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By STEPHEN NAFT

SECOND EDITION

Published byNew Leader Association, Inc., 7 East 15th Street, New York 3, N. Y.

PRICE 25 CENTS

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Copyright, 1948NEW LEADER ASSOCIATION, INC.

7 East 15th Street, New York 3, N. Y.119

Those who have closely followed publications and speeches in

which the Communist line is espoused have noticed inconsistencies,

inaccuracies, pseudo-truths, false amalgams, double standards for

the USSR in the realm of political morality. In the interests offurther public enlightenment on these dubious procedures, and in

order to confront Stalinists, sympathizers, and innocents with the

truth about CP informational techniques, Stephen Naft has devoted

considerable time, and his incisive and informed approach, to a

studious analysis of such material.

Some years ago, his earlier series of Questions for Communists

in pamphlet form ran through several editions and was sold in

thousands of copies. It still holds its place today as one of the most

helpful intellectual weapons in the anti-Communiqt arsenal because

of its probing indictment of fraudulent "facts" and beliefs.

In this pamphlet, Mr. Naft has written a completely new text

and'has developed his new questions on the basis of current hap-

penings in the context of past history. As even a cursory reading

will indicate, these questions are irrefutable-and in that fact lies

the fact of the bankruptcy of the Soviet myth and there appears

the ugly fact of the actual conditions of the Soviet reality.

Contents

Page

1. On Labor in.the Soviet Union ............................... 5

2. On the Standard of Living ............................... 8

3. On Social Security ....................... .... ......... .... 9

4. The Classless Society .. .............................. 9

5. Democracy and Freedom in Communist Countries ........... 10

6. Justice as Practiced in Communist Regimes .............................. 12

7. On Refugees and Displaced Persons ............................... 14

8. The Soviet Union and the Jews .......................... 15

9. On Consistency ............................. ..................................... ..... 16

10. Is There No Iron Curtain? ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

11. On Cooperation .................................... ............ 18

12. On the Imperialist War and the Communists .......................... 18

13. Are the Communists Agents of a Foreign Power? .. . .. .. . 21

14. On Annexations ........................... ................ 21

15. Imperialism-Soviet or Anglo-American? .................................... 24

16. On Witch Hunting ................................. 25

17. Who Is Warmongering? .. . . . . ..... ........ ... . . .. 26

18. What Is the Difference Between Communists and Fascists?, 28

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QUESTIONS FOR COMMUNISTS

1. On Labor in the Soviet Union

How do you account for the fact that the Communists glorifythe piece-work and speed-up system in the USSR, yet oppose thesepractices in countries where they are not in power?

Is it not true that the Soviet Union has abolished all legislationprotecting women and adolescents, laws designed to prevent theiremployment in night shifts or in dangerous occupations, such asmines, blast furnaces and steel mills? *

How do you explain the fact that, during the war, all branchesof Soviet industry were placed under martial law, so that absenteeismand "idling" became criminal offenses, while no such laws existedin other countries at war - whether their governments were demo-cratic capitalist, Socialist or Fascist?

Does any democratic country in the world, capitalist or Socialist,have a law corresponding to the Moscow decree of June 20, 1940,still in force, according to which workers and employees who, oftheir own will, leave state, cooperative or public enterprises, orwho are often tardy, shall be evicted from their homes and jailed?

Would not all American workers -and the Communists andtheir fellow-travelers most vociferously- object to the introductionof "labor books" such as every Soviet worker must carry, in whicha record is kept of his violations of labor discipline, and withoutwhich he cannot be hired?

Is there anywhere outside of the Soviet Union a law condemninga worker to forced labor for staying away from work? (In theUSSR the decree of June 27, 1940, Corrective Labor Code, Article 9,provides that ". .. for staying away from work without acceptablecause, workers shall be handed over to the Courts, and by sentenceof the People's Judges, condemned to forced penal labor at theirplace of employment, up to six months, and to have withheld up to

* See Trud, organ of the USSR Trade Unions, July 8, 1933.,

25 percent of their wages.") Does this not obviously make strikinga crime?.- How would our admirers of Soviet Russia feel about sucha law in the United States?

Is the Communist Party of the Soviet Union a workers' party?Did not the last All-Soviet Congress of the Bolshevik- Party, whichcited figures on the social status of the delegates, declare that only9.3 percent were industrial workers and 90.7 percent were officials,bureaucrats, office employees, managers and engineers?

What wouldthe American Soviet admirers say if in USA alltrade union officials were appointed by the government or the rulingparty, as is the case in Russia? (Trud, the official organ of the USSRtrade unions, reported in its issue of March 26, 1937: "In all unionsfrom the Central Board to the craft committee, -the appointive systemis in use. General meetings are practically non-existent. For yearsthere have been no elections to the Central Union.")

What difference do you see between the position of Sovietworkers, who are forbidden to change jobs at will, and that of thepeasant serfs in Russia of the Tzars 70 years ago, who were attachedto the land? Is not Russia's modern system an extension of serfdomto the workers in the factories? *

What would be the attitude of American workers if their-laborleaders stated, as an official trade union publication in the USSR did:"The workers have no right to defend themselves against the gov-ernment"? * *

In the USSR, the purpose of labor organizations, according toTrud, is to "strengthen labor discipline and promote maximumefficiency." Is that not company unionism?

The Communists maintained, during the Stalin-Hitler Pact, thatthe Nazi invasion of France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark and Nor-way was of "no concern to the workers," since there was "no differ-ence between the two imperialist camps" in the war. Do you agree?

Did not Hitler destroy all independent labor unions and the

* The law of August 15, 1933, makes it a: crime for any worker to leave hisjob, no matter how irksome it may be. The penalty is six mnths and con-fiscation of his property. On the other hand he can be dismissed for anyreason whatsoever.

** See Trud, July 8, 1933.

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Socialist, Communist and other opposition parties, ,and imprison,torture and kill their active members in Germany as well as in thecountries he invaded? Was not the Communist attitude a betrayalof the labor and Socialist movements of Western Europe?

Is it in accordance with "Marxist-Leninist principles" that inthe USSR the difference between the pay of technicians and factorymanagers and that of their subordinate workers is far greater thanin the United States and other capitalist 'countries?

Is it not a fact that wages in Russia are fixed by the managers andparty bureaucrats, without consultation with the labor unions?

Has a Soviet worker the right to travel wherever he likes withinRussia without an internal passport and without police permission?May be vote an opposition ticket in his union without danger tohimself and his family? Is he free of surveillance by the secretpolice and by the janitor qf the house he lives in?

How is it that, while in America the Conmmunists as well as alllabor unions insist on a 40-hour work week or less, workers in theSoviet Union labor sometimes ten or more hours a day, countingthe "voluntary" (subotnik) work which actually is compulsory?Do not many Russian workers work two shifts in different factoriesto earn enough to eat.?

If the USSR workers can be dismissed by the factory directors,for lateness, drunkeness, absenteeism, political heresy, or for othercauses, if the wages or rate of piece work can be reduced withoutconsultation or consent of the workers, and the workers have not theright to strike or make concerted demands for higher wages or agreater share of the goods produced by them, then aren't they slavesof the factory rather than the "owners" as claimed by the Commu-nists? Is therefore your claim that in Russia "the workers own thefactories" not as farcical as would be an assertion that in the UnitedStates the warships belong to the sailors because our government is,elected 'by the people?

If you deny that there are forced labor camps in Russia, whydoes the Soviet Government refuse to allow foreign journalists tovisit the places where such camps are located, as indicated in thebook Forced Labor in Soviet Russia by David J. Dallin and Boris I.Nicolaevsky?

2. On the Standard of Living

Is not the real test for comparing the standard of living thenumber of hours one has to work to earn enough to buy the nec-essities of life? Then compare the number of hours the Russian andthe American worker must labor to obtain the same things, as com-piled by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics on the basis of the latestofficial Moscow prices published at the end of 1947, and the pricesin the A. & P. Food Stores and the Sears Roebuck DepartmentStores:

Commodity In the U.S.S.R. In the U.S.A.Hours Mins. Hours Mins.

Wheat bread, 1 lb...................... 1 10 71/2Sugar, lump, 1 lb ................... 2 34 5Salted butter, 1 lb. .................. 10 42 481/2M ilk, 1 qt ................................. 1 18 10Eggs (first class), 1 doz....... 4 57 381Tea, 1 lb. .................... 11 - 39/Laundry soap, 1 bar............... 2 * 10 5Women's cotton dress............ '31 51 2 22Women's woolen dress............ 252 - 12 54Men's worsted suit..................... 580 15 25 20Men's leather shoes, pr.......... 104 30 7 15Women's shoes, pr.................. 107 30 5 32

In other words, in America the worker earning the averagehourly wage in all industries of $1.24 (according to the Bureauof Labor Statistics), can buy a pair of good shoes for a day's work;in Soviet Russia the man must work at least two weeks to earnenough to buy them. A decent suit cost the American worker aboutthree and one half day's work, in the USSR the man must laborabout three months to earn the price of -a good suit. But the greaterproblem is to calculate how much time he needs to save the moneyto buy one.

But on February 5, 1947, the Pravda correspondent Zhukov,informed his paper from New York, that "the earnings of theworking people do not even provide for subsistance level."

Do you believe this, and that the Soviet worker is happier thanthe American?

Why is the Soviet Union the only large country which publishesno standard of living indices and statistics on income and spending?

3. On Social Security

Do you approve of the Soviet system of sickness benefits (asreported by the International Labor Review, official organ of theInternatiorial Labor Office), according to which the worker (1) re-ceives no benefits during the first, six months of employment, (2)is paid the full amount only after working for ten years in the sameplace, and (3) if he changes his employment, forfeits any rightsto social insurance he has earned, and must start again at thebottom?

Do you know that by the decree of October 9, 1930 unemploy-ment benefits have been abolished in the Soviet Union? And asworkers can be dismissed by the factory managers there are peopleunemployed for certain periods.

Is it not a fact that American workers are eligible for old-agepensions after 65, regardless of political allegiance, while in theSoviet Union no person suspected of ever having opposed the rulingparty receives a pension?

Does the Soviet citizen enjoy security? Is it not true that thesecret police can arrest anyone without specific charges, hold himincommunicado, or send him to jail or labor camp, leaving hisfamily in the dark as to his fate?

4. The "Classless" Society

To the accusation that the Soviet Union lacks political democ-racy, your reply is: "It has economic democracy, which is moreimportant." How do you reconcile this statement with the fact thatthere is more disparity of incomes in Soviet Russia than in anyWestern democratic country?

Would you call a state "Communist" or "Socialist" in which theworkers have a low standard of living, while the members of itsbureaucracy enjoy special privileges including luxurious city apart-ments, country villas, automobiles and personal servants?

What kind of "socialism" is it when by the right of inheritance(reintroduced in Soviet Russia by the law of March 20, 1945) in-equality is established by giving greater privileges to the children.of the elite? Doesn't this perpetuate class distinctions?

Is it not true that the USSR has, by the same law, abolished allinheritance taxes, while in Socialist Britain and capitalist UnitedStates inheritance taxes are high-amounting to as much as 90 per-cent of great fortunes?

Is it not true that in Soviet Russia, government offices and indus-trial establishments have separate dining rooms for their officialsand for the workers; that better food is served in the dining roomsfor the bureaucrats?

Is there any country outside of the Soviet Union which has gov-ernment cooperatives reserved for the use of higher officials ex-clusively, where better food may be bought for less money than inthe ordinary workers' cooperatives? Are not special hospitals andrecreation homes in the Crimea reserved for the upper strata?

Divorces in the USSR have been made so expensive that theyare available only to the well-to-do and almost impossible for thepoor. By this decree, does not divorce become a privilege of theelite-?

Do you defend the discrepancy between the salary of a lieutenantin the. Red Army of 1,000 rubels monthly (as reported by SovietRussia Today) and that of a private who is paid 10 rubels a month?Is that socialism? (In the capitalist United States, a lieutenant ispaid less than three times as much as a private.)

Did not on June 23, 1940, a Russian army order of the daymade mandatory the saluting of an officer off duty (which is notnecessary in the USA), and were not officers ihformed at that datethat "playing up to the Red Army masses and efforts to showdemocratic feelings are offenses against service regulations"?

And did not the New Regulations of October 12, 1940 give theofficers the right in case of insubordination "to apply all measuresof coercion including force and firearms" without court martial andwithout responsibility for resulting injury or death. Does this notmake the USSR the only modern military force where officers canapply the death penalty without trial when not in actual battle?

5.. Democracy and Freedom in CommunistCountries

If the United States, following the example of Soviet Russia,prohibited all publications .opposing the policy of the' party inpower, and allowing no political pronouncement to be published

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except government propaganda, would you call that a democraticmeasure?

Is rule by decrees, without previous free debate in any legislativebody-- as practiced in the Soviet Union-your conception ofdemocracy?

Do you consider a government democratic which cannot be re-moved or changed by the method of the ballot box; which permitsonly one political party, and presents for election one list of candi-dates nominated by that party?

Is it not a fact that under the Tzar, after 1905, -an oppositionpress existed legally, and opposition parties in the Parliament oftenvoiced their dissensions, while no opposition press is tolerated inSoviet Russia and no dissenting voice is ever heard in Sovietcongresses?

Why do you protest against any suppression of freedom ofspeech or assembly in any country not controlled by the Communists,but justify their suppression in countries under Communistdomination ?

Have not the Communists and other opponents of the Americangovernment freedom to -publish their newspapers, to hold meetings,to attack the administration, to organize--while no such rights aregranted to opponents of the Soviet Government?

Do you think that rule by a minority is democracy? If not, howdo you justify the dictatorship of the Communist minority in Poland,Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Rumania and Czechoslovakia?

What would happen in Moscow if, imitating the AmericanCommunists who paraded before the White House in 1940, callingRoosevelt a "warmonger," Russian citizens would picket the Kremlinprotesting against Stalin's foreign policy-or carry banners in-scribed "Molotov Must Go." following the example of the Commu-nists in Washington who dem'anded the dismissal of SecretaryByrnes?

Would you call the United States a democracy if--as happensin Communist-dominated Bulgaria-citizens could be condemned todeath and executed for "treason," having committed no other crimethan peacefully opposing the regime?

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How do you reconcile the assertion that there is democracy inBulgaria, with Premier Dimitrov's threat of death to the nineSocial-democrats in his Parliament, if they did not vote his budget?Did he not (as reported from Sofia on January 12, 1948) tell them,when they criticized his budget, to "think it over" and not to "followin the footsteps of your allies" (the former anti-Nazi MinisterNicola Petkov, the Secretary of the democratic Agrarian Party,who was hanged for opposing Dimitrov). Did he not tell them-as reported by the whole press-: "They broke their necks andtheir leader is under ground if you are not wiser you will getfrom the nation such a lesson as .you will remember as far asSt. Peter"?

Is that your conception of parliamentary immunity and democ-racy, which, by the peace treaty, Bulgaria engaged itself to observe?

How would you like to have any critical remark you mightmake about your government reported to the police and treated astreason?

In Czechoslovakia, whose regime you so admire, did not theCommunist organ Rude Pravo (as reported from Prague on Decem-ber 12, 1947) state that it is a "patriotic duty to write down anycriticism of Soviet Russia" overheard, and send to the police such"treasonable remarks"?

6. Justice'as Practiced by Communist Regimes

Is there any Western capitalist country in which a prisoner,after serving his time, is not released automatically? Isn't it truethat in Russia a prisoner often has his sentence prolonged indefinitelyby order of the secret police, especially if he is a political prisoner?

Can you name any Western capitalist country in which people-as in the Soviet Union-are sent in peacetime to concentration orforced labor camps for no other crime than being considered"socially dangerous"?

Why do the Communists object so strenuously to what theyterm "class or party justice" in capitalist countries, while in Russiaonly Communists may be judges and lawyers.

If crime is the result of environment, as Communists believe,what kind of environment was it that, according to statements of theprosecutors and judges in the famous Purge Trials, turned almost

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all those who had collaborated with Lenin in the Bolshevik Revolu-tion into "traitors and mad dogs," as Vishinsky called them?

Is there any country in the world-outside of the USSR-inwhich all dependents of a man who dodges military service arecondemned to deportation to remote regions for five years even ifthey did not know of his desertion, and for ten years, with confisca-tion of the property of all other persons in the family, if they didknow of it? (This law of collective responsibility of the family,published in Izvestia of June 9, 1934, applies also to all forms ofcrime designated as high treason, counter-revolutionary activity,political dissent and absence from work.)

How do you explain the fact that no revolutionist, except inStalinist Russia, has ever accused himself and his comrades of"counter-revolutionary plots," giving as the motive his own "wicked-ness and depravity"? What parallel can you cite, except for theconfessions extorted ,after torture during the Spanish inquisitionand th6se of the Salem "witches"? How do you explain the factthat in the USSR those who were the closest collaborators of Lenin,and held prominent posts in the Soviet Government from 1917 to1935, later confessed to the most heinous and fantastic crimes?

Did not an official party organ, Sovietskaya Ukraina, publish inJanuary, 1939, reports on the trial and conviction in Kiev of mem-bers of the political police who confessed to having arrested innocentpersons and to having extracted "confessions" in "flagrant violationof the law in procuring evidence"? And did not their convictioncome about when Sodolukov, a loyal party member, revealed to theCentral Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party that "criminalmethods" had been applied to force him to "confess" membershipin counter-revolutionAry organizations?

Can it thus be denied that torture of some kind was used toobtain some of these "confessions," and was used also in thepresent-day "confessions" in the trials of the opponents of the Com-munist rulers in Hungary, Rumania, Poland, Bulgaria, Yugoslaviaand Czechoslovakia, which copied their systems of justice from theirprotector in the Kremlin?

Con you deny that the Soviet press, reporting on the ThirdMoscow Trial of 1938, published the fact that Yagoda, the formerhead of the Soviet political police, was executed ,after admittingthat he had forced many confessions by threatening to persecutethe families of the accused?

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How can you still maintain that the execution of many thousandsin Russia was justified, when so many "purgers" were later liqui-dated after confessing that they had purged innocent people; andA. A. Zhdanov,,then Leningrad Communist Party Secretary andnow Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party,reported at the Party Congress in March, .1939; that "there wereall too many cases where one man was expelled from the party-perhaps without due reason-and all his friends and acquaintancesand ,anyone he knew were also expelled"? (The New York Times,.March 21, 1939.)

If, as we are told, they "confessed because it was the truth," isit probable that men capable of committing the abominable crimesof which they were accused, confessed only because-as some Com-munists wrote-they "would not lie"?

Is. it not a fact. that, while under the Tzar relatives were notpersecuted for political opposition or crimes committed by mem-bers of their families, in the Soviet Union this is a regularprocedure?

Is not the USSR the only country in the world which.has legal-ized the hostage system by which parents can be condemned to jailfor the "crimes" of their children, or vice versa? What other coun-try has a law holding children responsible for the crime of un-,authorized emigration of their parents from Russia?

Did not the well known pro-Soviet writer, Maurice Hindus,report in his book "The Great Offensive" the case of a Russianpeasant who, having murdered a woman friend for her money(though not finding any) received only a tei year sentence becausehe "had little land and had never employed any hired labor" . . .while, as reported from Moscow, (Associated Press, January 13,1935) "four men were sentenced to death and three, others to tenyears in prison for stealing jam from a government warehouse"?

7. On Refugees and Displaced Persons

Why did Soviet Russia refuse to admit anti-Nazi Germans fleeingthe Hitler terror, except for a few Communists?

Is it not a fact that refugees who escaped from Poland after theNazi invasion by crossing the Russian border', were arrested forunauthorized entry into Soviet territory and sentenced to from three

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to eight years in "corrective" labor camps in Siberia, where manythousands died of exposure, overwork and undernourishment?

Can you deny this in view of the fact that such reports wereconfirmed by thousands of Poles who later, when Hitler attackedRussia, were released, to form the Polish army under GeneralSikorski to fight against the Nazis and finally found their way toWestern Europ e?

Did not the Jews driven by the Nazis over,-the Russian frontieralso receive sentences of up to eight years of forced labor, with noappeal possible? And was not the mortality in the "corrective"labor camps 30 percent among those serving their first year?

Why do at least 500,000 Soviet citizens, former Nazi slavelaborers and war prisoners, still in "displaced persons" camps,refuse to go back -to their homelands, hundreds of them havingpreferred to commit suicide rather than return? Why is it thatStalin's regime has bredc so many "traitors"? Why is it that somany peasants and workers who served in the Red Army do notthink that'Russia is the "workers' fatherland"? And why is it thatno British or American former prisoners of war refused to returnto their native countries?

* * .*

Did any important American official of an embassy or specialmission to Russia ever refuse to return to his homeland and seek theprotection of the USSR -against his own country, as has been doneby many Russian officials in foreign countries who, like VictorKravchenko, "chose freedom"?

8. The Soviet Union and the Jews

Why. did the: Communist Party, after a massacre-pogrom ofJews by Arabs in: Palestinie, uphold the Arabs against the Jews (aspublished in the Yiddish Communist daily Freiheit, of November 10,1929)? Wasn't it done to win for Soviet Russia the support of theArabs for war alliances in the Near'East? And did not thus theJewish Freiheit, in obedience to 'Moscow, support the Arabs againsttheir own people? *

* Why 'does the Soviet Government insist on taking from Austriaas indemnity from Germany such "German assets" as had been theproperty of Austrian Jews, but were expropriated by the Nazis afterthe occupation of that country? Does this not signify that the

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Soviet Government recognizes the legality of the, Nazi occupationof Austria and the spoliation of the Jews by Hitler?

Did not, in order to flatter Ukrainian nationalism, the SovietGovernment proclaim'the Cossack Hetman Bogdan KhmielnitskyNational Hero of the Ukraine, and are not all public buildingsadorned with his picture? But was not Khmielnitsky the butcher,who in 1654 exterminated all the 300,000 Jews of Southern Russia,thus establishing himself as the forerunner and model, for Hitler'streatment of the Jews?

9. On Consistency

How can the Soviet Union and the Communists everywheredemand that all nations break diplomatic relations with Spain be-cause Franco's regime is Fascist, when the USSR not only maintaineddiplomatic relations, but actively collaborated with the Hitler andMussolini regimes and supplied them with, foodstuffs, war materiel,and submarine bases in Murmansk up to the time Russia was invadedby the Nazis?

Why is it that not only Communists but also many deluded"liberals" who never called the opponents -of Mussolini or Hitler"anti-Italian" or "anti-German," call everyone who disagrees withStalin's regime "anti-Russian"?

Why do you term any criticism of Communists "Red-baiting,"while the Communist organs call Socialists who do not submit toCommunist control "social-Fascists" and call genuine liberals anddemocrats "Fascists" or "pro-Fascists" or "warmongers"? Is suchname-calling not the most flagrant "baiting" by the Reds?

Was not the establishment of the Suvorov medal, as the highestmilitary distinction to be awarded by Stalin, evidence of revival ofnationalist militarism, in view of the fact that Suvoriov was theTzarist army chief who destroyed the independence of Poland, whofought against the French Revolution, and bloodily suppressed thepeasant revolt under Pugatchev?

Why did Poland and Czechoslovakia, which at first accepted theinvitation to the Paris Conference on the Marshall Plan, cancel theiracceptance and attack the plan as a "plan to subjugate the countryto American imperialism" immediately after their Prime Ministers

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had been summoned to Mosgow? Who forced them to reverse theirattitude? Is such coercion campatible with their claims that theyrepresent independent countries?

10. Is There No Iron Curtain?

Can you deny that an "iron curtain" separates Russia from theWestern world, when the Russian people can receive only censorednews from official sources, when no uncensored news can leaveRussia, and when any Russian who has contact with-, foreigners issubject to suspicion or arrest and prosecution?

Why does the Russian press print only infrequent ,and distortedaccounts of speeches made by British or American delegates to theUnited Nations meetings, while the British and American pressusually publishes in full the UN speeches of the Russians, with alltheir attacks against the statesmen and policies of Allied'countries?

How is it that no Soviet citizen ,is permitted to leave Russiaexcept those employed on government missions, and that anyonecaught trying to leave without permission is severely punished?Does this not make the whole country a prison?

Is there any country in the world except Russia which prohibitsits female citizens who have married foreigners from joining theirhusbands abroad?

Why did Poland"s Foreign Office spokesman, General ViktorGrosz, notify the American Embassy (as reported from Warsaw onMay 5, 1948). tha the Polish government objected to the U. S. In-formation Bureau in Warsaw because it "issued information otherthan that which Poles could read legally in their own newspapers"?Is there any restriction in any Western country on what peoplecould "read legally"?

Are not Russian journalists and visitors to the United States,as well as employees of Russian news agencies, allowed to go wherethey please, to see what they like, to confer with anyone and to sendany dispatches they like -without censorship and supervision, whilerio such liberties are granted to foreign visitors or coirespondentsin Russia?

Is it not true that, while in the French, British and Americanoccupied zones of Germany the Communist Party may function

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legally, the Social Democratic Party is prohibited in the Russianzone?

11. On Cooperation

If, as Stalin says, Russia wants to cooperate with the other mem-bers of the United Nations, why did she ignore or turn down invita-tions to participate in most of the UN's specialized agencies, suchas the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, United NationsEducational and Cultural Organization, Food and Agricultural Or-ganization, International Civil Aeronautic Organization, Interna-tional Labor Organization, International Refugee Organization, andWorld Health Organization?

How do you explain the refusal of the Soviet authorities andCommunists in the Russian zones of Germany and North Korea tocooperate in any way with other occupying powers except on theifown terms?

Do you believe in the statement of Soviet Marshal Bulgarinmade in his broadcast from Moscow on February 22, 1948. "In abitter single-handed fight the Soviet armed forces routed the GermanFascist armies and crushed Hitler Germany. A similar fate befellimperialist Japan"? If so how do you account for the fact thatthe United States and British armies destroyed the German armiesin France and Italy. And do you deny that the war materiel suppliedto Russia on lend-lease amounted to eleven billion dollars? Ofthese two billions worth was delivered after the German andJapanese surrender, and among the items supplied (without whichRussia could hardly been able to fight, but none 'of which was everpaid for) were 14,834 airplanes, 385,883 trucks, 131,633 sub-machine guns, 1981 locomotives, 11,158 freight cars, 2,670,000 tonsof petroleum products, 4,478,000 tons of foodstuffs and 15,417,000pairs of shoes?

12. On the "Imperialist War" and the Communists

Why did you call the war "imperialist" before Hitler attackedRussia, when at that time Hitler and Stalin had an agreement forthe partition of Poland, as revealed by the captured German docu-ments published by the US State Department, documents whose'authenticity the Soviet Government does not deny? *

* See Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941. Documents from the Archives of theGerman Foreign Office. Published by the US Department of State, 1948.

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What moral difference is there between Mussolini's "stab in theback" of France after that country had been defeated by Hitler, andRussia's invasion of Poland after Hitler had crushed Poland'sdefenses?

How can these declarations be reconciled? The Moscow Pravdaof August 14, 1939, wrote: "The war of the Soviet Union againstFascism will be the most just and legitimate of all wars that hu-manity has ever known. It will be a war for the defense of theinternational proletariat and the culture of all progressive humanityagainst Fascist barbarism. . " Less than two months later, afterthe Nazi-Soviet alliance, the, Soviet Government organ, Izvestia,stated on October 9, 1939: "One may respect or hate Hitlerism justas any.other political view. This is a matter of taste. But to under-take a war for the annihilation of Hitlerism means to commitcriminal folly."

Did not Molotov telephone on September 9, 1939, to the NaziEmbassy: "I have received your communication regarding the entryof German troops into Warsaw. Please convey my congratulationsand greetings to the German Reich" Government"? ("Nazi-SovietRelations" p. 89.)

Can you deny the existence of article 2 of the "Secret Addi-tional Protocol" to the "Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germanyand the USSR" signed on August 23, 1939, by Molotov and Ribben-trop, worded: "In the event of a territorial and political rearrange-ment of the areas belonging to the Polish state the spheres ofinfluence of Germany and the USSR shall be bounded ,approximatelyby the line of the rivers Narew, Vistula and San."

Is that not proof that even before the Nazi launched the war,Stalin had agreed with Hitler on the partition of Poland?

Gan you defend Molotov's speech in the Supreme Soviet, pub-lished in Soviet Russia Today, for November, 1939? He said: "Oneswift blow to Poland first by the German Army and then by theRed Army, and nothing was left of this ugly offspring of the Ver-sailles Treaty.... Today . . . Germany is striving for peace,while Great Britain and France, which only yesterday were declaim-ing against aggression, are . . opposed to the conclusion of peace.. . There is absolutely no justification for a war under an ide-ological flag. . . . One may accept or reject the ideology of Hitler-ism as well as any other ideological system; that is a matter ofpolitical opinion. ',. But everybody will understand that an ide-ology cannot be destroyed by force, that it cannot be eliminated bywar. It is therefore not only senseless but crimihnal to wage such a

19

war as the war for the destruction of Hitlerism, camouflaged tas afight for democracy. . .. It is the fear of losing world supremacythat dictates to the ruling circles of Great Britain and France thepolicy of fomenting war against Germany. .. .Today our rela-tions with the German State. are based on our friendly relations,on our readiness to support Germany's efforts for peace. . .. Wehave always held that a strong Germany is ian indispensable condi-tion for a durable peace in Europe."

And how do you like Stalin's toast to Hitler (before Russia wasinvaded) as published by the US State Department: "I know howmuch the German people love its Fuehrer; I should like thereforeto drink to his health"? *

Did not Stalin, after the Nazi-Soviet partition of Poland tele-graph to Ribbentrop, the Nazi Foreign Minister, "The friendshipof the people of Germany and the Soviet Union, cemented by blood,has every reason to be lasting and firm" (it was published in theDaily Worker of December 28, 1939). Cemented by whose blood?

Can you interpret the following statement as anything exceptan open declaration of support of the Nazis in the war against theAllies? It was published in the Daily Worker of October 10, 1939,under the signature of Harry Gannes, foreign editor: "If Londonand Paris are counting on their blockade land talk of shortage ofraw materials in Germany as a means of continuing the imperialistwar, the Soviet Union will soon remedy that."

Do you remember William Z. Foster's speech in Philadelphiaon May 17, 1940, as reported in the Daily Worker of May 21? Hesaid: "If British-French-American imperialism should win the pres-ent war the results would be even more reactionary. . . . The Alliedcause is not a 'lesser evil' in comparison to Hitler's. . . . Nor wouldthe entry of the US into war democratize it and make it a real fightfor freedom.. . Its real war ,aims would be to grab off all possibleterritory for itself and transform the imperialist war into a generalwar against the Soviet Union . ."

Did not Foster ivrite in his column in the Daily Worker ofJune 14, 1940-before Hitler's invasion of Russia: " .. supportof the Allied imperialists (against Hitler) . . can only lead tothe deepest enslavement of humanity."?

* See "Nazi-Soviet Relations," page 75.

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Do you think that the active economic and military support ofHitler given by Russia, as recently revealed in the Nazi documentscaptured by the Allies, contributed to the happiness and liberationof humanity? (Hitler's war machine received during .the first twoyears of the war, up to the time of the invasion of Russia, 1,524,300metric tons of grain, 682,000 bales of cotton [while the largestquantity ever exported by Russia to all markets in a previous yearwas 204,000 bales]. Soviet Russia filled 55 percent of Hitler'srequirement of manganese, 71 percent of chromite, 73 percent ofphosphate rock. Stalin provided Hitler with a naval base nearMurmansk, where the Nazi commerce raiders were outfitted. Ice-breakers from the Communist fatherland cleared the way for theNazi cruisers across the Arctic Ocean to the Bering Sea, makingpossible the very successful German raids on Pacific shipping in1941.)

How does the following declaration which Stalin made onNovember 6, 1941 (after the Nazi invasion), agree with the Com-munist propaganda at present and before Russia was invaded bythe Nazis? ". ... In England and in the United States there areelementary democratic liberties, there are trade unions . . thereare labor parties, there is la parliament, whereas the Hitler regimeabolished all these institutions in Germany . . . It is enough tocompare these two series of facts to understand the full falsenessof the German-Fascist chatter about Anglo-American plutocracy?"

13. Are the Communists Agents of a Foreign Power?

Can you deny that the first loyalty of Communists is to SovietRussia, when their leaders in Brazil, Cuba and Chile have epenlydeclared that, in the event that their, countries were at war withRussia, they would side with Russia? And when Earl Browder inNew York in 1935 read to 2,000 applicants for Communist Partymembership the following solemn.pledge: "I pledge myself to rallythe masses to defend the Soviet Union, the land of victorioussocialism"?

Did not, in 1939, Browder, then the supreme boss of the Amer-ican Communist Party, openly admit before the Congressional DiesCommittee, that party membeirs:opposing the Soviet-Nazi Pact whichlaunched the World War, would be expelled? As the membershipof the.party was not consulted about this pact either in Russia orin America, is the expulsion from an "American" workers partyfor disagreeing with the foreign policy of another country, dictatedby its rulers, not proof that the American Communist Party and

21

its members. must obey the orders of Moscow-which makes thempotential traitors of their own country and agents of the Kremlin?

-* -X* *e

Did not the Daily Worker, on August 25, 1939, soon after thesigning of the Nazi-Soviet "non-aggression pact" for the partitionof Poland,- write that this pact was the "Soviet Union's great strokefor world peace" .. and that the "Soviet Union has made one ofthe most valuable contributions to the peace of the world"?

Is it merely by accident that the party line of Communiststhroughout the world has followed the course considered most ex-pedient for the Soviet Union, regardless of the interests of their owncountries? Did not the Communists

(1) urge a united front against Fascism as late as May, 1939;(2) reverse this stand immediately after the Stalin-Hitler Pact

of August, 1939, and the joint Nazi-Soviet invasion andpartition of Poland, dismissing the war as an "imperialistconflict" of no concern to the working class, and remainingsilent ;about Hitler's terrorism against Communists, So-cialists and workers in the invaded countrie's;

(3) proclaim the war as a "people's fight against Fascism" assoon as Hitler had attacked Russia, insist on a "secondfront," ,and call America and Britain "democratic allies"of the USSR.;

(4) again reverse their attitude after the war, to call Americaand Britain "imperialist warmongers"?

Does not this consistent following of all the zig-zags of Sovietforeign policy prove that the Communist faith is "Russia, right orwrong," and thus make themr agents of Russia's foreign policy ofaggressive expansionism and potential traitors to their own country?

14. On Annexations

How do you reconcile Stalin's declaration: "We do not wanta single foot of foreign territory, but will not surrender a single inchof our territory to anyone," with Soviet Russia's vast postwar an-nexations?

Did not the USSR sign the Atlantic Charter of August, 1941,which provides that no country shall seek "aggrandizement, terri-torial or otherwise" and that no territorial changes shall be made"that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoplesconcerned"?

22

And did not Russia since that time annex 280,000 square milesof territory inhabited by 22,000,000, and expand its control over577,463 square miles with 87,000,000 people? (Over 100,000,000now that Czechoslovakia has fallen victim.)

How can you justify these annexations with the explanation thatmost of the annexed territory belonged to the former'Tzarist Empire,in view of the fact that Lenin expressly renounced territorial rightsto the former Tzarist provinces inhabited by such non-Russians asPoles, Latvians, Lithuanians, Finns and Estonians, iand recognizedtheir right to independence?

And how about the fact that among the territories annexed arelands which never in history belonged to Tzarist Russia - such asNorthern Bukovina and East Prussia; Carpatho-Ukraine, taken fromCzechoslovakia, and Eastern Galicia, taken from Poland. How doyou justify these seizures in view of the fact that Poland and Czecho-slovakia were allies during the war?

Did not the USSR force the :annexation, without a plebiscite, ofItalian territory to Stalin's puppet state, Yugoslavia?

How do you reconcile the fact that while, during the first WorldWar the Communists everywhere clamored for "peace without an-nexations or indemnities," they now justify Russia's annexations oflarge territories and her insistance on huge indemnities from thedefeated nations?

How do you explain Russia's reannexation after the war of allthe Polish territory obtained by treaty with Hitler, though in July,1941, after the Nazi invasion of Russia, Stalin had concluded a treatywith Poland's Prime Minister Sikorski, according to which the Russo-German agreement concerning the division of Poland was voided?

Did not Molotov in his speech to the Supreme Sdviet in No-vember,. 1939, say, in connection with "mutual assistance pacts"concluded with the Baltic countries: "The character of these pactsin no way implies any interference by the Soviet Union iq the affairsof Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as some newsplapers are trying tomake out. On the contrary, all these pacts of mutual assistancestrictly stipulate the inviolability of the sovereignty of the signatorystates and the principle of non-interference in each others affairs."?

And did not the USSR a few months later invade these countriesand incorporate them into the Soviet Empire, thus destroying their

23

independence as well as their political and economic systems? Wasthis not followd by mass deportations of intellectuals, Socialists and"Trotzkyists," all former government officials, officers, policemen,industrialists and landowners to Soviet forced labor camps?

15. Imperialism - Soviet or Anglo-American?

You assert that Britain and the United States are "imperialist,"while the Soviet Union respects the independence of all small nations.How do you reconcile that accusation with the facts? Is it not truethat the United States gave independence to Cuba and the Philippines;returned independence to Haiti and Nicaragua after short occupa-tions? That the British granted independence to Ireland, Egypt,Burma, India and Pakistan, while Soviet Russia has expanded ter-ritorially beyond the frontiers of Imperial Tzarist Russia?

Why do you opposse universal military training in the UnitedStates, though you justify and approve the universal military con-scription which exists in all Communist-dominated countries?

Do you consider the following an example of Soviet Russia's"respect for the independence of small nations"? The world pressreported (and the USSR never denied) that, shortly after the Yaltadeclaration in 1945, Vishinsky gave the King of Rumania an ulti-matum of two hours and five minutes to appoint as Prime Ministerthe Soviet tool, Petru Groza, telling the king that opposition to thisappointment would be considered "an act hostile to the SovietUnion"?

Are not the documents relating to the Soviet-Nazi relationspublished in 1948 by the State Department, clear evidence thatStalin and Hitler were collaborating and preparing an imperialistwar of conquest to divide Poland? *

* *# *

Is it not a fact that Stalin, like Hitler, always accuses hisenemies of the very crimes he has committed or plans to commit?Before star.ting the war, Hitler accused other countries of "provo-cation, warmongering and imperialism." Is it not ominous thatStalin is now making exactly the-same charges against the USAand Britain?

* See Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941 (op. cit.), page 78, "Secret AdditionalProtocol," paragraph 2; signed by Ribb'ertrop and Molotov.

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16. On Witch-Hunting

Why do Communists and their fellow-travelers scream "witch-hunt" whenever one of them is removed from a confidential govern-ment position to prevent him from betraying state secrets to hostilepowers? Did not Fred Rose, the Communist member of the CanadianParliament, to justify his treason-delivering military atom secretsto the Russians - declare before the Court that he "owed a higherallegiance" to Soviet Russia than to his own country?

Did not the Ministry of Public Welfare of the new Czech Com-munist government-as reported from Prague on March 25, 1948--announce that for "political unreliability" persons can be discharged"in the public interest" without any charges being presented, andin the case of civil servants the Ministry of Interior will decide on"what should be done with them'.'?

And was this not - according to another dispatch from Pragueof March 25, 1948 - amplified by the announcement that personsguilty of such crimes as: "offending the government," "spreadinguntrue reports," "listening to broadcasts inimical to the government,""slowing down production, or urging citizens not to engage in work-ing brigades" .. "should be expelled from public life" . . whichwas explained that "'a person guilty of one of the above crimesmust not be a member of a political party or a trade4union or otherorganization or club."

Do you approve of measures which exclude workers from tradeunions and hence from possibility of earning a living' for suchpolitical reasons as "offending the government" or "listening tobroadcasts inimical to the government"? Was it not Hitler whofirst made listening to unfriendly broadcasts a crime? Is such listen-ing a "crime" in any Western country?

Does any country, outside of the Soviet Union, vilify, dismissand purge scientists, biologists or musical composers whose purelynon-political theories or productions are not approved at the momentby the ruling group, ,as happened in 1948 to the composers Khacha-turian, Shostakovich, Prokofiev and the geneticists Anton R. Zhebrak,the latter for "not having unmasked the class meaning of the struggletaking place in connection with the problem of genetics"? (Re-ported February 10, 1948.)

Can an opponent of the Soviet government hold any post in anyof the Communist ruled countries? What happened, after the Com-munists assumed absolute power in Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia,Rumania, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia to the former non-Communist

25

members of the governments who had opposed the Nazis when Russiawas still allied with Hitler? Were not many of these men imprisonedor executed for "conspiracy" or "treason," which consisted in op-posing the Communists before they came to power or giving in-formation on events which in America every Russian Pravda or Tasscorrespondent can pick up freely in any government office orpublication?

17. Who is Warmongering?

You accuse the United States and Great Britain of warmongeringagainst the Soviet Union. Do you know of any public statement byofficial, or even unofficial, sources in this country similar to thatwhich Radio Moscow - owned by the Soviet government - andmonitored. in America on January 23, 1948: "Let our hatred rage intenfold fury toward those for whom there is no name in humanlanguage, toward those who have not yet satisfied their lust forprofits, derived from the blood of millions, and who, in their satanicblind folly, are preparing a new war for suffering humanity. Whilethey spend billions of dollars in the making of atom bombs andfor the preparation of a monstrous war, let our indestructible hatredof them continue. It will come in handy at the right moment" . .?

And was not the same appeal to hatred published in Pravda,the official organ of the ruling 'Communist party, in the same week'as the broadcast? Have privately owned radio stations or newspapersin America ever made such direct incitement to hatred and war?

Did not Pravda publish the following Moscow broadcast to theRussian people in January, 1948: "In the heated brains of Forestal(US Secretary of Defense) already-a picture of restored and ap-peased Europe was framing itself with US bases functioning every-where, with British, French, Belgian, Italian and other soldiersmarching, at the command of US officers, with tommy guns andsinging the 'Yankee Doodle Dandy' with US governors all overthe place"?

Did not as early ,as August 14, 1946, the semi-monthly Bolshevik,the organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of theUSSR, write: "The postwar program of the reactionary monopolistcliques in the United States and Britain calls for an offensive againstdemocratic gains of the working class, an adventurous program ofnew imperialist expansion, a program of world domination ofAnglo-Saxon imperialism"?

26

Do you not notice any incitement to hatred of America andstirring up war passion in the following broadcast of January 12,1948, of the Moscow Radio-which is an official organ of the Sovietgovernment-: "No Socialist phraseology can hide the fact that theMarshall Plan is a plan of extortionist speculation on the difficultiesof European countries, a plan for their political and economic en-slavement, a plan for. establishing in Europe strongholds for theaggressive aims of American imperialism"?

Has any US official made as brutal and provocative a statementagainst Russia?

Was the following statement of Mikhail A. Suslov, a Secretaryof the Central Committee of Russia's Communist Party, speaking inthe presence of Stalin at the Lenin Memorial meeting in Moscow onJanuary 21, 1948, conducing to peaceful understanding?

"American imperialists are trying to take the place of Japanand Germany and start a new imperialist war. ... The downfallof Hitler should have taught American imperialism and its youngerbrother Great Britain something. But British and American im-perialism are rushing to share the same fate as Germany. . . . Therapacious imperialism of America is striving for world dominationand the enslavement of all countries of the world. ... Under thebanner of anti-Communism US imperialists are bringing aboutarmed intervention against freedom-loving peoples."

Is any foreign country "enslaved" by the United States? Is thisthreat of the coming "enslavement" by America not the most directincitement to war against this country?

Did not Prace, the Czech Communist Party organ, write onMarch 25, 1948, on the third anniversary of the bombing of a largemachine factory in Prague, when the country was still under Nazioccupation, that the bombing has been "the first application of theMarshall Plan"?

Did not the Communist controlled Bulgarian "Natidnal Father-land Front" issue, under the signature of Georgi .Dimitrov, theCommunist Premier, and Vlatko. Chervenkov, the Party Secretary,the following statement as cabled from Sofia on October 25, 1947:"The imperialist anti-democratic camp headed by the USA, is aimingto subdue economically and politically nations destroyed and im-poverished by the war, to suffocate their: democracy, to reestablisha new reign of reaction and Fascist forces, and to prepare new warsfor establishing world domination of American imperialism." Isthis warmongering or is it not?

27

Did not Hitler initiate the accusation and the slogan of "Ameri-can Warmongering" whenever the USA protested'against a new aqtof German aggression, or whenever the US lifted its voice on behalfof a small European nation threatened with the loss of their free-dom? Was not the term "warmongering" the most popular themeof Nazi Germany, and did not Ribbentrop in his correspondencewith Molotov (before the Nazi invasion) say that a certain move ofthe German government was directed exclusively "against Americanwarmongers"? (See "Nazi-Soviet Relations," page 195.) Did notStalin and his Communist, ALP and Wallacities stooges in Americacopy and take over that Nazi slogan?

Why do you scream "warmongering against Russia" when ananti-Communist movie, "The Iron Curtain" (based on the actual factof Russian espionage in Canada), is shown in America, and do notprotest gainst Simonov's violent anti-American play "The RussianQuestion" shown previously in more than 600 Soviet theatres?Don't you know that that movie, based on a fictional story of a con-spiracy by American war propagandists and capitalist publishersagainst Soviet Russia, was officially endorsed by the Soviet govern-ment, by granting it the coveted Stalin prize of 100,000 rubles?What would happen to Russian friends of America if the tried topicket in Moscow that Russian anti-American movie?

18. What Is the Difference Between Communismand Fascism?

Is it not true that under both Communism and Fascism allpolitical parties except the one in power and "parties" subservientto the government, are suppressed and their leaders imprisoned orexecuted if they refuse to capitulate?

Can you deny that under both systems freedom of speech, press,assembly and organization, and the right to criticize the government,are abolished?

What is' the difference when under both systems parliamentarybodies or assemblies are reduced to rubber stamps; must alwaysapprove unanimously and without ,discussion the decisions of. partyleaders, and dessenters are marked for police attention.

Since under both systems there is no trial by jury, no habeascorpus, no right to independent defense counsel, no presumptionof innocence of the accused until he is proved guilty, are not thejudicial systems under Communism and Fascism identical?

Is it not a fact that under both systems a single unremovableleader, Fuehrer, Duce or Vozhd, wielding absolute power over hissubjects, is continuously glorified to the point of deification - allprogress, inventions, and scientific or artistic achievements beingcredited to the leader's initiative and "genius"?

What is the difference between the "elections" and plebiscitesunder Hitler, Mussolini and Franco (described by the Communistsas "fakes" and "Yes" elections) and those held in the Soviet Unionunder exactly the same conditions, with only one party runningcandidates and no opposition tolerated (described by the Commu-nists as "the most democratic elections in the world")?

Is it not true that under both systems the radio, the press, ele-mentary and higher education, the trade unions, the cultural bodiesand all other organizations are controlled by the party in power?

What is the difference when Soviet Russia maintains concentra-tion camps (called "corrective labor camps") for political op-ponents, just as Nazi Germany did?

In view of the facts set forth in these pages, can you deny thatthe regimes established by the Communists in Russia and its satellitecountries are only another brand of Fascist slavery camouflaged be-hind Marxist phraseology? Does not Stalin's autocracy deserve tobe called Red Fascism?

29

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