immune response immunization
DESCRIPTION
Immune Response Immunization. Characteristics of Acquired Immunity. Recognition of non-self Antigenic specificity Memory. Figure 15.18. Naturally Acquired Active Immunity. The body responds to antigens that enter naturally, such as during infections. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Recognition of non-self
Antigenic specificity
Memory
Figure 15.18
The body responds to antigens that enter naturally, such as during infections.
Antibodies are transferred from mother to offspring, either across the placenta (IgG) or in breast milk (IgA).
Healthcare workers introduce
antigens in vaccines; the body
responds with humoral immune responses
Healthcare workers introduce
preformed antibodies (obtained from immune individuals) as antisera and antitoxins into a patient.
• Contains immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of at least 1,000 human donors
• Processing concentrates the antibodies to increase potency and eliminates potential pathogens
• Method of choice for preventing measles and hepatitis A and in replacing antibodies in immunodeficient patients
• Injected intramuscularly
• Protection lasts 2-3 months
Can be used when a human immune globulin is not available
Example: sera produced in horses for diphtheria, botulism, and spider and snake bites
Vaccination: exposing a person to material that is antigenic but not pathogenic
Stimulate a primary and secondary anamnestic response to prime the immune system for future exposure to a virulent pathogen
Two types of Vaccines Inactivated Attenuated
Figure 15.19
• Recombinant DNA technology• Trojan horse vaccine
– Genetic material from an infectious agent is inserted into a live carrier microbe that is nonpathogenic
– The recombinant microbe multiplies and expresses the foreign genes
– The vaccine recipient will be immunized against the microbial antigens
• DNA vaccines
• Most vaccines are injected by subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intradermal routes
• Only a few oral vaccines available, even though they have advantages
• Some vaccines required the addition of an adjuvant• Common side effects
– Local reactions at the injection site– Fever– Allergies
• Some patients experience reactions to the medium rather than the antigens
Not only confers protection to the individual receiving the vaccine, but it also protects public heath
Herd immunity◦ Collective immunity through mass immunization confers
indirect protection on the nonimmune members◦ Important force in preventing epidemics
Figure 15.17