kkgh izns’kkpk ,d Hkkx Eg.kwu

ejkBokM;kpk mYys[k b-l- 1870 e/khy gSnzkckn laLFkkukP;k futkekP;k ljdkjh

i=O;ogkjke/;s igko;kl feGrks ejkBokM;koj b-l- 1724 e/;s LFkkiu >kkysyh

futkeh jktoV iq<s 1948 Ik;Zar o”ksZ vck/khr jkghyh laLFkkukrhy iztsus tqyeh

jktoVh fo#/n y<k mHkk#u ‘ksoVh gh jktoV myFkowu Vkdyh o egkjk”Vz jkT;kpk

,d Hkkx Eg.kwu ejkBokMk vfLrRokr vkyk-

ejkBokM;kP;k iwosZyk vka/kz izns’kP;k lhek vlwu if’pesyk vgenuxj vkf.k

ukf’kd ;k if’pe egkjk”VzkP;k ftY;kaP;k lhek fHkMysY;k vkgsr- lksykiqj ftYgk

rlsp dukZVd jkT;kP;k dkgh lhek nf{k.ksyk fHkMysyk vlwu ejkBokM;kph mRrj

lhek tGxko rlsp vdksyk] cqy<k.kk] okf’ke ;k fonHkkZP;k ftYg;kauh os<ysY;k

vkgsr-17

cky?kkV] vkf.k vftaBk ;k ejkBokM;krhy izeq[k ioZrjkaxk vkgsr-

vftaBkP;k MksaxjjkaxkeqGs [kkuns’k vkf.k fonHkZ ;kiklwu ejkBokMk uSlfxZdn`”V;k

osxGk >kkysyk vkgs] rlsp rkih vkf.k xksnkojh ;k u|kaP;k [kks&;kaukgh ;kp

ioZrjkaxkuh osxGs dsyyss vkgs- nsoxhjh o tkyuk gh ;k ijhljkrhy lg;knzh ioZrkph

nqljh egRokph jkax gks;- rh ejkBokMk o fonHkZ ;krhy izeq[k nqHkktd vkgs-

;kf’kok; chM mLekukckn ifjljkr vl.kkjh cky?kkV ioZrkph jkax ejkBokM;kyk

if’pe egkjk”Vzkiklwu foHkDr djrs-Þ18

ejkBokM;kr xksnkojh] iw.kkZ] ekatjk] nq/kuk] f’kouk] [ksG.kk] flanQ.kk] lhuk]

rsj.kk] fxjtk b-egRoiw.kZ u|k vkgsr- xksnkojh gh ejkBokM;krhy lokZr eksBh unh

vkgs- ejkBokM;krhy ikolkps ljkljh izek.k 80 lsa-eh- brds vlwu ;sFkhy cgqrka’k

20

‘ksrh gh ikolkP;k ik.;koj voyacwu vlY;keqGs ejkBokM;krhy d`”kh mRiUu gs

csrkpsp fnlwu ;srs- lkrR;kus nq”dkGh ifjfLFkrhyk ejkBokM;kyk lkeksjs tkos ykxrs-

Tokjh] cktjh] dkiwl] xgw] gjHkjk] djMbZ] lks;kchu]eqx gh ejkBokM;krhy izeq[k

fids vkgsr- ejkBokM;krhy iSB.k] R;kosGps Hkksxo/kZu o vktps Hkksdjnu]nsofxjh]rsj

;klkj[kh fBdk.ks izkphu dkGh O;kikjh ekxkZoj gksrh- isfjiYl vkWQ n ,jhfFkz;u lh

;k xzaFkkr iSB.k o rsj gh fBdk.ks ,dk ekxkZus HkMksp canjkyk tksMyh gksrh vls

EgVys vkg-s nqljk ekxZ pkGhlxko] os#G] vkSjaxkckn ekxsZ iSB.kgwu lksik&;ki;Zr]

rj izfr”Bkuyk mTtSu’kh tksM.kkjk ekxZ vftaBk cgkG vkf.k c&gk.kiwj Onkjs tkr

gksrk- O;kikj mfnekP;k lca/khr ejkBokMk Qkjlk xfrf’ky gksrk vls Eg.krk ;sr

ukghÞ19

ejkBokM;kph ,sfrgkfld ik’oZHkweh

ejkBokM;kP;k bfrgklkpk ekxksok ?ksrkuk vki.kkl lqekjs 7]000 o”kkZai;Zaaar

ekxs tkos ykxrs- dkj.k iqjkrRoKkaP;k erkuqlkj rsOgkiklwu ;sFks ekuokph oLrh

vfLrRokr gksrh- b-l-1865 e/;s ok;us ;k HkwxHkZ’kkL=Kkyk iSB.ktoG eqaxh ;sFks

e/;iqjk’e;qxhu nxMh gR;kjs feGkyh- egkjk”Vzkr feGkysyh gh ifgrh v’e;qxhu

gR;kjs gksr-Þ20 ekuokus fLFkj thoukl izkjaHk dj.;klkBh olkgrhph fufeZrh dsyh

rsOgkiklwu ejkBokM;ke/;s ekuoh olkgrh gksR;k- ßegkjk”Vzkrhy vk| ‘ksrd&;kaph

oLrh Jh Kkus’ojkaP;k tUexkoh vkisxko ;sFks iqjkrRoKkauk vk<Gyh- mR[kuukr ;sFks

rkezik”kk.k ;qxhu ?kjkaps vo’ks”k] jaxhr [kkijs] /kkU;s vkf.k nxMh gR;kjs feGkyh- ;k

oLrhpk dkG b- l- iwoZ 1564 vlk dkcZu & 14 i/nrkuqlkj Bjfo.;kr vkyk-

Þ21 izkphu okM-e;hu lk/kuke/kwugh vki.kkl ejkBokM;kps ,safrgkfld lanHkZ

feGrkr- iqjk.kke/khy mrys[kkuqlkj ßejkBokM;kpk dkgh Hkkx uankP;k lkekzT;kr

vlkok vls fnlrs- uouanMs’k Eg.ktsp ukansM vlsgh ekuys Tkkrs- iSB.k gh R;kaph

21

nf’k.ksdMhy jkt/kkuh gksrh iq<s v’kksdkP;k ys[kkrwu isrfudkapk Eg.ktsp

iS..koklh;kapk mYys[k vk<GrksÞ22 izkphu dky[kaMke?;s Hkkjrkr mn;kl vkysY;k

lksGk egktuinkiSdh nksu egktuins gh ejkBokM;kr gksrh vls bfrgkldkjkaps er

vkgs- ßnf’k.ksrhy v’ed o eqyd gh egktuins ejkBokM;ke/;s gksrh- ewyd o

v’edh gh tuins xksnk [kks&;krp mn;kl vkyh- vktP;k vkSjaxkckn] chM]

ijHk.kh] ukansM vkf.k vgenuxj ftYg;kapk dkgh HkwHkkx Eg.kts v’ed o eqyd

tuinkpk Hkwizns’k gks;- iSB.k gh eqydkph jkt/kkuh rj cks/ku gh v’edkaph jkt/kkuh

gksrh-Þ23 izkphu dky[kaMke/;s nf{k.ksrhy ifgyh o eksBh izcy jktlRrk lkrokgu

oa’kkus LFkkiu dsyh b-l- iqoZ 230 e/;s lkrokgu jktk fleq[k ;kus ;k oa’kkph

lRrk izLFkkfir dsyh- b-l- iwoZ 230 rs b- l- 460 gk lkrokgukapk dky[kaM

gksrk- nf{k.k HkkjrkP;k lkekftd jktdh; vkfFkZd o lkaLd`rhd {ks=krhy gk

HkjHkjkVhpk dky[kaM letyk tkrks- xksnkojh unhP;k dkBkoj olysyh izfr”Bku gh

lkrokgukaph jkt/kkuh gksrh- lkrokgu jktoa’kkus ejkBokM;kyk jktdh; lkekftd o

lkaLd`frd {ks=kkr egRokps LFkku feGowu fnys- vftBak ;sFkhy ifgY;k xVkrhy o

firG[kksjk ;sFkhy ys.kh ;kp dkGkrhy vkgsÞ 24 lkrokgu jktoa’kke/;s xkSrehiq=

lkrd.khZ gk lokZr ijkdzeh jktk gksowu xsyk- R;kus ugiku] {k=i vkf.k

dnZedklkj[;k izcG ‘k=wauk ijkHkwr d:u egkjk”Vzkyk okpfoys- xkSrehiw=kizek.ksp

gky gk ns[khy vfr’k; ijkdzeh o foOnku jktk ;k oa’kkr gksÅu xsyk- rRdkyhu

yksdthou] lekt] laLd`rh ;klkj[;k egRokP;k ckchaph ekfgrh ns.kkjk vfr’k;

le`/n xzaFk jktk gky ;kus fyfgyk rks xzaFk xkFkklIr’krh Eg.kwu vksG[krk tkrks-

lkrokgukuarj okdVd gh nf{k.ksrhy ,d izcG lRrk Eg.kwu iq<s vkyh

okdkVdkauh ;sFkhy dkgh izns’kkoj jkT; dsys- okdkVdkaP;k uarj dypqjh oa’kkus

rlsp cnkehP;k pkyqD; oa’kkus dkgh dkG ejkBokM;akpk osxosxG;k izns’kkoj jkT;

dsys-

22

jk”VzdqV gh ns[khy nf{k.ksr mn;kl vkysyh ,d izcG lRrk gksrh- b-l-P;k

vkBO;k ‘krdke/;s jk”VzdqV lRrspk mn; >kkyk- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy ,ykiwj o

lkaizrps os:G Eg.kwu vksG[kys tk.kkjs ‘kgj jk”VzdqVkaph jkt/kkuh gksrh-jk”VzdqV

jktoa’kkus ejkBokM;krhy izns’kklag nf{k.k Hkkjrkoj b- l- 744 rs 973 ;k

dky[kaMkr jkT; dsys gksrs-25 jk”VªdwV lRrsP;k vLrkuarj ejkBokM;kP;k fofo/k

izns’kkoj ;knokaph izcG lRrk izLFkkfir >kyh- ;knokaP;k jktoVhr ejkBokMk

lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] jktdh;] vkfFkZdn`”V;k oSHkokP;k dGlkoj gksrk-;knokaph

jktoV eqLyhe jktoVhP;k LFkkiusi;Zr vFkkZr toGikl b- l- 1340 i;Zr

vfLrRokr gksrh- ßikpO;k fHkYyeus b- l- 1175 e/;s nsofxjh ;sFks jkt/kkuh

gyfoyh o nsofxjh gk fdYyk cka/kykÞ26 ;kno oa’kkrhy ijkdzeh jktk jkepanz gk

b- l- 1271 rs b- l- 1311 ;k dkGkr lRrsoj gksrk- ;knokaP;k ‘ksoVP;k

jkT;kP;k dkGkr ejkBokM;kpk fodkl ijeksRd”kkZyk iksgpyk gksrk-

vYyÅnhu f[kyth ;kus b- l- 1294 e/;s nf{k.ksoj Lokjh dsyh vkf.k

nsofxjhpk jktk jkepanz ;kyk ijkHkwr d#u nsofxjhoj vkiys opZLo izLFkkfir dsys-

b- l- 1340 Ik;Zar lqyrku’kkghps ekaMfyd Eg.kwu ;knokauh jkT; dj.;kpk] izlaxh

Lora= gks.;kpk v;’kLoh iz;Ru dsyk ek= b- l- 1340 i;Zar ;kno lRrspk

laiw.kZi.ks vLr >kyk o ejkBokM;koj eqLyhe lRrspk veay izkjaHk >kyk- nsofxjh

fdY;kph vHksÌ;rk o e/;orhZ LFkku ;kapk fopkj d#u lqjf{krrsP;k n`”Vhus lqyrku

egen rq?kyd ;kus vkiyh jkt/kkuh fnYyh ;sFkwu nsofxjh ;sFks gyfoyh o nsofxjhps

ukekraj nkSyrkckn vls dsys- ek= dkgh rkaf=d dkj.kkeqGs jkt/kkuh cnykpk eqagen

rq?kydkpk iz;ksx iq.kZr% v;’kLoh >kyk o R;kyk fnYyhyk ijr tkos ykxys-

fnYyh njckjkrhy jktdh; vukxksanheqGs lqyrkukph nf{k.ksojhy idM f<yh iMyh

R;kpkp Qk;nk ?ksr glu xaxq mQZ cgkeu’kgk ;kus nf{k.ksr cgkeu’kkghph LFkkiuk

dsyh- b- l- 1538 e/;s cgkeu’kkghps ‘kdys mMwu rhps ikp ‘kkg;kae/;s foHkktu

23

>kys- fotkiwjph vkfny’kkgh] vgenuxjph futke’kkgh]xksoGdksaM;kph dqrqc’kkgh]

fcnjph cjhn’kkgh vkf.k cw&gk.kiwjph bekn’kkgh Eg.kwu ;k ikp ‘kkg;k vksG[kY;k

tkow ykxY;k- ;kaP;krhy vkikilkrhy lRrkla?k”kZ gh fuR;kphp ckc gksrh-

mRrjsP;k jktdkj.kkr izpaM ijhorZu gksoqu lqyrku’kkgh myFkowu Vkdr b-l-

1526 e/;s eq?ky lezkV ckcj ;kus fnYyhoj eq?kykaph lRrk izLFkkfir dsyh- izkjHkh

mRrjsoj opZLo izLFkkfir dj.kk&;k eq?ky ckn’kkghus lezkV ‘kgktgkuP;k dkGr

nf{k.ksdMs vkiys y{k oGfoys- b-l-1633 e/;s ‘kgktgkuus nkSyrkckn ftadwu

?ksrys- nf{k.kspk lqHksnkj Eg.kwu jktiw= vkSjaxtsckph use.kwd dj.;kr vkyh- ;kp

njE;ku lekarji.ks nf{k.ksr N- f’kokth egkjkt ;kaP;k #ikus ejkB;kaP;k Lora=

jkT;kph LFkkiuk o fodklkph izfdz;k ns[khy lq# gksrh- ejkBokM;kP;k izns’kkoj ek=

eqfLye lRrspkp veay gksrk- vkSjaxtsckus nkSyrkckn toGhy [kMdh ;k fBdk.kh

okLrO; dsys o R;kpk fodkl d#u R;k ’kgjkyk vkSjaxkckn vls uko iznku dsys-

vkSjaxkckn ;sFks izfl/n ,sfrghfld okLrw ^fcfc dk edcjk* ;kph fufeZrh dsyh-

rktegyph gqcsgqc izrhd`rh vl.kkjh gh okLrw nf{k.kspk rktegy Eg.kwugh

vksG[kyh tkrs- vkSjaxktsc fnYyhpk ckn’kgk >kyk] vkiY;k dkjdhnhZe/;s R;kus

nf{k.k eksghe gkrh ?ksryh- nf{k.ksrhy eqfLye jkT;s R;kus vkiY;k opZLok[kkyh

vk.kyh ek= ejkB;kapk dk;epk fu%ikr dj.ks R;kyk d/khp ‘kD; >kys ukgh o b-

l- 1707 e/;s R;kpk e`R;w >kyk- ejkBokM;krhy [kqYrkckn ;sFks R;kps nQu

dj.;kr vkys-

vkSjaxtsackP;k e`R;wuarj fnYyh njckjkr izpaM vukxksanh ektyh gksrh- eq?ky

ckn’kkghpk vLrkdMs izokl lq# >kyk gksrk- eq?ky njckjkrhy ,d rqdhZ ljnkj

vlQtgk ;kph b-l- 1724 e/;s nf{k.kspk lqHksnkj Eg.kwu use.kwd dj.;kr vkyh-

R;kus nf{k.ksr vkiyh Lora= lRrk futke’kkgh ;k ukokus LFkkiu dsyh o

24

ejkBokM;kpk izns’k futke’kkghP;k vf/kiR;k[kkyh xsyk- b-l-1724 rs b-l-1948

vlk iznh?kZ dkG futkeh jktoVhpk tqyeh ojoaVk ejkBokM;kP;k izns’kko#u fQjr

jkfgyk- futkeh jktoVh[kkyhy ejkBokM;krhy yksdkaP;k nw%fLFkrhps o.kZu djrkuk

l-ek-xxsZ fyfgrkr dh] ßtx.;kiqjrs [kk.;kyk u feGkY;keqGs dk;k okpk eukus

fucZy >kysyk] dk;|kP;k ca/kukus pksgksdMwu t[kMysyk o dkxnksi=h lun’khj i.k

izR;k{k O;ogkjkr cOga’kh cslun’khj okx.kk&;k ljdkjP;k vkMeqB;k f’kik;kaP;k

tqyqekeqGs ejkBokMk Hksnjyssyk gksrkÞ-27

15 vkWxLV 1947 jskth Hkkjrkyk fczVh’kkaP;k xqykefxjhrwu Lokra+«; feGkys

ek= ejkBokMk futkekP;k xqykehrp gksrk gSnzckn laLFkukP;k ;k futkekus vkiys

laLFkku Hkkjr fdaok ikfdLrku ;k ns’kkae/;s foyhu u djrk Lora= Bso.;kpk fu.kZ;

?ksryk ek= Hkkjrljdkjus dBksj ikÅys mpyqu futkek fo#/n vkWijs’ku iksyks gh

ekssghe m?kMyh- ejkBokM;krhy tursus vkxksnjiklwup lq# dsysY;k gSnzkckn eqDrh

laxzkekyk R;keqGs izapM cG feGkys o Hkkjrh; lSU;kP;k izjkdzekeqGs 17lIVscaj

1948 jksth gSnzkckn laLFkku Hkkjrkr foyhu dj.;kr vkys- Hkkjr ljdkjP;k Hkk”khd

jkT; fufeZrhP;k /kksj.kkeqGs ejkBh Hkkf”kdkapk ejkBokMk gk izns’k egk”Vª jkT;kpk ,d

Hkkx cuyk-

10- ejkBokM;krhy ftYgs

egkjk”Vª jkT;kP;krhy ,dw.k ikp iz’kkldh; foHkkxkaiSdh ,d vlysY;k

ejkBokMk foHkkxkps eq[;ky; vkSjaxkckn ;sFks vkgs ejkBokM;ke/;s ,dq.k vkB

ftYgk;kapk lekos’k gksrks- rs iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr- ¼1½ vkSjaxkckn ¼2½ tkyuk ¼3½

chM ¼ 4½ mLekukckn ¼5½ ykrqj ¼6½ ijHk.kh ¼7½ fgaxksyh ¼8½ ukansM-

25

1 vkSjaxkckn

vfr’k; le`/n ,sfrgkfld ijaijspk lkf{knkj Eg.kwu vkSjaxkckn ‘kgj vksG[kys

tkrs- vkSjaxkckn ftYgk gk izkeq[;kus xksnkojh unhP;k [kks&;kr olysyk vkgs-

ftYg;kps HkkSxksfyd LFkku 19rs20 mRrj v{kka’k o 74rs 76 iwoZ js[kka’k vkgs-

vkSjaxkckn ftYg;kps ,dw.k {ks=QG 10]000 pkSjl fdyks feVj vlwu R;kiSdh 141-

1 pkSjl fdyks feVj {ks= gs ukxjh foHkkxkr rj 99]587 pkSjl fdyks feVj {ks=

gs xkzfe.k foHkkxkr eksMrÞs28 vkSjaxkckn ftYg;ke/;s ,dw.k uÅ rkyqds vkgsr rs

Eg.kts dUuM] lks;xko]flYyksM] Qqyaczh] vkSjaxkckn]- [kqYrkckn] oStkiwj] xaxkiwj

vkf.k iSB.k gh gks;- ftYg;krhy xkokaph ,dw.k la[;k 1344 brdh vkgs- 2001

P;k tux.k.ksuqlkj ftYg;kph ,dw.k yksdla[;k 2897013 brdh vkgs] rj ,dw.k

lk{kjrk 63-51 VDds vlwu R;ke/;s lk{kj iq#”kkaph la[;k 1771659 brdh vkgs-

rlsp lk{kj fL=;kaph la[;k xzkfe.k Hkkxkr ,dw.k 378614 rj ‘kgjh Hkkxkr

325244 brdh vkgs- vkSjaxkckn ftYg;krhy L=h lk{kjrsps ,dq.k izek.k 65-91

VDds brdh vkgs-Þ lu 2011 P;k tux.k.ksuqlkj ;sFkhy L=hiq#”k izek.k 1000

iqj”kkaekxs 924 fL=;k brda vkgs-Þ29

vkSjaxkckn ftYg;kps ljkljh itZU;eku 734 fe-eh brds vlwu fdeku

rkieku 5-6 lsYlhvl va’k rj deky rkieku 45-9 lsYlhvl va’k vkgs-

izkphu dkGkr ftYg;krhy izfr”Bku vktps iSB.k gs varxZr rlsp ijdh;

O;kikjkps Qkj egRokps fBdk.k gksrs- iSB.k ;sFks r;kj gks.kkjh js’keh iSB.kh gh

txHkjkrhy O;kikjkaps vkd”kZ.kkps dsanz gksrs- tkxfrd lkaLd`frd okjlk Eg.kwu uksan

>kkysY;k vftaBk vkf.k os#GP;k izfl/n ys.;k ;kp ftYg;kr vkgsr-

since the earlier times this district played a vital role in shaping the history and ״

culture of the region . It was the center of intence socio- political acvtivities, the set of

26

learning, the seat of religious movements during the long and undeterred course of

history. It had contributed in the fileds of Art, Architecture, sculpture, painting , dress

and ornaments, food dishes and language etc. centers like paithan, Devgiri,

Aurangabad, Ajanta,Ellora had been attracting large no of saints,poets, artisans from

all over the country ״30

2-tkyuk&

19-1 rs 20-3 mRrj v{kka’k o 75-4 rs 76-4 iwoZ js[kka’k olysyk tkyuk

ftYgk gk ejkBokM;krhy ,d egRokpk ftYgk vkgs- iwohZ vkSjaxkckn ftYg;kpkp

,d Hkkx vl.kkjk tkyuk ftYgk 1es 1981 jksth Lora= ftYgk Eg.kwu ?kksf”kr

dj.;kr vkyk- ftYg;kps ,dw.k {ks=QG 7612 pkSjl fdyks feVj brds vkgs-

2011 P;k tux.k.ksuqlkj ftYg;kph ,dw.k yksdla[;k 19-58 yk[k brdh vlwu

R;ke/;s 10-5 yk[k iq#”k rj 9-43 yk[k fL=;k vkgsrÞ31

ftYg;krhy lk{kjrsps izek.k 61-28 VDds brds vkgs- fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsps

izek.k 49-4 VDds izek.k vkgs-tkyuk ftYg;ke/;s vacM] Hkskdjnu] tkyuk]

?kulkoaxh] ijrwj] eaBk vkf.k tkQzkckn ;k ,dw.k vkB rkywD;kpk lekos’k gksrks-

ftYg;krhy L=hiq#”k izek.k 1000 iqj”kkekxs 952 fL=;k brds vkgs-Þ HkkSxksyhd

n`”V;k tkyuk ftYgk jkT;kP;k e/;Hkkxh ;sr vlY;kus dsnzh; nG.koG.k ea=ky;kus

tkyuk ‘kgjktoGhy bansokMh ;sFks mixzg vuqJo.k Hkqdsanz mHkkjys vkgs-32

3 chM-

chM gk ejkBokM;krhy egRokpk ftYgk 18-3 rs 19-3 mRrj va{kk’kkoj o

74-5 rs 76-6 iwoZ js[kka’kkoj olysyk vkgs- ftYg;kps ,dw.k {ks=QG 10615-3

pkSjl fdyks feVj brds vkgs- chM ftYg;ke/;s ,dw.k 1365 xkokapk lekos’k gksrks-

xksnkojh gh chM ftYg;krhy izeq[k unh vlwu flnaQ.kk]ekatjk]canwljk vkf.k oku ;k

u|k ns[khy chM ftYg;krwu okgrkr chM ftYg;kps ljkljh itZU;eku 666 eh-

27

eh- brds vkgs-chM ftYg;krhy L=h lk{kjrsps izek.k 55-38 VsDd brds vlwu

;sFkhy fL«k;kaps izek.k 904 brds vkgsÞ33

4-ukansM %

ejkBokM;krhy ukansM ftYgk gk izkphu dky[kaMkiklwuph ,sfrgkfld ijaijk

ykHkysyk ftYgk vkgs- okf’ke ;sFks lkiMysY;k rkeziVkuqlkj ukansMyk iqohZ uanhrkr

Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkr vlY;kpss mYys[k lkiMrkrÞ 34

b- l- P;k ifgY;k ‘krdke/;s ukansMoj lkrokgukps jkT; gksrs- pkSF;k

‘krdkr ;sFks pkyqD; oa’kkus jkT; dsys- jk”VªdqVakuh ns[khy nsxywj lkj[;k dkgh

Hkkxkoj jkT; dsY;kps mYys[k lkiMrkr R;kuarj ukansMoj ;knokaph] eyhd dkQwwj

rlsp gSnzkcknP;k futkekph vuqØes lRrk izLFkfir >kyh- ejkBokMk eqDrhlaxzkekuarj

ejkBokM;kpk ,d Hkkx cuysY;k ukansM ftYg;kps /kkfeZd egRo ns’kHkj izfl/n vkgs-

f’k[k /kehZ;kaps ngkos xq#] xq# xksfoan flax ;kaps lek/khLFkG Eg.kwu uknsMaps xq#Onkj]

izfl/n] vkgs R;kyk Jh gqtwj lp[kaM Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkrs- vlk gk ,sfrgkfld

HkkSfydrspk ftYgk HkkSxksfyd n`”Vz;k 18-15 rs 19-55mRrj v{kka’k o 77rs 78-25

iwoZ js[kka’kkoj olysyk vkgs- ukansM ftYg;kps ,dw.k {ks=QG 10332 pkSjl

fdyksfeVj brds vkgs- ftYg;kph yksdla[;k 28]76]259 brdh vlwu R;ke/;s

13]94]901 efgykapk lekos’k gksrks- 35

5- ijHk.kh

ijHk.kh % 18-45 vkf.k 20-10 mRrj v{kka’k vkf.k 76-13 o 77-39

js[kka’kojhy ijHk.kh gk ejkBokM;krhy ,d egRokpk ftYgk vkgs R;ke/;s ijHk.kh]

xaxk[ksM] lksuisBk] ikFkzh] ekuor] ikye] lsyw] ftarwj vkf.k iw.kkZ ;k uÅ rkyqd;kapk

lekos’k gksrks- ijHk.kh ftYgkps ,dw.k {ks=QG 2514-14 pkSeh fd-eh- vkgs- lu

28

2011 P;k tux.kusuqlkj ;k ftYg;kph ,dw.k yksdla[;k 1]835-982 brdh vkgs-

;sFkhy lk{kjrsps izek.k 75-22 VDds vlwu njgtkjh iq:”kkaP;k ekxs fL=;kaph la[;k

940 vkgs- ijHk.kh ftYgkP;k b’kkU;syk vftaB;kP;k Mksaxjjkaxk vkgsr rj nf{k.ksyk

ckyk?kkVP;k Mksaxjjkaxk vkgsr- ijHk.kh ftYgk gk larkph ikou Hkweh Eg.kwu vksG[kyk

tkrks- dkj.k izfl/n lar ukenso ;kaps ewGxkao ;kp ftYgkrhy ujlh gs vlwu izfl/n

L=h lar lar tukckbZ xaxk[ksM ;k ‘kgjkrhy jfgoklh gksR;k- f’kMhaP;k lkbZ ckackP;k

okLrO;kpk ikou Li’kZ ns[khy ;k Hkwehyk >kysyk vkgs- 36

Near parbhani is the town selu where Guru of Shri Sai Baba, Shri Babasaheb

Maharaj was living. Sai stayed with him for 12 years during which time he acquired

knowledge from his guru. Shri Sai Baba’s birthplace is near selu, it is Pathari. After

some tragedy Sai Baba came to selu and met shri Babasaheb Maharaj 37

fdrZudkj Eg.kwu izfl/nh ikoysys ek:rh egkjkt gs nLriwj xkokps jfgoklh

gksrs izfl/n xf.krK HkkLdjHkVV gs ns[khy ijHk.kh ftYgkrhy cksjh ;k xkops gksrs-

uÅ’ks o”kkZP;k iznh?kZ bfrgklkpk lk{khnkj vlysys eqnxys’ojkps eanhj ns[khy

xksnkojhP;k dkBh ;kp ftYg;kr vkgs-

FkksMD;kr ijHk.kh gk HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd o lakLd`rhd n`”V;k ,d egRokpk

ftYgk vkgs-

6- ykrwj

vk/kqfud egkjk”VzkP;k jktdkj.kkr ekth eq[;ea=h dS- foykljko ns’keq[k

;kaP;k usr`RokeqGs egRokph Hkwfedk ctko.;kpk eku ykrwj ftYg;kyk feGkyk- v’kk

;k ykrwj ftYg;kyk izkphu dkGkiklwu iznh?kZ ,srkgkfld ijaijk ykHkysyh vkgs-

izkphu dkGh v’kksdkP;k lkezktkP;k Hkkx vl.kk%;k ykrwj ftYgkoj dkykuq#i

jk”VzdqV] lkrokgu] ‘kd pkyD;] ;kno] cgke.kh] vkfny’kgk vkf.k eq?ky v’kk

29

fofo/k jktoa’kkuh jkT; dsys- 1724 uarj ykrwj pk lekos’k gSnzkckP;k futkeh

jktoVhr >kkyk- izkjaHkh uGnqxZ Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tk.kkjk gk rkyqdk mLekukckn

ftYg;kpk ,d Hkkx gksrk- gSnzkckn eqDrhuarj gk Hkkx Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;kr lekfo”V

gksÅu 1960 uarj egkjk”Vz jkT;kpk ,d ?kVd cuyk- 15 vkWxLV 1982 jksth ,d

Lora= ftYgk Eg.kwu ykrwjyk ekU;rk feGkyh- 76-18mRrj v{kka’k rs 79-12 iwoZ

js[kka’k ykrwj ftYgk olysyk vkgs- ftYgkps ,dw.k {ks=QG 7157 pkS-fd-eh- vkgs-

ykrwj ftYgkaP;k iwoZsyk ukansM] uS_R; fn’ksyk mLekukckn] ok;O;syk chM] mRrjsyk

ijHk.kh ;k ftYg;kP;k flek fHkMysY;k vkgsr rj vkXus; fn’ksyk vka/kz izns’k ;k

jkT;kP;k flek ykrwj ftYg;kyk fHkMysY;k vkgsr- ykrwj ftYgke/;s ,dw.k ngk

rkyqD;kapk lekos’k gksrks- ftYgkrhy xkokaph la[;k ,dw.k 945 brdh vkgs- lu

2001 P;k tux.kusuqlkj ykrqj ftYg;kph yksdla[;k 2080285 brdh vlwu

R;kiSdh iq:”kkaph la[;k 1075257 rj fL=;kaph la[;k 1005028 brdh vkgs-

ftYgkrhy L=h iq:”k izek.k 1000 % 935 vkgs- ykrwj ftYg;kps lk{kjrsps izek.k

71-54 VDds brds vlwu iq:”kkaph lk{kjrk 82-90 VDds rj fL=;kaph lk{kjrk 59-

40 VDds brdh vkgs-38

7- fgaxksyh

vxnh vyhdMsp fuekZ.k >kkysyk fgaxksyh gk ejkBokM;krhy egRokpk ftYgk

vkgs- ftYg;kP;k flek mRrjsyk okf’ke vkf.k ;orekG] if’pesyk ijHk.kh]

vkXus;syk ukansM rj ok;O;syk cqy<k.kk ftYg;kP;k flekauk fHkMysY;k vkgsr-

fgaxksyh ftYg;kps HkkSxksyhd LFkku 19-43 mRrj v{kak’k rlsp 77-11 iwoZ js[kka’k

brds vkgs- ijHk.kh ftYg;kpkp ,d Hkkx vlysyk fgaxksyh gk ,d Lora= ftYgk

Eg.kwu 1 es 1999 jksth vfLrRokr vkyk- fgaxksyh ftYg;ke/;s ,dw.k ikp

rkyqD;kapk lekos’k gksrks rs Eg.kts fgaxksyh] dyeuqjh] lsuxkao] vkSa/k] oler gs

30

gks;- ftYg;kr ,dw.k 711 xkos vkgsr- fgaxksyh ftYgk;kaph ,dw.k yksdla[;k

987160 vlwu R;ke/khy fL=;kaph la[;k 4]81]787 brdh vkgs- ftYgkrhy

lk{kjrsps izek.k 66-86 VDds brds vlwu ,dw.k lk{kj fL=;kaph la[;k 2]09]620

brdh vkgs- vkSa<k ukxukFk gs T;ksfryhaxkps izfl/n ,srkgkfld eafnj fgaxksyh ftYgkrp

eksMrs- 39

8- mLekukckn

ejkBokM;kP;k vrhiwoZsdMs vlysyk mLekukckn ftYgk gk HkkSxksfyd n`”V;k

17-35 va’k rs 18-40 va’k mRrj v{kka’k vkf.k 75-16 va’k rs 76-40 va’k iwoZ

js[kka’k ;ke/;s olysyk vkgs- ftYg;kP;k uS_R;syk lksykiwj] ok;O;sl vgenuxj]

mRrjsl chM] bZ’kkU; o iwoZ fn’ksyk ykrwj rj nf{k.ksyk dukZVd jkT;krhy vuqdzes

fcnj o xqycxkZ ftYgs vkgsr- mLekukckn ftYg;kaps ,dw.k HkkSxksfyd {ks=QG

7512-4 pkS- fd- eh- vlwu R;kiSdh 241-4 pkS- fd- eh- {ks= 3-21 VDds ukxjh

rj moZjhr 7271-0 pkS-fd-eh- {ks= 96-79 VDds xzkeh.k Hkkxkr eksMrs- mLekukckn

ftYg;kr mLekukckn] dGac] mejxk] rqGtkiwj] ijaMk] Hkwe] yksgkjk] vkf.k ok’kh

vls ,dw.k vkB rkyqds vkgsr- 2001 P;k tux.kusuqlkj ftYg;kr ,dw.k 729

xkos vkf.k 622 xzkeiapk;rh vkgsr- ^2001 P;k tux.kusizek.ks mLekukckn

ftYgkph yksdla[;k 1486586 vkgs- R;kiSdh 769368 iq:”k o 717218 fL=;k

vkgsr- xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy yksdla[;k 1253330 vkgs- rj ukxjh Hkkxkrhy

yksdla[;k 233256 vkgs- ftYg;krhy nj gtkj iq:”kkaekxhy fL=;kpas izek.k 932

brds vkgs- mLekukckn ftYgkrhy lk{kjrsps izek.k 69-02 VDds brds vkgs-

/kkjkf’ko ys.kh gh mLekukckn ftYgkrhy izkphu ys.kh izfl/n vkgs- rlsp gtjr

[kktk ‘ke’kqnnhu xk>h nxkZ] /kkjk’kwj efnZuh eafnj b- izfl/n fBdk.ks ns[khy

mLekukckn ftYg;kr ;srkr- 40

31

11- ejkBokM;krhy fL«k;kaph fLFkrh &

,sfrgkfld ik’oZHkweh &

Hkkjrh; L=h vkf.k nq;;eRo ] ‘kks”k.k]ijk/khurk ;kaps vrwV ukrs izkphu

dkykiklwu vfLrRokr vkgs- izkphu Hkkjrkrhy oSfnd dky[kaMkpk viokn oxGrk

loZp dky[kaMke/;s lkrR;kus fL=;kaP;k ntkZe/;s ?klj.k gksrp jkghyh- ekuoh

laLd`rhP;k vxnh izkFfed VII;koj lekt fufeZrhP;k ckY;koLFksr L=hdMs c?k.;kph

iq:”kkaph n`”Vh gh vR;ar egkRE;eaMhr gksrh- L=he/;s vlysyh uofuEkkZ.kkph

ltukRed {kerk gs iq#”kh cq/nhyk u mdyysys dksMs vlY;keqGs L=hdMs nSoh

‘kDrhps ojnku ;k Hkkousrwu ikfgys tkr vls- Eg.kwup ;k dkGkr ekr`lRrsph

fufeZrh >kyh o L=hyk lektkr xkSjokps LFkku izkIr >kys- viR; fufeZrhph {kerk

QDr L=he/;s vkgs o l`tukph {kerk QDr i`Fohe/;s vkgs -;k ekufldrseqGs L=h

vkf.k i`Foh ;kauk nSoh vk/kkjkps lqj{kk dop ;k izkFkfed dky[kaMke/;s ykHkysys

gksrs- lgkftdp fL=;kadMs c?k.;kpk n`”Vhdksu gk vfr’k; lUekukpk o vknjkpk

gksrk dkj.k viR;fufeZrh e/khy iq:”kkapk lgHkkx Lo;a iq#”kkykp myxMysyk uOgrk-

;k dky[akMkrhy /kkfeZd J/nsP;k fodklke/;s izpaM izek.kkoj L=hnsork

vk<G.;kekxs gs ,d eq[; dkj.k vkgs-Þ41

Lk`”Vhe/khy fulxZpdzkpk ckjdkbZus] fufj{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu vH;kl djr

?kM.kk&; izR;sd uSlfxZd ?kVusekxs ,d fuf’pr vls dkyekiukps rRo vkgs gh xks”V

izFker% L=husp ‘kks/kwu dk<yh-Þ42

L=hP;k fujh{k.k ‘kDrhpk o cq/nheRrspk ifj.kke Eg.kts L=hus ykoysyk

‘ksrhpk ‘kks/k gks;-ß‘ksrhpk ‘kks/k fL=;kuh ykoyk izkphu Hkkjrke/;s f’kdkjhlkj[;k

vrhekxkl mRikanu i/nrhdMwwu ‘ksrhlkj[;k izxr mRiknu i/nrhdMs lektkyk

us.;kps Js; fL=;kauk vkgs fla/kw unhP;k dBh xkGisjkph ‘ksrh gh L=hus ‘kks/kwu dk<yh

32

;k dzakrhdhjh ‘kks/kkeqGs HkVdrs leq/g fLFkj >kysÞ43 ekuokus iq<hy dkGkr dsysY;k

loZp izxrhps ewG R;kP;k fLFkj thoukr vkgs- o gs LFkS;Z izkIr d#u ns.;kps dke

fL=;kauh dsY;keqGs loZ izxrhP;k eqGk’kh fL=;k vkgsr vls EgVY;kl okoxs B# u;s-

L=hlerspk gk L=hlRRkkd dky[akM [k&;k vFkkZus fL=;kaP;k bfrgklkrhy lksusjh iku

gksrk- ßL=hlRrkd lekt gk lkis{kr% vf/kd L=h&iq#”k lersoj vk/kkjysyk gksrk-

L=h gh ;q/n’kkL=kr ikjaxr gkssrh- nsoklwj ;q/nkr dSd;h n’kjFkk lkscr y<yh- L=h

jkT;kph lsuk gh iRuh o iq#”kkaiklwu cuyh gksrhÞ44

fL=;kauh ;k dky[kaMkr ykoysY;k fofo/k ‘kks/kkaeqGs Hkkoh izxrhps njokts [kqys

>kys- vk;qosZn o lka[; rRoKkukph fufeZrh o fodkal fL=;kauh dsyk- vkfne

x.klektkr ;Kkph pkSdV cka/k.ks ohVk jp.ks b- dkes fL=;kp djhr- R;kpizek.ks

x.kHkwehP;k okVikps vf/kdkj fL=;kadMsp vlr- R;krwup fL=;kauh Hkwferhpk ‘kks/k

ykoykÞ45

dkGkP;k vks?kkr xkGisjkP;k ‘ksrh,soth d`”kh mRiUuklkBh ukaxjkapk o

cSyklkj[kk Ik’kwpk okij dj.;kpk iz?kkr #< >kyk- R;kpcjkscj viR;fufeZrhe/khy

iq#”kkP;k lgHkkxkpsgh Kku iq#”kkauk >kys ;k nksUgh ckchapk vijhgk;Z ifj.kke vlk

>kyk dh lektkr fL=;kadMs c?k.;kpk tks ,d xSkjohdj.kkpk n`”Vhdksu gksrk- R;kyk

vksgVh ykxyh lektke/;s iq#”klRrspk mn; >kyk o gGwgGw iq#”kRrsus ekr`lRrsph

tkxk dkcht dsyh-46

oSfnd dky[kMkrhy L=hthou%&

b-l-iwoZ 3000 rs b-l-iwoZ 1500 gk oSfnd dky[kaM ekuyk tkrks- Hkkjrh;

lektke/;s vfLrRokr vlysY;k ekr`lRrkd vuk;Z laLd`rhpk ijkHko d#u vk;kZauh

Hkkjrkr iq#”klRrkd vk;Z laLd`rhps fctkjksiu dsys- oSfnd dky[kaMke/;s fL=;kapk

ntkZ mPp Lo#ikpk gksrk] fL=;kauk miu;ukpk Egtsp Ik;kZ;kus f’k{k.kkpk vf/kdkj

33

gksrk- oSfnd dky[kaMke/;s fL=;kaps nksu izeq[k oxZ gksrs ,d Eg.kts czEgoknhuh vkf.k

nqljk ln;ksso/kw vkiys laiw.kZ vk;q”; KkuizkirhlkBh leihZr dj.kk&;k o vkiY;k

Kkulk/kusr dks.kR;kp izdkjpk O;R;; udks Eg.kwu izlaxh vfookghr jkg.kk&;k

fL=;kapk lekos’k czEgoknhuh ;k xVkr gksr vls- T;k fL=;k fookgki;Zar f’k{k.k

?ksÅu uraj x`gLFkkJekr izos’k djr Ra;kuk ln;kso/kw vls EgVys tkrs vls- oSfnd

dky[kaMke/;s fL=;kauk xq#x`gh jkgwu f’k{k.k ?ks.;kpkgh vf/kdkj gksrk- ckyfookg]

fo/kok iwuZfoZokg canh] lrhizFkk ;k lkj[;k dzwj pkyhjhrhapk mn; >kysyk uOgrk-

vkiyk irh fuoM.;kpk vf/kdkj ns[khy fL=;akuk gksrk- iq#”kkaP;k rqyusr dks.krsgh

oktoh gDd fL=k;kauk ukdkjys uOgrs-

^lrrP;k vk;Z vuk;Z la?k”kkZeqGs lkekU;r% vk;Z iq#”k ;q/nkr xqarysyk vls o

L=h ?kjdke ] dkiM r;kj dj.ks] /kuq”;ck.kklkj[ks ;qq/n lkfgR; fuekZ.k dj.;kr

egRokph Hkwfedk ctkor vls- lgkftdp rh gh Lo;aiw.kZ o mRiknu izfdz;srhy

egRokpk ?kVd gksrh- Eg.kwu frpk nTkkZ jlkrGkyk xsysyk uOgrk- vuk;kZa’kh

y<.;klkBh tkLrhr tkLr iq#”kkaph vko’;drk vlY;keqGs larrh fuekZ.k

dj.;klkBh L=hyk egRokph Hkwfedk ikj ikMkoh ykxr vls R;keqGsp ;k dky[kaMkr

lrhizFkk fdaok fo/kok iqufookg canh fnlwu ;sr ukgh Þ47

mRrj oSfnd dky[kaM &

b- l- iwoZ 1500 rs b- l- 500 ;k mRrj oSfnd dky[kaMke/;s fL=;kaP;k ntkZr

?klj.khl izkjaHk >kyk- d`”kh O;oLFksyk LFkS;ZZ izkIr >kY;keqGs fL=;kaP;k jktdh;]

vkfFkZd lgHkkxkph vko’;drk deh >kyh- Lerh vkf.k iqjk.kkP;k ;k dkGkr vusd

/keZxzaFkkph jpuk d#u fL=;kaps vf/kdkj ladqphr dj.;kr vkys f’k{k.kkpk vf/kdkj

ukdkj.;kr vkyk- laiRrhoj dks.kkpkp vf/kdkj mjyk ukgh- QDr fookg gkp

,deso laLdkj fL=;kalkBh mjyk-

34

oSokfgdks fof/k% L=huka laLdkjks oSf/kdk Le`r %

ifrlsok xqjkS oklkS x`gk;ksZXuh ifjfdz;k AA 48

iq#”klRrk vkf.k tkrh O;oLFkk vkck/khr Bso.;klkBh fL=;kauk lrhizFkk]

fo/kok fookg canh] ckyfookg ;klkj[;k dqjhrhaP;k gokyh dj.;kr vkys] MkW-

ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kaP;k ers ßoSfnd dkGkr fL=;kapk ntkZ mPp gksrk ek= euwus

fygysY;k euqLerheqGs rks [kkyoyk- fL=;kP;k nqjkoLFksyk euwp tckcnkj vkgs-Þ49

izkphu dkGkrhy /keZlq/kkj.kk pGoG o fL=;k &

izkphu HkkjrkP;k bfrgklke/;s tSu o ckS/n /kekZpk >kysyk mn; gk ,d

dzkarhdkjh dk;Zlq/kkj.kk pGoGhpk dky[kaM ekuyk tkrks- rRdkyhu fagnq /kekZrhy

ok<rs deZdkaM] va/kJ/nk]fo”kerk] tkrhHksn ;klkj[;k d`Ik;k fo#/n vkokt mBor

b-l- iwoZ 6 O;k ‘krdkr Hkxoku egkohj ;kauh tSu /kekZph LFkkiuk dsyh rj

Hkxoku xkSre cq/n ;kauh ckS/n /kekZph LFkkiuk dsyh- tSu vkf.k ckS/n /kekZuh fL=;kauk

lekurk o Lokra+«; fnY;keqGs Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr fL=;kauk ;k /kekZpk Lohdkj

dsY;kps vk<Gwu ;srs-

e/;;qxhu dky[kaMkrhy L=hthou &

e/;;qxhu dky[kaMke/;s Hkkjrh; fL=;kaps thou vf/kdp va/k%dkje; >kys

gksrs- mRrj oSfnd dky[kaMke/;s fuekZ.k >kysY;k ckyfookg] lrhizFkk] fo/kok fookg

canh] ds’koiu] f’k{k.k canh ;klkj[;k pkyhfjrhus e/;;qxkr vfr’k;

vkdzkGfodzkG Lo#i /kkj.k dsys gksrs-;k #<h ijaijkauk dk;|kps Lo#i izkIr >kys

gksrs- e/;;qxhu dky[kMkrhy L=hthou /kkehZd deZdkaM] va/kJ/nk] ekufld

xqykefxjh ;kr vMdysys gksrs- fofo/k /kkfeZd #<h ijaijkP;k ek/;ekrwu fL=;kauk

t[kMwu Bso.;kr vkys- rhyk irhikjk;.k o iq#”k’kj.k cufoys xsys- vkn’kZ ekrk o

35

vkn’kZ iRuh Eg.kwu frps xkSjohdj.k dsys gksrs- lrh lkoh=h o ekrk vuql;k gh

vkn’kZ frP;kiq<s ekaMyh xsyh-oVlkfo=h lkj[ks fofo/k ozroSdY;s] djok pkSFk lkj[;k

izFkk&ijaijk o j{kkca/ku lkj[;k /kkfeZd l.kkaP;k ek/;ekrwu rhps ijkoyachRo n`<

dsys xsysÞ50

ijkoyachRokps laLdkj fL=;kaP;k eukoj ?kVVi.ks #t.;klkBh fofo/k /kkfeZd

xzaFkph jpuk dj.;kph ijaijk lq#p gksrh- 13 O;k ‘krdkrhy gseknzh iaMhrkus

fyfgysY;k ^prqoxZ fprkae.kh* ;k xzaFkkr fL=;kalkBh gtkjks ozroSdY;s lkafxryh

vkgsr-51

e/;;qxkrhy eqLyhe vkdze.ks o R;kpcjkscj ns’kkraxZr fofo/k jktlRrkae/;s

gks.kkjs jktdh; la?k”kZ] y<k;k ;keqGs fL=;kaoj iMnk i/nrhlkj[kh ca/kus ?kky.;kr

vkyh o rh iq<s fnolsafnol tkpdp gksr xsyh-

19 O;k ‘krdkrhy lektlq/kkj.kk pGoG

fczVh’kkps jktdh; vkfFkZd opZLo izLFkkihr >kY;keqGs Hkkjrh;kapk vkiksvkip

ik’pkR; laL—rh] baxzth Hkk”kk] vk/kqfud Kku] Lokra=;] lerk]ca/kquk ;k

mnkjeroknh ladYiuk vkf.k brj vusd uouohu ladYiuka’kh ifjp; >kyk-

R;krwup lekt lq/kkjdkaph ,d fi<h fuekZ.k >kyh- jktkjke eksgu jkW;] egknso

xksfoan jkuMs] egkRek tksfrck Qqys] lkfo=hckbZ Qqys]iaMhrk jekckbZ] csgjketh

eyckjh] jkt”khZ ‘kkgw egkjkt] MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;klkj[kh Fkksj lekt

lq/kkjdkaph ijaijk fuekZ.k >kyh-

12- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph lkekftd fLFkrh

iq#”klRrk gk Hkkjrh; lektO;oLFkspk ik;k vlwu R;k ik;k[kkyh usgehp

fL=;kauk fpjMys xsysys vkgs- iq#”klRrkd lektkr fL=;kaps ‘kks”k.k gksrs gs L=hoknh

36

pGoGhps x`ghrd R;ke/kwup fuekZ.k >kysys vkgs- fL=;kapk vf’kf{kri.kk] va/kJ/nkGw

o`Rrh] ijaijkfiz;rk] ekufld nqcZyrk] vkfFkZd ijkoyachRo ;k ckch iq#”klRrsP;k

etcwrhdj.kklkBh o rh fVd.;klkBh egRokph Hkwfedk ctkor vlrkr- T;k

izns’kkrhy fL=;k ftrD;k ekxkl frrdh R;k izns’kkrhy iq#”klRrk ?kVzV vlrs- rlsp

,[kk|k izknsf’kd foHkkxkpk vkfFkZd] lkekftd] ‘kS{f.kd fodkl ftrdk tkLr frrdh

R;k izns’kkrhy L=h brj fL=;kaP;k rqyusr tkx#d vlrs o R;kp rqyusr R;k

izns’kkrhy iq#”klRrsps ca/ku FkksM;k izek.kkr lSy iMysys fnlrs] vFkkZr iq#”klRrk

ek«k vfLrRokr vlrsp vlrs- FkksMD;kr ,[kk|k izns’kkpk vkfFkZd fodkl rsFkhy

lektthoukyk izHkkfor djr vlrks- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lkekftd fLFkrhps

fo’ys”k.k dj.;klkBh dkgh egRokP;k dlksV;kapk voyac djkok ykxrks] R;ke/;s

;sFkhy iq#”klRrkd lektO;oLFkk] fL=;kaps dqVwackrhy LFkku] fL=;kaps oSokfgd LFkku

vkf.k R;kauk lektkr okoj.;kph feG.kkjh eksdGhd R;kaph ‘kS{kf.kd] vkfFkZd]

jktdh; ]lkekftd fLFkrh ;k ckchpk lekos’k gksrks- ejkBokM;krhy jktdh; o

vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrhpk fL=;kaP;k ntkZoj Qkj [kksyoj ifj.kke >kysyk fnlwu ;srks-

tsOgk vki.k ,[kk|k O;Drhpk ntkZ ekstr vlrks- rsOgk R;klkBh izkeq[;kus nksu

fud”k ykoys tkrkr- ,drj R;k laca/khr O;Drhyk feG.kkjs vf/kdkj vkf.k nqljk

Eg.kts R;k vf/kdkjkapk okij dj.;klkBh vko’;d vl.kkjh ik=rk] Lokra= vkf.k

okrkoj.k ;kapk miHkksx ?ks.;kph laca/khr O;Drhph {kerk gs gks;-

status refers to a position in social system or sub system which is distinguishable״

from and at the same time realeted to other position through its designated rights and

oblige tions. ln the pure sociological sense, status does not imply rank or hierarehy but

denotes only position vis-vis rights and obligations״ 52

37

fL=;kaps dqVqacO;oLFksrhy LFkku &

,[kk|k O;Drhyk Lor%ph lkekftd vksG[k] ntkZ vkf.k lqj{kk iznku dj.kkjh

,d lkekftd laLFkk Eg.kwu dqVqac laLFksdMs ikfgys tkrs- ejkBokMk izns’kkrhy

dqVqaclaLFksps Lo#i fir`iz/kku dqVqac vls vkgs- firqiz/kku dqVqacke/;s dqVqac izeq[k Eg.kwu

loZ vf/kdkj gs R;k dqVqackrhy T;s”B iq#”kkdMs vlrkr o rnzuarj rs T;s”V iw=kdMs

gLrkarjhr gksr vlrkr- folkO;k ‘krdkP;k mRrjk/kZ e/;s dkgh viokn oxGrk

ejkBokM;krhy cgqla[; dqVqac gh fir`iz/kku ,d= dqVqac ;k izdkjph dqVqac gksrh-

izR;sd dqVqackpk izeq[k firk gk vlY;keqGs ekrk ;k #ikr L=h usgehp iq#”kkauk nq ;e

vls- dqVqack’kh laca/khr vkfFkZd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd] lkaLd`frd loZp xks”Vhps fu.kZ;

?ks.;kps vf/kdkj iq#”kkaP;k gkrh gksrs- fL=;kauk ;kckcr dks.krkp vf/kdkj uOgrk

fdacgquk fopkjY;kf’kok; lYyk ns.;kpkgh vf/kdkj fryk uOgrk] rlsp frus ,[kk|k

ckcrhr fnysyk lYyk ekU; dj.;kps dks.krsgh ca/ku dqVqac izeq[k Eg.kwu R;k iq#”kkoj

uOgrs- fL=;kaps dqVwackrhy LFkku gs iq#”klRrseqGs iq.kZr% nqyZ{khr o ntkZghu gksrs-

dqVqackrhy L=h Eg.kts QDr iq#”kkyk lq[k ns.kkjh ,d HkksxoLrw vkf.k vkf.k eqy

tUEkkyk ?kky.kkjh pkyrh cksyrh e’kkhu gksrh ßpkaxyh ck;dks uo&;kl loZ xks”Vhr

larks”kfo.;kpk ;Ru dfjrs- rks dkeko#u ?kjh ;s.;kP;k osGh rh LoPN o pkaxys oL=

uslwu R;kph okV ikgrs- frP;k ?kjkrhy loZ ftulk tkxP;k Tkkxh O;oLFksus

ekaMysY;k vlrkr rh R;kyk izlUursus HksVrs R;kyk ts dkgh ikfgts rs rh r;kj

Bsors+( R;kyk tks vkoMrks rks Lo;aikd rh djrs rks Fkdwu newu vkY;koj R;kyk

‘kstk&;k iktk&;kaP;k HkkaM.kkP;k fdaok nql&;k ukoMR;k xks”Vh lkaxwu rh =kl nsr

ukgh- iks”kk[k] nkfxus ygkulgku HkkaM.k bR;kfn gydV xks”Vh fo”k;h cksyr ukghÞ 53

38

;ko:u vki.kkl dqVqackrhyl fL«k;kaP;k Hkwehds fo”k;h ekfgrh feGrs-

ejkBokM;krhy loZp tkrh/kekZrhy fL«k;kaph ifjfLFkrh ‘kks”k.kkP;k o

nq ;ekP;kckcrhr toGikl lkj[khp gksrh

Hindu women had no right to inherit property nor did they enjoy the right to״

terminate an undesirable marriage Muslim women could inherit property but only half

as such as man could and in matter of divorce even theoretically there was equality

between husband and wifeÞ 54

dqVqacke/;s gks.kk&;k vkfFkZd] ekufld o ‘kkjhfjd ‘kks”k.kkcny dqBssgh rdzkj

dj.;kph o nkn ekx.;kph lks; fL=;kadMs uOgrh- R;keqGs fdR;sd fL=;k

dqVqackrxZr gks.kkjs vU;k;] vR;kpkj u’khckpk Hkkx Eg.kwu fLodkjr vlr- FkksMD;kr

dqVwackr fL=;kaps LFkku vkf.k Hkwfedk gh iq<hyizek.ks gksrh

dk;sZ”kq nklh] dj.ks”kq ea=h

HkksT;s”kq ekrk] ‘k;us”kq jaHkk

#isp y{eh] {ke;k /kfj=h

jk”Vz/keZ ;qDrk] dqy/kekZ iRuhÞ55

2- fookg laLFkk vkf.k fL=;k &

fL=;kauk f’k{k.kkpk] miu;ukpk] laiRrhpk vls loZp vf/kdkj ukdkj.;kr

vkysys gksrs- euqLe`rhP;k nql&;k v/;krhy 67 dzekadkP;k ‘yksdkuqlkj fL=;kaP;k

thoukrhy ,deso egRokpk laLdkj Eg.kts fookglaLdkj gks;- irhph lsok gkp

xq#dqy fuokl o ?kjdke gsp ;KdeZ gks;- ?kjklkBh vkxhoj inkFkZ f’kto.ks gk

ikd;K gkp fL=pk Kku;K gks;Þ56 ln the name of Hindu marriage being a

sacrament, many foolish and meaningless customs and rituals were tolerated by

women in India57

39

folkO;k ‘krdkP;k iwokZ/kkrgh ejkBokM;ke/;s ckyfookgkps izpyu Qkj

eksB;k izek.kkr gksrs- ß,d izLFkkihr izFkk Eg.kwu b- l- 100e/;s ckyfookgkpk mn;

>kyk- oSfnd dky[kaMke/;s gh izFkk vfLrRokr uOgrh- gGwgGw eqyhP;k fookgkps o;

frP;k _.kerh gks.;kiwohZ Ik;Zr iksgpysÞ58 x`glq=kuqlkj eqyhP;k fookgkps ;ksX; o;

ukxfudk ¼xkSjh½ gs vkgs- vkB o”kkZP;k vkrhy eqyxh gh ukxfudk] uÅ o”kkZph

eqyxh jksfg.kh] ngk o”kkZph dU;k vkf.k ngk o”kkZiq<hy eqyxh gh jtLoyk ekuyh

tkbZ tks firk vkiY;k ewyhyk jtLoyk ;k o;ki;Zr vfookghr Bsorks R;kyk

ckygR;sps iki ykxwu rks ujdkr tkrks v’kh /keZ’kkL=h; fHkrh #< vlY;keqGs laiw.kZ

ns’kkizek.kp ejkBokM;krgh eqyxh o;kr ;s.;kiwohZ p frpk fookg d#u ns.;kph

izFkk Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr gksrh- vkeP;k yksdkar bRkD;k ygkui.kh yXukaph eksBh

gkSl vlrs= yXu Eg.kts dk; ;kps ;FkkfLFkr Kku ulrs= uo;k eqykl brds ek=

letrs dh] gh ek>kh ck;dks vkf.k uojh eqyhl tj rh FkksMh tk.krh vlyh rj

rh gk ek>kk uojk Eg.kksu letrs] vkf.k vxnhp ygku vlyh rj rsgh fryk

letr ukgh= brD;k ygku o;kP;k eqykaps yXu dj.;kpk iz/kku ;k ns’kkr ‘ksdMks

o”kkZiklwu iMwu xsyk vkgs= ^v”Vo”kkZ Hkors xkSjh^ vls ‘kkL=kFkZ nk[kowu czkEg.kkauh ;k

pkyhl mRrstu fnys rs brds dh ‘ksoVh eyhap ikG.;kr yXus ykow ykxys59

fL=;kauk Lor%pk irh fuoM.;kpk vf/kdkj uOgrk- czEgiwjk.kkus irh fuoMhph

vf/kdkj ukdkjyk gksrk- fookg o;kps izek.k gGwgGw brds ?kljys dh eqyxh vkbZP;k

xHkkZr vlrkukp frpk fookg fuf’pr dj.;kr ;sÅ ykxyk-

13- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph ‘kS{kf.kd fLFkrh &

dsoG ,[kk|k O;Drhpsp uOgs rj ns’kkps HkforO; cny.;kph rkdn

f’k{k.kke/;s vlrs] ek= Hkkjrh; fL=;kauk O;fDreRo fodklkph gh vfr’k; eqyHkwr

ckc ukdk#u R;kaps lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd] /kkfeZd] jktdh; o ekufld

40

[kPphdj.k ‘krdkuq’krds fuosZ/ki.ks lq# Bsoys xsys- ,dksf.klkO;k ‘krdkr lq#

>kysY;k lektlq/kkj.kk pGoGheqGs lektlq/kkjdkauh L=hf’k{k.k gk dGhpk eqnnk

Eg.kwu leksj vk.kyk- egkRek Qqys lkfo=hckbZ Qqys ;kauh 1948 e/;s Hkkjrkrhy

ifgyh eqyhaph ‘kkGk lq# dsyh- lukruh lektkpk izpaM fojks/k iRd#ugh R;kauh

L=hf’k{k.kkph pGoG lq#p Bsoyh vesfjdu] Mp] LdkWVh’k] fczVh’k] iksrqZxht

fe’ku&;kauhgh Hkkjrkr ‘kkGk lq# dsY;k- gGwgGw fL=;k f’k{k.k ?ksmq ykxY;k ijarq gs

izek.k vfr’k; uxU; gksrs- lektlq/kkj.kk pGoGhps yks.k eksB;k izek.kkr iljysY;k

moZjhr egkjk”Vªkph L=hf’k{k.k ckcrph izxrh Qkj’kh lek/kkudkjd uOgrh- frFks

dk;e Lo#ih futkekP;k j>kdkjh jktoVhP;k xqykehr vlysY;k ejkBokM;krhy

lexz f’k{k.kkps fp= vkf.k R;krgh L=h f’k{k.kkps fp= vfr’k; fonkjd gksrs-

‘krdkuq’krds ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph ‘kS{kf.kd fLFkrh va/kdkje; gksr xsyh-

folkO;k ‘krdkP;k iwokZ/kkZi;Zr ns[khy fL=;kaP;k ‘kS{kf.kd fodklkph fLFkrh tSls Fks

gksrh- futkekP;k jktoVhrwu eqDr gksÅu Lora= Hkkjrkpk ,d Hkkx cuY;kuarjp

ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkyk pkyuk feGkyh vls fufoZokni.ks lkaxrk ;srs-60

Lokra=;iwoZ dkGkr ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{kukpsp uOgs rj iq#”kkaP;k f’k{k.kkpsgh

izek.k vfr’k; deh gksrs-61

ejkBokM;ke/;s L=hf’k{k.kkph n’kk vR;ar okbZV gksrh izkFkfed vkf.k

ek/;fed f’k{k.kkph O;oLFk vfr’k; rqViqath b= l= 1911 e/;s L=h vkf.k

iq:”k feGwu lk{kjrsps izek.k dsoG 2-3 VDds gksrs- b- l- 1921 e/;s R;kr

ukeek= ok< >kkyh vkf.k rs izek.k dsoG 2-4 VDds >kkys- 1931 e/;s lk{kjrsps

izek.ks 3-5 VDds i;Zar iksgpys rj 1941 e/;s ejkBokM;krhy lk{kjrsps izek.k 7-

4 VDds brds >kkys- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrspk fopkj dsY;kl gs izek.k

4- 3 gksrs- Eg.kts 100 fL=;k e/;s dsoG 4 fL=;k lk{kj gksR;k- mPp f’k{k.kklkBh

1917 yk mLekfu;k fo+|kihBkph LFkkiuk gksbZi;Zar gSnzkckn laLFkkukr mPp f’k{k.kkaph

41

xrh Qkj deh gksrh- ejkBokM;kr fo++n;kihBkph O;oLFkk uOgrh R;keqGs iq#”kkae/;sgh

mPp f’k{k.kkps izek.k vfr’k; deh gksrs mPp f’k{k.kklkBh gSnzckn ;sFkhy mLekfu;k

fo/kkihBe/;s tkos ykxr vls- rYdkyhu vkfFkZd vkf.k lkekftd ifjfLFkrhpk fopkj

djrk mPp f’k{k.k ?ks.ks gh ckc ejkBokM;ke/;s loZlkekU; iq#”kkaP;k ns[khy d{ksckgsj

gksrh rsFks fL=;kauk mPp f’k{k.k feG.;kph ‘kD;rk uOgrhp- ejkBokM;ke/;s

L=hf’k{k.kk ckcrP;k ;k ifjfLFkrhyk [kkyhy ?kVd dkj.khHkwr gksrs-

1 vo”kZ.k vkf.k nq”dkGkeqGs folkO;k ‘krdkP;k iwokZ/kkZr ejkBokM;kph vkfFkZd

ifjfLFkrh [kkyoysyh gksrh R;keqGs f’k{k.kkP;k fodklklkBh Hkjho iz;Ru gksÅ

‘kdys ukgh-

2 ejkBokMk futkeh jktoVhP;k vaeyk[kkyh gksrk futkekph ,dw.kp

f’k{k.kkcny mnklhurk vlY;keqGs ejkBokM;krhy f’k{k.kklkBh fo’ks”k iz;Ru

futkeh gksÅ ‘kdr ukgh-

3 mnwZ gh ‘kkldh; Hkk”kk vlY;keGs ejkBh Hkk”ksph xGpsih >kyh R;keqGs

ejkBh ‘kkGsph LFkkiuk eksB;k izek.kkr gksmw ‘kdr ukgh-

4- ek/;fed o mPp f’k{k.kkalkBh mnwZ gs ek/;e vlY;keqGs fL=;k f’k{k.kkiklwu

oaphr jkfgY;k-

5 ejkBokM;krhy iq#”kiz/kku lektO;oLFkseqGs fL=;kaP;k ikjaikfjd Hkwfedspsp

leFkZu d#u R;kauk f’k{k.kk,soth dqVwackraxZr dkekrp O;Lr Bso.;kr vkys-

6 lkekftd lersP;k vkHkkokeqGs fL=;ke/;s f’k{k.kkps okjs fuekZ.k gksÅ ‘kdys

ukgh-

7 futkeh jktoVhpk tktdrseqGs moZjhr ns’kke/;s tksj /kjysyh L=h f’k{k.kkph

pGoG ejkBokM;ke/;s ewG /k# ‘kdyh ukgh-

42

8 MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj vk- d`- ok?kekjs] m”kkrkbZ ok?kekjs]dk’khckbZ

fdyksZLdj]xksohanHkkbZ JkWQ ;k lkj[;k lektlq/kkjdkauh L=hf’k{k.k lq#

dj.;kps iz;Ru dsys] ek= ;kp izdkjps iz;Ru brjkadMwu Qkj eksB;k

izek.kkoj dsys xsys ukgh-

8 if’pe egkjk”VªkP;k rqyusr ejkBokM;kr f[kzzz’pu /keZizlkjkph xrh deh

gksrh- lgkftdp fczfV’k vaeyk[kkyhy egkjk”Vzkis{kk ejkBokM;ke/;s fe’kujh

dk;kZpk izlkj deh gksrk] fdaok rks uarjP;k dkGkr >kyk R;keqGs

fe’ku&;kaP;k L=hf’k{k.kfo”k;d dk;kZiklwu ejkBokMk c&;kp dkG nwj

jkfgyk- fe’ku ;kauh lq# dsysY;k eksQr f’k{k.kkpk Qk;nk ejkBokM;krhy

fL=;kauk [k&;k vFkkZus Lokra=;kuarj >kyk-

ßlca/k fganqLFkkukr tj lk{kjrsps izek.k ?ksrys rj rs ‘ksdMk ngk fu?krs o

vkiY;k ejkBokM;krhy rsp izek.k ‘ksdMk rhu pkj iMrs- R;ko#u gs Li”V gksrs

dh] fganqLFkkukrhy brj izkarkr ;kckcr tso<h izxrh >kyh vkgs R;k ekukus vkEgh

Qkjp ekxs vkgksrÞ62

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kae/khy lk{kjrsps izek.k vfr’k; deh gksrs- eqfLye

lektkrhy dkgh mPpoxhZ; fL=;k f’k{k.k ?ksr gksR;k- ßLor% iM|kvkM clwu

iM|kckgsj f’k{kd f’kdforks v’kk ifjfLFkrhr vH;kl d#u ch- ,-] ,e- ,- i;Zr

f’k{k.k ?ksrysY;k eqlyeku fL=;k vkt vkiY;k futkekP;k jkT;kr okojr vkgsr

R;kaps dkSrqd djkos rso<s FkksMsp vkgs-Þ 63

14- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph vkfFkZd fLFkrh &

The status of any given section and populalion in society is in timately

connected with its economic position which depends on rights, role and

opportunities for participation in economic activitiey״ 64

43

L=hP;k ‘kS{kf.kd fodklkrwup fryk vkfFkZd Lokra= izkIr gksÅ ‘kdrs vkf.k

vkfFkZd Lokra«;ke/kwu vkRefo’okl] Lokoyacu] fu.kZ;{kerk] fufHkZMi.kk vkf.k

thoukP;k loZp {ks=kr ldkjkRed gLr{ksikph ik=rk gs xq.k frP;k O;DrheRokpk

,d Hkkx cuw ‘kdrkr- folkO;k ‘krdkP;k iwokZ/kkr ejkBokM;krhy fL=;k ;k loZp

ckchiklwu nwj jkfgY;k dkj.k R;kauk f’k{k.kkph la/khp miyC/k gksÅ ‘kdysyh uOgrh-

ek= vls vlys rhjhgh fL=;k vkiys lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd ;ksxnku nsrp

gksR;k gs ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh- fL=;kaps Je gs usgehp vn`’; ekuys xsY;keqGs vkfFkZd

fodklizfdz;se/;s R;kaps ;ksxnku ns[khy vn`’;p jkgrs ejkBokM;krhy fL=;k ;k

dky[kaMke/;s x`gdk;Z] ‘ksrh] ‘ksretwjh] dkSVaqfcd mRiknus o O;olk; ;klkj[;k

mRiknd dk;kZe/;s vkiyk lgHkkx uksanor gksR;k-

“The women in India especially in its rural areas perform multipal duties by combind

all types of household work icluding child care with such other jobs as farming,

animal husbandry, work in household industry, etc״ 65

1 d`”kh O;oLFksrhy fL=;k &

ejkBokM;kP;k ,dw.k {ks=QGiSdh cgqla[; brdk Hkkx xzkfe.k Hkkxkr eksMrks-

d`”khO;olk; gk xzkfe.k vFkZO;oLFkspk d.kk ekuyk tkrks- xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy cgqrk’k%

yksdla[;k gh d`”kh fo”k;d fofo/k dkedktkae/;s O;Lr vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-

ejkBokM;krhy fL«kk;k Qkj eksB;k la[;sus ‘ksretwj Eg.kwu d`”kh O;oLFksr vkiys

;ksxnku nsr vlr- b-l- 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkj ßth O;Drh Lor%P;k ekydhP;k

rlsp ,[kkn;k O;DrhP;k fdaok laaLFksP;k tfeuhoj iS’kkaP;k fdaok fuf’pr Lo#ikP;k

fg’’;kP;k ekscnY;kr ‘ksrhph fofo/k dkes djrs fryk ‘ksrdjh vls EgVys tkrsÞ66

;k O;k[;s uqlkj ‘ksrdjh ;k ladYiuse/;s T;kapk lekos’k gksrks R;kaP;kdMs tfeuhph

ekydh vl.ks gk Hkkx egRokpk ekuyk tkrks- fL=;kadMs Lor%P;k ekydhph ‘ksrh

ulY;keqGs ^‘ksrdjh* ;k ladYiusr fL=;kapk lgHkkx rlk dehp gksrk- T;k fL=;k

44

vkiY;k Lor%P;k dqVqackP;k ekydhP;k ‘ksrkr dke djr R;kapkgh lekos’k ‘ksrdjh

;k laKsr dsyk xsysyk vk<Grks- R;kiw<s ‘ksretwj ;k ladYiusphgh O;k[;k b-l-

1981 P;k tux.kuk vgokyku fnlwu ;srs ßth O;Drh iS’kkP;k #ikr feG.kk&;k

etwjhlkBh fdaok Bjkfod fg’’;klkBh nql&;kaP;k ‘ksrkoj Je djrs] ftP;koj

isj.khph dks.krhgh tckcnkjh ulrs vkf.k ftyk R;k laca/khr tfeuh fo”k;h dq.kk’khgh

dks.krkgh djkj dj.;kpk fdaok rh xgk.k Eg.kwu ns.;kpk vf/kdkj ulrks v’kh

O;Drh ‘ksretwj Eg.kwu vkaG[kyh tkrsÞ67 ejkBokM;krhy cgqla[; fL=;k dsoG

folkO;k ‘krdkP;k iwokZ/kkZrp uOgs rj ,dfolkO;k ‘krdkr ns[khy ‘ksretwj Eg.kwup

jkcr vlY;kps vkBGwu ;srs ;ke/;s izkeq[;kus vuqlwphr tkrh] tekrh] brj ekxkl

oxhZ; tkrhrhy fL=;kapk lekos’k gksrks- ‘ksretwj Eg.kwu fL=;k th dkes djrkr

R;ke/;s ‘ksrhrhy dk’;k] /kldV ;klkj[;k dpjk ospwu ‘ksr LoPN dj.ks]

dkilkph ykxoM dj.ks] fidkae/khy r.k dk<.ks] fuan.ks] dkank]ylw.k fdaok QG

fidkaph ykxoM dj.ks xgq] cktjh] Tokjh rlsp brj dM/kkU; oxhZ; fidkaph dki.kh

dj.ks] dkilkph osp.kh dj.ks]HkwbZewx] ewx ;kaP;k ‘ksaxk dk<.ks ;klkj[;k brj vusd

dkekapk lekos’k gksrks-

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kauk ‘skrhe/khy iq#”kkaizek.ksp dsysY;k dkeklkBhgh leku

osru feGr uOgrs- osrukrhy gh rQkor vktgh vki.kkl fnlwu ;srs- ‘ksretqj

fL=;kauk feG.kkjh etqjh gh vfr’k; rqViqaT;k Lo#ikph vlY;keqGs lgkftdp

ejkBokM;krhy cgqrka’k% fL=;kaps jgk.kheku gs [kkykoysys gksrs- viqjs osru] dkekps

tknk rkl] dke feG.;krhy vfuf’prrk] dke ns.kk&;kph mPp&fuprk eku.;kph

ekufldrk] izlaxh ekydkdMwu gks.kkjs ySfxad ‘kks”k.k ;klkj[;k fofo/k leL;kauk

‘ksretwj fL=;kauk lkeksjs tkos ykxr gksrs- R;krgh brj rFkkdfFkr mPp letY;k

tk.kk&;k tkrhrhy fL=;akis{kk vuqlwphr tkrhtekrhrhy fL=;kauk ekydkdMwu

gks.kkjs vR;kpkj fuewVi.ks lgu djkos ykxr- 1971 lkyh fL=;kafo”k;h vH;kl

45

dj.kkjh jk”Vzh; lferh use.;kr vkysyh gksrh- ;k lferhP;k igk.khe/;s

iq<hyizdkjps er uksanfoysys vk<Gwu ;srs- ßojP;k tkrhrhy yksdkaps vuqlwfpr

tkrhoj vkfFkZd opZLo vlY;k dkj.kkus R;k oxkZrhy iq#”kkaP;k fo”k;oklusiklwu

vkiY;k fL=;kaps j{k.k dj.;kP;k gsrwus vuqlqfpr tkrhP;k eqyhaps fookg ygkui.khp

d#u fnys tkrÞ-68 d`”kh O;oLFkse/;s dk;Z dj.kk&;k fL=;kafo”k;h 2001 e/;s

laer >kysY;k fL=;kaP;k lcyh dj.k fo”k;d jk”Vzh; /kksj.kkr iq<hyizek.kkr er

ekaM.;kr vkysys vkgs-״In view of critical role of women in agriculture and allied

sector, as producers, concentrated efforts will be made to ensure that benefits of

training extension and various programmes for training women in soil conservation,

social forestery, dairy development and other occupation, livestock,including small

animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries etc.will be expand to benefit women workers in

the agricultural sector.״69

2 x`gm|ksxkrhy fL=;k &

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaps thou ns[khy ?kjkP;k pkj faHkrhP;k vkr canhLr

gksrs- tkrhpk vfHkeku ftrdk mPp frrdh R;k tkrhrhy L=h canhLr vls- ekS;Z

‘kkc fnu ;kaP;k erkuqlkj fL=;kauk tk.khoiqoZd vkfFkZd ckchiklwu nwj Bsowu R;kauk

Lor%P;k mnjfuokZgklkBh iw.kZi.ks dqVwackrhy iq#”kkapk vkJhr cufoys tkr vls-Þ70

rRdkyhu dky[kaMke/;s ejkBokM;krhy xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy vkfFkZd thou gs

cyqrsnkjh O;oLFksuqlkj pkyr vls R;keqGs cgqrk’k% i.ks xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy dqVqackae/kwu

vkikiyk ikjaikfjd vlk O;olk; pkyr vls R;ke/;s yksgkj] pkaHkkj] dqaHkkj]

lksukj] lqrkj] rsyh]egkj]ekax]b- ckjk cyqrsnkj vkikiys O;olk; lkHkGr vlr ;k

izR;sd tkrhrhy fL=;k vkiY;k irhyk R;kP;k dkekr gkrHkkj ykor vlr-dqaHkkj

46

tkrhrY;k fL=;k eMdh cufo.;kP;k dkekr] pkaHkkj fL=;k dkrMh deko.;kP;k o

pIiy r;kj dj.;kP;k dkekr v’kk izdkjs loZp tkrh tekrhrhy fL=;k vkikiys

O;olk; pkyfo.;klkBh iq#”kkaP;k cjskcjhus dke djr vlr- vktgh ejkBokM;kr

;k ijaikjhd O;olk;krhy fL=k;kps izek.k eksBs vkBGwwu ;srs nksj fo.k.ks] dsjlq.;k

r;kj dj.ks ;k dkekr eXu vlysY;k ekax tkrhrhy fL=;k ejkBokM;krhy izR;sd

[ksM;krqu vkt ns[khy fnlrkr- folkO;k ‘krdkrhy ejkBokM;krhy fL=k;kP;k

x`gm?kksxkrhy ;ksxnku eksBs gksr ;k m?kksxke/;s izkeq[;kus iq<hy ckchpk lekos’k gksr

vls

1 rack[kq’kh lca/khr vlysys fcMh oG.;kps m|ksx

3 lqrh dkiM m?kksxke/;s lqr dkr.ks] diM;kauk jax ns.ks ;klkj[;k Lokra«;iwoZ

dkekr Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkr L=h;k gksR;k-

4 js’keh oL= fufeZrhP;k m?kksxke/;s fL=;kapk lgHkkax Qkj eksBk gksrk-

5 ekrhiklwu fofo/k izdkjph HkakMh] ewrhZ fuekZ.k dj.;kP;k m|ksxkr fL=;kapk

lgHkkx gksrks-

6 ykdMh oLrw ][ksG.kh ;akph fufeZrh dj.;kP;k m|ksxkr ns[khy fL=;kapk

lgHkkx vls-

3 lsok{ks=krhy fL=;k &

lsok&{ks=krhy dks.kR;kgh foHkkxke/;s uksdjh dj.;klkBh izkFkfed

;ksX;rk vlrs rh R;k R;k lsos’kh fuxMhr f’k{k.k o izf’k{k.kkph- ek=

folkO;k ‘krdkP;k iqokZ/kZkr ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kauk f’k{k.kkaphp la/kh feGr

ulY;keqGs lsok {ks=kr R;kapk lgHkkx Qkjlk uOgrk- ßlkS- vk’kkrkbZ ok?kekjs

;kaP;k lkj[;k gkrkP;k cksVkoj ekstrk ;srhy v’kk fL=;k f’k{kdk Eg.kwu

47

dke djr gksR;k lkS- vk’kkrkbZ ok?kekjs ;k gkMkP;k f’kf{kdk gksR;k- R;kauh

vkiY;k fo|kfFkZuhoj ns’kHkDrhps ts laLdkj dsys R;krwup iq<s R;kaP;k dkgh

fo|kfFkZuh gSnzkckn Lokra=; laxzkekr mrjY;kÞ71 f’k{k.kkP;k vHkkoh MkWDVj]

odhy] bathfuvj] izk/;kid b- izdkjP;k lsok {ks=kkr ejkBokM;krhy fL=;k

Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr lgHkkxh gksoq ‘kdY;k ukghr- lsok{ks=krhy

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaps izek.k folkO;k ‘krdkP;k ‘ksoVP;k prqFkZdkrp

ok<ysys fnlwu ;srs] 1938 lkyh ykrwj ;sFks >kysY;k efgyk laesyukP;k

v/;f{k; Hkk”k.kkr lkS- dk’khckbZ fdyksZLdj Eg.kkY;k gksR;k dh] ßeqyhaps loZ

f’k{k.k f’k{kfd.khdMwu >kY;kl fL=;kauk rks ,d pkaxyk O;olk; gksbZy o

eqyhuka eksdGs eukus f’kd.;kl vkoMsyÞ72

Every women in every house in every village of the rural India works invisibly to״

provide the stuff of life to nature and people It is this invisible work that is linked to

nature through main taining ecological eyeles and conserves human life through

satisfying the basic needs of food, nutrition and water ˝73

15- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph jktdh; fLFkrh

31tqyS 1724 jksth LFkkiu >kysY;k futke’kkgh jktoVhrhy ,d izkns’khd

foHkkx Eg.kwu ejkVokMk lrr futkekP;k tqyeh jktoVhrhy vU;k; o vR;kpkj

lkslr jkfgyk- ejkBokM;krhy jktdh; fLFkrh vkf.k gSnzkcknpk futke] R;kph

jktoV j>kdkjkaps vU;k; ;kapk vuU;lk/kkj.k laca/k vkgs- Lokeh jkekuan rhFkZ ;kaP;k

usr`Rok[kkyh lq# >kysY;k gSnzkckn eqDrh laxzkeke/;s ejkBokM;krhy iq#”k QkjeksB;k

izek.kkr lgHkkxh >kysys gksrs- R;kpizek.ks fL=;kauhgh ;k vkanksyukr lgHkkx ?ksmqu

vkiys ;ksxnku fnysys vkgs

48

fL=;kae/khy jktdh; tkx`rh &

folkO;k ‘krdkP;k iwokZ/kkZe/;s ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kae/;s lk{kjrsps izek.k

vfr’k; vYi gksrs- R;keqGsp va/kJ/nk] tkrhHksn] fo”kerk ;klkj[;k ckche/;sp

fL=;k vMdwu iMysY;k gksR;k- gSnzkckn eqDrh laxzkeke/;s vkf.k ns’kkP;k Lokra«;

y<;ke/;s fL=;kauk lgHkkxh d#u ?ks.ks vko’;d gksrs vkf.k R;klkBh fL=;ke/;s

jktdh; tkx`rh gks.ks vfr’k; egRokps gksrs] ek= R;klkBh izFke fL=;kauk lkekftd

n`”V;k tkx`r dj.ks vko’;d gksrs ejkBokM;krhy fL=;ke/;s lkekftd o jktdh;

tkx`rh dj.;kps dk;Z dj.kk&;k dkgh egRokP;k fL=;ke/;s iq<hy fL=;kapk lekos’k

gksrk- R;ke/;s lkS- dk’khckbZ fdyksZLdj] lkS- lqf’kykckbZ fnok.k] xkSjh fdyksZLdj] lkS-

y{ehckbZ vkSlsdj] lkS- bafnjkckbZ ‘kekZ] lkS- xksnkojhckbZ nkl] lkS- ljLorh /k.ks] lkS-

deyk fdyksZLdj] lkS- fyykckbZ ukbZd] dkosjhrkbZ cks/kudj] lkS- nxMkckbZ ‘ksGds]

jktdqaoj dkcjk] dqlqerkbZ tks’kh] lkS- pankrkbZ tjhokyk] d#.kkrkbZ pkS/kjh] rkjkckbZ

ijktais] izfeykrkbZ dqyd.khZ b- egRoiw.kZ fL=;kaph ukos lkaxrk ;srkr-74 fL=;ke/khy

jktdh; o lkekftd tkx`rhps Js; Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr efgykauh HkjfoysY;k

fujfujkG;k efgyk laesyukyk íkkos ykxrs- ;kn`”Vhus ykrwj ;sFks b- l- 1938 e/;s

lkS- dk’khckbZ fdyksZLdj ;kaP;k v/;s{krs[kkyh Hkjysys efgyk laesyu Qkj egRokps

gksrs- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k rRdkyhu leL;koj mRrjs ‘kks/k.kkjs ,dwu 12 Bjko

;k laesyuke/;s ekaM.;kr vkysys gksrs-

Bjko dz 2 & lqf’kf{kr fL=;kauh L=h lektke/;s lk{kjrk izpkj djkok-

Bjko dz- 3 & fL=;kauk izkFkfed f’k{k.k lDrhps o eksQr vlkos-

Bjko dz 4 & lkekftd o uSlfxZd tckcnk&;k ikj ikM.;kph ;ksX; dk;Z

{kerk vaxh ;s.;kl eqyhP;k yXukP;k o;kse;kZnsr ok<

vlkoh-

49

Bjko dz 6 & eqyhP;k ‘kkGsP;k rikl.khl fL=;kp vlkO;kr-

Bjko dz 7 & vfgY;kckbZ o >k’khph jk.kh y{ehckbZ ;kaps mRlo jk”Vzh; l.k

Eg.kwu lk&;k ejkBokM;kr fL=;kauh ikGkos-

Bjko dz 9 & fL=;kauh vkiY;k nku/kekZpk vks?k lkoZtfud laLFkkdMs

oGokok-

Bjko dz 10 & v&eqykaps eWVªhdi;Zrps f’k{k.k R;kaP;k ekr`Hkk”ksrwup Ogkos-

c&eqyhaP;k ‘kkGk dk<.;kl dks.kR;kgh izdkjph vV vlw

u;s-

Bjko dz 11 & fL=;kaP;k leL;kaph nkn ykowu ?ks.;klkBh LFkkfud laLFkk

vlkoh-

Bjko dz 12 & gSnzkckn laLFkkurhy fL=;k o eqys ;kaP;k vk;qjkjksX; j{k.kkFkZ

ljdkjh o fueljdkjh eksQr vkS”k/kky; o izlqrhx`g m?kMyh

tkoh-75

ejkBokM;krhy efgykauh efgykaP;k lkekftd o jktdh; tkx`rhlkBh iq<hy

efgyk laesyus ?ksryh-

1 efgyk laesyu ykrwj & b- l- 1938

2 efgyk laesyu vkSjaxkckn & b- l= 1943

3 efgyk laesyu lsyw & b- l- 1945

4 Efgyk laesyu ykrwj & b- l- 1946

50

b- l- 1945 e/;s lsyw ;sFks Hkjysys laesyu fL=;kaP;k jktdh; lgHkkxkP;k

n`”Vhus Qkj egRokps gksrs- lqekjs ,d gtkj fL=;k mifLFkr vlysY;k ;k laesyuke/;s

fL=;kauk jktdh; ;ksxnkukps vkokgu dj.;kr vkys- o R;kl gktkjks fL=;kauh

izfrlkn fnyk- ßgSnzkckn laLFkku Hkkjrh; la?kjkT;kr fofyu Ogkos o R;klkBh djkO;k

ykx.kk&;k iz;Rukae/;s loZ fL=;kauh vkRefo’olkus lgHkkxh OgkosÞ76 ejkBokM;krhy

fL=;kauh eksB;k izek.kkr gSnzkckn eqDrh laxzkeke/;s lgHkkx ?ksmqu lR;kxzghauk rq#axkr

tkowu HksV.ks] fujksi iksgpfo.ks]R;kaP;k i’pkr R;kaP;k dqVqach;kaph dkGth ?ks.ks b-

izdkjph dkes /kS;kZus dsyh- b- l- 1940e/;s cgknwj ;kjtax ;kus LFkkiu dsysY;k

j>kdkj la?kVusus gSnzkckn eqDrh laxzke fpjMwu Vkd.;klkBh laLFkkukrhy fganw iztsoj

vuUohr vR;kpkj dsys efgyk vkf.k ckyds ;kaP;koj ik’koh vR;kpkj dj.kk&;k

j>kdkjkaP;k vkBo.kh lkax.kk&;k o`/n fL=;k ejkBokM;kr vk<Grkr- j>kdkjkaP;k

vU;k;kyk loZp fL=;kauh /kS;kZus rksaM fnys vkf.k laxzkekrhy iq#”k lR;kx`ghps eukscu

ok<fo.;kl enr dsyh-

gSnzkckn eqDrh laxzkekrhy fL=;k &

gSnzkckn eqDrh laxzke gk ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k jktdh; y<;kpk ,d

egRokpk vfo”dkj gksrk- R;ke/;s lgHkkxh >kysY;k loZp fL=;kapk mYys[k dj.ks

v’kD; vkgs ek= iq<hy dkagh egRokP;k fL=;kaph ekfgrh feGrs-

1- lkS- dk’khckbZ fdyksZLdj &

efgyk laesyukP;k ek/;ekrwu lkS- dk’khckbZ fdyksZLdj ;kauh

ejkBokM;krhy efgyke/;s lkekftd o jktdh; tkx`rh fuekZ.k dj.;kps

egRokps dk;Z dsys-

51

2- lkS- vk’kkrkbZ ok?kekjs &

gSnzkckn eqDrh laxzkeke/;s fL=;kaP;k lgHkkxklkBh vk’kkrkbZuh fo’ks”k iz;Ru

dsys- ßvkEgkykgh Lokra= laxzkeke/;s lgHkkxh d#u ?;k- xka/khthP;k cjkscj

dLrqjck xka/kh] deyknsoh pVksik/;k;] ljksftuh uk;Mw bR;knh fL=;k dke

djhr vkgsr] ex vkEgh ekxs dk jkgkos\77 vk’kkrkbZP;k ;k [kM;k lokykpk

ifj.kke vlk >kyk dh lR;kxzgkrhy iq#”k usR;kauh fL=;kauk lR;kxzgkr lgHkkx

?ks.;kph ijokuxh fnyh- lR;kxzgkr lgHkkxh >kysY;k vk’kkrkbZuka rq#axokl

>kyk rsFksgh R;kauh vkiys lektdk;Z pkyw Bsoys o dS|kalkBh lk{kjrk oxZ

lq# dsys-

2- lkS- nxMkckbZ ‘ksGds &

rRdkyhu dky[kMkr j>kdkjkaP;k fo:/n ryokj] tafc;k] fiLrqy gh

‘kL=s pkyfo.kkjh gh L=h ejkBokM;kph y{ehckbZ Eg.kwu vksG[kyh tkrs-

y”djh x.kos’kkr okoj.kk&;k nxMkckbZpk j>kdkjh lSU;kykgh /kkd okVr gksrk-

Hkkjrkpk >saMk mrjowu usysY;k iksyhlkauk os<k nsowu R;kauh eksB;k ‘kkS;kZus rks

>ksaMk ijr feGfoyk- nxMkckbZuh vkWijs’ku iksyksP;k njE;ku Hkkjrh; y”djkyk

iwjsiwj enr dsyh-

3- dkosjhrkbZ cks/kudj

Lokra=; laxzkekP;k /kke/kqehr dkosjhrkbZuh vkiY;k ?kjkr ‘kL=s lqj{khr

yiowu Bsoyh o izlaxh rh ;ksX; R;k fBdk.kh iksgp ns[khy dsyh-

R;klkBh R;kauk vVd dsyh gksrh-

52

4- dqlqerkbZ tks’kh &

;kauh vkiY;k Lor%P;k ?kjkr iszloj NikbZ d#u Bjkfod fBdk.kh i=ds

okV.;kps dk;Z dsys

5- jktdaqoj dkcjk

vkSjaxkkckn ftYg;krhy oStkiwj rkyqD;krhy ljkyk xkso/kZu ;sFks fot;sanz

dkcjk vkf.k jktdqaoj dkcjk ;kauh lektoknh tujkT; LFkkiu dsys gksrs-

laxzkeklkBh vko’;d gR;kjs R;kauh lqjf{kr yiowu Bsoys- tcyiqj lkj[;k

‘kgjkrwu ,dVhus gR;kjs ?ksmqu ;s.ks ;klkj[kh /kkMlh dkes R;kauh dsyh-

euekM toGhy vadkbZ Mksaxjkoj gR;kjs pkyfo.;kps izf’k{k.kf’kchj

pkyfoys rkbZ rFkhy loZ O;oLFk R;k pks[ki.ks lkaHkkGr vlr- 78

6- d#.kkrkbZ pkS/kjh

;kauh vkSjaxkcknP;k xksdqGnkl eksgY;kiklwu ljdkjh dpsjhi;Zar ‘kaHkj

rs lOok’ks efgykapk HkO; ekspkZ dk<yk gksrk-

7- lkS- pankrkbZ tjhokyk

lkS- vk’kkrkbZ ok?kekjs ;kaP;k tksMhus R;kauh i=ds Nki.ks]i=ds okV.ks]

‘kL=kL= iksgpfo.ks] lans’k iksgpfo.ks b- dkes dsyh-

ojhy fL=;kf’kok; loZlkekU; fL=;kauhgh izR;{k vizR;{ki.ks Lokra+«;

laxzkekr vkiys jktdh; ;ksxnku fnys- Lokra«; lSfudkauk vkiY;k ?kjkr vkJ; ns.ks]

ikBykx dj.kk&;k iksyhlkaph fn’kkHkwy dj.ks] lSfudkaP;k Hkkstukph O;oLFkk dj.ks

;klkj[;k egRokP;k dk;kZcjkscjp fL«;kuh izlaxh eqDrh laxzkeklkBh vko’;d fu/kh

53

mHkkj.;klkBh vaxkojps nkfxus ns[khy viZ.k dsys- FkksMD;kr loZp fL=;kauh

vkikiY;k ijhus vkiys jktdh; ;ksxnku fnys-

16- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph lkaLd`frd fLFkrh

dks.kR;kgh laLd`rhP;k lkaLd`frd ewY;kaps tru] lao/kZu vkf.k gLrkraj.k

dj.;kph eksykph tckcnkjh R;k R;k laLd`rhrhy fL=;k ikj ikMr vlrkr-

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lkaLd`frd thoukr iq<hy ckchpk lekos’k gksrks-

1 /kkfeZd l.k &mRlo %

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;k izkeq[;kus nljk]fnokGh]gksGh] ukxiapeh] j{kkca/ku b-

egRokps l.k o R;k vuq”kaaxkus ;s.kkjs brj l.k lktjs djr dks.krkgh l.k lktjk

dj.;kph eq[; i/nr Eg.kts R;k fufeR;kus fofo/k /kkfeZd fdz;k ikj ikMwu iqj.kiksGh

fdaok brj xksM tsou dj.ks gh gks;- eaxGkxkSjh lkj[;k l.k ejkBokM;kr lktjs

dsys tkr ;kph ekfgrh rkRdkyhu yksdfxrs vksO;k ;kaP;k ek/;ekrwu feGrs

n.kn.k QqxMh n.kk.ks ekt?kj

tkxfors eaxGkxkSj m”kkrkbZph

naMkph naMQqxMh rq eh x ?kkyw

ekgsjh ukpw [ksGw iksVHkj &ß79

2 ozr &oSdY; &

fL=k;k fofo/k izdkjps ozr oSdY; djr vlr- R;ke/;s izkeq[;kus irh

viR;] dqVwackarhy brj lnL; ;kauk lq[k] ’kkarh] vkjksX; feGo.;lkBh dsY;k

tk.kk&;k fofo/k nsonsorkP;k ukos dsY;k tk.kk&;k ozrkapk lekos’k gksr gksrk-

54

3 iks”kk[k &

folkO;k ‘krdkP;k iwokZ/kkZr ejkBokM;krhy toGikl loZp fL=;k umwokj

ikrG o vaxkr pksGh fdaok iksyds vlk iks”kk[k djr vlr- dikGkojrh xksy dqadw

ykor rlsp fof’k”V tkrhrhy fL=;k vkMos dqadw ns[khy ykor umwokj yqxMs gs

izkeq[;kus lqrh dkiMkps vls Jhear ?kjk.;krhy efgyk ek= js’keh tjh dkBkph

yqxMh okijr vlr fookgkiwohZ eqyhapk iks”kk[k ijdj o iksyds vlk vls-

4 vyadkj &

lksus] pkanh] firG] dkp ;klkj[;k /kkrwaiklwu r;kj dsysys nkfxus efgyk

okijr vlr vyadkjkps Lo#i lektkrhy tkrhfugk; o vkfFkZd fLFkrhfugk;

cnyr vls ofj”B tkrhrhy fL=;k d.kZQwys] eaxGlw=] panzgkj] piykgkj] eksguekG

]cksjekG] iSt.k] tksMoh vkf.k lksU;kph pkanhph nfxus okijr rj xjhc o dfu”V

tkrhrhy fL=;k pkanh] rkacs] firG b- iklwu cuoysys nkfxus okijr-

5 ds’kHkq”kk &

ds’kjpus e/;s izkeq[;kus vackMk vkf.k os.kh ;kauk izk/kkU; vls os.khps

rhuinjh] pkSinjh] ikpinjh vls izdkj gksrs- dslkaph fuxk jk[k.;klkBh izkeq[;kus

f’kdsdkbZ]fjBk] fyacw ;kapk okij dj.;kr ;sr vls- fo’ks”k izlaxh dslkr xqykckph]

eksx&;kph]dksjaVhph] tkbZph] dsoM;kph Qqys ekGyh tkr vlr-

6- euksjatu &

tkR;kojP;k vksO;k] m[kkus] yksdfxrs ;k ek/;ekrwu Jeifjgkjkcjkscjp

euksjatu djr vlr- fL=;kalkBh QqxMh] naM QqxMh] dkscaMh] Qsj v’kkizdkjps [ksG

vlr-

55

7-vkgkj &

ejkBokM;ke/;s ‘kkdkgkj] ekalkgkj vls vgkjkps nksu izdkj vlys rjh

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56

lanHkZ

1- Eleventh five year plan voll II,Planning commission , Govt. of India

2- MkWa- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj Hkk”k.ks [kaM 18

3- Hkkjrkps lafo/kku ] MkWa- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ]izcq/n Hkkjr izdk’ku ,

ukxiwj- 2014. i`-5

4- Hkkjrkps lafo/kku ] MkWa- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ]izcq/n Hkkjr izdk’ku ,

ukxiwj- 2014- i`-5

5 Caar E.H., What is History, Penguin publications

6 Tkxfrd baxzth ‘kCndks’kkiqlkj

7 Ninenth Five Year plan , Planning commission Govt. of

India

8 mijksDr

9 mijksDr

10 kumar Ashok, Indian women towards 21st century, criternin publications,

New Delhi 1989, pl

11 kumar Ashok, Indian women towards 21st century, criternin publications,

New Delhi 1989, pl

12 Hkkslys ukjk;.k] egkjk”Vzkrhy L=hfo”k;d lq/kkj.kkoknkps lRrkdj.k] n

rkbZph izdk’ku iw.ks] 2008] i` 9

13 mijksDr

57

14 mijksDr

15 Bkslj gjhgj] izkphu ejkBokM;kps O;DrheRo]laiknd izk- Fkxkoku

dkGs]ejkBokMk dky vkf.k vkt i-51&52

16 Hkkysjko vuar] i`-46

17 eksjoaphdj jk-;h-laik- dkGs Hkxoku ejkBokMk dky vkf.k vkt i`-14]15

18 eksjoaphdj jk Jh -laik- dkGs Hkxoku ejkBokMk dky vkf.k vkt i`-14]15

19 fo’odks”k [kaM- 7-

20 fo’odks”k [kaM & 12 i` 1173

21 fo’odks”k [akM &12i 1173

22 fo’odks”k][kaM i`- 1173

23 eksjoaphdj jk- Jh- i`- 17

24 fo’odks”k [kaM % 12 iz- 1173

25 eksjoaphdj jk Jh -laik- dkGs Hkxoku ejkBokMk dky vkf.k vkt i`-17

26 fo’odks”k [akM &12

27 eksjoaphdj jk Jh -laik- dkGs Hkxoku ejkBokMk dky vkf.k vkt i`-17

28 Aurangabad.nic.in /mewsite/geography.htm

29 Indian census Report. 2011

30 Gazether of lndia,Maharashtra state .Aurangabad District

31 Gazeter of india, maharashtra state ,jalna District

58

33 egkjk”Vz jkT; xWÖksVj] fcM ftYgk

34 egkjk”Vz jkT; xWÖksVj] ukansM ftYgk

35 egkjk”Vz jkT; xWÖksVj ] ukansM ftYgk

36 egkjk”Vz jkT; xWÖksVj ] ijHk.h ftYgk

37 Wikipedia. Org/wiki/parbhani, district

38 egkjk”Vz jkT; xWÖksVj ] ykrwj ftYgk

39 egkjk”Vz jkT; xWÖksVj ] fgaxksyh ftYgk

40 egkjk”Vz jkT; xWÖksVj ] mLekukkckn ftYgk

41 pOgk.k fnyhi] L=h f’k{k.kkpk la?k”kZ] dzkarhT;ksrh izdk’ku] /kwGs]2003 i-1

42 mijksDr

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44 mijksDr

45 mijksDr

46 mijksDr

47 mijksDr 48 pOgk.k fnyhi] L=h f’k{k.kkpk la?k”kZ] dzkarhT;ksrh izdk’ku]

/kwGs]2003 i-2

49 ¼[kaM & 18]3½

50 pOgk.k fnyhi] L=h f’k{k.kkpk la?k”kZ] dzkarhT;ksrh izdk’ku] /kwGs]2003 i`-1

59

51 mijksDr

52 kumar Ashok, Indian women towards 21st century, criternin publications, New

Delhi 1989, pl

53 ckck ineuth L«khdaB Hkw”ku irhozrk/keZ] 1869

54 Maurya shab deen, women in India, Chugh publicationj Altahabad, 1988 p3

55 mijksDr

56 pOgk.k fnyhi] L=h f’k{k.kkpk la?k”kZ] dzkarhT;ksrh izdk’ku] /kwGs]2003 i`-4

57 Maurya Shab Deen, women in India, chugh publications, Allahabad 1988, 33

58 mik/;; g- l- Hkkjrkrhy fL=;kaph fLFkrh] vueksy izdk’ku] fnYyh 1991]40

59 fiz;ksGdj v-dk- la-ik jko cgknwj nknksck ikMqajx vkRepfj= o pfj= eqacbZ

1947 i`- 43

60 tuxuuk vgoky 2001

61 ftYgk lkekftd vkf.k vkfFkZd ikg.kh

62 dk’khckbZ fdyksZLdj] v/;{kh; Hkk”k.k] 14 twu 1938

63 futke fot; rk- - vejnkn 1947 Qlyh 14 twu l- 1938-

64 Towards equglity report of the committee on the status of women in India ,

Govt.of India Dept. of social welfare, min. of education P. 148

65 Mauyrya shab Deen women in India, churuy publication Allahabad 1988, P7

66 tux.kuk vgoky 1981

67 tux.kuk vgoky 1981

60

68 pOgk.k fnyhi i`- 27

69 National policy for the Empowerment of women,2001

70 Maurya shab Deen women in India chug publications,Allahabad,1988,p.41

71 pOgk.k fnyhi] L=h f’k{k.kkpk la?k”kZ] dzkarhT;ksrh izdk’ku] /kwGs]2003 i`-1

72 dkGkP;k iM|kvkM

73 Roy kalpana, women and child Development, common wealth publications,New

Delhi, 2000, p.159

74 pOgk.k fnyhi] L=h f’k{k.kkpk la?k”kZ] dzkarhT;ksrh izdk’ku] /kwGs]2003 i`-1

75 eaxGokj ts”B o| 1’kds 1860] rk- 9 vejnkn 1947 rk-14 twu

lu 1938 b- l-

76 pOgk.k fnyhi] L=h f’k{k.kkpk la?k”kZ] dzkarhT;ksrh izdk’ku] /kwGs]2003 i`-1

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78 ‘kqHknk Hkkysjko gSnzkckn eqDrh laxzkekrhy fL=;k- v qizdkf’kr ih,pMh

izca/k

79 pOgk.k fnyhi] L=h f’k{k.kkpk la?k”kZ] dzkarhT;ksrh izdk’ku] /kwGs]2003 i`-1