immunoglobulins structure and function. immunoglobulins definition glycoprotein molecules that are...
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IMMUNOGLOBULINS
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Definition
Glycoprotein molecules that are present on B cells (BCR) or
produced by plasma cells (usually referred to as antibodies) in response to an immunogen
Antibodies production is the sole function of the B cells
Not toxic or destructive, bind the pathogen tightly and target destructive components of the immune system
Antibodies are useful in the defense against extracellular pathogens
Antibodies are secreted in the secondary lymphoid organs and in bone marrow and find their way to the extracellular spaces
During the course of an infection antibody effectiveness improves steadily
PHASES OF B CELL RESPONSE !
IMMUNOGLOBULIN STRUCTURE
• 2x Heavy chain (light blue)
• 2x light chain (dark blue)
• Variable regions antigen binding
• Constant regions
hinge region
carbohydrate
disulfide bond
CH
1
VL
CL
VH
CH2 CH3
!
Ribbon structure of IgG
AntibodyBCR (B cell receptor) !!
MEMBRANE BOUND!
Associated chains for signaling
Transmembrane domain
Cytoplasmic domain
Antigen recognition and B cell activation
SOLUBLE (freely circulating)
Antigen recognition and effector functions.
Produced by plasma cells
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s ss s
CH2
CH3
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
ss
VL
VH
CL
CH1 ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
effektor funkciók
konstans domének
antigénkötés
variábilis domének
ANTIBODY DOMAINS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS !!
Constant domain
Effector functions
Antigen recognition
Variable domain
mIg = BCRmIg = BCR
Associated chains providing signaling capacity
!
B cell
B CELL ACTIVATION
BCR oligomerization results in B cell activation, proliferation and differentiation
!
FLEXIBILITY OF ANTIBODIES
FEATURES OF ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN INTERACTION
Valency: numbers of antigen epitopes an antibody binds
Affinity: the strength of interaction between a specific antigen and one binding site of the antibody
Avidity: The overall strength of binding at multiple sites in an antibody
ANTIGEN BINDING
Antigen Binding Fragment (Fab)
Complement binding site
Placental transferConstant fragment (Fc)
Binding to Fc receptors on phagocytic cells
Sequence variability of H/L-chain constant regions
VARIABILITY IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE Ig DETERMINES Ig SPECIFICITY OR CLASS
isotype
Sequence variability of H/L-chain variable regions
Idiotype
DIFFERENT VARIABLE REGIONS DIFFERENT ANTIGEN-BINDING SITES DIFFERENT SPECIFICITIES
ANTIGEN BINDING FRAGMENT (Fab)CONTAINS HYPERVARIABLE REGIONS
DNA recombination of gene segments encoding these regions (variable heavy and light polypeptide chains) gives a huge number of variability during B cell development in the bone marrow.
Aka. Somatic recombination
COMPLEMENTARY DETERMINING REGIONS (CDR)
Epitope
CDR1 CDR2CDR3
CDR1CDR2
CDR3
Light chain
Heavy chain
Sequence variability of H/L-chain constant regions
VARIABILITY IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE Ig DETERMINES Ig SPECIFICITY OR CLASS
Sequence variability of H/L-chain constant regions
Isotype
• IgG - gamma (γ) heavy chains• IgM - mu (μ) heavy chains• IgA - alpha (α) heavy chains• IgD - delta (δ) heavy chains• IgE - epsilon (ε) heavy chains
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES
ENCODED BY DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL GENE SEGMENTS (ISOTYPES)
• kappa (κ)• lambda (λ)
Heavy chain types:
Light chain types:
!
ISOTYPE SWITCHING
PHASES OF B CELL RESPONSE !
Ig isotype Serum concentration
Characteristics, functions
12-14 mg/ml
Major isotype of secondary (memory) immune response
Complexed with antigen activates effector functions (Fc-receptor binding, complement activation
Trace
amounts
The first isotype in B-lymphocyte membrane
Function in serum is not known
Trace amounts
Major isotype in protection against parasites
Mediator of allergic reactions (binds to basophils and mast cells)
3-3,5 mg/ml
Major isotype of secretions (saliva, tear, milk)
Protection of mucosal surfaces
1-2 mg/ml
Major isotype of primary immune responses
Complexed with antigen activates complement
Agglutinates microbes The monomeric form is expressed in
B-lymphocyte membrane as antigen binding receptor
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIBODY ISOTYPES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIBODY ISOTYPES
Ig . C onc entra tion
na p o k
p rim er response
„A” a ntig né
IgM
IgGIgAIgE
Szekund er ’la syec ond a ry response
„A” és a ntig én
„B”
5 10 15 20 25 30
IgM
secondary response against antigen A
Primary response against antigen A
Level of antibodies
napok
primary response against antigen B
Antigen A
Days
Antigen A and B
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION DURING THE PRIMARY AND THE SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSES
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION DURING THE PRIMARY AND THE SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE !
EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODIES
Antibody-mediated immune responses
• NEUTRALIZATION• OPSONIZATION
ADCCMAST CELL DEGRANULATION
• COMPLEMENT FIXATION
!!
NEUTRALIZATION
Covering of the pathogen’s surface prevents replication and growth
Antigen binding
Complement binding site
Placental transfer
Binding to Fc receptors
OPSONIZATIONFlagging a pathogen
Antigen binding portion (Fab) binds the pathogen, the Fc
region binds phagocytic cells Fc-receptors speeding up the
process of phagocytosis
Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
(A) High-affinity FcRs on the surface of the cell bind monomeric Ig before it binds to antigen. (mast cell)
(B) Low-affinity FcRs bind multiple Igs that have already bound to a multivalent antigen. (macrophage, NK cell)
MAST CELL DEGRANULATION
FcεRI+
IgEs
Antigen binding
Complement binding site
Placental transfer
Binding to Fc receptors
COMPLEMENT FIXATIONIgM and IgGs activate the classical pathway of
the complement system
BBaacctteriumerium
CComplementomplement r reecceptoreptor
MMaaccrorophagephage
OPSONIZATION BY C3b
C3b
IMMUNOGLOBULIN ISOTYPES HAVE EACH THEIR SPECIFIC CAPABILITIES
Antigen binding
Complement binding site
Placental transfer
Binding to Fc receptors
FcRn on the placenta facilitate the transfer of
maternal IgG to the fetus’s circulation
IgG
IgM
IgA
A F T E R B IR T H
breas t milkIgA
0
1 0 0 %( a d u l t )
3 3y e a r
2 546 a d u l t9 1m o n t h
maternal IgG
B E F O R E B IR T H
PRODUCTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
IgG transport is so efficient that at birth babies have as high a level of IgG in their plasma as their mothers
These transfers are a form of passive immunization. The babies protection by IgG and IgA is against those pathogen that the mother has mounted
At the first year (esp.3-12m) maternal IgGs are catabolized and breast feeding diminishes so babies become most susceptible/vulnerable to infections
Pathological consequences of placental Pathological consequences of placental transport of IgGtransport of IgG
(hemolytic disease of the newborn)(hemolytic disease of the newborn)
Passive anti-D IgG
anti-RhIgM
DIMERIC IgA
IgA dimers are in the highly vulnerable mucosal epithelia lining the GI, respiratory, urinary and genital tracts, the eyes, nose and throat
(Transcytosis)