immigration '11

8/3/2019 Immigration '11

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Immigration

andMigration


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Immigration Immigration is the introduction of new people into a

habitat or population. It is the act of moving into a

new country (e.g., the Pilgrims immigrated toAmerica). Itis different from emigration andmigration.

Emigration is Leaving one country to move toanother (e.g., the Pilgrims emigrated from

England).


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Migration Migration (human) is the movement of people from

one place in the world to another for the purpose

of taking up permanent or semi-permanentresidence, usually across a political boundary. Anexample of "semi-permanent residence" would bethe seasonal movements of migrant farm laborers.People can either choose to move ("voluntarymigration") or be forced to move ("involuntarymigration").


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People who Migrate

A migrant is on the move and is temporary, while an immigrant iscoming to stay.

Refugee: A person who is residing outside the country of his or herorigin due to fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion,nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion.


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Why Do People Migrate?

People move for a variety of reasons. They consider the advantages anddisadvantages of staying versus moving, as well as factors such as distance,travel costs, travel time, modes of transportation, terrain, and cultural barriers.

Push Factors: Reasons for emigrating (leaving a place) because of a difficulty(such as a food shortage, war, flood, etc.).

Pull Factors: Reasons for immigrating (moving into a place) because ofsomething desirable (such as a nicer climate, better food supply, freedom, etc.).

Several types of push and pull factors may influence people in their movements(sometimes at the same time), including:

Environmental (e.g., climate, natural disasters)

Political (e.g., war)

Economic (e.g., work)

Cultural (e.g., religious freedom, education)


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US Immigration The foreign-born population in the United States

tripled in the past four decades and currently totals

about 37 million, or nearly 12 percent of the totalpopulation.

By 2010, the foreign-born population is expectedto increase to 43 million, or 13.5 percent of thetotal population.

Proportionately, the United States is less a nationof immigrants now than a century ago, whennearly 15 percent of the population was foreign-born.


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Fewer immigrants are from Europe;

more are from *Latin America and AsiaTOP-TEN IMMIGRANT-SENDING COUNTRIES

TO THE UNITED STATES1960

1. Mexico2. Germany3. Canada4. United Kingdom5. Italy6. Cuba7. Poland8. Ireland

9. Hungary10. Portugal

*Latin America is that part of the Western Hemisphere south of the

U.S., in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, & SouthAmerica, where Spanish, Portuguese, & French are the official

languages.

20041. Mexico

2. India3. Philippines4. China5. Vietnam6. Dominican-Republic7. El Salvador8. Cuba

9. Korea10. Colombia


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US Migration The United States is the home to the largest number

of international migrants in the world.

According to the US Census Bureau (2006 AmericanCommunity Survey), there are 37,547,789 foreign-born persons legally residing in the US making up12.5% of the nations population.

53% of the foreign-born in the United States are fromLatin America

25% from Asia

14% from Europe 8% from other regions in the world


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Basic Facts about Migrant

Workers in the United States Migrant farm workers and their families live and work in every state

in the country. Many of these workers are United States citizens orpermanent residents in this country. They are primarily of Mexican

origin, but others come from Jamaica, Guatemala, Puerto Rico,Honduras, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and other counties.Between one and three million migrant farm workers leave theirhomes each year to plant, cultivate, harvest and pack fruits,vegetables and nuts. Other migrant farm workers are employed in

the fishing, meat packing and dairy industries.


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More facts 77% of all farm workers were born in Mexico.

81% of all farm workers are foreign-born.

The average farm worker is only 31 years old since itis difficult for older workers to perform such physicallydemanding labor.

80% of farm workers are men who often must leavetheir families behind while they seek work.

Five out of six farm workers are native Spanishspeakers.

12% of all farm workers earn less than minimumwage.


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More facts Half of all farm workers earn less than $7,500 per

year and half of all farm worker families learn lessthan $11,000 per year, far below the 2002 US poverty

level of $18,100 for a family of four. Much farm work is seasonal and workers cannot earn

money in bad weather, while waiting for crops toripen, when they are sick, or when traveling to theirnext job.

There is only 50.7% high school graduation rateamong migrant teenagers. Frequent moves and theneed to have them contribute to family income makeattendance difficult. At least one-third of migrantchildren work on farms to help their families; othersmay not be hired directly, but are in the fields helpingtheir parents.


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Migrant

Farm Workers

The work ethic exhibited by farm workers is extraordinary. They oftentoil 12 to 14 hours a day, 7 days a week during the harvest season.Farm work is both strenuous and dangerous. High heat and humidityare frequently part of the work environment. Stoop labor and heavycontainers are also common components of the tasks performed.

immigration '11

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