imiesa july 2016

IMESAThe official

magazine of the Institute

of Municipal Engineering

of Southern Africa

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Pipe DeteriorationSA’s ageing infrastructure

Asset ManagementA critical municipal function

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IMIESA July 2016 13

CONTENTSIMESA

The official

magazine

of the Institute

of Municipal

Engineering

of Southern Africa



LEKWA



IMESAIMESAIMESA

The official

of the Institute

of Municipal

Engineering

of Southern Africa

MAINTENANCE • SERVICE DELIVERY

of the Institute

of Southern Africa

SERVICE DELIVERY

Pipe deterioration

Ageing infrastructure

Asset management

A critical municipal function

Earth dam walls

PIMPing your earth dam

Having started, figuratively speaking, on shaky ground, the development of Nellmapius Ext 22 Township is now on firm footing, with the appointment of a second and new professional resource team headed by Lekwa Consulting Engineers. P6

VOLUME 41 NO. 7 JULY 2016

DIVISIONAL FOCUS P17

IMESA Infrastructure

Management System 43

In-line’s inside scoop 46

Technical ArticlePIMP your earth dam wall 49

EnergyLandfills – an untapped

energy resource 53

Energy-efficient LED retrofit 55

Construction

5 reasons to buy local 57

GeosyntheticsPerfecting geomembrane welding 58

Project Management Planning for procurement 61

Cement & ConcreteKeeping cool with concrete 63

Eliminating bottlenecks 65

New vibrating system aims big 67

Construction Vehicles & Equipment Polishing your concrete prep fleet 68

A lifeline for repair 69

AwardsCESA and Aon to celebrate

engineering excellence 70

RegularsEditorial Comment 3

President’s Comment 5

Africa Round-up 8

Index to Advertisers 70

Cover Story

Lekwa – A place of melodies 6

Municipal ReviewCity of Johannesburg: A city that delivers on its commitments 10

Ageing Water & Sanitation InfrastructureAnalysis of pipe deterioration 17

PANEL DISCUSSION

Saint Gobain 23

APE Pumps 25

Sizabantu Piping Systems 27

Ultra Control Valves 29

Rare Group 31

Hall Longmore 33

Robor 35

Bambanani Pipes and Fittings 37

Water, South Africa’s oxymoron 38

Industry InsightSAFCEC – Summing up the industry 39

Asset ManagementMismanagement of assets 40

CEMENT & CONCRETE Keeping cool with concrete63CONSTRUCTION

5 reasons to buy local57TECHNICAL ARTICLE PIMP your earth dam wall49

ASSET MANAGEMENTMismanagement of assets40MUNICIPAL REVIEW

A city that delivers on its commitments10

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position will afford the advertiser the cover story and maximum exposure. For more

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PUBLISHER Elizabeth ShortenMANAGING EDITOR Alastair CurrieCONTRIBUTING EDITOR Tony StoneSENIOR JOURNALIST Danielle PettersonHEAD OF DESIGN Beren BauermeisterDESIGNER Ramon ChinianCHIEF SUB-EDITOR Tristan SnijdersSUB-EDITOR Morgan CarterCONTRIBUTORS D Daries, W Mfebe, J van RijnCLIENT SERVICES & PRODUCTION MANAGER Antois-Leigh BotmaPRODUCTION COORDINATOR Jacqueline ModiseFINANCIAL MANAGER Andrew LobbanMARKETING MANAGER Philip RosenbergADMINISTRATION Tonya HebentonDISTRIBUTION MANAGER Nomsa MasinaDISTRIBUTION COORDINATOR Asha PursothamSUBSCRIPTIONS [email protected] United Litho Johannesburg +27 (0)11 402 0571___________________________________________________

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BORDERSecretary: Celeste VoslooTel: +27 (0)43 705 2433Fax: +27 (0)43 743 5266Email: [email protected]

EASTERN CAPESecretary: Susan CanestraTel: +27 (0)41 585 4142 ext. 7Fax: +27 (0)41 585 1066Email: [email protected]

KWAZULU-NATALSecretary: Penny PietersenTel: +27 (0)31 266 3263Fax: +27 (0)31 266 5094Email: [email protected]

NORTHERN PROVINCESecretary: Rona FourieTel: +27 (0)82 742 6364Fax: +27 (0)86 634 5644Email: [email protected]

SOUTHERN CAPE KAROOSecretary: Henrietta OlivierTel: +27 (0)79 390 7536Fax: +27 (0)86 629 7490Email: [email protected]

WESTERN CAPE Secretary: Michelle AckermanTel: +27 (0)21 444 7114Email: [email protected]

FREE STATE & NORTHERN CAPESecretary: Wilma Van Der WaltTel: +27 (0)83 457 4362Fax: +27 (0)86 628 0468Email: [email protected]

All material herein IMIESA is copyright protected and may not be reproduced either in whole or in part without the prior written permission of the publisher. The views of contributors do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute of Municipal Engineering of Southern Africa or the publishers.

EDITORIAL COMMENT

Water, the burning issue

IMESA

The official

magazine

of the Institute

of Municipal

Engineering

of Southern Africa

www.infrastructurene.ws

of the Institute

of Southern Africa

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“Smart technology is going to be the way forward in the future and Atlas

Copco would like to be the front runner in mainstream modern drilling

technology.” Hedley Bernie Business line manager, Atlas Copco

COMPACTION Road Maintenance

Essential cost savers

Urban Renewal

Securing the future

Municipal Imperative

Water loss remediation

IN THE IN THE HOT SEATHOT SEAT



Lebo Ramoreboli

Deputy Director: Integrated

Regional Economic Development,

City of Johannesburg

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT


GOVERNMENT

VOICE

Vital to sustainability

IN THE IN THE

IMIESA July 2016 3

WITH EIGHT OF South Africa’s

nine provinces declared dis-

aster areas because of the

prevailing drought, water is a

key issue. Maximising the societal and eco-

nomic benefits from existing water sources

is a top priority. But, besides the lack of rain,

water loss – through ageing infrastructure –

and water pollution – through irresponsible

water management – are the main culprits

in reducing the availability of water. In this

issue of IMIESA, we look at pipe deteriora-

tion and the causes thereof in the different

pipe technologies. The useful article gives a

few good pointers.

Even so, complacency and incompetence

can no longer be tolerated because, in some

instances, such as Kroonstad, it’s a matter

of life and death, of agriculture, industry,

fauna and flora. If ever there were a time

to step up to the plate and work together,

it’s now. And, we need to be smart about

it too. Awareness of South Africa’s ageing

infrastructure is nothing new. Commentators

have been speaking about this for a long

time – SAPPMA for one. Puzzling, though,

is the SABS’s failure to reissue licences

to plastic pipe manufacturers. This flies

in the face of the Department of Water

and Sanitation’s National Water Resource

Strategy, a vision and set of strategic actions

for effective water management, which says

all the right things.

As they say in the classics, prevention is

better than cure. Given that district munici-

palities are concerned about the welfare

of farmers, a strategy to build earth dams

needs to be carefully considered, given

that global warming is here to stay, at least

for a while. However, in the design and

construction of earth dam walls, the imper-

viousness of the dam floor and wall is criti-

cal; if this is not correctly computed, it may

result in the dam failing. We delve into this

critical factor on page 49.

Generally speaking, things are tough in the

civil engineering industry at the moment.

The South African Forum of Civil Engineering

Contractors looks at key issues affecting

the current confidence levels in the indus-

try. Nonetheless, with all the electioneering

going on at the moment and the promises

being made, especially one made by the rul-

ing party – of six million houses being built

by 2019, and considering the roads and

stormwater, water and wastewater, electric-

ity and waste management that will need to

go along with houses – civil engineers should

be quite busy for the next three years… if

the promises hold up.

Last, but not least, asset management

is an issue that many in the industry

have been hammering on about for years.

IMIESA, along with IMESA, does so again.

To drive the point home, South Africa has

the 10th longest road network and 18th

longest paved road network in the world.

Nationally, our roads are generally in good

condition. But, from there on in, provin-

cially and by municipality, we fall below

par. This is such an important issue that,

through IMESA, municipalities can enjoy

free asset management software, which

leverages the wealth of experience and

the skills that IMESA has to offer, par ticu-

larly to those municipalities with few or no

technical skills.

Tony StoneContributing editor

IMESAThe official



of Southern Africa



LEKWA



IMESAIMESAIMESAThe official

of the Institute of Municipal Engineering

of Southern Africa


of the Institute

of Southern Africa

SERVICE DELIVERY

Pipe deteriorationAgeing infrastructure

Asset managementA critical municipal function

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The first real winter rains have arrived in the Western Cape and will hopefully start providing relief to the drought-stricken farming community and the water services authorities responsible for bulk water provision.

Duncan Daries, president, IMESA

Drought relief

IMESAPRESIDENT’S COMMENT

IMIESA July 2016 5

A double-edged sword

THE COMBINED storage levels of dams

serving the Cape Town metropolitan

area on 13 June 2016 stood at 29.8%,

which is the lowest level in over five

years. This percentage represents 277 776 Mℓ of a total capacity of 898 221 Mℓ .

The dam storage will probably take a couple

of winter seasons to recover and Level 2

water restrictions will still be applicable for

a long while.

Informal settlementsThe onset of the winter season, however, brings

with it the perennial issue of flooding of vulnerable

communities living in informal settlements. For

these communities, the drought relief provided by

the rain is a secondary issue in their pursuit of

shelter from the elements.

From a historical perspective, the location of

land for housing low-income families has mostly

been on the Cape Flats. This area, as the name

implies, is relatively flat and sandy, with a high

water table that manifests in a number of vleis.

Drainage of this area to make it suitable for any

development including housing can only occur

with the installation of underground pipes and

culverts, among others.

Quite a number of informal settlements

occur in marginal areas next to formal hous-

ing areas. Such marginal areas include river

floodplains, stormwater detention ponds, old

refuse dump sites, road reserves and privately

owned property.

Temporary structures are dug into the ground

for added stability but the floors are then prone

to localised flooding when it rains, as well as

being affected by a rising groundwater table in

the later winter months.

National government’s commitment to eradi-

cating informal settlements is presently a pipe

dream, if we take into consideration the fol-

lowing factors:

• existing backlogs in housing provision

• rate of housing delivery, as well as the

budget made available for new housing

• rapid urbanisation, which is a worldwide

phenomenon

• lack of suitable and affordable land for low-

cost housing.

The ultimate solution is to develop new low-cost

housing areas and relocate informal settlers

to such developments. However, this is not

going to resolve all the informal settlements in

the near future. The in situ upgrading of these

areas as well as the development of serviced

erven, be they for temporary or permanent relo-

cation, are the only viable short-term options

to enable the provision of basic services and

access, free of flooding.

ChallengesThe in situ upgrading of informal settlements

brings with it a load of challenges:

• Re-blocking (demarcation of erven and road

reserves for access and services) requires

decanting and the rearrangement of exist-

ing structures.

• Reshaping of the land to allow for

natural stormwater drainage as far as

possible requires the temporary relocation of

most structures.

Most informal settlers are fearful of being

relocated to a temporary area, as they believe

that the final housing opportunity will not be

forthcoming or will be delayed.

As with all affordable housing provision in the

local or provincial government sphere, politically,

this is a highly contested area. Negotiations

between housing authorities and beneficiaries

are sometimes undermined by factional groups

within an area, resulting in projects that are

unnecessarily delayed, put on hold or have seen

their budgets diverted to projects to be imple-

mented in a more stable political area.

As a result, I fear that the advent of winter

will remain a huge threat to our informal set-

tlements into the foreseeable future. With the

current housing typology and budgets, only

increased budgets to purchase more expensive

land and roll out more housing projects will

reduce the backlog. Alternative densification

and high-rise rental accommodation will need

to be pursued in future to ensure sustainability

within this sector.

Informal settlements in the Western Cape are especially susceptible to flooding during winter

Having started, figuratively speaking, on shaky ground, the development of Nellmapius Ext 22 Township is now on firm footing, with the appointment of a second and new Professional Resource Team (PRT) headed by Lekwa Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd.

COVER STORY

LEFT Kibiti Ntshumaelo, Pr.Eng, managing director, Lekwa Consulting Engineers

A place of melodies

6 IMIESA July 2016

WITH GAUTENG urbanising

at a rate of 3.18% per

annum, planning new town-

ships is a complex task

with far-reaching consequences. Of neces-

sity, most new developments must cater for

impoverished communities who are no less

human than the more privileged. As such,

new townships must offer a unique urban

environment that reflects the unique local

flavours of their respective landscapes and

cultural settings, while aspiring for universal

qualities of accessibility, liveability, safety

and modernity.

With a thorough understanding derived

from extensive experience in what makes

large-scale suburban developments suc-

cessful in the long term, Lekwa Consulting

Engineers has, with a consortium of diverse-

ly skilled companies, planned and designed

the sustainable, new Nellmapius Ext 22

Township that embodies the spatial qualities

of a well-organised suburban environment

designed around people and a community.

At the same time, sustainable solutions for

the spatial and infrastructural requirements

of public transport and other vehicular

traffic have been carefully integrated into

the urban fabric.

The Nellmapius Ext 22 project, east of

Pretoria and just north of Silverlakes, falls

within the greater Mamelodi (which means

the Mother of Melodies) Township and the

City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality.

It is a greenfield project that involves the

construction of 1 232 low-cost units, 98

military veteran units and 550 rental units.

Bounded by the M10 (Solomon Mahlangu

Drive) and the R104, which is adjacent to

the N4, this new township, designed by

Metroplan, has two public open areas, a

business area, ostensibly for shopping

centres, a primary school and provision for

four churches. The actual construction of

the project, which commenced at the end

of July 2014, is due for completion at the

end of December 2016.

As a truly empowered South African civil

engineering consultancy, a joining of African

and Afrikaner, Lekwa Consulting Engineers

is committed to world-class service delivery

within the rich diversity of the local South

African context and is dedicated to promot-

ing value-added services and technical skills

development in the broader Southern African

and African sphere of civil engineering disci-

pline. Why is this important? Lekwa, as the

principal appointed to head the professional

team behind the development of Nellmapius

Ext 22, which includes Vharanani Properties

as the contractor, is not the first team

on this project. This is a reflection of the

Gauteng Department of Human Settlements

and the City of Tshwane’s commitment to

building quality housing for the people.

Project backgroundThe Nellmapius Ext 22 development is a

flagship project initiated as part of the

Comprehensive Human Settlement Plan

(Breaking New Ground) in 2007. This devel-

opment is a turnkey project, involving the

construction of housing, roads and storm-

water, water and sewer reticulation, and

electrical reticulation. The project is divided

into the following contracts:

• construction of roads and stormwater

• electrification of units

• construction of low-cost houses, military

veterans' and rental units.

The project plans to address the high

demand for housing and infrastructure ser-

vices involving the low- and middle-income

housing market. A total of 1 880 units are

to be built, including 550 units contained in

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COVER STORY

IMIESA July 2016 7

30 three-storey blocks of flats and one two-

storey block of flats. The project will go a

long way in alleviating the shortage of decent

housing in the area.

While the project is for the construction of

the housing units, as detailed, the construc-

tion of the roads and stormwater, and the

supply of electricity are being implemented

under two other, separate contracts. Lekwa

is responsible for the following activities:

• overall project management

• monitoring of construction, and quality

assurance

• site supervision

• environmental management

• occupational health and safety compliance

• verification of work and quantities for the

issuing of payment certificates

• finalisation of the township proclamation

• beneficiary (occupant) administration.

There are four types of low-cost houses that

will be constructed in the project. The four

types are designated as types A, B, C, and G

as per the approved house plans. The general

specification for the houses includes:

Foundation slab• with 40m2 (RDP’s) and 50m2 (Military

Veterans) floor slabs

• 15 MPa and 20 MPa concrete strength (dif-

fer with different zones that range between

5 mm and 30 mm)

• steel sizes are Y6, Y8 and Y10

• 170 micron damp-proof membrane.

Wall superstructure• 290 mm x 140 mm x 90 mm 7 MPa Maxi

brick on external walls

• 290 mm x 90 mm x 90 mm 7 MPa bricks

for internal walls

• 220 mm x 110 mm x 75 mm 17 Mpa stock

bricks for the three-storey buildings

• 2.8 mm brick force laid every fourth course

• 7 MPa mortar with a ratio of 5:1 specification

• 375 micron damp-proof course under walls

• Clisco® type window frames: Type ND4,

ND2, NC1 and NE1.

Completion• cement roof tiles

• galvanised roof trusses

• insulation reinforced membrane underlay

• 40 m2 RDPs external walls plastered and

slurry applied on internal walls

• 50 m2 military veterans plastered on

external and internal walls

• RDPs and military veterans bathrooms:

water close with 11 litre cistern,

1 700 mm x 700 mm bathtub, 350 mm

diameter wash hand basin

• military veteran units will have built-in

cupboards, ceramic floor tiles and pali-

sade fencing and a carport.

“Through its dedication, integrity and con-

sistency, Lekwa delivers quality through a

value-add consulting engineering service

that is hallmarked by a high level of tech-

nical expertise and professionalism. In

applying economically sound engineering

and project management processes, in

accordance with world-class standards and

specifications, our commitment to sus-

tainable projects takes into consideration

socio-economic, community-related as well

as environmental concerns, job creation

and the transfer of skills for a brighter

future – for all,” Kibiti Ntshumaelo, manag-

ing director, Lekwa Consulting Engineers

(Pty) Ltd, concludes.

Technical facts

Detail QtyBulk earthworks (m3) 67 000Roads and stormwater (m) 11 727Stormwater pipe lenghts 6 958Total housing units 1 880Contrete (m3) 21 230

Steel (tonnage) 2 760

Bricks (quantity) 6 305 000

Roof tiles (m2) 97 938

Floor tiles (m2) 26 900

Cement (50 kg bags) 235 921

Paving (m2) 37 404

www.lekwaconsulting.co.za

COVERY STORY

INFRASTRUCTURE NEWS FROM AROUND THE CONTINENT

A $1.9 million grant will facilitate the construction of a 330 kV double-circuit, high-voltage transmission line between Nigeria and Benin

8 IMIESA July 2016

AFRICA Africa Hub to boost infrastruc-ture projectsA new Africa Hub will help realise

16 African infrastructure projects

with a combined value of over

$20 billion.

The creation of the new

hub was announced at the

World Economic Forum by

the Sustainable Development

Investment Partnership (SDIP).

The SDIP Africa Hub will coor-

dinate the African regional activ-

ities of the initiative, which has

been set up with a mandate to

support financing of the UN’s

Sustainable Development Goals

through blended finance – an

innovative approach to develop-

ment finance that combines

funding from private investors

and lenders, governments and

philanthropic funds.

“The SDIP Africa Hub is an

important first step to acceler-

ate the engagement of SDIP

members on the continent. We

envision the hub building local

capacity to advance blended

finance best practices for

infrastructure investment and

ensure a consistent pipeline

of projects for the initiative

from Africa,” said Terri Toyota,

head: Foundations Community

and Development Finance and

member: Executive Committee,

World Economic Forum.

SDIP’s membership has grown

from 20 institutions, when it

began in September 2015, to 30

today. African members of the

SDIP include the Development

Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA),

the Senegal Strategic Investment

Fund and the Industrial

Development Corporation of

South Africa. Worldwide, SDIP

has reviewed projects represent-

ing $30 billion in value, over half

of which are located in Africa.

African projects assessed by

SDIP have a combined value of

over $20 billion.

In addition to supporting blend-

ed finance for the 16 projects,

the African hub of SDIP will

also facilitate the exchange of

best practices across its net-

work of institutions.

“The DBSA believes that the

SDIP initiative, and its goal of

delivering $100 billion in infra-

structure projects within the next

five years, will make a meaning-

ful contribution and also help

build local capacity and solu-

tions by bringing together African

and global private and public

sector organisations,” said

Mohan Vivekanandan, group

executive: Strategy, DBSA.

NIGERIA/BENIN US$1.9 million grant for Interconnector Reinforcement ProjectThe West Africa Power Pool

(WAPP) and the African

Development Bank (AfDB) have

signed a grant agreement worth

over $1.9 million to support

the Nigeria-Benin Interconnector

Reinforcement Project.

The grant will help the construc-

tion of a 330 kV double-circuit,

high-voltage transmission line

from Erukan in Nigeria to Sakete

in Benin, and help meet the

needs of the Ecowas (Economic

Community of West African

States) region, supplying reliable

electricity at an affordable cost.

The project, a WAPP key prior-

ity, will ensure stable integra-

tion of the national electricity

networks in the Ecowas region

and facilitate the accessibility to

economic energy resources to

all member states of the region.

Speaking at the signing event,

Stefan Nalletamby, acting vice-

president, AfDB, said: “Energy

is one of the most essential

requirements for Africa’s

development and a key pillar

of AfDB’s High 5s vision. The

project will allow for the inclu-

sive economic growth needed

to transform the lives and

livelihoods of many in the West

African region.”

The realisation of the 330 kV

WAPP Nigeria-Benin project

will facilitate optimal power

exchanges and trading between

the member states. It seeks

to establish a robust transmis-

sion link from the Ivory Coast

to Nigeria, passing through

Prestea, Aboadze and Volta

in Ghana, Lomé in Togo, and

Sakete in Benin.

The project will involve the

construction of approximately

200 km of 330 kV high-voltage

transmission line and the

installation of Scada and

fibre-optic systems. It will also

include the extension or con-

struction of a new 330 kV high-

voltage substation in Erunkan,

and a new 330 kV high-voltage

substation in Sakete.

NIGERIANew Jalingo roads openedTwo new roads have been

constructed in Jalingo, Nigeria,

to the tune of N1.6 billion

(R127 million).

According to Darius Ishaku,

governor of Taraba, the roads

will be maintained by the con-

tractor for 12 months and an

arrangement has been conclud-

ed for the installation of street

lights on the roads. He added

that the 3.74 km of roads

would boost economic activities

in the state.

The 1.34 km road, Palace

Way, is a dual carriageway with

reinforced concrete side drains

that runs from the Ministry of

Works roundabout to Karofi

Road roundabout.

The second road, Jolly Nyame

Way, is a 2.4 km single-car-

riageway road with reinforced

block work side drains from the

SSS office roundabout to the

Specialists Hospital gate.

“The project will definitely

advance WAPP’s goal to estab-

lish more secure, reliable

transmission corridors for power

exchange and help catalyse the

development of energy resourc-

es, and the transfer of low-cost

energy supply,” the West African

Power Pool said.

“The increased volumes

of power derived from the

project will boost the region’s

economies and contribute to

pover ty reduction effor ts,” the

body added.

and always ready to support,

his government.

TANZANIA

President warns against cor-ruption in constructionPresident John Magufuli has

warned that the Tanzanian gov-

ernment will not tolerate corrup-

tion in the construction industry.

Speaking at the opening of the

Annual Contractors Registration

Board (CRB) consultative meet-

ings and exhibitions, Magufuli

said corruption in the industry

has reached unprecedented

levels and expressed his deter-

mination to step up methods

to combat it. According to the

president, many local contrac-

tors are forced to quote high

prices when bidding for govern-

ment tenders so that they can

afford to pay 10% kickbacks to

government officials.

He urged contractors to report

officials who ask for bribes so

that the government can take

action against them. “If you help

us send, say, 50 of these cor-

rupt leaders to prison, then no

one will dare to demand a bribe.

Then you will not have to have

intimate connections to win a

tender,” he said.

Magufuli has spoken out

against corruption in all sec-

tors of government, stating

that he will sack corrupt lead-

ers if necessary.

WWW.INFRASTRUCTURENE.WS

AFRICA ROUND-UP

The 25 MW first phase of the KivuWatt methane-gas-to-power complex is complete

IMIESA July 2016 9

RWANDA Rwanda inaugurates methane-gas-to-power projectThe 25 MW first phase of the

KivuWatt methane-gas-to-power

complex, located at Lake Kivu in

Western Rwanda, 130 kilometres

from the capital Kigali, was

launched recently.

Lake Kivu, at the boundary

of Rwanda and the DRC, is

one of the world's three known

“exploding lakes”, presenting a

threat as well as an opportunity

for local communities. Volcanic

and bacterial activity in the lake

generates substantial methane

deposits that, if unmanaged,

could erupt violently with dis-

astrous effects on local lives,

wildlife and the environment.

The project comprises two main

components: an innovative meth-

ane gas extraction and purifica-

tion facility located on a floating

barge 13 km off the coast of

Lake Kivu to harvest methane-

rich gas from 320 m below the

lake surface, and a 25 MW

capacity power plant on the lake

shore at Kibuye to convert the

methane gas to electrical energy.

After several years of techni-

cal challenges, it has now been

proven possible to exploit the

Lake Kivu methane gas for

large-scale energy production,

to light up and power millions of

Rwandese homes.

The project has been devel-

oped by American company

Contour Global, on a 25-year con-

cession, with financing from the

African Development Bank (AfDB)

Private Sector Window, Emerging

Africa Infrastructure Fund, the

Netherlands Development

Finance Company, and the

Belgium Investment Company.

AfDB contributed US$25 million.

In a statement on behalf of the

financiers, Negatu Makonnen,

resident representative: Rwanda,

AfDB, highlighted KivuWatt's

contribution to Rwanda's energy

sector goals, and underscored

the importance of collaboration

among the key players, namely

government, private sector and

financiers, for the success of

the project. He also emphasised

the need to ensure that lessons

learnt from the implementation of

Phase 1 are to be incorporated in

Phase 2 of the project.

President Paul Kagame of

Rwanda thanked all those

involved in the realisation of the

KivuWatt project for not giving up,

despite the many challenges the

project faced. He also welcomed

Rwanda's neighbour, the DRC,

for joint exploitation of the Lake

Kivu resources, especially for the

production of electricity.

SIERRA LEONE Mega road projects launchedPresident Ernest Bai Koroma

recently launched the 103 km

Bandajuma-Gendema highway

project in Bandajuma Sowa,

Pujehun District.

The project, which will link

Sierra Leone and Liberia, is

the largest European Union

project ever commissioned in

the country.

Koroma also launched the

32.8 km Moyamba – which

includes Moyamba township

road, and four bridges – and the

Magbele, Mabang, Gbangbama

and Moyamba bridges.

Speaking on the occasion,

Koroma said the government

takes infrastructure seriously and

thanked the EU for its partner-

ship. He went on to say that the

EU, African Development Bank,

World Bank and other develop-

ment partners are confident in,

Tanzanian president John Magufuli

10 IMIESA July 2016

MUNICIPAL FOCUS: CITY OF JOHANNESBURG

Johannesburg’s Growth and Development Strategy

2040 is working and opening up new corridors of

economic freedom, with R54.8 billion allocated

for 2016/17. BY ALASTAIR CURRIE

A city that delivers on its commitments

IMIESA July 2016 11


TRANSPORTATION, POWER, water,

housing, information and communi-

cation technology are just some of

the burning issues being addressed

by the City of Johannesburg as it spearheads

the Gauteng Provincial Government’s macro-

and micro-economic growth strategies. The

key emphasis is on service and delivery.

South Africa’s evolving public sector blueprint

is a vital one, since National Treasury’s ability to

help fund these and other initiatives has a direct

impact on local and international confidence at

a time when the global economy is still climb-

ing out of the 2008 slump. In future, South

Africa will have to compete far more assertively

against other emerging markets for direct for-

eign investment and funding.

On an upbeat note, South Africa’s recent BBB-

and BBB ratings for long-term foreign and local

currency debt was reaffirmed by Fitch Ratings in

June 2016, following a worse than expected Q1

decline in the country’s GDP outlook to around

1.2% (annualised).

Responding to the latest rating, a National

Treasury media statement reported, “The for-

eign currency bond rating remains one notch

above sub-investment grade, whereas the

domestic currency bond rating remains two

notches about sub-investment grade.”

This still places South Africa in positive territory

to move forward. More cooperation between

private and public entities is seen as the key to

removing stumbling blocks, aligned to which is

the need to focus on sectors such as manufac-

turing and technology, which will attract investors

and create much-needed growth opportunities.

Gauteng will be the main catalyst for change

since it is the largest contributor to South

Africa’s GDP, currently estimated at around

33.9% or some R811 billion. This equates

to around 10% of Africa’s entire GDP output.

Gauteng’s two main GDP contributors are manu-

facturing (40.6%) and construction (41.9%).

Ahead of the new financial year, Gauteng

City Region’s Economic Plan was extensively

debated during a two-day indaba in June 2016.

Attending the summit were leading stakehold-

ers from government, business, labour and

academia. Skills and infrastructure development

were high on the agenda.

City budget up by R2.2 billionWithin this context, the City of Johannesburg,

as one of Gauteng’s major metropolitan zones,

has a key role to play in driving change.

Allocated for the city’s new financial year,

starting 1 July 2016, is a R54.8 billion budget,

some R2.2 billion up on the previous period.

For 2016/17, R45.3 billion has been

allocated for operating expenditure and

R9.5 billion for capital expenditure. The

operating budget runs for the 2016/17

financial year, with capital budget allocations

spread over three years up to 2018/19,

in accordance with the Municipal Finance

Management Act.

Approximately 71% of the R9.5 billion capital

spend earmarked for 2016/17 will be funded

through city loans.

During the 2016 Budget Speech on

24 May 2016, Councillor Geoffrey Makhubo,

member of the city’s Mayoral Committee for

Finance, opened by saying, “In 2011, we com-

mitted to strengthen our finances. We commit-

ted to increase our financial capacity. We com-

mitted to be responsive to communities. We

committed to invest in infrastructure. Today, I

can confidently say we have delivered.”

Certainly a positive response and one

reinforced by Johannesburg’s 2016 theme,

‘A city that delivers on its commitments’.

Johannesburg is now believed to be the larg-

est per capita infrastructure spender after

national government, which underscores its

strategic importance to the economy.

During the 2014/15 period, the city

delivered capital expenditure of around

R10.1 billion, more than triple the figure for

the 2011/12 financial year. In the process,

sustainable debt levels were maintained and

Johannesburg attained three consecutive

unqualified audits, with six entities receiving

clean audit options in 2014/15. The city’s

ability to fund a higher percentage of its

expenditure via cash has reduced the debt

burden exposure in accordance with the

Financial Development Plan.

In 2013/14, Johannesburg was the first

municipality to implement multiyear capital

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budgets, a step that has improved forward

planning. It also takes into account the

needs of investors, alignment with credit rat-

ings agency reviews, and the cost of credit.

IDP on trackBack in 2012, Johannesburg embarked on

its 10-year Infrastructure Development Plan

to support a R100 billion capital expenditure

programme. By June 2016, an estimated

R30 billion had been spent on various infra-

structure projects during the current five-year

municipal term. Examples include major

repairs to the M1 highway, the construction

of the Naledi Bridge, the resurfacing of some

1 900 km of road and the upgrading of a

further 107 km of gravel roads in areas like

Ivory Park and Diepsloot, and in excess of

R3.5 billion spent on the Rea Vaya bus rapid

transit (BRT) system infrastructure. The city

also reports that some 94% of households

in informal settlements have access to basic

water services.

Makhubo says Johannesburg is “investing

in a more compact and efficient city through

12 IMIESA July 2016

mixed-use, high-density developments along

mass transit corridors.”

Around R3.1 billion has been set aside

for capital investments at Johannesburg

Water over the next three years for pro-

jects that include the ongoing upgrade of

bulk water treatment plants, reservoirs and

water infrastructure.

Electrification is another priority focus,

with R3.9 billion on the table to tackle the

challenges faced by the city’s estimated

181 informal settlements. For 2016/17,

R1.1 billion has been set aside for housing,

and R3.4 billion for capital projects, while

environment and infrastructure projects will

receive R195 million and a multiyear capital

allocation of R155 million.

The city repor ts fur ther that the

Economic Development Cluster will receive

R4.5 billion for its operating expenditure and

R11.6 billion for its rolling capital budget.

Project activities include the Johannesburg

Roads Agency’s construction project and

the expansion of the Rea Vaya BRT along

the Louis Botha Corridor, extending to

Sandton, Alexandra and Midrand. Inner

city renewal initiatives will be led by the

Johannesburg Development Agency, which

has a R1.2 billion capital budget alloca-

tion. Projects planned include the regen-

eration of the Randburg central business

district, which will help inject renewed

commercial interest.

Another positive initiative is the re-

establishment of the Metropolitan Trading

Company, tasked with managing the city’s

broadband business following the laying of

over 1 100 km of fibre-optic cable. Some

R292 million has been set aside for con-

tinued capital infrastructure investment as

Johannesburg transitions to a smart city.

These and other medium- and longer-

term strategies are aimed at creating a

dynamic and evolving urban environment

that will truly make Johannesburg a ‘world

class African city’. However, this is an

incremental process, said Makhubo: “In

this current economic environment, ‘busi-

ness as usual’ is not an option. Game-

changing initiatives are required.”


Ageing Water & Sanitation

INFRASTRUCTURE

IMIESA July 2016 13

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IMIESA July 2016 15

Analysis of pipe deterioration 17

Panel Discussion Saint Gobain 23APE Pumps 25Sizabantu 27Ultra Control Valves 29Rare Group 31Hall Longmore 33Robor 35Bambanani Pipes and Fittings 37

Water, South Africa’s oxymoron 38

contents

IMIESA July 2016 17

Many municipalities have serious water loss problems. This concern is not just about losing large quantities of water. It’s also about losing a substantial amount of revenue. So, how do we determine the types of pipes likely to be problematic? BY TONY STONE

Analysis of pipe deterioration

AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE

IN A REPORT, ‘Benchmarking of

Leakage from Water Reticulation

Systems in South Africa’, the Water

Supply Commission states that the

South African water supply industry is

generally lagging behind best international

practices with respect to leakage manage-

ment in potable water distribution sys-

tems. And, if water supply systems are

not maintained properly, due to a lack of

resources, sheer incompetence or a lack

of capacity, these will quickly deteriorate

and the infrastructure leakage index will

steadily increase to unacceptable levels,

which is where South Africa is right now.

According to the Department of Water and

Sanitation, the current level of non-reve-

nue water is estimated at 36.7%, of which

25.4% is considered to be losses through

physical leakages.

The CSIR, in publishing the paper

‘The State of Municipal

Infrastructure in South

Africa and its Operation

and Maintenance’,

has found that many

municipalities do

not possess knowl-

edge of the extent

and capacity of the

infrastructure assets

in their possession.

The CSIR also states

that South Africa, par ticu-

larly in the older centres, not

only has many instances of inadequate

municipal infrastructure and service deliv-

ery, but also an increasing proportion of

deteriorating infrastructure, together with

poor and often unacceptable quality of

maintenance services.

The research body concludes that the

great majority of municipalities are not

making adequate provision for the long-

term preventive maintenance, refurbish-

ment and eventual replacement of their

infrastructure.

As early as two years ago, the Southern

African Plastic Pipe Manufacturers

Association (Sappma) issued a warn-

ing that the existing steel and asbestos

cement (AC) pipe infrastructure in South

Africa has undoubtedly corroded since its

installation 50 years ago.

“The majority of old water pipes were

installed in the early 1960s, or earlier,

and have unquestionably reached the end

of their effective lifespan. Unless urgent

attention is given to the replace-

ment and maintenance of

the water infrastruc-

ture, the end result is

predictable – daily

bursts will occur,

followed by cata-

strophic compo-

nent failure and

regular and pro-

longed disruptions

in service delivery,”

says Jan Venter, chair-

man, Sappma. He also

stresses that municipalities

should follow eThekwini Municipality’s

example, where a R1.6 billion AC pipe

replacement project was completed, in

Durban, in June 2010. The municipality

replaced 1 750 km of ageing AC water

pipes with 160 mm or modified polyvinyl

chloride (mPVC) and high-density polyethyl-

ene (HDPE) pipe.

The relevance of the CSIR’s research

and eThekwini’s example is driven home

when we appreciate the reality that nothing

lasts forever! This is true of pipe systems,

which are exposed to friction, corrosion

and wear over time. Even so, if properly

installed, galvanised steel pipes have a

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18 IMIESA July 2016

life expectancy of 30 to 50 years, copper

lasts 40 to 75 years, and cast iron, 50 to

75 years. But these are just generalities.

It is not unusual to see pipes failing at

30 to 40 years, or even earlier. Even with

a financial forecast horizon of 30 years, it

is rare for South African municipalities and

building owners to plan for pipe replace-

ment. Of course, the best time to replace

pipes is just before they fail, avoiding

water damage to infrastructure, buildings

and personal property, and also the loss

of water and concomitant revenue. In

Emfuleni, the causalities of pipes failing

are detailed below.

Pipe deterioration, distress indicators and failure modes Pipe condition is the cumulative effect

of many factors acting on the pipe.

Al-Barqawi and Zayed (2006)

classify these factors into

three categories: physi-

cal, environmental

and operational, as

depicted in Table 1.

The factors in the

first two classes can

be fur ther divided

into static and dynam-

ic (or time-dependent).

Static factors include

pipe material, pipe geom-

etry and soil type, while dynamic

factors include pipe age, climate and

seismic activity. Operational factors are

inherently dynamic.


TABLE 1 Factors contributing to water system deterioration

Physical factors Environmental factors Operational factors

Pipe age and materialPipe wall thicknessPipe vintagePipe diameterType of jointsThrust restraintPipe lining and coatingDissimilar metalsPipe installationPipe manufacture

Pipe beddingTrench backfillSoil typeGroundwaterClimatePipe locationDisturbancesStray electrical currentsSeismic activity

Internal water/transient pressureLeakageWater qualityFlow velocityBackflow potentialOperation and maintenance practices

Rajani et al. (2006) define distress indi-

cators as the observable/measurable

physical manifestations of the ageing and

deterioration process. Distress indicators

are a result of some or all of the factors

listed above. Each distress indicator pro-

vides par tial evidence for the condition

of specific pipe components. It

is practical to refer to dis-

tress indicators by the

respective pipe mate-

rial, as detailed fur-

ther in this ar ti-

cle, for CI and DI

pipes, PCCP, AC,

and PVC pipes,

respectively.

It is noted that

leakage could also

be considered a uni-

versal distress indica-

tor, regardless of pipe type

(although the presence of a leak

often indicates that failure has already

occurred). Leakage out of pressurised

water mains is not an acceptable public

health risk and short-term pressure surges

may pull contaminants into the pipe.

The Department of Water and Sanitation,

as par t of its effor t to implement water

conservation and demand management,

introduced No Drop criteria in the cur-

rent Blue Drop audit cycle. After an initial

assessment in 2013/14, it was found that

30 (2.8%) systems were 100% No Drop

compliant while 191 (18%) were rated as

delivering “good per formance”, which left

940 as operating at a substandard level.

Cast and ductile iron pipe distress indicators (Rajani et al., 2006)

External coating (poly wrap/tar/zinc)

• State of external coating (crack/tear/holi-

day) will dictate how external corrosion is

likely to encourage damage to the pipe.

External pipe barrel/bell

• Remaining pipe wall thickness is usually

obtained from NDE tests or from spot

exhumations and sand blasting samples.

IMIESA July 2016 19

concrete exterior indicate that corrosion

is taking place. Often, stains are precur-

sors to spalling, i.e. corrosion products

have built up.

Prestressed wire

• Wire breaks. As the number of wire

breaks increase, the factor of safe-

ty decreases and eventually leads to

pipe failure.

Concrete core

• Delamination. Delamination occurs when

there is poor bonding between concrete/

wire or steel/steel cylinder. This can also

occur when prestressing is lost due to

wire breaks.

• Crack type. Circumferential cracks indi-

cate some type of longitudinal move-

ment has taken place. Longitudinal cracks

occur when prestressing is lost due to

wire breaks.

• Crack width. Crack width is another indica-

tor of severity of delamination. Large width

means that delamination is imminent.

• Crack density (frequency). Closer crack

spacing usually means the pipe is under

higher stress.

• Hammer tapping sound. Hammer tapping

sounds can indicate delamination. It can

be as simple as tapping a hammer or

using the pulse echo method.

• Hollow area. Areal extent of hollow sound

can give an idea of the seriousness of

the delamination (in comparison to pipe

surface area).

Pipe geometry

• Out-of-roundness. Out-of-roundness is


Casting defects (voids or inclusions) can

be of significant size in CI pipes.

• Graphitisation (pit) areal extent where the

areal extent is expressed as a percent-

age of pipe diameter multiplied by the

unit length. Severe graphitisation may

not always mean the pipe should have

failed. In practice, graphitised area can

still provide some resistance – it acts as

a form of sticky plaster. In CI, graphitisa-

tion is typically in the form of graphite

flakes, while in DI, it is in the form

of nodules.

• Crack (pit) type where a pit is a manifes-

tation of an electro-chemical process,

while a crack is a mechanical response

to stress. Circumferential cracks indicate

some type of longitudinal movement,

loss of bedding support, or increase

in ver tical load (frost) has taken place.

Longitudinal cracks occur due to low

hoop resistance, typically coupled with

high internal pressure.

• Crack (pit) width is another indicator of

corrosion. A wide crack, together with a

deep pit, will be more detrimental to the

pipe than a narrow, but shallow crack.

Inner lining/surface

• Cement lining (epoxy) spalling (blister-

ing). Inner lining deterioration is often

due to incompatible water chemistry or

abrasion due to the presence of high

water velocities and sediments.

• Remaining wall thickness. Occasionally,

closed circuit television (CCTV) scans

can give estimates of internal corrosion

pits when NDE tests are not done to get

an overall picture of the pipe wall status.

• Tuberculation. Heavy tuberculation

(blockage) can significantly reduce water

delivery and produce red water condition.

Joint

• Change in alignment. Changes in joint

alignment (rotation) indicate pipe sus-

ceptibility to ground movement. Large

changes can lead to leakage and eventu-

ally joint failure.

• Joint displacement. Joints can displace

without undergoing joint misalignment

and, hence, is also an indicator of other

forces at play.

PCCP water mains distress indicators (Kleiner et al., 2006a)

Mortar coating

• Spalling. Spalling is often a first indica-

tor of corrosion. Large spalling area may

indicate that corrosion is taking place

over a significant sur face area of the

pipe exterior.


cate some type of longitudinal movement

has taken place. Longitudinal cracks

occur due to low hoop resistance.

• Crack width. Crack width is another indi-

cator of severity of spalling. Large widths

mean that spalling is imminent.

• Crack density (frequency). Closer crack

spacing usually means the pipe is under

higher stress.

• Coloration. Signs of color/stains on

A leaking pipe metering connection

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The aims of the scheme are:

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To recognise the achievements of students and prospective students who are dependants of IMESA members

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IMESA

IMIESA July 2016 21


another indicator of wire loss that may

not be evident from concrete spalling or

the presence of corrosion products, etc.

Joint


alignment (rotation) indicate pipe

susceptibility to ground movement.

Eventually, it can lead to weld failures and

joint failure.

• Joint (internal) displacement. Joints

can displace without undergoing joint

misalignment and, hence, this is also an

indicator of other forces at play.

• Joint diaper crack size. Crack of external

diaper can give an idea of joint quality.

• Joint ring degradation. Joint failure due

to microbial degradation of the natural

rubber joint rings.

AC pipes distress indicatorsExternal coating (tar or bitumen)

• Holiday. State of external coating will

indicate how external soil proper ties

encourage damage to the pipe.

External pipe barrel

• Remaining wall thickness. Remaining

pipe wall thickness (includes both exter-

nal and internal walls) is usually obtained

from spot test samples and per form-

ing phenolphthalein test (to measure

cement softening) or on-site measure-

ments using the georadar technique.

• Corrosion areal extent. Areal extent, as

a percentage of pipe diameter multiplied

by pipe segment length, indicates the

size of affected area. Severe corrosion

may not always mean the pipe should

have failed.


cate bending or significant longitudinal

movement has taken place. Longitudinal

cracks occur due to exceedance of hoop

resistance, due to occurrence of very

high operational loads or due to low

remaining wall thickness as a result of

sulfate attack.

• Crack width. Crack width is another

indicator of corrosion. A wide crack

together with a deep softening of asbes-

tos cement matrix will be more detri-

mental to the pipe than a narrow but

shallow crack.

Internal pipe surface

• Remaining wall thickness. See above for

external pipe barrel category.

• Corrosion areal extent. See above for

external pipe barrel category.

Joint


alignment (rotation) indicate pipe sus-

ceptibility to ground movement. Large

changes can lead to leakage and eventu-

ally joint failure.



(axial movement) and, hence, this is also

an indicator of other forces at play.

• Joint ring degradation. Joints can dis-

place without undergoing joint misalign-

ment (axial movement) and hence are

also an indicator of other forces at play.

• Joint ring degradation. Joint failure due

to microbial degradation of the natural

rubber joint rings.

PVC pipe distress IndicatorsExternal pipe barrel surface

• Remaining wall thickness. Cavities or

unfilled air bubbles introduced during

manufacturing (and not detected upon

installation) can be of significant size in

PVC pipes.

• Scratch type. Longitudinal scratches

are formed due to improper or rough

handling. Circumferential scratches can

form if lifted or handled using rough

slings (e.g. chains). Also, sharp scratch-

es have more detrimental effects than

blunt scratches. Longitudinal scratch-

es can eventually lead to longitudinal

split failures.

• Scratch depth. Fatigue failure becomes

an important consideration for deeper

scratches, especially when they exceed

10% of pipe wall thickness.

Service connection

• Split at tap. Inadequate tapping procedure

or a thin pipe wall can lead to a split in the

PVC mains, usually on the pipe inside. This

type of failure is commonly referred to as

a fitting failure.

Joint

• Change in alignment. Changes in joint align-

ment (rotation) indicate pipe susceptibility to

ground movement. Large changes can lead

to leakage.



and, hence, this is also an indicator of

other forces at play.

ConclusionThe Department of Water and Sanitation, in

its specifications for the entire Blue Drop

standard, states, “In terms of Section 82

of the Water Services Act (No. 108 of

1997), participation in Blue and Green Drop

Audits/Assessments is mandatory, which

includes No Drop as part of the Blue Drop

Assessments. Falsification of data is an

offence under the Act.”

This means that every water treatment plant,

water reticulation system and wastewater

treatment plant must be effectively managed

and, in the case of No Drop, prevent water

loss. This, in turn, means that every munici-

pality needs to know in detail and assess

the water assets under their control – which

means doing an audit of pipeline networks.

Such an audit should include the establish-

ment of a geographical information system

(GIS) and an asset register. The audit would

specifically answer the following questions:

1 What pipe materials have been used in

the past?

2 From what point to what point (by

GIS reference)?

3 What is the overall condition of the pipe,

with pipe thickness measurements?

4 From 3 above, what is the estimated

remaining lifespan of the pipe?

5 What leaks are there, and where (by

GIS reference)?

6 Are the flange joints of differing pipe mate-

rials still intact, and where are they (by

GIS reference)?

This would empower every municipality, if

not done already, to repair, rehabilitate or

replace leaking pipes, joints, flanges and

valves. And, in so doing, save water,

which, in water-scarce South Africa, is a

strategic imperative.

An in-pipe robot in action. Pipe audits like this are now crucial

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PAM Advert opt FINAL Print.pdf 1 2016/06/19 8:36 AM

SAINT-GOBAIN PAM SOUTHERN AFRICA

Bruno Langlais | General Manager

AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE | PANEL DISCUSSION

For water projects, the water companies and municipalities have the possibility to choose from many pipe materials. According to you, how is this choice made?BL The selection of a material

is not necessarily rational. In

many occasions, the choice of

a material for water pipelines is

based on tradition. Designers

usually look for the hydraulic

characteristics needed for the

water transmission line or the

distribution network and select

the material they would normal-

ly use in similar circumstances.

This decision process leaves

little chance to other materials

to promote their benefits and,

in the case where several op-

tions are considered, the main

criteria used is the price of

1 m of one material compared

to another.

If material unit price has been proven to be the driver of choice on past projects, to what extent do you believe this approach is no longer valid?Price is of course one of the

main criteria to consider. But,

when it comes to such a large

investment supposed to last for

decades, the mere comparison

of material costs is not enough.

Many other parameters should

be taken into consideration

when selecting the material,

such as cost of installation,

cost of operation, cost of

maintenance and recycling

cost. Unfortunately, this analy-

sis – called TCO (total cost of

ownership) – is not frequently

used in the water sector. This

method tends to demonstrate

that the cost of installation

(procurement and installa-

tion of material) is generally

minor compared to the cost of

operation over a long period of

time. Investments in the water

sector are expected to last at

least 50 years. It is, therefore,

important to measure all costs

(capex and opex) over that pe-

riod of time. The choice of pipe

material has a direct impact on

operation costs.

Most of the projects are urgent and many water companies do not have the time or the resources to conduct such an in-depth study. What do you suggest to help water companies to decide?New tools (software) have

been developed to support

this approach: LCA (life-

cycle assessment) calculator

software analyses life cycles

from manufacturing, transport,

installation and operation to

recycling, and calculates the

environmental footprint of a

project. The second tool, a

TCO calculator, highlights the

immediate costs borne by

the investor and the deferred

costs spent by the operator.

The calculation method takes

into account the acquisition

costs (pipes, laying, financ-

ing costs, etc.), the operating

costs (maintenance, water

losses, pumping energy, etc.)

and the end of life cycle (re-

moval, recycling). Par ticularly,

the cost of pumping and water

losses during the lifetime

of a network is considerably

higher than the cost of initial

purchase. The per formance of

ductile iron pipe systems (me-

chanical resistance, joint reli-

ability, internal hydraulic diam-

eter, per formance of linings)

helps to reduce them. Those

tools will work with local data

set by the investor/operator so

that the calculation made fits

a given situation per fectly well.

Once those tools’ parameters

have been properly set, the

calculation can be made easily

and the result gives a precise

cost comparison between dif-

ferent piping materials.

Are those new tools available?Those tools and methodolo-

gies are in compliance with

the EN 14044 standard.

Saint-Gobain PAM has com-

missioned the firm Quantis,

CH (specialised in supporting

companies to manage the

environmental impacts of

their products and service)

to develop such a calculator.

The software has been duly

reviewed by EY Cleantech &

Sustainability FR (for the TCO

tool) and by the University of

California – Berkeley (for TCO

and LCA tools). We, of course,

encourage investors and

operators to make great use of

those tools. Saint-Gobain PAM

teams are available to explain

the calculation structure of the

tools and to input parameters

provided by investors/opera-

tors into the system.

IMIESA July 2016 23

26 Nagington Road, WadevilleGermiston 1400, South AfricaTel +27 11 824 4810 | Fax +27 11 824 2770PO Box 14733, Wadeville 1422, South AfricaEmail: [email protected]: www.apepumps.co.za

Power Generation

Petrochemicals

Waste Water processing

Manufacturers of:

Vertical industrial turbine pumpsMulti-stage high pressure pumpsSplit casing pumpsEnd suction pumpsVertical sump pumpsAPI 610 pumps

Mining

APE pumpsPumps at the heart of africa

APE A4 ad.indd 1 2015/10/13 10:52 AM

APE PUMPS

Dave Johnson | Marketing & Business Development Manager

The duplex stainless steel pumps supplied to the Gansbaai abalone farm

26 Nagington Road, WadevilleGermiston 1400, South AfricaTel +27 11 824 4810 | Fax +27 11 824 2770PO Box 14733, Wadeville 1422, South AfricaEmail: [email protected]: www.apepumps.co.za

Power Generation

Petrochemicals

Waste Water processing

Manufacturers of:

Vertical industrial turbine pumpsMulti-stage high pressure pumpsSplit casing pumpsEnd suction pumpsVertical sump pumpsAPI 610 pumps

Mining

APE pumpsPumps at the heart of africa

APE A4 ad.indd 1 2015/10/13 10:52 AM

APE Pumps provides full turnkey projects. Give us an idea of what you offer. DJ We do the complete

project, from manufacturing

the pumps to installing and

commissioning. We also

install the pipelines and

valves along, with all the elec-

trical control equipment.

For example, we have just

completed a project in Malawi

for Blantyre Water Board,

which consisted of six pump

units, each extracting water

from the Shire River at a rate

of 1 350 m3/h at a head of

35 m. After transfer to the purifi-

cation plant, two further pump

stations, each housing three

pumps in parallel and one on

standby, then transfer the water

to the Chileka pump station.

The eight pumps installed at

Chileka are multistage units

manufactured by APE’s sister

subsidiary, Mather+Platt,

and each has a capacity of

750 m3/h at a head of 550 m.

All the pipelines and electrical

control panels were installed by

APE Pumps, with a total project

value of R300 million.

What range of pumps do you supply? We offer a wide range of pumps

from small end-suction through

to split case, and from multi-

stage to large vertical turbine

pumps. The majority of these

pumps are manufactured in our

Wadeville factory.

What are the challenges in South Africa surrounding bulk water transfer and reticulation? The main challenge is the size

of the pumps required to move

large amounts of water.

APE Pumps, along with

Mather+Platt, has been manu-

facturing and supplying these

large pumps in South Africa

for a long time. They are now

coated internally to give better

efficiencies, which reduce the

cost of electricity. When you

consider that some of these

pumps have up to 3 000 kW

motors running them, a minor

improvement in efficiency can

save a lot of money.

Given the state of South Africa’s water networks, how can APE Pumps assist municipalities in ensuring water supply and combatting losses?

APE Pumps gives training on

the maintenance of pumps,

which reduces breakdowns.

This, in turn, reduces losses

in water supply.

You have a relatively new duplex pump.

What makes this pump unique? The duplex, stainless-steel,

horizontal centrifugal pump is

manufactured from grades 4A

and 4B stainless steel. This

type of steel is called duplex

because it has a two-phase

microstructure consisting of

ferritic and austenitic stainless

steel grains.

Duplex stainless steels have

many advantages over regular

austenitic or ferritic stainless

steels. These include being

twice as strong, having sig-

nificantly better toughness and

ductility and, most importantly,

they have exceptionally good

pitting resistance and stress-

corrosion cracking resistance.

They also function effectively

between -80°C and 300°C.

Lastly, duplex stainless steels

have a better ability to absorb

energy of any dynamic or static

state. All of this makes for a

near perfect pump.

Is there a project where these pumps were used that you are particularly proud of? Duplex pumps were recently

installed at a large Gansbaai

abalone farm. With its cold

temperatures and high-alka-

linity seawater, the abalone

farm had struggled with pump

corrosion in the past.

APE Pumps installed five

LN-type, split-case, super

duplex stainless-steel

horizontal centrifugal pumps,

each with a capacity of

1 250 m3/hour to draw sea-

water under negative suction

head from the seawater intake

gully. Not only do they have

greater efficiency but reduced

running costs as a bonus.


IMIESA July 2016 25

Is this your current situation?

Come over to the winning side,

www.sizabantupiping.co.za

insist on the new Molecor 500 O-PVC!

Up to 800mm Pn20

Now Available

IMIESA July 2016 27

Sean Harmse | Director

SIZABANTU PIPING SYSTEMSIs this your current situation?

Come over to the winning side,

www.sizabantupiping.co.za

insist on the new Molecor 500 O-PVC!

Up to 800mm Pn20

Now Available

What are the advantages of Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O pipes over pipes made from conventional materials?SH If we especially think of bulk

water pipelines in South Africa,

where PVC was very seldom

used due to size and pressure

handling limitations, the current

uses of Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O

pipe is obvious. Some very clear

advantages are seen in the con-

ventional metallic pipes used for

bulk water pipelines, like:

• the speed of installation due

to the familiar push-fit socket

system as on all PVC systems,

compared to welding, internal

and external coating repair

and an x-ray of each joint

• no corrosion (around 100-year

design life)

• zero maintenance.

How does Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O differ from other types of PVC like uPVC and mPVC?First, let’s look at what the ab-

breviations above stand for:

• uPVC – unmodified polyvinyl

chloride

• mPVC – modified polyvinyl

chloride

• oPVC (or PVC-O) – orientated

polyvinyl chloride

uPVC is a well-known and re-

spected PVC pipe product with

the standard advantages and

characteristics of a PVC pipe.

mPVC, on the other hand, is

a chemically changed PVC pipe

that is more ductile than uPVC

and has thinner walls.

PVC-O basically star ts as a

pure uPVC pipe, after which

the molecular structure of

the PVC is biaxially orientated

without altering the advan-

tages and chemical properties

of the original polymer. This

orientation then results in the

Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O pipe

– with unbeatable qualities,

resistance to traction and

fatigue, flexibility and fantastic

impact resistance.

In summary, based on the

ISO procedure, the minimum

required strength (MRS) at 50

years for Molecor TOM 500

PVC-O is 50 MPa. On uPVC and

mPVC the MRS is at 25 MPa.

Thus, the long-term (50+

years ) strength of Molecor TOM

500 PVC-O is 100% greater

than that of uPVC or mPVC.

For what applications are PVC-O pipes best suited? Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O is cur-

rently being used very success-

fully in township reticulation,

pumping mains and bulk

water distribution.

How long have you been supplying PVC-O pipes and how have they been received by industry?Sizabantu Piping Systems,

through its national network,

introduced Molecor TOM 500

PVC-O to the market in 2012.

Due to our extensive market

knowledge and relationships,

the word spread quite quickly

and, to date, the uptake and

acceptance of the product have

been unbelievable. Consulting

engineering firms have realised

the technical advantages of

Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O and

metros, municipalities and

water boards have seen the

economic advantages that the

product offers.

Given the state of South Africa’s water networks, how can PVC-O pipes assist municipalities in ensuring water supply and combatting losses?Being a cost-effective pipeline

product, Molecor TOM 500

PVC-O is already combatting

losses. This is based on the

speed and ease of installation,

the extreme toughness and

durability of the pipe and the

fact that zero maintenance is

required on Molecor TOM 500

PVC-O once installed.

Sizabantu recently opened a new manufac-turing facility in Richards Bay. Tell us about this new development.Sizabantu Piping Systems,

together with our Spanish

partner Molecor – the developer

of the Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O

technology – decided right from

the start of our venture that we

would eventually manufacture

in South Africa. The

manufacturing decision

was fast-tracked due to

uptake and expansion

of the now established

South African market.

The dedicated PVC

pipe factory is situated

within the Richards Bay

Industrial Development

Zone, which was

decided on due to

government incentives

and after consultation

with the DTI and various

other stakeholders.

Sizabantu will soon be manufacturing its own PVC-O pipes rather than importing them. How will this benefit your customers?Local manufacturing will put

Sizabantu Piping Systems in

a position to offer excellent

service in a highly demanding,

service-oriented market. Stock

availability, manufacturing on

demand and local content will be

the key benefits to our current

and new customer base. It has

always been a main objective of

Sizabantu Piping Systems to be

100% proudly South African.


Peter Telle | Managing Member

ULTRA CONTROL VALVES


IMIESA July 2016 29

How important is pres-sure management and how has it been imple-mented in South Africa?PT With water scarcity facing

users all over the world, water

utility companies should be

proactive to ensure that pipe

leaks are reduced and kept

to an absolute minimum. One

of the quickest “fast return”

innovations, which has been

implemented by some munici-

palities and water boards over

the past few years, is pres-

sure management.

This involves reducing

pressures in networks during

low-demand periods (to reduce

losses from leaks), which

involves electronic equipment

connected to pilot-operated

pressure reducing valves

(POPRVs) that resets pres-

sures to different levels for

different flow rates.

The problem with this strate-

gy in the South African context

is that POPRVs are compli-

cated and little understood (or

maintained) by operators. The

addition of electronic control-

lers makes these valves even

more complicated and less

user-friendly.

Ultra Control Valves has

entered the market with some

very new and simple innova-

tions, which are star ting to

capture the imagination of

users as tremendous water

saving devices.

What are the advan-tages of RRPRVs over POPRVs?Ratio reducing pressure

reducing valves (RRPRVs)

reduce pressures in a ratio

(2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1) and have

no adjustments that are eas-

ily tampered with. They also

are much easier to apply in

the field as they do not have

delayed reaction times, low

flow instability or vulnerability

to dir t. Just a simple piston,

which is activated by line pres-

sure, will always keep the ratio

between inlet and outlet pres-

sure at a constant value.

With POPRVs, one has to

be very careful that the valve

is sized correctly to handle

low flows, or install valves in

series to overcome cavitation

damage, all increasing the

complexity of the installation

and with increased chances

of malfunction.

In a lot of POPRV

installations, valves become

unstable at low flows (at

night), causing pipe breaks

and leading to huge water

losses – exactly the opposite

result to what the valve is

intended for.

The installation of RRPRVs

is a lot simpler and does not

require much engineering

or maintenance. It is truly

an African solution to keep

pressures low without the

accompanying complexities.

Tell us about Maric flow control valves and their applications in Africa.This innovative Australian

product has been used to

control flow in a lot of ap-

plications over the last 40

years since its development.

These valves are completely

tamperproof and absolutely

ideal for African conditions

– where simplicity and

robustness are key,

and maintenance is

seldom done.

In the right ap-

plications – such

as consumer end

points like taps,

showers, stand

pipes in rural water

supplies – this

valve will ensure

tremendous savings

of water consumption.

It will have the same effect

in water supply networks. By

placing Maric flow controllers

in strategic positions, flows

are limited to what is the norm

for such a network. If pressure

drops to the extent where us-

ers complain, it indicates that

consumption is too high due to

pipe leaks, which then need to

be repaired.

These products provide pres-

sure and flow control with ab-

solute simplicity, which plays

an important role in ensuring

correct operation. The end

result is huge savings in

water losses.

30 IMIESA July 2016

Ridge bridge: the left abutment of this bridge will be removed and reinstated, and the deck slab extended to accommodate the additional carriageway

IMIESA July 2016 31

RARE GROUP

Carl von Graszouw | Pipeline Services Manager


South Africa’s water infrastructure has come under the spotlight recently. How important are pipeline maintenance and rehabilitation, and what is being done in South Africa?CvG One of the main problems

with South Africa’s water infra-

structure is that the old infra-

structure has been put under

pressure through urbanisation

and can no longer cope with

the demand.

Maintenance is one fo-

cus point that should al-

ways be done as a routine.

Unfortunately, due to the lack

of funding and other related

issues, this has been neglected.

This not only causes a loss

in revenue, but also a loss of

our most precious resource,

the water itself. The rehabilita-

tion of existing infrastructure,

however, should always have 25

to 50 years of life in mind when

done. Demand and pressure on

water infrastructure will always

increase. Another focus point

should be the proper manage-

ment of the rehabilitated assets.

How can trenchless rehabilitation technol-ogy be utilised for the rehabilitation of existing pipe infrastructure where leaking pipes or old infra-structure is a problem?The basis of the technology

is the fact that pipe systems

that deliver services can

be rehabilitated without the

need to open up ground and

excavate trenches to replace

existing pipe. New pipe crack-

ing technology (with different

processes) now allows pipes

to be replaced efficiently,

and with minimum disruption

to existing infrastructure – a

definite advantage when

considering cost and time.

Given the correct parameters,

cer tain pipe systems can even

be upgraded to bigger capacity.

The Rare Plastics Division has a product aimed specifically at the pipe cracking market. Tell us a about it. We are proud to introduce RPC

(Rare Plastics Co-extruded)

pipe. RPC is a three-layer,

co-extruded pipe with outer

and inner layers of advanced

PE100-RC polymer and a

PE100 core. PE100-RC is

a specifically developed,

advanced polymer that resists

the effects of notches,

scores, scratches, grooves

and point loads. These types

of damage are common

when using standard PE100

material for pipe cracking

or bursting applications.

An additional advantage to

RPC pipe is that the pipe can

be designed to suit a specific

application; the wall thick-

ness of the RC material can

be altered and changed to

suit different applications and

ground conditions. Rapid crack

propagation and slow crack

growth are prevented when

using RPC pipe for trenchless

rehabilitation applications like

pipe cracking and bursting.

The Rare Group offers a wide range of pipes. What products do you offer and what are the advantages and best applications of these products?Rare Trading sells a compre-

hensive range of products,

combining steel and plastic

pipes, fittings, couplings and

valves in a complete package

to the contractor or end user.

All products represented by

Rare conform to international

and/or national quality stand-

ards. To enhance quality and

traceability of products, Rare

also offers a cut-to-length,

hard stamping and colour-

coding service to the market.

Rare’s services also include

in-house fabrication of spools,

closures and fittings.

Rare Trading customers

include the petrochemical,

mining, water and engineering

industries. Major contracts

are based on solid relation-

ships with Sasol and large

mining groups.

ABOVE RIGHT Rare currently holds the contract with Sasol to supply all carbon pipes, fittings and flanges for its plants in Sasolburg and Secunda

RIGHT Rare Plastics’ co-extruded pipe

IMIESA July 2016 33

What are the challenges surrounding South Africa’s water infrastructure? KvR It is the right of every South

African to have access to water,

according to the Constitution. It

is, therefore, a priority that South

Africa has an adequate source

of potable water and an efficient

manner to divert the water to

where it is required. It goes

without saying that it must be of

a world-class standard.

The funding of such activities is

part of a complex implementation

matrix. Starting from the planning

and design desk through to the

laying of new pipes and mainte-

nance of existing water pipelines

– challenges exist for each facet

of the value chain.

Given the state of South Africa’s ageing water networks, how can Hall Longmore assist municipalities in ensuring water supply and combatting losses?The products offered by Hall

Longmore are of an international

quality standard, underpinned

by a pedigree of more than 90

years. The experience gained over

this period in the manufacture

of pipes for the water, petro-

chemicals, gas, construction and

mining industries positions Hall

Longmore as an ideal partner in

water supply solutions.

For example, we offer protective

coatings and linings for steel

pipes that could increase pipeline

longevity to beyond the expected

50 years. When it comes to

jointing systems, the rubber ring

joint provides a working pressure

rating of 42 bar – an adequate

pressure for most water pipeline

systems. However, a 1.5 built-in

factor of safety provides a

test pressure rating of about

63 bar. In-house test pressures

in excess of 70 bar have been

recorded and this jointing system

will undoubtedly minimise leaks

and resultant water loss.

Hall Longmore has an easy-to-use pipe jointing system. How does it work and what are the advantages?This product falls nicely within

government’s Expanded Public

Works Programme. The jointing

system empowers up-and-coming

contractors to be able to lay steel

pipelines with minimal investment

in plant and training.

Known as a rubber ring joint, this

patented system (Sintajoint) con-

sists of a specially formed spigot

and socket, which, when pulled

together, compress a natural rub-

ber O-ring between them, providing

a highly effective seal. The jointing

system is suitable for both buried

and aboveground installations car-

rying pressurised potable water.

Unlike other systems, there is no

need to make good the joint after-

wards and no risk of contamina-

tion of the internal lining.

Kenny van Rooyen | Managing Director

HALL LONGMORE

IMIESA July 2016 33


Provide an overview of the products you supply.Hall Longmore is recognised

internationally as one of the

leading manufacturers of quality

large-bore welded steel pipe and

attendant coatings and linings

for the conveyance of water,

petrochemicals and gas. The

company manufactures line pipe

to API specification 5L (PSL 1 &

PSL 2) and 5CT.

The electric resistance welding

and submerged arc welding

technologies are used in the

manufacture of pipe that comply

with the American Petroleum

Institute specifications (API

5L) and quality assurance

requirements. A range of

specialised protective coatings

and linings are available to

suit specific specifications and

site conditions. Fusion-bonded,

medium-density polyethylene

(Sintakote) is a popular choice

among specifiers for water

pipelines, while three-layer

polyethylene coatings feature in

petrochemical and gas projects.

The company’s commitment to

service excellence is accredited

through ISO 9001:2008.

What are the benefits of using steel pipes for water infrastructure?The design flexibility of steel and

its predictable mechanical proper-

ties allow the engineer to design a

pipeline that will withstand surge

pressures, vacuum conditions,

water hammer, heavy traffic loads

and whatever conditions might oc-

cur during the life of the pipeline.

Being metallic, steel pipes are

easy to locate should alterations

to the pipeline be necessary dur-

ing its lifespan. Such alterations

are inexpensive and fast – no

pipes need to be removed as con-

nections are simply welded to the

existing line.

As with other pipe materials,

corrosion protection is required

and steel pipes and fittings

are generally supplied with a

corrosion-resistant lining (cement

mortar or liquid epoxy) and an

external coating for impact and

corrosion resistance.

Cathodic protection (CP) of

steel pipelines has the unique

advantage of preventing

corrosion even if the external

coating is accidentally

damaged. CP is inexpensive

and ensures that the pipeline

will far exceed its design life

and that maintenance and

repair costs are minimised.

BELOW RIGHT 3 km Northern Nsikazi water pipeline – 914 mm OD Hall Longmore spiral-welded pipe, X42 steel grade; external coating: Sintakote (medium-density polyethylene); internal lining: cement mortar lining; jointing system: rubber ring joint

ABOVE 3.2 km City of Cape Town water pipeline – 1 500 mm NB (internal diameter) Hall Longmore spiral-welded pipe; external coating: cement mortar; internal lining: cement mortar lining

[ Water Solutions ] [ In Africa, water is a scarce and valuable resource. With over 30 years of experience, Robor delivers exible, ef cient and customised steel pipe solutions and products to the water industry. ]

Value added services for complete water solutions include:

• Lining and coating• Jointing systems• Fire protection solutions• Robotic and submerged arc welding facilities• On-site services and training• Technical supportOur innovative technology ensures superior water pipeline

performance even in the harshest of environments. In addition, Robor offers a variety of value added steel pipe and complete piping systems perfectly suited to the conveyance of water and sewerage. Our range includes but is not restricted to, lined, coated and uncoated steel pipe, ductile iron pipe, as well as ttings and jointing systems.

For more information: Tel: +27 (0)11 971 1600 • E-mail: [email protected] • www.robor.co.za

Visit us at Stand 30IMESA CONFERENCE 26-28 October 2016

East London

2416 Robor Water Ad'16 IMESA 297X210.indd 1 2016/06/21 6:08 PM

ROBOR

Francois Human | Commercial Manager: Water & Mining

ABOVE Bloemwater ductile iron pipeline for the Rustfontein Water Treatment Plant to Lesaka Reservoirs

RIGHT Pipe rehabilitation project with HDPE liner


IMIESA July 2016 35

What are the challenges surrounding South Africa’s water infrastructure? FH There are various challenges

facing our water infrastructure,

one major issue being the funding

of water projects at municipal and

water authority levels. With a lack

of urban development and the

already ageing pipeline infrastruc-

ture, the annual budget allocated

to finance water projects is well

below the actual funding required.

Once funding is allocated to a

water project, the next challenge

is to ensure that the project is

executed on time and within the

approved funding. We note that

more and more projects that have

been allocated to contractors are

delayed for various reasons, with

the result being that the projects’

actual costs far exceed the

budgeted cost.

What steps should government be taking to develop a sustainable approach to rehabilitating pipeline infrastructure and combatting water leaks?At municipal level, the lack of

planning to maintain the ageing

water infrastructure is largely due

to the shortage of funding and

the lack of resources. A large por-

tion of the current pipeline infra-

structure is older than 40 years,

meaning more maintenance is

required and more frequently.

A key focus to improve the

sustainable approach should be

placed on skills development at a

municipal level and the promotion

of partnerships with the private

sector with the required skills to

facilitate a skills transfer.

Given the state of South Africa’s ageing water networks, how can Robor’s products assist

municipalities and utilities in ensuring water supply and combatting losses?Robor has supplied steel pipes

and fittings and ductile iron

pipes to various water projects

in Southern Africa. In consulta-

tion with project engineers in the

design phase of water projects,

we are able to ensure that the

correct pipe is used, by taking

into account factors such as soil

resistivity conditions, temperature

exposure/levels and the working

pressure of the pipeline. Robor

also has the capability to supply

steel pipes with different coat-

ings and linings, to ensure that

corrosion factors are fully taken

into account.

What are the benefits of using steel and ductile iron pipes for water infrastructure?Generally, steel pipes and ductile

iron pipes are used when the

operating water pressure of the

pipeline is high. Steel pipes are

more resistant to high tempera-

tures and both steel pipes and

ductile iron pipes are easy to

install, as installa-

tion can be done by

semi-skilled labour.

Robor supplies a range of products that add a longer lifespan and functionality to pipelines. Tell us about these products and their benefits.Robor manufactures and supplies

a range of customised steel and

ductile iron pipe solutions and

products to the water reticula-

tion market, including innovative

joining systems and all pipeline

accessories. These include

fittings, flanges and couplings

for the successful installation of

water pipelines.

As part of our complete piping

solutions for water, Robor offers

coatings and linings, corro-

sion protection, abrasion and

pipe rehabilitation, as well as

additional products that add a

longer lifespan and functional-

ity to pipelines. Robor has

the capability to manufacture

specialised items suited to the

unique requirements of many

markets, such as:

• complete pipe systems,

including fittings for

water conveyance

• corrosive and abrasive slurries

and sewerage pipelines

• pipe rehabilitation

• water irrigation

• borehole casings.

Are there any big proj-ects that you have been involved in that you would like to highlight?Robor was recently involved in

a pipe rehabilitation project in

Johannesburg where an existing

400 mm diameter steel pipeline

was successfully lined with a

HDPE liner.

The total length of the rehabili-

tated pipeline was 5.6 km and it

consisted of straight sections and

sweep bends. The team was able

to line straight sections of 720 m

with a single pull and the project

was completed in six weeks.

By lining the existing steel

pipe with an HDPE liner, our

clients are now able to use

the pipeline again for convey-

ance purposes.

+27 11 769 2221 +27 11 769 2244 [email protected]

www.bampipe.co.za

• Detail & Design

• Pipe Manufacturing (DSAW)

• Fittings & Specials

Manufacturing

• ERW Pipe Supply

• Ducting, Piling & Vessels

• General Fabrication

• Corrosion Protection

Coatings & Linings

• Quality Testing

• Assurance & Control

RESPECTED MANUFACTUREROF STEEL PIPES AND FITTINGS

c/n Nick Toomey Blv & Penny Road | Roodepoort

P O Box 4029 | Luipaardsvlei | 1743 | South Africa

www.bampipe.co.zac/n Nick Toomey Blv & Penny Road | Roodepoort

P O Box 4029 | Luipaardsvlei | 1743 | South [email protected]/n Nick Toomey Blv & Penny Road | Roodepoort

P O Box 4029 | Luipaardsvlei | 1743 | South Africa

IMIESA July 2016 37

BAMBANANI PIPES AND FITTINGS

Derek Cloete | Senior Project Manager


IMIESA July 2016 37

What are the challenges surrounding South Africa’s water infrastructure and how can Bambanani Pipes and Fittings assist in addressing these challenges? DC From a fabricator’s perspective,

one of the challenges in water-relat-

ed projects is the inability to deliver

the duly quality-assured product

at the right time, which results in

project delays. At Bambanani, each

order that is received is project-

managed by a project specialist.

We can deliver to our client’s

requirements and specifications in

the shortest possible lead times,

due to our experience, trained per-

sonnel and newly built, state-of-the-

art facility covering 13 000 m2.

What steps should government be taking to develop a sustainable approach to rehabilitating pipeline infrastructure and combatting water leaks?The first step should be the compi-

lation of a pipeline infrastructure

register or asset register. This

should also include the age of the

pipeline infrastructure as well as

the expected useful life. Once this

is complete, regular checks using

the latest technology to check for

leaks and deterioration should be

done. Appropriately trained person-

nel play an equally important role

in this regard.

Provide an overview of the products and services you supply.We supply the following:

• double submerged arc

(DSAW) pipe fabrication, from

650 NB to 3 500 NB, in mild

and stainless steel

• electric resistance welded

(ERW) pipe supply

• fittings and specials

manufacturing

• detail and design

• corrosion protection – coating

and linings

• quality testing/assurance

and control.

All of the above is undertaken in

our bespoke 13 000 m2 facility.

None of our work is outsourced to

third parties.

Bambanani offers a range of corrosion-protection products. Tell us more about these and the benefits they offer.We offer coatings and

linings on pipes, fittings

and special applications.

All our products are certified for

potable water and we adhere to

SANS 1217. Linings (internals)

comprise a solvent-free, hot-applied

epoxy at a dry film thickness that

varies from 400 microns to

600 microns. This product is

generally used where the outside

diameter of a pipe or fitting is

greater than 600 mm. For pipes

and fittings smaller than 600 mm,

we use a cold-applied, solvent-

free epoxy. Where specified

by our clientele, we also apply

solvent-borne epoxies.

Our preferred coating (external)

is a rigid, solvent-free polyure-

thane. This involves a twin-feed,

hot-application method, resulting

in a dry film thickness of between

1 200 microns to 1 800 microns –

specification dependent.

Bambanani also offers cement

mortar lining done to C602-83:

AWWA standard as well as pickle

and passivating of stainless steel.

Hot-dip galvanising is undertaken

on our behalf by an ISO 9001-

accredited company.

You offer a series of quality-testing options on all of your products. What tests do you conduct and why is it important to offer these tests?Our quality testing is done in

terms of the requirement of our

clientele, but the following are

undertaken, in general:

• Radiography examination pro-

vides substantive proof of the

integrity of the weld.

• Liquid penetrant examination is

used to detect welding surface

cracks and/or surface porosity.

• Magnetic particle inspection is a

process used to detect surface

and slightly subsurface deficien-

cies in ferrous metals.

• Ultrasonic examination is a

technique using ultrasonic waves

to detect internal flaws or to

characterise materials.

• Hydrostatic (hydrotesting) is a

process used to test for leaks

and strength. It involves filling a

pipe with water that usually con-

tains a dye, and pressurisation of

the pipe to the required pressure.

Our quality control plan, which

is agreed upon upfront with

our customer, outlines the

various quality assurance

testing required of our pipe and

fittings. All testing is undertaken

by appropriately qualified

personnel. Each pipe and fitting

delivered to our customer is

accompanied by a data book,

which documents the origin and

make-up of this item.

This ensures traceability of

materials used as well as the

integrity of the item in terms

of the agreed-upon tests

carried out on it.

Are there any big projects Bambanani has been involved in that you would like to highlight?• Olifants River Water Resources

Development Scheme

• TCTA VRESAP project

• Nwamitwa Phase 1

• Northern Sewerage Works

• Lebalelo Amplats Water Supply

• Braamhoek Eskom pump

storage scheme.

RIGHT Large spool piece being spark tested

BELOW RIGHT Stainless steel spool pieces ready for delivery

As wizened old men and women will tell you, you go nowhere fast when

everyone pulls in different directions. When this happens, it’s either a

failure of leadership or an alternate agenda playing out behind the scenes.

BY TONY STONE

Water, South Africa’s oxymoron

THE DEPARTMENT OF Water and Sanitation (DWS)

is on public record in stating that water has a

critical function in the South African economy.

That is absolutely correct. With our Q1 2016 GDP

coming in at -1.2%, we need everything and everyone work-

ing together to turn this negative around. In looking at the

DWS’s National Water Resource Strategy, a vision and set of

strategic actions for effective water management, it speaks

the right language. This strategy includes the security of

water supply, the prevention of environmental degradation

and resource pollution prevention. It goes on to say that

a further component of the strategy is the Strategic Water

Partners Network of South Africa, which is one of South

Africa’s most innovative public-private-civil-society sector

partnerships. This all makes for good reading, but we need

a dose of reality to bring things back into perspective.

The World Resources Institute ranks South Africa among

the world’s 30 driest countries. Currently facing serious

water challenges – with ageing water infrastructure, a short

supply of technical skills, shifting demand patterns, chang-

ing rainfall patterns and the worst drought in 30 years –

South Africa is in a pickle. Add to this vandalism and the

theft of public infrastructure, non-payment of bills, water

loss through a lack of maintenance, poor water services

planning and prioritisation at many municipalities, as well

as increasing pollution, and the pickle gets a little sharper.

It’s not a good situation at all.

In crisisOne of the key players in the water

equation, the plastic pipe industry – a

key infrastructure product/service pro-

vider and a critical asset to South Africa

– is in a crisis. This crisis is not only

threatening the industry, but South Africa’s

precarious water situation, which will impact other

key industries such as mining and industry.

The cause of the crisis, according to the Southern African

Plastic Pipe Manufacturers’ Association (Sappma), is

solely a result of the SABS failing to perform in terms of

its mandate, as well as its obligations prescribed in the

Standards Act (No. 8 of 2008). The obvious question is

why? Being such a prestigious organisation, this is totally

out of character. The SABS has failed to:

38 IMIESA July 2016

• renew licenses that have expired, and provide any indica-

tion to pipe manufacturers as to when the licences would

be renewed

• unilaterally, and without any consultation, decided in July

2015 to disallow partial testing of products manufactured by

industry participants

• failed to ensure that the testing facilities, laboratories

and personnel needed to conduct testing on products are

adequate and that those persons responsible for testing

are competent.

Sappma is a voluntary, non-profit organisation that repre-

sents almost 90% of all certified manufacturers of HDPE and

PVC plastic pipes being made in Southern Africa. One of its

primary objectives is to improve product quality in the whole

value chain of the plastic pipe industry in order to ensure the

long-term viability of piping systems used in infrastructure

through its representatives.

As Jan Venter, CEO, Sappma, says, “Directly, and as a result

of the SABS’s failure to perform in terms of its mandate, local

manufacturers of plastic pipes are no longer able to use the

SABS Certification Mark.

“The consequences this has, and will continue to have, are

dire for local manufacturers, the industry and the country as a

whole. The industry’s reputation has been negatively affected

and client confidence in its products has diminished.”

Locally manufactured products will be disqualified when

submitting tenders without the SABS mark of approval.

Several years ago, and as early as May 2006, Sappma

warned the SABS about the potential of this happening and

had attempted to address the matter, on numerous occa-

sions, with the statutory body, particularly in regards to its

testing facilities. Despite the numerous warnings, the SABS

has failed to take heed of these warnings, or implement any

programme to avoid the present crisis.

An urgent meeting, through Sappma’s legal representa-

tives, to resolve the matter has been requested, and

granted by the SABS, but a date and time for the meeting

remains elusive. One can only speculate as to what is going

on. All the while, South Africa’s water crisis deepens. A clear

schism in the purpose and objectives of the DWS, and the

needs of the people.


Jan Venter, CEO, Sappma

INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE

IMIESA July 2016 39

The South African Forum of Civil Engineering Contractors (Safcec) looks at key issues affecting the current confidence levels in the industry. BY WEBSTER MFEBE

Summing up

THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC turmoil,

affecting par ticularly emerging

and developing economies, con-

tinues to depress South Africa’s

economy. Domestic economic woes have

intensified. This, along with the coming

municipal elections, has elevated political

instability and triggered violent and dis-

ruptive protest action. This could lead to

delays in project implementation.

While credit ratings agencies have

stopped short of a further downgrade, the

looming recession, propelled by the mining

sector, will have a more profound impact

on an already ailing construction sector.

Currency volatility and depreciation of the

rand mean that any gains from the lower oil

price are eroded.

The slow roll-out of public sector infra-

structure projects, including the delays to

implement the targets as set out in the

National Development Plan, aggravated by

cuts in projected infrastructure expenditure

allocations, which were announced in the

2015/16 Budget, has resulted in negative

industry growth projected over the medium-

term expenditure framework period (2016/17

to 2018/19).

Knock-on effectsSkills shortages in procurement, which also

include government’s ability to implement

proper project planning and implementation

procedures, lengthen the adjudication pro-

cess, with the awarding of tenders taking as

long as one year.

Engineering skills are also becoming an

increasingly serious constraint, largely

aggravated by continued client inter ference,

where agents are being disempowered. This

leads to project implementation delays and

is a contributing factor to the increase in

payment delays, through delays in certifica-

tion. Award delays are also becoming more

significant. Contractors have a quarter of

the time to prepare and submit tender docu-

ments, compared to the time taken by cli-

ents to adjudicate.

The inability of certain local and district

municipalities to spend budgetary allocations

also suggests inadequate skills in planning

and budgetary management.

Low confidence in the mining sector and

policy uncertainty are delaying private capital

expenditure in this area.

The tendency by government to break

what should be larger Grade 9 projects into

smaller, lower-grade projects, referred to as

project fragmentation, is affecting some of

the bigger companies.

Pricing, by contractors, remains a concern.

Some contractors tender on projects that fall

outside the scope of the prescribed CIDB

grade, leading to unnecessary delays in the

procurement process. Prices can also vary to

the extent that they can almost be deemed

irresponsible, or below cost with little or no

regard to operational efficiency or the impact

of (negative) escalation on contracts.

As the industry continues to shed jobs,

these and other challenges will impact on the

industry’s future capacity to respond effec-

tively to increased demand when the industry

starts to recover.

Webster Mfebe, CEO, Safcec

the industry

Building RDP houses for the disadvantaged

40 IMIESA July 2016

ASSET MANAGEMENT

Mismanagement of assets

South Africa has the 10th longest road network and 18th longest paved road network in the world. Nationally, our roads are mostly in a good condition. From there on in, provincially and by municipality, we fall below par. BY TONY STONE

THE PROBLEM WITH road infra-

structure is that it is often not

seen as a financial asset for soci-

ety and the economy, largely due

to the lack of awareness of its value, and

appreciation of its importance as a driver

of economic prosperity. The consequence

of not fully valuing these assets is similar

to increasing one’s debt, and everyone

becomes poorer. So says Stefan Gerwens,

chairman: Road Asset Management Working

Group, European Road Forum. In South

Africa, this is quite apparent at provincial

and municipal levels.

Culture and leadership should be recog-

nised as the root cause preventing asset

owners, the people of South Africa, from

making the best decisions for themselves.

However, and to be fair, societal priorities

and regulatory pressures are a distraction

from long-term thinking and management.

As a result, the recognition and application

of good asset management by regulators is

generally absent.

TABLE 1 Transport estimates of national expenditure as at 24 February 2016, as per the MTEF (Medium Term Expenditure Framework) (million ZAR)

2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 MTEF total

564 1 955 2 889 5 408

Moloto Road upgrade 200 800 1 300 2 300

Strengthening national non-toll road network – 960 1 300 2 260

Provincial roads maintenance grant: funding of key performing provinces 65 798 1 002 1 864

South African National Roads Agency Limited: Gauteng Freeway Improvement Project 425 463 505 1 394

Compensation of employees: 2015 public sector wage agreement 27 38 52 117

Upgrading of the satellite tracking system for ships 100 – – 100

National Ports Regulator: independent evaluation of the regulatory asset base 10 – – 10

Maritime Safety Authority: development of maritime policy and new funding model 2 2 2 6

Interim rail economic regulator: capacity 2 2 2 5

Road safety awareness – 2 2 3

Compensation of employees: reduction – -34 -54 -88

Goods and services: cost containment measures -65 -71 -80 -216

South African National Roads Agency Limited: reduction -200 -153 -240 -593

Provincial Roads Maintenance Grant: funds for coal haulage not required – -852 -901 -1 753

South Africa’s road networks are managed

by three different authorities. Most, but a

few, are the responsibility of Sanral – at

national level – provincial governments, and

municipalities at local government level.

They are in charge of planning, construc-

tion, supervision, operation and mainte-

nance, and road safety. Sanral does an

excellent job maintaining South Africa’s

national roads. Potholes are repaired, prop-

erly, within 48 hours of being reported.

Provincial and municipal roads, on the other

hand, have been sadly neglected, in the

Free State in particular.

Legal guidelinesIn terms of the Municipal Finance

Management Act (No. 56 of 2003) and

the ‘Local Government Capital Asset

Sunny Hill in Despatch, Eastern Cape

IMIESA July 2016 41

ASSET MANAGEMENT

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Management Guideline’, which is a key com-

ponent of the broader legislative framework

governing municipalities, and which aims to

strengthen financial management, as well

as support municipalities in moving towards

an even more sustainable future, municipali-

ties are required to develop and maintain a

comprehensive asset management register

– of all road, water treatment, electrical/

electronic equipment, waste management

and property assets.

In accordance with this responsibility,

National Treasury says, “The division of rev-

enue between the national, provincial and

local governments takes into account the

powers and functions assigned to each, as

well as their ability to raise revenue. As far

as roads are concerned, provincial govern-

ments are responsible for implementing

nationally determined policies. Local govern-

ments are responsible for providing basic

services, including roads. Municipalities

fund a significant portion of the costs of pro-

viding roads from user charges and property

rates within their own tax base.”

Using the latest data provided by

L Kannemeyer of the CSIR, and based on

the length of roads classified as being in

“Poor” to “Very Poor” condition, the last

estimated backlog of R197.45 billion is

needed to bring these roads up to spec.

This excludes backlogs related to periodic

resur facing of the network, the upgrading

of gravel roads to sur faced standard, and

additional lanes to alleviate congestion

and the construction of new roads, and

assuming that each road in such a condi-

tion will be economically viable to strength-

en/regravel. As is apparent from Table 1,

only a fraction of what is actually needed

will be spent on maintenance.

“Poor road conditions are a significant

contributor to the costs of moving people

and goods within South Africa and across

the Southern African region, increasing

travel time and vehicle operating costs,”

Lungisa Fuzile, director-general: National

Treasury, acknowledges.

In this regard, and to improve the nation-

al non-toll road network, which makes up

85% of the national network, Sanral will

receive an additional R1.7 billion over the

medium term. The agency will also receive

R3.7 billion for upgrading the R573 Moloto

Road. And, to improve the efficiency of

spending on road maintenance in prov-

inces, the allocations in the Provincial

Roads Maintenance Grant (PRMG) for the

coal haulage network will be reprioritised

in 2017/18 to create a new per formance

component in the grant. This component is

expected to be R1.9 billion over the MTEF

period, and will include a new per formance

measure to ensure that investments are

made in a manner that reduces the costs

of transport in the economy. The reha-

bilitation of 5 390 lane km of provincially

managed roads and the resealing of

11 976 lane km are projected to cost

R32.5 billion via the PRMG.

Without question, it is a lot of money,

but way below what is needed. Added to

this, and perhaps even more worrying, is

what Kannemeyer quite rightly asks: “If the

extent and condition of your network is not

42 IMIESA July 2016

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known, how

do you make

sound road invest-

ment decisions?”

The rate of deterioration in

the condition of the provincial and

municipal road network is determined largely by

the level of maintenance provided. The level of

maintenance required depends on the age and

condition of the roads. As noted by the South

African Institution of Civil Engineers’ Report

Card, provincial road networks are deteriorating,

with 30% in poor or very poor condition. The

municipal road network is somewhat worse off.

Of our national roads, the condition of 100%

is known and 98% of the maintenance need is

to be spent on maintaining these roads. Of the

provincial roads, the condition of 83% is known

but, of this, only 34% of the maintenance need

is to be spent. The situation is far worse when

we get to municipalities. Only 16.9% of the

maintenance need is known, and only 67% of

the maintenance need for this small percentage

is to be spent.

Clearly, we are not managing our road assets

very well. It’s much like buying a brand-new car

and ignoring the service plan. South Africa has

an estimated 750 000 km of roads, of which

618 081 km are proclaimed roads. These

roads are valued at more than R2 trillion.

It’s time we followed Sanral’s lead – and the

service plan.

ASSET MANAGEMENT

TABLE 2 Road transport: selected performance indicators

Performance indicator Past Current Projections

2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19

Lane kilometres of surfaced roads rehabilitated per year

365 392 1 650 2 248 2 360 1 478 1 552

Lane kilometres of roads resealed per year – – 3 000 3 618 3 799 3 989 4 188

Square kilometres of blacktop patching on roads (including pothole repairs) per year road (km2)

1 367 293 1 050 988 810 000 1 163 779 1 221 968 1 283 066 1 347 219

The road to Newcastle in KZN

IMIESA July 2016 43

ASSET MANAGEMENT

Municipalities can enjoy free asset management software, hosted by IMESA, that leverages the wealth of experience and the skills IMESA has to offer, particularly to those municipalities with few or no technical skills.

PROBABLY THE GREATEST

challenge facing municipalities

in South Africa is that of asset

management. The effective and

methodical recording of all accumulated

assets with a view to managing and

maintaining these assets today, and for the

future, in the most cost-effective manner is

now possible as the IMESA Infrastructure

Management System (IIMS) enables

municipalities to:

• standardise asset repor ting and

componentisation

• determine and quantify asset conditions

and impairment of infrastructure assets

• develop asset maintenance budgets for a

five-year cycle

• carry out long-term planning relating to the

cost of replacement of civil infrastructure

• prioritise the maintenance of infrastructure

• generate their own asset manage-

ment plans.

With this in mind, IMESA has developed

an innovative and comprehensive asset

management methodology that will not

only help municipalities to ensure GRAP17

compliance by capturing the data required

to generate GRAP17 registers, but to

apply this information to improving long-

term municipal asset management and

maintenance planning. The ultimate

goal, of course, is to enable munici-

palities to use this new-found knowledge

to provide improved service delivery to

their communities.

IMESA believes that the system is very

accessible to the user and uncompli-

cated in terms of its general implementa-

tion. It is ideal for use across all sizes

of municipalities.

Asset management specifics By standardising data collection, the system

will provide municipalities with a means to

monitor the following in terms of infrastruc-

ture assets (immovable) and movable assets,

and to generate a GRAP17 asset register:

• location

• componentisation

• asset impairment (based on the condition

of each asset)

• remaining useful life

• maintenance backlogs and maintenance

costs and cash flow for the next five years

• future asset replacement cash flow and

replacement requirements

• asset life-cycle replacement costs.

Municipalities will have standardised records

of the condition of their infrastructure at

their fingertips, enabling them to determine,

on an ongoing basis, the impairment and

IMESA Infrastructure Management System

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@ the East London International Convention centre

Tel: 031 266 3263 ore-mail: [email protected] www.imesa.org.za

Register today @

IMIESA July 2016 45

ASSET MANAGEMENT

maintenance needs of the infrastructure, thus

providing opportunities for informed planning.

Document management The system further provides for the storage

and access of useful and important documen-

tation relating to:

• the calculation of asset valuations

• policies that support asset management

processes.

Budgetary issues resolved Through the implementation of the IIMS,

IMESA will prepare a simple and standard

method for determining the current

replacement cost of infrastructure assets,

which will assist the municipalities with

the allocation of budgets and prioritisation

of maintenance and, furthermore, enable

them to determine immediate and long-term

financial requirements. Methodical planning

will also undoubtedly improve productivity and

enhance cooperation between technical and

financial staff, which, in turn should improve

service delivery.

MORE INFO & UPLOAD In order to obtain more information regarding the implementation of the above IIMS, and to upload asset and infrastructure information to the asset databases for each municipality, please contact IMESA on +27 (0)31 266 3263.

Advantages of IIMS The infrastructure data is loaded on to

the database and hosted on a dedicated

secure server with daily data backup.

Municipalities will have access to their

data 24/7. IMESA believes that a cen-

tralised approach to software provision

and data hosting will prove more cost-

effective to municipalities than similar

products, because IMESA would pro-

vide the specialised server and IT staff

required. Fur thermore, municipalities

would have access to IMESA leverage

and be able to utilise the wealth of experi-

ence within IMESA (which is of par ticular

value to municipalities with few or no

technical skills).

What information would municipalities have to provide? In order to implement the IIMS, municipali-

ties would be required to provide the fol-

lowing information:

• existing infrastructure (immovable) and/

or movable asset register

• asset number in the financial system

• type of asset

• acquisition date of asset

• asset location (preferably in GIS shape

file format)

• asset dimension/size (not essential if

shape file is provided)

• asset condition (if available, but not

essential for the initial data upload).

Cost to the municipality The software is offered free of charge,

with no limit to the number of individual

user licences within each municipality.

In order to recover the costs of support,

as well as hosting of the asset data,

IMESA will charge a nominal monthly main-

tenance fee.

inside scoopIn-line’s

ASSET MANAGEMENT

The collection and analysis of relevant data is an important first step to detect, prevent or mitigate pipe failures. In-line pipe surveying technologies offer a non-destructive and simplistic method of conducting a condition

assessment. BY DANIELLE PETTERSON

MANAGEMENT OF AGEING

assets has become a high pri-

ority in countries across the

world. Effective management of

these assets requires condition assessment.

This involves the collection of information

about the pipes’ condition, analysis of this

information and, ultimately, action.

In-pipe inspections have become an integral

part of risk management and maintenance in

the world’s oil and gas sector. In fact, many of

these pipes have been designed with internal

inspection in mind. Although there are funda-

mental differences between the systems of oil

and gas operators and water system opera-

tors, the concept of a risk-based approach to

asset management is still applicable.

South Africa, in particular, is faced with

the challenge of ageing water infrastructure.

Coupled with the current water shortages,

there is increasing pressure on utilities to have

a clear understanding of how their assets are

performing in order to prioritise rehabilitation

or replacement programmes.

Data on the current and predicted future

condition of pipelines is crucial and can give

utilities vital time to address problems where

failure is imminent. This data can be collected

using a variety of in-line pipe surveying tools,

which are built to travel inside a pipeline and

collect information.

Remote field eddy currentRemote field eddy current (RFEC) technology

allows for the inspection of metallic water dis-

tribution pipes. This non-destructive method

uses low-frequency alternating current (AC)

and through-wall transmission to inspect pipes

and tubes from the inside. It is able to pro-

vide the location and magnitude of corrosion

defects in inspected pipes.

The RFEC tool consists of an exciter coil

that is pumped with an AC current and emits

a magnetic field. The field travels outwards

from the exciter coil, through the pipe wall, and

along the pipe to a detector.

A detector is placed near the inside of the

pipe wall, two to three pipe diameters away

from the exciter. This detects the magnetic

field that has travelled back in from the outside

of the pipe wall. Anomalies, such as metal

loss, cause changes in the magnitude and

phase of the received signal, and can be used

to detect defects.

CCTV The use of closed-circuit television camera

systems is fairly standard in the water and

wastewater industries,

and allows for a visual

inspection of the pipe’s

inner surface.

A CCTV system com-

prises a CCTV camera

and lighting apparatus

mounted on a carrier,

which is moved through

the pipe by a winch

and pulley system. The

camera captures and

transmits video to a ground station where a

survey can be done.

According to Liu and Kleiner, in ‘State of the

art review of inspection technologies for condi-

tion assessment of water pipes’, the tradition-

al CCTV technique has limitations. The device

carrier needs to pan and tilt to see sides and

laterals. To ensure acceptable video quality,

the carrier speed is limited to 15 cm/s and

has to stop at each location to identify defects.

To overcome these limitations, side-scanning

evaluation technology (SSET) was developed

to provide both frontal and 360-degree images

of the interior surface of the pipe wall through

the use of two cameras. The SSET system can

travel through a pipeline at a constant speed

without stopping to observe defects and a pan

or tilt camera is not needed.

SmartBallsSmartBalls are made up of a range of acoustic

sensors, as well as an accelerometer, mag-

netometer, ultrasonic transmitter and tempera-

ture sensors, which all work to identify leaks.

The SmartBall is deployed into the water flow

of a pipeline and travels with the water flow to

detect, locate and estimate the magnitude of

leaks. As it rolls, it records acoustic data and

emits an acoustic pulse every three seconds

for tracking purposes.

According to Liu and Kleiner, all the

SmartBall’s sensors are encased in an alu-

minium alloy core with a power source and

other electronic components. The core is

encapsulated inside a protective outer foam

shell or sphere that provides additional sur-

face area to propel the device.

Magnetic flux leakageThe magnetic flux leakage (MFL) method is

used in ferrous pipes. Large magnets are

46 IMIESA July 2016

FIGURE 1 Remote field eddy current diagram (Source: www.physics.queensu.ca)

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ASSET MANAGEMENT

used to induce a saturated magnetic field around the wall of a

pipe. If the pipe is in good condition, there is a homogeneous

distribution of magnetic flux.

Similar to RFEC, any anomalies, such as metal loss, will alter

the distribution of the magnetic flux because the damaged

areas cannot support as much magnetic flux as undamaged

areas. However, the use of MFL in the water industry is limited

to cleaned, unlined pipes and also requires accessibility to the

pipes’ exterior, report Liu and Kleiner.

Other methods In their paper, Liu and Kleiner cite several more direct methods

of pipe condition assessment. These include:

• Visual inspection

- laser scan

• Electromagnetic methods

- broadband electromagnetic (BEM)

- pulsed eddy current (PEC) testing

- ground-penetrating radar (GPR)

- ultra-wideband (UWB) pulsed radar system: P-Scan

• Acoustic methods

- sonar profiling system

- impact echo

• Ultrasound methods

- guided wave ultrasound

- discrete ultrasound

- phased array technology

- combined UT inspection.

While there are numerous methods available for pipe inspec-

tion, not all methods are suitable for all pipe materials. Table

1 shows the potential to apply an inspection technology to

various pipe materials.

TABLE 1 Summary of condition assessment technologies applicable to different pipe materials a, b, c (Source: Liu and Kleiner)

Technology Metallic pipes CI, DI, WS

Concrete pipesCPP/PCCP, AC

Poly pipesGRP, PVC/uPVC, PE

Pit depth measurement

R T T

Visual inspection R ?

Electromagnetic inspection

R R T

Acoustic inspection R R

Ultrasonic testing R T ?

Radiographic testing T T

Thermographic testing R T T

Pipe condition assessment from soil properties

? ?

Other sensor technologies

R R ?

a R: available; ?: may/may not work; T: does not work.b CI: cast iron, DI: ductile iron, WS: welded steel, CPP/PCCP: concrete pressure/

pre-stressed concrete cylinder, AC: asbestos cement, GRP: glass-fibre-reinforced polyester, PVC/uPVC: polyvinyl chloride/unplasticised PVC, PE: polyethylene.

c More detailed information about the applicability of each type of sensor for different pipes is not available.

OPPOSITE PAGE Visual inspection can be done using CCTV technology (Source: Tonkin Plumbing)

ABOVE SmartBalls use acoustic sensors to detect leaks (Source: Enbridge)

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IMIESA July 2016 49

TECHNICAL ARTICLE

PIMP your earth dam wallIn the design

and construction of earth dam walls, the

imperviousness of the dam floor and wall, often referred to as PIMP

in calculations, is critical. If not correctly computed, it may result

in the dam failing. BY TONY STONE

WITH SOUTH AFRICA’S drought

being the worst in 30 years,

and TV showing footage of

failed crops, dead cows and

thirsty towns, many a district municipal-

ity, and farmer, without a doubt, is wishing

they’d been proactive and built dams while

rain was still plentiful.

In concept, earth dams are relatively easy

to build. But, there’s more to it than meets

the eye. The ideal site is where gently sloping

ground on two sides converges to take on a

V-like form. The dam is best located at the nar-

rowest point of convergence, where the depth

of the proposed dam will be maximised and

the width of its earthen dam wall minimised. Of

critical importance, the floor of the dam and the

dam wall foundation should consist of impervi-

ous material such as unfissured rock or clay

subsoil. So, before any earthwork begins, an

analysis of the soil to assess its constituents,

mineral content, compaction characteristics and

to check for other factors – such as mica, fine

silt, sodicity, etc. – that make apparently good

soil unsuitable, should be carried out. A com-

parison of the samples taken against recom-

mended standards will show what earth fill is

available, what overburden needs to be removed

and which unsuitable areas need to be avoided.

Seepage and evaporationThe percentage imperviousness, often referred

to as PIMP in calculations, is an important

factor when considering the construction of a

dam. It is calculated by expressing the sum

total of the area of the proposed dam, which is

made up of impervious materials, as a percent-

age of the total area of the dam. Seepage, gen-

erally speaking, is determined by percentage of

pervious materials and the rate of flow through

the material. However, more accurate

data can be obtained from the soil

test results coming back from

the laboratory.

Regardless of how well con-

structed, materially sound and

how well compacted, some

water will seep through the dam.

Seepage, unfortunately, reduces

the strength of the dam and

needs to be minimised. Nelson

recommends the crest width and

slopes shown in Figure 1 to provide

a stable, 3 m high embankment, mak-

ing extra seepage protection unnecessary.

A safer, but technically difficult, solution is to

include a rock-toe drain (as shown), to collect

seepage water. This should extend up to a third

of the height of the dam, and a graded sand

and gravel filter must be placed between the

dam fill material and the drain to prevent fine

clay particles being washed out. The filter must

be designed according to the particle size of the

dam material and the drain.

However, a less complicated solution is the

inclusion and use of sodium bentonite – a clay

formed from the weathering of volcanic ash,

which expands when wet, absorbing as much

as several times its dry mass in water – in the

construction of the wall. The process of swelling

on contact with water makes sodium bentonite

useful as a sealant, since it provides a self-

sealing, low-permeability barrier. A geosynthetic

clay liner (GCL), using sodium bentonite, is a

woven, fabric-like material, primarily used for

the lining of, inter alia, earth dam walls. It is a

kind of geomembrane and geosynthetic, which

incorporates a bentonite or other clay such as

tonstein, which has a very low hydraulic conduc-

tivity. The resulting lower permeability slows the

rate of seepage out of the landfill.

The rate of evaporation depends on the

surface area of the dam, solar radiation, air

temperature, wind and the temperature of the

TABLE 1 Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL)

Material Bentonite clay for geotextiles and/or geomembranesConstruction Factory manufactured and then installed in the fieldThickness ~6 mmHydraulic conductivity of clay 10−10 m/s to 10−12 m/sSpeed and ease of construction Rapid, simple installationInstalled cost POA (between R0.80/m2 and R1.60/m2 in the USA (April 2015))Experience Construction quality assurance and quality control are critical

water surface. The smaller the surface area is,

and the deeper the dam, the less evaporation.

Determining the capacity of the damThe height and span of the dam wall, slope

gradient and shape of the dam are determin-

ing factors in calculating the storage capacity

of the dam. However, critical to the entire

equation is the flow rate into the dam. Once

the dam is full, and if there is no take-off, the

outflow rate, theoretically, should be equal to

the inflow rate. However, seepage and evapo-

ration will need to be taken into account and

will be reduction factors in determining the

outflow rate. The outflow rate is vitally impor-

tant in determining the size of the spillway.

Building the earth wallA cut-off trench, down into the impervious

layer (bedrock if possible) to reduce seepage

and improve stability, should be excavated.

The wall of the earth dam must be built by

properly compacting (critically important) suc-

cessive layers, of a maximum 150 mm per

layer, of impervious earth materials (clay or

a soil/clay mixture) in the form of an inverted

V mound and then placing layers of more

permeable materials, first of crushed stone

and then rocks, on the upstream and down-

stream sides of the dam wall. This will prevent

erosion by water motion, rain or wind, and a

suitable ungated spillway, usually of concrete,

to protect against the catastrophic overflow

of the dam.

In designing the dam, a 3 m wall height

would allow a 2 m depth of water when full.

But, to achieve a design height of 3 m, set-

tlement of the dam wall must be taken into

account. Depending on the soil test results,

an additional height allowance of between

0.15 m (5%) and 0.3 m (10%) must be made

when constructing the wall. Even with compac-

tion, as the earth dam wall settles, the sheer

weight of the materials used in its construction

will force air and water from voids. Under flood

conditions, which will invariably happen, the

water depth will increase to 2.5 m, with a

0.5 m depth of flow over the spillway. As a

safety margin, the top 0.5 m (minimum) is

required to allow water, rising on the dam due

to wind and waves, to flow over the crest.

SpillwaysA spillway is required to protect the dam

from over-topping, for example, during high

flows. It passes surplus water downstream

safely, preventing both the failure of the dam

and damage downstream.

Surplus water flows over a spillway crest

at the top water level and into an open chan-

nel around the side of the dam, discharging

safely into the stream below the dam. It may

be made from reinforced concrete, but a

cheaper solution is a grassed spillway with a

vegetated earth channel, protected crest at

reservoir top-water level, giving a maximum

velocity of 2.5 m/s.

A grassed spillway requires regular inspec-

tion and maintenance, so that erosion can

be repaired and a good grass cover is

maintained. It is often used together with a

trickle-pipe spillway so that small inflows into

a full reservoir flow through the trickle pipe,

and do not erode the grass spillway. Figure 2

FIGURE 1 Section through a small earth dam (Source: Nelson et al., 1985)

can be used to find the minimum inlet width

for a given flood flow. These widths apply to

well-grassed spillways. Poorly grassed spill-

ways should be wider.

Other considerationsIn constructing a dam, the first and constant

consideration is to pay attention to people's

safety, and avoid hazardous practices by

using dangerous earthmoving equipment

responsibly. Earth dams should be con-

structed during the dry season. If there

is a stream, this will need to be diverted

(through a culvert, which could become part

of the outlet works or spillway later). Top soil

should always be stripped because it con-

tains organic matter (such as roots), which

prevents proper compaction and may provide

seepage routes (piping) once the organic

matter has decayed.

When placing impervious (clay, etc.) mate-

rial in a dam, this should be at the correct

moisture content, without clogging the roller,

and in layers of no more than 150 mm deep,

in order to obtain the best compaction

results. Once the dam wall is completed,

cover the entire top and downstream side

of the wall with topsoil, plant strong grass

(such as kikuyu, star or Bermuda grass) to

protect against erosion. Maintain the grass

and water in the dry season, if necessary.

Prevent trees taking root and keep animals

and insects such as rats and termites off

the wall, as these pests will compromise the

integrity of the wall if allowed free rein. And, as

already mentioned, protect the upstream slope

with a layer of impervious crushed stone,

followed by a layer of rock. Secure a floating

timber beam 2 m from the dam wall to catch

any floating debris. These will need replacing

every 10 years or so.

By all accounts, and by doing a lot more read-

ing, and brushing up on your mathematics, you

will have a productive and very safe dam.

FIGURE 2 Plan of the spillway (Source: Nelson et al., 1985)

This image of the rather large Kingsley Dam illustrates the wall coverings perfectly

TECHNICAL ARTICLE

50 IMIESA July 2016

9

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The GRIDWhat is it?

9

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IMIESA July 2016 53

Landfills

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AN UNTAPPED ENERGY RESOURCEAn estimated 95% of South Africa’s solid waste ends up at landfill. With only a handful of landfill gas-to-energy projects currently running in the country, the electricity generating potential of these landfills is largely untapped. BY DANIELLE PETTERSON

THE MOST RECENT National Waste

Information Baseline Repor t

(2012) shows that South Africa

generated 108 million tonnes of

waste in 2011. Some 97 million tonnes

of this was disposed of at landfill. A rule

of thumb calculation is that landfills that

receive roughly 25 000 tonnes of solid

waste a month should be able to produce

about 1 MW by converting landfill gas (LFG)

to energy. This means that South Africa

could potentially produce up to 3 880 MW

of electricity from landfills alone.

Despite this great potential, there have

only been a handful of LFG-to-energy projects

in South Africa, and only a fraction of these

are run by municipalities, despite the fact

that eThekwini Municipality established South

Africa’s first LFG-to-energy project, which now

produces 45 000 MWh/year.

In her foreword to the 2015 National

Biogas Conference Report, Minister of

Energy Tina Joemat-Pettersson stated that

biogas was identified and prioritised in the

2003 White Paper on Renewable Energy

Policy to contribute to the 2013 target of

10 000 GWh alongside solar, wind,

small-scale hydro and other biomass tech-

nologies (including waste energy).

“Today, we are proud to say that, through

our efforts, the wind and solar energy sector

is being firmly mainstreamed into the national

electricity supply. However, small-scale tech-

nologies such as biogas and small-scale

hydro have not yet taken off on a significant

scale,” she said.

“It is of concern that the adoption of biogas

projects, even for commercial purposes, in

South Africa has been very slow, even though

the Renewable Energy Independent Power

Producer Procurement programme allocat-

ed 12.5 MW to small-scale biogas and 5

MW to small-scale hydro technology,” the

minister continued.

Speaking at the National Biogas Conference,

David Cornish from SABIA noted that biogas

generation is not a core municipal function and

that legislation and limits to funding constrain

municipalities from developing projects.

Cornish believes that, in order to drive more

biogas projects, senior municipal managers

need a clear vision of what they want to achieve

in their municipalities. This commitment will, in

turn, flow into the rest of the organisation and

the community that it serves.

Tackling emissions South Africa has committed to attaining sub-

stantial reductions in CO2 emissions by 2025,

and several municipalities have committed to

a target of 10% renewable energy supply

by 2020. LFG-to-energy projects

offer municipalities an opportu-

nity to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions while taking steps

towards meeting their targets.

Ekurhuleni Municipality is

using its LFG recovery project

as a step towards attain-

ing its 10% renew-

able energy

DID YOU KNOW?• Methane is the second most

concerning greenhouse gas after CO2• Methane is a potent greenhouse

gas considered to be 21 times more harmful than CO2

• Biogas was identified and prioritised in the 2003 White Paper on Renewable Energy Policy to contribute to the 2013 target of 10 000 GWh alongside solar, wind, small-scale hydro and other biomass technologies

ENERGY

54 IMIESA July 2016

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supply target. In addition to this, landfill gas

recovery has an on-line reliability of more than

90%. Unlike other renewable energy genera-

tors, it is not dependent on environmental fac-

tors such as the amount of sunlight or wind.

Moreover, LFG-to-energy projects can be

registered with the CDM and, if approved,

can earn carbon credits by reducing the

amount of methane entering the atmosphere.

A carbon credit is a financial instrument that

represents a tonne of CO2 or carbon-dioxide-

equivalent gases (CO2e) removed or reduced

from the atmosphere from an emission reduc-

tion project. These credits can be sold on the

mandatory or voluntary carbon markets.

Selling carbon credits from LFG-to-energy

projects has, over the past few years, become

an increasingly popular financing option that

can boost a landfill’s overall revenue stream.

eThekwini Municipality’s project has been

very successful in this regard.

South African success storiesThe Durban Landfill Gas to Electricity project

is the first of its kind to be registered in Africa

under the Clean Development Mechanism

(CDM). In addition to contributing to the

metro’s electricity supply, the project gener-

ates revenue from methane destruction in

the form of Certified Emission Reductions

as well as electricity sales.

The gas-to-electricity projects located at

two landfill sites – Mariannhill and Bisasar

– were commissioned in 2006 and 2008,

respectively. Bisasar stopped receiving

waste from 2015 but it is estimated to con-

tinue producing gas and generating electric-

ity for another 15 years. Mariannhill landfill

will close in 2022.

The sites have resulted in reduced

emissions of 7.2 million tonnes of CO2

and the project is successfully producing

45 000 MWh/year. As of April 2015,

the project has issued roughly 181 000

carbon credits.

Mounting landfillsDisposal of waste by landfill is the most

cost-effective and widely used method of

waste disposal in the country. Recycling

rates are low in South Africa and it is esti-

mated that over 95% of the country’s waste

is deposited in landfills. With volumes of

waste mounting, it makes sense to utilise

this waste to address South Africa’s electric-

ity challenges.

LEFT The Bisasar LFG-to-energy site in eThekwini

BELOW LEFT The Mariannhill LFG-to-energy site in eThekwini

IMIESA July 2016 55

National Tel: +27 87 742 2710International Tel: +27 31 705 0500Branches: Durban (HO), Johannesburg,Cape Town, East London, Tongaat (Factory)www.maccaferri.com/za

Dam Spillway Rehabilitation with Gabions & Mattresses

Energy-efficient LED retrofit

A HIGH MAST floodlight retrofit

project has been undertaken in

Mdantsane, Dimbaza and Duncan

Village – all suburbs in the Buffalo

City area of the Eastern Cape. With this project,

the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality is

leading the way in municipal energy efficiency.

A total of 150 high masts with 1 000 W

HPS (high-pressure sodium) floodlights were

retrofitted with 470 W OMNIstar LED flood-

lights, resulting in a significant energy saving in

excess of 50% per high mast. Because of this,

the project qualified for 100% Energy Efficiency

Funding by the Department of Energy. The

Mdantsane, Dimbaza and Duncan Village sub-

urbs are located within the Buffalo City metro

boundary. Mdantsane suburb is historically the

second largest township in South Africa run

by a single metro. Through this project, local

residents not only benefit from their munici-

pality’s energy and, therefore, fiscal savings,

but also through job creation.

The contractor who did the installation

is an empowered local company carrying

out the municipality’s street-lighting main-

tenance and employs a wide spectrum of

local employees, from electrical artisans

to artisan’s assistants, machine operators,

general workers, storemen and administra-

tion staff.

OMNIstarBEKA Schréder’s OMNIstar, a high-power

LED floodlight, was used for the project. This

floodlight has been designed to provide an

unrivalled combination of performance and

flexibility for lighting areas where high lumen

packages are needed, while offering maxi-

mum savings in energy and maintenance

costs with a short payback time.

With on-site photometric adjustment, the

OMNIstar guarantees the perfect lighting to

ensure safety and comfort. It offers a real

alternative to luminaires equipped with high-

power traditional sources, with the added

advantages of an LED solution: low energy

consumption, improved visibility with white

light, limited maintenance and longer life.

The OMNIstar can be fitted with the Owlet

range of control solutions to enable further

maximised energy savings by adapting the

light levels according to the real needs of

the installation.

The residents’ response to the new lighting

installation was overwhelmingly positive. BEKA

Schréder is proud to be associated with the

Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality in pro-

viding a successful and highly energy-efficient

lighting solution for this significant project.

ENERGY

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CONSTRUCTION | PROFILE

IMIESA July 2016 57

reasons to buy local5

THERE ARE certain products where

mega production in foreign coun-

tries carries high risks. These

include products that:

• relate to safety and security

• are bulky, fragile or difficult to transport

• are expected to have a long life

• need to be produced sustainably with

consideration for human rights and the

global environment

• must suit South African conditions

and culture.

Clay brick is one product that ticks all these

boxes. We want our homes and schools to

protect our families for at least our lifetime,

and preferably longer. We want our social infra-

structure to be energy efficient and low main-

tenance in a country that experiences extreme

heat in summer, corrosive coastal storms and

frosty winters across the interior.

“Buy local” usually means “buy South

African”, but when it comes to clay brick,

local is a lot closer to home – often less

than 100 km.

PriceClay bricks are dense construction materi-

als, which is what makes them so energy

efficient and safe. But that also makes them

expensive to transport. You will usually get the

best price close to the point of manufacture.

Competitively priced, accredited brick sup-

pliers can be found in every region, providing

consistent-quality stock in hand and short

transport distances.

The website www.claybrick.org has an

interactive map that allows you to select

your construction site and identify contact

and product information for suppliers in

your area.

ConvenienceUnlike many other construction

materials, bricks are modular and

easy to transport. Bricks can be moved

in a small bakkie and relocated on-site by

hand, so they can cope with rural roads

and restricted space on-site. Buy as fast

as you can build.

Modular clay brick walling allows construc-

tion teams to quickly adapt to the client’s

change requests, respond to unexpected

site conditions and implement complex

architectural designs.

Many manufacturers supply bricks in non-

standard, large sizes to lower material cost,

use less mortar and have fewer joins per

square metre. With bricks that are 140 mm

wide, one can build a single-leaf wall that

meets SABS 10400-XA.

Low riskBricks are manufactured to SABS

specifications and their use is

controlled by strict national building regula-

tions to protect homeowners and property

investors. There is a well-established knowl-

edge base of technical information for use

with different foundations, soils and climate

zones, ensuring consistent strength, timing

and costs.

SustainabilityClay Brick Association of South

Africa members are expected to

conform to legislation regarding air pollution

and environmental protection, as well as a

strict code of conduct with regard to how

bricks are manufactured.

Economic growth in rural areasCreating and suppor ting local

industries that add value to our natural

resources is a critical turnaround strategy

for South Africa. Brick production plants are

found outside urban centres and provide

stimulus for economic transformation, local

job creation and skills development.

No matter where the construction site is

located, there will be trained, local bricklay-

ers to complete the project. It is estimated

that over 200 000 workers are directly

employed across the building industry as

brickmakers, bricklayers and plasterers.

South Africans often underestimate our local level of skills, technology and innovation. In

many fields – especially engineering – South Africa leads the world.

1

2

3

4

5

Brick manufacturing provides stimulus for economic transformation and job creation in rural areas

58 IMIESA July 201658 IMIESA July 2016

CONSTRUCTION

Barrier protection is a complex field best left to the specialists. BY ALASTAIR CURRIE

IT IS ESTIMATED that some 71% of

all geomembrane installation defects

are caused by stones left within the

protection layer and a fur ther 16%

by heavy equipment during capping instal-

lation. In the hands of an inexperienced

installer, the end result is geomembrane

failure and ensuing contamination, with

potentially severe downstream environ-

mental implications.

However, expert installation is only one

factor to consider, comments Piet Meyer,

managing director, Aquatan, “Of equal

importance is the adoption of the right

membrane welding techniques: seem-

ingly a simple process (overlapping the

geomembranes and running the weld-

ing machine between the sheets), but

one that requires an expert design and

application approach when sealing a

dam or toxic waste facility. Modern-

day geosynthetic materials are now

well advanced and so are the

welding methods.”

Industry leaderBased in Gauteng, Aquatan is the indus-

try leader when it comes to geomem-

brane installation and is a member of the

International Association of Geosynthetics

Installers (IAGI). “We are the only IAGI

Approved Installation Contractor (AIC) on the

African continent and invest extensively in

training to keep up to date with international

best practice,” he explains.

A portion of the AIC requirement is that

member companies must employ certified

welding technicians. AIC contractors must

also meet requirements in the following

areas: corporate history and business prac-

tices, insurance verification, safety training,

ISO accreditation and professional compe-

tence and experience.

The IAGI Certified Welding Technician

(CWT) programmes for installers of HDPE

and reinforced geomembranes are rigor-

ous. They test technicians on their skill

in welding geomembranes by wedge and

extrusion. Candidates must take a written

exam and conduct physical welds of various

geomembranes with different thicknesses.

These welds are tested at a third-party lab

to determine whether they pass or not.

Since 2012, the majority of Aquatan’s

supervisors and technicians have qualified

as IAGI CWTs – a first for the company,

South Africa and Africa.

Variable factors to considerApart from Aquatan’s comprehensive, cloud-

based electronic QC system and AIMS man-

agement system, the two basic welding

systems pioneered and employed by the

company are electric double-wedge welding

and extrusion welding. Both use welding

Perfecting geomembrane welding

ABOVE Wedge welding in progress

BELOW By their nature, geomembranes are designed to contain the most harmful chemicals and aggressive effluents, and are highly effective when it comes to containment of landfills and toxic disposal facilities

IMIESA July 2016 59

Approved Installation Contractor (AIC) AQUATAN is a member of the International Association of Geosynthetics Installers (IAGI) and the only Approved Installation Contractor (AIC) on the African continent.

By being an Approved Installation Contractor we guarantee competent, top quality and professional installations to all our clients from a variety of sectors.

Professional Geomembrane Installations

Electric Leak Detection It has been shown that 71% of defects in geomembranes are as a result of stones within the protection layer and 16% due to heavy equipment when placing a capping layer on the geomembrane.

AQUATAN is the only Geomembrane installer in South Africa equipped to find discontinuities in a geomembrane lined facility below a capping layer.

Tel: +27(0)11 974 5271 Fax: +27(0)11 974 4111 E-Mail: [email protected] www.aquatan.com

Quality Control Electric Leak Detection in Progress

machines that produce truly homogeneous

seams under the most challenging condi-

tions. As a further plus, Aquatan’s extrusion

welding machines are unique: they have a

dynamic mixer and controlled nozzle heating

mechanism at the point of polymer fusion

and, therefore, exclude the very unreliable,

aggressive, difficult-to-control hot air preheat-

ing that can be influenced by environmental

variations regularly experienced on a site.

As Meyer points out, there is much more

to installing a containment system than just

welding the liner. Many containment systems

consist of multiple layers, including multiple

composite liners, and the installers need

to understand how to be site-specific when

installing components such as geomem-

branes, geotextiles, geogrids, geosynthetic

drains and geosynthetic clay liners in conjunc-

tion with other components.

The installation of geomembranes can be

adversely influenced by changing weather, soil

conditions, diurnal temperature variations and,

most importantly, subsequent activities over

the installed membrane. “That’s why having

the controls in place is vital to ensuring that

not only the welding machines, but also the

welding operators and management team are

able to produce reliable seams, applying instal-

lation processes that are designed to meet the

geomembrane’s limitations within the engi-

neer’s specification over the long term and

that do not leak despite the many challenges

they may encounter on-site.” Destructive and

non-destructive testing of welds is one way to

ensure this.

Brownfield remediation specialistsMistakes are costly and sometimes

irreversible, which is when remediation

becomes necessary aside from the legal

non-compliance issues. In addition to new

projects, Aquatan has a division that

specialises in brownfield remediation con-

tracts where membranes have failed for

various reasons, using dipole electric leak

detection (ELD) techniques to pinpoint the

source of the leaks.

In a recent liner example completed by a

non-IAGI member, ELD scanning identified a

1.5 m long cut in the

membrane, 23 penetrations

and several deep scratches – main-

ly as a result of inexperienced appli-

cation procedures and workmanship.

The liner system comprised a 20 000 m2

2.0 mm HDPE geomembrane covered by a

stone drainage layer over a 1 000 g/m2 pro-

tection geotextile. Excluding the scratches,

this equated to one hole per 833 m2.

“Protecting people and the environment in

the long term is the first prize,” adds Meyer.

"Then there’s the obligation to meet statutory

regulations, and the need to manage cost

and reputation for contractors involved in

the construction of barrier systems installa-

tions in the water, waste and mining sectors.

Perhaps a good place to start is for own-

ers and engineers to demand professional

and experienced geomembrane contractors,

and conduct the due diligence necessary to

verify that experience. This will avoid situa-

tions where intensely engineered, carefully

selected and costly geosynthetics are ren-

dered dysfunctional.”

CONSTRUCTION

Perfecting geomembrane

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Plan to procure resources

IMIESA July 2016 61

Part of planning your project is determining what resources are required and then allocating these resources. The trick, so to speak, is coordinating people and resources so that the plan is executed as intended. BY JOHN VAN RIJN,

INDEVELOPMENT

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT terminol-

ogy, resources are required to carry

out the project (work) tasks. These

can be people, equipment, facilities,

funding, or anything else required for the

completion of a project activity or activities.

So, after all activities and tasks have

been determined, the project manager may

start allocating resources to those activi-

ties and specific tasks.

Historical data He or she may obtain the historical data

from a manual, but an update from other

historical resources is always highly recom-

mended to adjust the duration information

to the specific circumstances. Professional

organisations collect historical informa-

tion from old project files, databases and

from people who have worked on similar

projects on regular intervals. Smaller, more

pioneering organisations may try to review

any available post-mortem information from

previous projects. Project managers should,

in particular, search for information on the

types and numbers of resources used.

Refine duration estimates It goes without saying that the duration

estimates should be upgraded, when more

accurate information comes forward or when

the allocation of resources is changed.

Resource graphs Resource graphs show what resources

are needed and when. They also show

when certain resources are over-allocated.

Typical resource graphs are labour, plant,

transport and materials schedules. A typi-

cal resource graph is presented in Graph 1.

Labour schedules The construction of infrastructure requires –

besides flexible, unskilled labourers – many

specialised labourers. Those labourers with

the same qualifications are positioned in

the same labour pool. To avoid reduction

in productivity, due to reduced motivation

and start and finish periods, it is advisable

to aim for an even workload for each of the

labour pools. This is of even more interest

for those organisations that have employed

their labour force on a permanent basis.

This is achieved by a continuing exchange

between the labour schedule and the Gantt

chart or network plan. The labour sched-

ules are drawn up using the charts already

62 IMIESA July 2016

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prepared. For each activity, the number of workers from each

labour pool is recorded.

Plant and transport schedules Expensive plant and transport vehicles are generally planned to be

100% utilised. Cheaper plant and transport vehicles are generally

planned to fit in with the prepared plan.

Other than aiming at constant utilisation of the different resource

pools, the project manager (during the implementation phase, in

particular) wants to avoid a succeeding activity overtaking a preceding

activity. The project manager prefers, therefore, for all activities to run

at the same speed.

Material schedule Material schedules act as a guide for ordering materials, but also

serve as a checklist of materials needed. It is usually minor items that

are forgotten and cause temporarily delays.

Meeting deadlines Changing the duration is one method to help meet deadlines, and

resolve resource over-allocations and budget cuts. Another option

to meet the deadlines is the creation of subprojects. If a big project

contains a number of outputs, or an output that can be segmented,

it may be advisable to use this technique. Segmenting of road works

will result in many production gangs undertaking the same activity at

the same time.

Specify resource availability Availability of resources refers to the availability of resources to work

on the project; that is, whether the resource is working half time or

full time on the project, whether there are two or three of the same

resource, and whether the resource's availability changes at any point.

Infrastructure projects may compete with the agricultural sector to

attract workers during the harvest seasons. The more familiar project

managers are with resource capabilities, the more efficiently and

effectively these resources can be assigned to the different tasks.

Project managers should also be familiar with equipment preventive

maintenance schedules, especially when equipment is not rented. A

special plan should be developed to present the rate of consumption

for materials, their costs and, specifically, when they need to be pur-

chased. If the project does not purchase from regular suppliers, time

should be allocated for the selection of these suppliers.

In the next issue, we will take a look at risk management plans.

GRAPH 1 A typical resource graph

CEMENT & CONCRETE

Keeping cool with concrete

Concrete's relatively light colour has several important environmental benefits, particularly in urban areas.

IMIESA July 2016 63

THE TWO PRIMARY benefits of

concrete's light colour are

reduced lighting energy consump-

tion, and a decrease in the 'heat

island' effect in cities and built-up areas,

both of which help to combat global warm-

ing,” says Bryan Perrie, managing director,

The Concrete Institute.

In the first instance, the light colour of

concrete provides a safer environment and

enables lighting requirements in a town

or city to be reduced, both internally and

externally. “For concrete roads or parking

areas, research in the US has shown that

sur face reflection readings on concrete

pavements and other sur faces are four to

five times higher than other road sur face

materials. This means increased visibil-

ity for drivers and increased security in

urban areas. Similar research has shown

that the increased reflectance of concrete

roads calls for fewer lighting masts and up

to 24% lower energy requirements. This

principle also applies to urban areas and

car parks,” says Perrie.

Explaining the benefits of the light colour

of concrete in reducing the heat island

effect, Perrie says that on hot summer

days, ambient conditions in urban areas

can be up to 2°C to 6°C warmer than the

adjacent countryside, thus making the

built-up areas “heat islands”.

Albedo effectThese urban heat islands can influence

rainfall patterns, with higher rainfall down-

wind of cities compared to the upwind

areas. The reflectance ratio – called the

albedo effect – of reflected solar radiation

to the amount that falls on the sur face,

rates from 0, when no incoming radiation is

reflected, to 1, when all incoming radiation

is reflected. The lighter the sur face colour,

the more solar radiation it will reflect and

the less heat it will absorb. The solar

reflectance of concrete varies between

0.2 and 0.4, compared with asphalt's

much lower reflectance that ranges

between 0.05 and 0.2.

“Exposed building materials with a high

albedo reflect more heat, and lead to

cooler cities. The average albedo of normal

concrete is about 0.35, with reflectance

values as high as 0.7 to 0.8 for white con-

crete made with white cement. In contrast,

dark materials, such as new asphalt, can

have an albedo or reflectance capacity as

low as 0.05.

“The incorporation of high albedo concrete

products in exposed sur faces, such as

roads and parking areas, can significantly

reduce the heat island effect and lead

to cooler urban areas. In Arizona, for

example, the summer temperatures of

adjacent concrete and asphalt roads were

measured: concrete was a staggering 11°C

cooler,” Perrie adds.

He says using concrete, with its high heat

reflectance ability, can lower average sum-

mer afternoon temperatures in surrounding

buildings by as much as 3°C, cutting air-

conditioning usage by as much as 18%.

“The potential increase in cost during the

design and construction phases in provid-

ing a green structure will generally be more

than offset by the savings from reduced

energy usage when concrete structures are

used. Life-cycle cost analyses have shown

that, because of concrete's durability, the

whole-life cost of many projects is lower

when concrete is used as the major con-

struction material,” Perrie concludes.

Concrete's relatively light colour has several environmental benefits, says Bryan Perrie of The Concrete Institute

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IMIESA July 2016 65

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Eliminating bottlenecks

WHILE ACHIEVING A dense, cohesive concrete mix

with sufficient paste volume will enable the correct

level of workability of the concrete, contractors must

also pay attention to avoiding practices that will result

in risky segregation during concrete pumping on construction sites.

"Where material segregates and the water separates out of the mix

– in other words, where water washes out of the paste – there is a

strong possibility of blockages occurring in the pipeline,” says Eddie

Correia, executive vice-president, Chryso Southern Africa – a leading

producer of superplasticisers.

These water-reducing agents enable good aggregate coating by

dispersing the cement grains, thereby minimising agglomeration of

the mix and increasing the plasticity and, therefore, the workability

of the concrete.

Getting the ratio rightSuperplasticisers from the Chryso Fluid range will assist in creating a

favourable water-cement ratio by reducing the amount of water, which

also prevents shrinking, cracking and porous concrete.

Significantly, the company has developed Fill Free technology, which

assists contractors to produce concrete that is cohesive yet still has

a moderate viscosity. This modified PCE-technology was developed

to have non-thixotropic properties and makes use of the brand’s

superplasticisers.

“When being pumped, concrete moves in the form of a cylinder

and is separated from the pipeline wall by a lubricating layer made

up of water, cement and fine aggregate or sand. It is essential that

this lubricating film is achieved on all sides of the pipe and that the

requisite workability is attained so the concrete can be pushed or

transported through this channel,” he says.

Invaluable products and expertise Fill Free technology facilitates a cohesive concrete paste that is less

sticky. This is important as stickiness can hinder cleaning efforts in

the pipeline and also increase the resistance of the flow of concrete

in the pipeline. A paste that is too sticky will also make it difficult to

maintain a constant rate of pumping.

Again, this is where the company’s superplasticisers are invaluable

in achieving the plasticity and workability needed for the concrete

paste to pass easily through reducers and move through bends in the

pump and pipeline without causing blockages.

Buildings are getting taller, a global trend in response to growing

urbanisation. The correct solutions and advice on how to use admix-

tures from a reputable producer, such as Chryso Southern Africa,

have become requisite for successfully tackling these projects.

DELEGATE ONLINE REGISTRATION HAS OPENED

THEME: “Siyaphambili – Engineering the Future’’The 2016 IMESA Conference will be hosted at the East London International Convention Centre (ELICC)

26 - 28 OCTOBER 2016

Visit www.imesa.org.za

Register and pay BEFORE31 July 2016

• Early Bird Registration for IMESA Members – R4900.00

• Early Bird Registration for Non IMESA Members – R5400.00

Register and pay BEFORE31 August 2016

Register and pay AFTER31 August 2016

• Late Registration for IMESA Members – R5100.00

• Late Registration for Non IMESA Members – R5700.00

• Last Minute Registration for IMESA Members – R5650.00

• Last Minute Registration for Non IMESA Members – R6250.00

IMESA

ORGANISERTHE INSTITUTE OF MUNICIPAL

ENGINEERING OF SOUTHERN AFRICA (IMESA)

t +27 (031) 266 3263 email [email protected]

Special rates have been negotiated with the Hotels listed below for IMESA Delegates. Book NOW and quote the unique booking code found on the IMESA Conference website.

IMESA will provide an airport shuttle, transport to and from social functions, as well as a daily conference shuttle to and from the Hotels listed above.

Special rates have been negotiated with the Hotels listed below for ACCOMMODATION

TRANSPORT

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New vibrating system

IMIESA July 2016 67

aims big

TOP LEFT PMSA unveiled its Ultravibe vibrator at Totally Concrete 2016

TOP RIGHT The control panel of the Ultravibe vibration system

ABOVE Ultravibe can produce up to 170 kN of vibration force

THE NEW TECHNOLOGY from

PMSA, a manufacturer of brick,

block and paving machines, was

unveiled at Totally Concrete 2016,

held at Gallagher Convention Centre in May

this year.

The Ultravibe vibrators can be retrofit-

ted to the company’s range of existing

machines, but will also form the basis of

a brand-new machine under development.

“This will be a large-pallet, 1 400 mm by

1 100 mm, production-board machine incor-

porating all of our latest advances in its

design,” Walter Ebeling, managing director,

PMSA, reveals.

“We undertook these latest develop-

ments in order to allow our customers

to be more productive. The best means

of achieving this is if your equipment is

more reliable.”

Easy careThe new vibrators have been designed spe-

cifically to run maintenance-free for up to

three years. The aim is that customers will

not have to service, replace bearings or oil

and grease daily – all tasks that impact on

productivity and cost-efficiency.

In addition, the new vibrators will have the

capacity to produce 170 kN of vibration force

on PMSA’s flagship RE1400 machine. This

will allow for the production of extra-large

concrete elements, from 300 mm to 500 mm

in height. The new vibrators have also been

designed to function as a two- or four-vibrator

system, with the latter providing control over

both the frequency and force of the vibra-

tion produced. “This gives our customers

enormous flexibility in their product range, as

they can apply a frequency and force setting

particular to the raw materials they use in

their concrete,” Ebeling points out.

Achieving such flexibility meant that PMSA

also had to redesign its vibrating table, in

addition to the development of the new vibra-

tors. Ultravibe can be retrofitted to PMSA’s

range of VB1X, VB4X and RE1400 machines.

“There are other improvements in our machine

designs that have been incorporated already,

and which continue to be incorporated,”

Ebeling concludes.

A new range of Ultravibe vibrators aims to help customers increase productivity and efficiency.

68 IMIESA July 2016

CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT

ARCHITECTURE • HOUSING • CEMENT • CONSTRUCTION • PROPERT Y DEVELOPMENT

4 – 5 October 2016 | Safar i Park Hotel , Nairobi , Kenya

COMMERCIAL PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT

E A S T A F R I C A B R I E F I N G EAST

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Endorsed by

Polishing your concrete prep fleet

LAMBSON’S HIRE operates a fleet

of fit-for-purpose concrete prepara-

tion equipment that caters to the

needs of this specific sector of

the market. The new grinding and polishing

machine will join this fleet and offers sev-

eral important features to hirers.

The lightweight machine combines high

diamond speed with balanced weight, placing

it in a class of its own when compared to

other machines with a 650 mm width. This,

coupled with the variable-speed controller,

which facilitates grinding and polishing at the

optimal speed, ensures high productivity. It is

capable of efficiently flattening or levelling a

floor and can also be used to grind a surface

with a shallow indentation or dish effect.

Quick and easy workPowered by a reliable 7.5 kW three-phase

motor, the Satellite 650 MkII incorporates

patented SP drive technol-

ogy, which drives the dia-

mond discs in the same

rotation direction as the

main head – directing

more power to the disc

head and ensuring easier and quicker grind-

ing and polishing.

Taking operator comfort into account, the

Satellite 650 MkII offers easy axle-height

adjustment, thereby reducing operator

fatigue. This is accomplished easily, with

just one hand.

In addition, the machine is equipped with

a robust handle-locking mechanism and it

can be placed in three different positions

for different purposes. The controls on

the machine include an overload function,

which protects both operator and machine.

Disc changeover is quick and simple

with the machine’s magnetic plug system

and can be accom-

plished within a few

seconds. The machine

can be used with three

discs (250 mm) or six

discs (175 mm).

Easy to transport and environmentally friendly The machine is fitted with a 50 mm dust

collection port facilitating dust-free opera-

tion, an important consideration given the

increased focus on environmental conditions

on sites. It is also equipped with a floating

dust shroud for effective dust control.

A foldable handle makes it easy to trans-

port and store the machine, while the single

lifting point makes lifting a breeze.

The Satellite 650 MkII is available directly

from Lambson’s Hire’s specialist Concrete

Surface Preparation Division.

IMIESA July 2016 69

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A WELL-MAINTAINED COOLING tower is essential for opti-

mal system performance. Leading rope access special-

ist Skyriders is demonstrating the most efficient way of

achieving this result in a project to repair a 140 m high

cooling tower at a petrochemical plant in Secunda, Mpumalanga.

The petrochemical plant engaged the services of Aveng Grinaker-

LTA, a specialist in concrete repairs, to execute the project. Aveng

Grinaker LTA, in turn, saw the need to utilise rope access in order

to reduce the downtime incurred and increase the overall safety of

the project.

“We have been assisting Aveng Grinaker-LTA with rope-access-

related services for a few years,” Mike Zinn, marketing manager,

Skyriders, comments. Rope access allowed the team to move freely,

while affording a great deal of flexibility on the massive cooling tow-

ers, thereby accelerating the project’s progress.

Scope of worksSkyriders’ scope of work on the project comprised installing lifelines,

assisting with the installation of access systems, removing loose

concrete that posed a risk to maintenance, acting as a standby rescue

team, as well as assisting with the maintenance and inspection of

the temporary access systems supplied by the other subcontractor,

Riggers Steeplejacks.

According to Zinn, one of the company’s main focus areas is that of

standby rescue in the event of any emergency situation. A 9 m high

structural scaffold was installed for such rescue purposes, and also

used to familiarise the project team with the site conditions.

“Working at height poses many challenges. For this project, we were

faced with a total height of 140 m, in addition to the dangers posed by

loose concrete, the wet and slippery conditions, plus the shape of the

cooling tower, along with ensuring that we adhered to the project time

frame,” Zinn elaborates.

Training and on-site technicians The Skyriders team on-site consisted of rope access technicians with

temporary suspended platform supervisor's training, who boast solid

rope access and concrete skills. The company adheres to strict ISO

rope-access standards, in addition to complying with Aveng Grinaker-

LTA’s own safety requirements, as well as providing additional training

for the project teams.

The company is not only accredited by the Institute of Work at

Heights, but all of its technicians are trained in accordance with its

regulations. “Delivering a quality service while adhering to a strict

deadline, all against the background of 100% compliance with all safety

requirements and standards, is our motto,” Zinn concludes.

A lifeline for repair

70 IMIESA July 2016

AWARDS

CESA and Aon to celebrate engineering excellenceT

HE CESA AON Engineering Awards

has been dubbed “a feast of engineer-

ing talent” and rewards an explosion

of engineering plans and projects

that provide the economic growth that leads

to better lives.

Sponsored by one of the leading global risk

advisors and insurance brokers, Aon South

Africa, the awards are a platform to show-

case the important role that infrastructure

plays in the sustainable development of our

country. The awards focus on engineers and

the excellence in service they offer their

clients in providing buildings, structures and

infrastructure that lasts.

According to Aon, “CESA members play

a pivotal role in South African society and

in the greater South African economy. The

progress of this country and its sustainability

are touched, on a daily basis, by some facet

of engineering. Without this application of the

sciences, the vast majority of development and

upliftment we need would not happen. The role

that engineers play in terms of the well-being

of our citizens is immense.”

An adjudicator once commented that it was

a privilege to be on the judging panel of the

awards and be exposed to the creativity, tenac-

ity, skill and sometimes sheer determination

of this industry. Engineers solved the cholera

problem related to contaminated water in the

19th century, designed and built intricate high-

way interchanges in the tightest of spaces, sus-

pended bridges from cables, converted sunlight

into electrical power and sometimes indulged

in a round or two of snakes and ladders. No

challenge seems too big or too complex for this

talented group of people who, like magicians,

make the impossible possible.

This year’s CESA Aon Awards Gala Dinner

will be held at Vodacom World in Midrand on

17 August 2016.

Contac t Sher i Morgan | sher i [email protected] .za | 086 000 9590

H O W I M P O RTA N T I S G E N D E R E M P O W E R M E N T I N Y O U R O R G A N I S AT I O N ?

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MEDIA PARTNER: SPONSORS: STRATEGIC PARTNER:

IME

SA

AF

FIL

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EM

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IMESA

AECOM [email protected] Group (Pty) Ltd [email protected] Broom Road Products [email protected] SA [email protected] [email protected] Manufacturing Infraset [email protected] Africa Group Holdings [email protected] Consulting [email protected] Bosch Munitech [email protected] Stemele [email protected] Brubin Pumps [email protected] Consulting Engineers [email protected] Consulting Engineers [email protected] Corrosion Institute of Southern Africa [email protected] Built Environment [email protected] Bank of SA [email protected] Plastics [email protected] Engineers [email protected] Kent Metering [email protected] Engineers [email protected] South Africa (Pty) Ltd [email protected] [email protected] Consulting [email protected] Investments & Consulting [email protected] Goba (Pty) Ltd [email protected] & Nxumalo Consulting Engineers cc [email protected] [email protected] Technology [email protected] Enterprises [email protected]@Consulting [email protected] Consulting [email protected] [email protected] Environment [email protected] and Green [email protected] Water [email protected] Consulting Engineers [email protected] Consulting Engineers [email protected] & Templer (K&T) Consulting Engineers [email protected] Botlhale Consulting Engineers [email protected] Base [email protected] Water [email protected] Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd [email protected] Makhaotse Narasimulu & Associates [email protected] Padayachee & Associates (Pty) Ltd [email protected] Consulting Engineers [email protected]

Marley Pipe Systems [email protected] & East [email protected] Consulting & Project Management [email protected] [email protected] Wa Batho Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd [email protected] Macdonald Africa (Pty) Ltd [email protected] Asphalt [email protected] Consulting [email protected] Engineering Systems [email protected] Consulting [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] HaskoningDHV [email protected] SABITA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Water Systems [email protected] Siza Water [email protected] (Pty) Ltd [email protected] Lines [email protected] SA [email protected] Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Sobek Engineering [email protected] African Society for Trenchless Technology [email protected] Consulting [email protected] [email protected] Engineers East London [email protected] Consulting [email protected] Consulting [email protected] [email protected] VIP Consulting Engineers [email protected] VOMM [email protected] VUKA Africa Consulting Engineers [email protected] Institute of Southern Africa [email protected] Water Solutions Southern Africa [email protected] South Africa [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Group Africa [email protected]

PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATES

72 IMIESA July 2016

In partnership with & O� cial media partner:

The Associa onof South AfricanQuan ty Surveyors

9149 - IBS2016 IMIESA 210 x 148,5 Jul PATHS.indd 1 2016/06/30 11:23 AM

Standard Bank Top Women Awards 70

APE Pumps 24

Aquatan 58

Aveng Infraset IBC

Bambanani Pipes and Fittings 36

Babcock 12

Barloworld Equipment 41

Clay Brick Association 56

DPI Plastics 18

ELB MST 2

ELB Hidromek 48

ELB Sumitomo 60

Erwat 14

Hall Longmore 32

IMESA 80th Celebration 44

IMESA Bursary Scheme 20

IMESA Registration 66

Interbuild 72

Jan Palm Consulting Engineers 54

Krohne 62

KSB 52

Lekwa Consulting Engineers OFC

Maccaferri Southern Africa 55

Mercedes-Benz 4

National Asphalt IFC

PMSA 67

Rare Group 30

Robor 34

Rocla 65

Saint-Gobain Construction Products 22

SBS Water Systems 16

Sizabantu Piping Systems 26

SMEC 61

Structa Group 47

Technicrete 42

The Concrete Institute 64

Tosas 45

Ultra Control Valves 28

Water & Sanitation Services SA OBC

WorleyParsons 69

Zest WEG Group 51

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS

Advertising opportunity In each issue, IMIESA offers companies a number of opportunities to advertise or promote their brand, projects, services or products. Contact us now to discuss how we can help you to maximise your brand exposure in the municipal engineering and affiliated industries.

IMESA

The official

magazine

of the Institute

of Municipal

Engineering

of Southern Africa

www.infrastructurene.ws

of the Institute

of Southern Africa

I S S N 0 2 5 7 1 9 7 8 Vo l u m e 4 1 N o . 0 6 • J u n e 2 0 1 6 • R 5 0 . 0 0 ( i n c l . VAT )

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imiesa july 2016

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