immediate life support revision lecture. causes and prevention of cardiac arrest
TRANSCRIPT
Immediate Life Support
Revision Lecture
Causes and Prevention of Cardiac Arrest
Early recognition prevents:
• Cardiac arrests and deaths• Admissions to ICU• Inappropriate resuscitation attempts
Chain of survival
Early recognition ofthe deteriorating patient
• Most arrests are predictable
• Hypoxia and hypotension are common antecedents
• Delays in referral to higher levels of care
Recognition of the deteriorating patient
Example escalation protocol based on Scottish early warning score (SEWS)
Recognition of the deteriorating patient
• Several alternative systems to cardiac arrest team• e.g. Medical emergency team (MET)
• Track changes in physiology• e.g. Early warning scores
• Trigger a response if abnormal values:• Call senior nurse• Call doctor • Call resuscitation team
The ABCDE approach to the deteriorating patient
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure
ABCDE approach
Underlying principles:
• Complete initial assessment
• Treat life-threatening problems
• Reassessment
• Assess effects of treatment/interventions
• Call for help early
ABCDE approach
• Personal safety
• Patient responsiveness
• First impression
• Vital signs• Respiratory rate, SpO2, pulse, BP, GCS, temperature
ABCDE approachAirway
Causes of airway obstruction:
• CNS depression• Blood • Vomit • Foreign body • Trauma
• Infection • Inflammation • Laryngospasm • Bronchospasm
ABCDE approachAirway
Recognition of airway obstruction:
• Talking
• Difficulty breathing, distressed, choking
• Shortness of breath
• Noisy breathing• Stridor, wheeze, gurgling
• See-saw respiratory pattern, accessory muscles
ABCDE approachAirway
Treatment of airway obstruction:
• Airway opening• Head tilt, chin lift, jaw thrust
• Simple adjuncts
• Advanced techniques• e.g. LMA, tracheal tube
• Oxygen
ABCDE approachBreathing
Recognition of breathingproblems:• Look
• Respiratory distress, accessory muscles, cyanosis, respiratory rate, chest deformity, conscious level
• Listen • Noisy breathing, breath
sounds
• Feel • Expansion, percussion,
tracheal position
ABCDE approachBreathing
Treatment of breathing problems:
• Airway
• Oxygen
• Treat underlying cause• e.g. antibiotics for pneumonia
• Support breathing if inadequate • e.g. ventilate with bag-mask
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ABCDE approachCirculation
• Primary• Acute coronary syndromes• Arrhythmias• Hypertensive heart disease• Valve disease• Drugs• Inherited cardiac diseases• Electrolyte/acid base
abnormalities
• Secondary • Asphyxia• Hypoxaemia• Blood loss• Hypothermia• Septic shock
Causes of circulation problems:
ABCDE approachCirculation
Recognition of circulation problems:
• Look at the patient• Pulse - tachycardia, bradycardia• Peripheral perfusion - capillary refill time• Blood pressure• Organ perfusion
• Chest pain, mental state, urine output
• Bleeding, fluid losses
ABCDE approachCirculation
Treatment of circulation problems:
• Airway, Breathing• Oxygen• IV/IO access, take bloods• Treat cause• Fluid challenge
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ABCDE approachCirculation
Acute Coronary Syndromes
• Unstable angina or myocardial infarction
• Treatment• Aspirin 300 mg orally (crushed/chewed)• Nitroglycerine (GTN spray or tablet)• Oxygen guided by pulse oximetry• Morphine (or diamorphine)
• Consider reperfusion therapy (PCI, thrombolysis)
ABCDE approachDisability
Recognition• AVPU or GCS• Pupils
Treatment • ABC• Treat underlying cause• Blood glucose
• If < 4 mmol l-1 give glucose
• Consider lateral position• Check drug chart
ABCDE approachExposure
• Remove clothes to enable examination• e.g. injuries, bleeding, rashes
• Avoid heat loss
• Maintain dignity
Any questions?
• Early recognition of the deteriorating patient may prevent cardiac arrest
• Most patients have warning symptoms and signs before cardiac arrest
• Airway, breathing or circulation problems can cause cardiac arrest
• ABCDE approach to recognise and treat patients at risk of cardiac arrest
Summary
Advanced Life Support Algorithm
ALS algorithm
• ILS providers should use those skills in which they are proficient
• If using an AED – switch on and follow the prompts
• Ensure high quality chest compressions
• Ensure expert help is coming
Adult ALS Algorithm
• Patient response
• Open airway
• Check for normal breathing• Caution agonal breathing
• Check circulation
• Check for signs of life
To confirm cardiac arrest…Unresponsive?Not breathing or
only occasional gasps
Cardiac arrest confirmed
22222222
Unresponsive?Not breathing or
only occasional gasps
Call resuscitation team
Cardiac arrest confirmedUnresponsive?Not breathing or
only occasional gasps
Call resuscitation team
CPR 30:2Attach defibrillator / monitor
Minimise interruptions
Chest compression
• 30:2• Compressions
• Centre of chest• 5-6 cm depth• 2 per second (100-120 min-1)
• Maintain high quality compressions with minimal interruption
• Continuous compressions once airway secured
• Switch compression provider every 2 min to avoid fatigue
Shockable and Non-Shockable
MINIMISE INTERRUPTIONS IN CHEST COMPRESSIONS
START PAUSE
Assessrhythm
Shockable
(VF / Pulseless VT)
Non-Shockable
(PEA / Asystole)
CPR
• Uncoordinated electrical activity
• Coarse/fine• Exclude artefact
• Movement• Electrical interference
Shockable (VF)Shockable
(VF)
• Bizarre irregular waveform• No recognisable QRS
complexes• Random frequency and
amplitude
Shockable (VT)Shockable
(VT)
• Polymorphic VT• Torsade de pointes
• Monomorphic VT• Broad complex rhythm• Rapid rate• Constant QRS morphology
Automated External Defibrillation
• If not confident in rhythm recognition use an AED
• Start CPR whilst awaiting AED to arrive
• Switch on and follow AED prompts
AED algorithm
Manual defibrillation• Plan all pauses in chest compressions
• Brief pause in compressions to check rhythm
• Do chest compressions when charging
• Ensure no-one touches patient during shock delivery
• Very brief pause in chest compressions for shock delivery
• Resume compressions immediately after the shock
Shockable (VF / VT)
RESTARTCPR
Assessrhythm
Shockable
(VF / VT)
Shockable (VT)
CHARGE DEFIBRILLATOR
Assessrhythm
Shockable
(VF / VT)
Shockable (VF / VT)
DELIVER SHOCK
Assessrhythm
Shockable
(VF / VT)
Shockable (VF / VT)
IMMEDIATELY RESTART CPR
Assessrhythm
Shockable
(VF / VT)
Shockable (VF / VT)
MINIMISE INTERRUPTIONS IN CHEST COMPRESSIONS
Assessrhythm
Shockable
(VF / VT)
IMMEDIATELY RESTART CPR
MINIMISE INTERRUPTIONS IN CHEST COMPRESSIONS
• Vary with manufacturer
• Check local equipment
• If unsure, deliver highest available energy
• DO NOT DELAY SHOCK
• Energy levels for manual defibrillators on this course
Manual defibrillation energies
If VF / VT persists
CPR for 2 min
CPR for 2 minDuring CPR
Adrenaline 1 mg IVAmiodarone 300 mg IV
Deliver 2nd shock
Deliver 3rd shock
Non-Shockable
Assessrhythm
Shockable
(VF / Pulseless VT)
Non-Shockable
(PEA / Asystole)
MINIMISE INTERRUPTIONS IN CHEST COMPRESSIONS
• Absent ventricular (QRS) activity• Atrial activity (P waves) may persist• Rarely a straight line trace
• Adrenaline 1 mg IV then every 3-5 min
Non-shockable (Asystole)Non-Shockable
(Asystole)
• Clinical features of cardiac arrest• ECG normally associated with an output• Adrenaline 1 mg IV then every 3-5 min
Non-shockable (Asystole)Non-Shockable
(PEA)
During CPRDuring CPR
Ensure high-quality CPR: rate, depth, recoil Plan actions before interrupting CPR Give oxygen Consider advanced airway and capnography Continuous chest compressions when
advanced airway in place Vascular access (intravenous, intraosseous) Give adrenaline every 3-5 min Correct reversible causes
Reversible causes
Airway and ventilation
• Secure airway:• Supraglottic airway device e.g. LMA, i-gel• Tracheal tube
• Do not attempt intubation unless trained and competent to do so
• Once airway secured, if possible, do not interrupt chest compressions for ventilation
• Avoid hyperventilation
• Capnography
Immediate post-cardiac arrest treatment
Resuscitation team
• Roles planned in advance• Identify team leader• Importance of non-technical skills
• Task management• Team working• Situational awareness• Decision making
• Structured communication• SBAR or RSVP
Any questions?
• Importance of high quality chest compressions
• Minimise interruptions in chest compressions
• Shockable rhythms are VF/pulseless VT
• Non-shockable rhythms are PEA/Asystole
• Use an AED if not sure about rhythms
• Correct reversible causes of cardiac arrest
• Role of resuscitation team
Summary
Immediate Life Support Course Slide set
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