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ILBM (Integrated Lake Basin Management ):
Consultation and Seminar-Workshop on Integrated Lake Basin Management: Lake
Lanao in Focus
Masahisa NakamuraChairman ILEC Scientific Committee, and Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee, and
Professor, Shiga University Center for Sustainability and EnviroProfessor, Shiga University Center for Sustainability and Environment nment
Provincial Capitol Complex Buadi Sacayo, Marawi CityProvincial Capitol Complex Buadi Sacayo, Marawi CitySeptember 2September 2--6, 20096, 2009
Global Study on the State of World’s Lakes
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
a Global Profile of the State of Lake Basins
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
Experience and Lessons Learned
from 28 cases
Let’s look at some Asian Lake Basins
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
Bhoj WetlandsBhoj Wetlands
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
Severe eutrophication
laundry washing
Heavy metal pollution
idol emersion
Water hyacinth infestation
Sedimentation
agricultural soil erosion
Solid waste pollution
Eutriphication• Urbanization/industrization
• Serious catchment degradation
Sector Conflicts• Fishery, Agriculture, Water
Supplies, Flood Control
• Operation of hydraulic gates
Shoreline Enchroachment• Political and Jurisdictional
Issues
Laguna Laguna Lake Lake
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
Threatend Traditional LifeThreatend Traditional Life--Style Style
Degradation of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Health threats
• over-exploitation of coastal and in-lake resources
• human waste disposal in water and on land
Lake Tonle SapLake Tonle Sap
What about What about Other Lake BasinsOther Lake Basins
NepalNepalMalaysiaMalaysiaLake LanaoLake Lanao
Degrading Global Aesthetic and Cultural Assets
Biodiversity loss
Diminishing Livelihood for Ethnic Villagers Deforestation Unsustainable agriculture Soil erosion Exploitative practices
Resource Provisions for Downstream Polulation Centers Increasing urbanization Increasing population Tourism development
• 6000 rivers• 3252 Glaciers• > 10 Reservoirs• 234 Lakes (!)• > 23,000 Ponds• Marshy lands• Paddy fields
a. Nepalese Lakesa. Nepalese Lakes-- IssuesIssues
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
•5% of Nepal’s land
is under wetlands.
•High Mountain: 182
•Mid Hills: 6
•Terai: 46
Nepalese National Program DevelopmentNepalese National Program DevelopmentNational Lake Conservation Development Committee National Lake Conservation Development Committee
(NLCDC) 2006(NLCDC) 2006ObjectivesObjectives Policy Recommendation Policy Recommendation
National & International CoordinationNational & International Coordination
Conservation and Development of Lakes (Tourism, Biodiversity & CConservation and Development of Lakes (Tourism, Biodiversity & Culture)ulture)
Lake Linked Livelihoods Lake Linked Livelihoods
Lake Inventory and DatabaseLake Inventory and Database
Conflict ResolutionConflict Resolution
Resource DiversificationResource Diversification
Program identification/implementationProgram identification/implementation
Partnership building (national/international)Partnership building (national/international)
ILBM ILBM -- G Review 2009, Kusatsu, JapanG Review 2009, Kusatsu, Japan
Diminishing Tropical Wetlands
Loss of indigenous species
Land Use Change and Its Impacts Massive soil erosion Expanding palm oil and rubber estates Urban and industrial developments
Point and nonpoint source pollutions Shortage of sewerage coverage Need for nutrient removal Agricultural chemicals
b. Malaysian Lakes and b. Malaysian Lakes and ReservoirsReservoirs
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
Malaysian Nationa Program Malaysian Nationa Program DevelopmentDevelopment
Conceptual Framework Plan Conceptual Framework Plan using Logical using Logical Framework Approach (LFA) format Framework Approach (LFA) format –– multimulti--stakeholder workshop stakeholder workshop on 15 January 2008on 15 January 2008
Six Component Plans Six Component Plans –– consultation workshops on consultation workshops on LFA formatLFA format GovernanceGovernance –– 1919thth August 2008August 2008 ManagementManagement –– 88thth July 2008July 2008 Research and Development Research and Development –– 33rdrd June June
20082008 Capacity Building Capacity Building –– 44thth June 2008June 2008 Information Management Information Management –– system system
developed at NAHRIMdeveloped at NAHRIM Community Stakeholders Community Stakeholders –– 22ndnd December December
20082008 Synthesis Report and Strategic Plan for Lake and Synthesis Report and Strategic Plan for Lake and
Reservoir Management Reservoir Management –– currently at Drafting stagecurrently at Drafting stage
Lake LanaoLake LanaoLake Lanao Lake Lanao -- IssuesIssues
Watershed degradation due to
• Water level fluctuations
• Agricultural activities
Water quality degradation• Wastewater discharges• Diffuse nutrient source• Industrial pollution• Severe eutrophication
Environmental and ecological deterioration• Loss of littoral zone• Soil erosion• Lake siltation• Fish biodiversity threatened Masahisa Nakamura,
ILEC, May 2009
Lake Lanaois facing many challenges:
having important implications to others lakes in the world !
16 Types of Lake problems
Lake
sin
the
Wor
ld
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
Why do all of the world’s lakes degrade ?
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
• Water Supplies• Fish• Irrigation Crops• Wood and Fiber• Fuel• Hydropower
Potential, etc.
Resource Provision Service
Regulating Service
Cultural Service
Supporting Service
Ecosystem Services
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
Resource Provision Service
Regulating Service
Cultural Service
Supporting Service
Ecosystem Services
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
• Flood and Drought Mitigation Capacity
• Self-purification Capacity
• Health Provisions
• Navigation Routes
• Climate Mediation
• Aquatic Habitats
• Diverse Food-chains
• Coastal Ecotone Buffer Capacity
• Fertile Lands
• Aesthetic and Scenic Values
• Religious Sites and Spiritual Values
• Historic Sites
• Educational Resources
Resource Provision Service
Regulating Service
Cultural Service
Supporting Service
Ecosystem Services
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
• Soil Properties
• Habitat formation
• Primary production
• Nutrient cycling
Resource Provision Service
Regulating Service
Cultural Service
Supporting Service
Ecosystem Services
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
Resource Provision Service
Regulating Service
Cultural Service
Supporting Service
Ecosystem Services
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
We all want this value
We all forget these values
Time
Resource Provision Service
Free Access
More Development
Peak
Rapid Decline
Development Efforts
Let’s Look at Resouce Values
ConservationEfforts
Loss of Other Services also
Don’t Return to Peak
Gradually Deteriorates
Highly Degraded Situation
Not Recover Totally
Recovery is Slow
Time
EcosystemResponse
Development Efforts
ConservationEfforts
What is going on inside the Lake?
Resource Provision Service
Cultural Service
Supporting Service
Without Timely Conservation, all Ecosystem Services may Disappear.
Exploitation of Resource
Provision Service
Degradation of Regulating ServiceRegulating Service
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
Loss of Regulating Service
So, we have been losing much of the world’s lake ecosystem services!!!
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
But, it is also not so easy for degrading lakes to recover!!!
Why?
System won’t fully recover(or Regime Shift may set in)
How Do We Manage Lakes?
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
We have to know of We have to know of the the Unique FeaturesUnique Features of Lakesof Lakes
• Integrating Nature(Everything comes together)
→ 1. Issues are mostly inseparable
• Long Retention Time Retention Time.ppt
(Problems remain long, and
• finding solutions also takes long time)→ 2. Changes are gradual and invisible
• Complex Response Dynamics (Everything affects
everything else in water)→ 3. Unpredictable and Uncontrollable
Unique Unique FeaturesFeatures of Lakesof Lakes
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
In addition, we must keep in kind that
Lake Basins (Watersheds) are Lentic – Lotic Combinations
Natural lentic water system
Artificial water systemLotic water system
Microscale Watershed
A Lake Basin consisting of Many Lake Basins
Lentic Waterbodies
Mesoscale Watershed
Macro-scale Watershed
Lake Lake Features Features lead tolead to
Management Management Requirements, Requirements, i.e.,i.e.,
so what do weso what do we Need Need to do? to do?
1. Issues are mostly inseparable
2. Changes are gradual and invisible
3. Unpredictable and Uncontrollable
and what are the and what are the ChallengesChallenges? ?
• manage Across Jurisdictions
• manage Land and Water together
• introduce Multiple Policies and Programs
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
we NeedNeed to ….
LetLet’’s look at Management Requirement 1.s look at Management Requirement 1.
(jurisdictions have competing needs)
(interactions are often too complicated)
(implementation becomes too complex)
1. Issues are mostly inseparable
but the ChallengesChallenges are:
Over Entire Basin
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
2. Changes are gradual and invisible
• have Long-term Policy and Financial Commitments
• have Long-term Monitoring
(the political and economic situations may change over time)
(it may take too much time and money)
Management Requirement 2.Management Requirement 2.
but the ChallengesChallenges are:we Need to we Need to ……..
Over Time
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
3. Unpredictable and Uncontrollable
• undertake Scientific and Applied Studies
• take “Precautionary Approach”
(but the results may not always be directly ”applicable” for policy-making)
(but we are not so “visionary”)
Management RequirementsManagement Requirements
but the ChallengesChallenges are
People’s Heart
we Need to we Need to ……
the Challenges the Challenges encompass…
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
Perception
TimeSpace
we need a systematic we need a systematic approach in:approach in:
Heart-ware
Soft-ware Hard-ware
NeedsNeeds
• Need to management across jurisdictions
• Need to know air-land-water linkages
• Need to introduce multiple policies and programs
• Need to have long-term policy and financial commitments
• Need to have long-term monitoring
• Need Science • Need “Precautionary
Approach”
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
ChallengesChallenges
• How can a balance be achieved?
• How can we attain partial linkages?
• Are there innovative ways to implement them satisfactorily?
• Can we develop innovating financing schemes?
• Collaborative monitoring may be possible and useful
• Integrate science in all plans and programs
• Be watchful of early warnings, but late lessons should not be ignored
• How can a balance be achieved?
• How can we attain partial linkages?
• Are there innovative ways to implement them satisfactorily?
• Can we develop innovatingfinancing schemes?
• Collaborative monitoring may be possible and useful
• Integrate science in all plans and programs
• Be watchful of early warnings, but late lessons should not be ignored
Question is Governance
Long-term policy with strong implementationSustained financial commitment
Flexible and collaborative institutional arrangements Important participatory roles of citizens and the public
Focused and long-term scientific efforts Well-balanced mix of technologies and policies
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
Long-term policy with strong implementationSustained financial commitment
Flexible and collaborative institutional arrangements Important participatory roles of citizens and the public
Focused and long-term scientific efforts Well-balanced mix of technologies and policies
Continuous Exploration of
Good Practices with
Taking into Account
Long retention
Complex Dynamics
Heart-ware
Soft-ware Hard-ware
Lessons Learned from 28 Cases:
Everything comes in
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009
Integrated Lake Basin ManagementIntegrated Lake Basin Management
Institutions for Institutions for Effective LBMEffective LBM
Institutions: Organizations for Institutions: Organizations for ActionAction
FunctionsFunctions
•• Resource developmentResource development
•• Service deliveryService delivery
•• RegulationRegulation
•• AdvisoryAdvisory
•• CoordinationCoordination
Institutional EvolutionInstitutional Evolution
LongLong--term Institutional commitment term Institutional commitment necessarynecessary
Yet, successful institutions are adaptableYet, successful institutions are adaptable•• Emerging problemsEmerging problems•• Changing community objectivesChanging community objectives•• Unplanned opportunitiesUnplanned opportunities
Policies for Effective Policies for Effective LBMLBM
National PoliciesNational Policies
Lake policies seldom produced; instead Lake policies seldom produced; instead sectoral policies need coordinationsectoral policies need coordination
Water resources or environment policies Water resources or environment policies •• Can coordinate across sectorsCan coordinate across sectors•• But often weak institutionsBut often weak institutions
Need to be linked to poverty alleviation Need to be linked to poverty alleviation and national developmentand national development
Involving PeopleInvolving People
Involving PeopleInvolving People
Levels of involvementLevels of involvement
Higher level not necessarily betterHigher level not necessarily better
Information sharing
Consultation
Collaboration
Empowerment
Levels of Involvement
Infl
uen
ce
Involving PeopleInvolving People
Benefits of Community Involvement:Benefits of Community Involvement:
•• Sustainability of lake basin planSustainability of lake basin plan•• Access to local knowledgeAccess to local knowledge•• Promotes inclusion of disenfranchisedPromotes inclusion of disenfranchised•• Improved acceptance of rules and Improved acceptance of rules and
chargescharges•• Encourages involvement of politiciansEncourages involvement of politicians•• Add to the skill base of institutionsAdd to the skill base of institutions
Involving People Involving People –– NGOs and NGOs and CBOsCBOs
NGOs and CBOs play important rolesNGOs and CBOs play important roles•• Agenda setting & policy developmentAgenda setting & policy development•• Operational functionsOperational functions•• Networking, collaboration, mediationNetworking, collaboration, mediation•• Communication and facilitationCommunication and facilitation•• Training and capacity buildingTraining and capacity building
NGOs and CBOs often have direct NGOs and CBOs often have direct contact with stakeholderscontact with stakeholders
Sustainable Financing Sustainable Financing
Finances Finances –– Local SourcesLocal Sources Payment for services provided by lake basin:Payment for services provided by lake basin:
•• Fishing levyFishing levy•• Pollution chargesPollution charges•• Water abstraction chargesWater abstraction charges•• Tourism feesTourism fees
Introducing fees for services regarded as Introducing fees for services regarded as free goods is politically difficultfree goods is politically difficult
Legal framework sometimes prevents local Legal framework sometimes prevents local use of fundsuse of funds
Finances Finances -- Local SourcesLocal Sources
Usually not sufficient unless wealthy Usually not sufficient unless wealthy resource userresource user•• Urban water supply (L. Biwa)Urban water supply (L. Biwa)•• Hydropower generation (Kariba Reservoir)Hydropower generation (Kariba Reservoir)
Key features of successful local Key features of successful local financing:financing:•• Involvement in decisionsInvolvement in decisions•• Local retention (at least partially)Local retention (at least partially)•• Transparency of expenditureTransparency of expenditure
Subjects of Discussion TodaySubjects of Discussion Today
Discussion Group 1: Institutions and Policy Group
Theme 1: Developing Efficient Organizations
Theme 2: Broad Policy Directions and Society’s Support
Theme 1: Developing Efficient Organizations
Our organizational structure correct? Necessary
legislations? Relevant organizations?
Do we have good links to decision makers and do they
listen to us (the lake and the people)? Political will and
commitment?
Our capacity building and training programs sufficient
and effective ?
What mid-course corrections are needed?
Theme 2: Policy Directions and Society’s Support
Policy clear and well understood by people?
Policy framework for sustainable use and conservation
of Lake Bhopal well integrated into various sector
policies?
Is LCA adequately resourced to be able to play the
crucial roles of catalysis and of a hub of institutional
network?
Discussion Group 2: Participation and Knowledge Group
Theme 3: Expanding the Circle of Involvement
Theme 4: Pursuing the Sources of Knowledge and Wisdom
Theme 3: Expanding the Circle of Involvement
Benefits of community involvement?
What have we done well and what could have been
done better?
Effective communication with and among different
stakeholder groups having different perceptions?
How their capacities to be reflected to the future of
Lake Bhopal basin management.
Theme 4: Pursuing the Sources of Knowledge and
Wisdom
What more do we have to know for better management
of the lake and its basin?
How can knowledgebase and database be enhanced,
with appropriate role played by LCA?
Discussion Group 3: Technologies and Financing
Theme 5: Possibilities and Limitations of Technologies
Theme 6: State of Financial Mobilization
Theme 5: Possibilities and Limitations of
Technologies
How infrastructure development be accelerated?
Other technological possibilities?
Amelioration of possible adverse impacts of shoreline infrastructure?
Operation and maintenance lack of funds. What can be done, institutionally, financially, and managerially?
Theme 6: State of Financial Mobilization
What could be possible means of raising funds locally?
What are the prospect of success and possible constraints?
Communication to the political arena for greater
mobilization of financial resources to the lake basin
management sector?
The Major Challenge is:The Major Challenge is:
“Lake Basin Governance”
Lakes globally are facing serious problems
Lake
sin
the
Wor
ld
Masahisa Nakamura, ILEC, May 2009