immunological diagnosis (institute of immunology, zju)
TRANSCRIPT
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Immunological Immunological diagnosisdiagnosis
(Institute of Immunology, ZJU)
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1.Detection of Antigen and antibodies
2.Detection of Cellular Immunity
Immunodiagnosis
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Agglutination(aggregation) Assays:
Immunodiffusion
Complement Fixation
EIA (IHC/ELISA/ELISPOT)
Immunofluorescence (IFA FACS)
CLIA ( Chemiluminescence immumoassay )
Traditional Immunoassa
ys
Traditional Immunoassa
ys
Anitgen-Ab reaction
Modern Immunoassays
Modern Immunoassays
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1. 1. PrinciplesPrinciples and and influencing factors of Ag-Ab reaction
1) Principles of Ag-Ab reactiona.Specificity
b.b.reversalreversal combination
c.c.Concentration and ratio of Ag Concentration and ratio of Ag and Aband Ab
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Imm
un
e co
mp
lex
Antibody excess zone
Precipitin curve
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2) influencing factors of Ag-Ab reaction
A. electrolytes B. Temperature:37 degree
C. pH:pH6-8
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2 Methods for detection of Ag or 2 Methods for detection of Ag or AbAb
A. Agglutination reactiona. Principle When the particle Ags interact with
the appropriate Ab, they clump together and eventually form masses that become large enough to be seen.
b. Types direct agglutination reaction indirect agglutination reaction
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B. Precipitation reactionB. Precipitation reactiona. Principle When soluble Ags come in contact with
specific Ab, they precipitate. Precipitation can be demonstrated via immunodiffusion in a semisolid medium (e.g. agar).
b. Types immunonephelometry: the formation of
IC in solution is monitored by spectrometry. single immunodiffusion
double immunodiffusion immunoelectrophoresis
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C. Complement fixation testC. Complement fixation test
• Ag and Ab reactions lead to the formation of IC that activates complement system by classical pathway.
• This may be exploited to detect the amount of unknown Ag or Ab.
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D. Immuno-labeling D. Immuno-labeling techniquestechniques
a. Principle
Specific Abs (or Ags ) labelled with fluorescein, enzymes, colloidial gold or radioisotopes are used as probes for the detection of Ags (or Abs).
b. Types
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Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
• EIA is to use enzyme-labeled Abs or Ags to detect Ag and Ab interactions.
• The enzyme converts a colorless substrate (chromogen) to a colored product.
• ELISA: Ag or Ab in solution
• Enzyme immunohistochemistry: Ag in tissue
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Enzyme linked immunosorbent Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISAassay, ELISA
• The advantages of ELISA include specificity, sensitivity, rapidity, inexpensiveness, and safety.
• Enzyme: horseradish peroxidase, HRP
• Substrates:
diaminobenzidine (DAB)
3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)
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to detect Ab (HIV, HCV)
to detect Ag
to detect Ag
6. ELISA 6. ELISA
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ImmunofluorescenceImmunofluorescence
• Immunofluorescence assay is to use a fluorescent compound (usually fluorescein) to detect the binding of Ag and Ab.
• The Ab is labeled with the fluorescent compound and its presence is revealed using a fluorescence microscope.
• Direct, indirect immunofluorescence and indirect complement amplified immunofluorescence
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Radioimmunoassay, RIARadioimmunoassay, RIA
Chemiluminescence immunoassay, Chemiluminescence immunoassay,
CLIACLIA
Immunoblotting, Western blotting Immunoblotting, Western blotting
Immuno-PCR, IM-PCR Immuno-PCR, IM-PCR
Immunologic colloidal gold signature, Immunologic colloidal gold signature,
ICEICE
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Immunoblotting
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Gold nanoparticle labeled anti-HCG
( mouse IgG )
Ag ( HCG , human chorionic gonadotropin )
B G T R A
mouse anti-HCG (immobilized)
Anti-mouse IgG (immobilized)
Absorbent material
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positive negative
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2. Detection the Function of Immune cells
1) Isolation of immune cells A Isolation of PBMC: Ficoll Urografin density-gradient separation B: Isolation of lymphocytes and subsets. a,immunoabsorbing assay b. immunomagnetic separation c. FACS d. peptide-MHC tetramer technique
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Figure A-23Figure A-23
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Figure A-26Figure A-26MACS:magnetic cell sorting
1,The target cell are labeled with Ab-conjugated magnetic paticles
2,The labeled cells are placed within a magnetic fields.
3, The labeled cells are retained in the magnetic fields while the unlabeled cells are washed away
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FACS separationFACS separation
• The basic principle of FACS is immunofluorescence and therefore flow cytometers can be considered to be specialized fluorescence microscopes.
• The modern flow cytometer consists of a light source, collection optics, electronics and a computer to translate signals to data
• Isolation of different cell populations by FACS relies on the different expression of surface Ags.
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Identification of cell subsets by FACS
Immune Cell types and subtypes defined by surface markers (CDs)
B cell
T cell
CD4+ T cell
CD8+ Tcells
Tregs (CD4+CD25+)
ConventionalCD4
Type of cell CD markers
stem cells CD34+,CD31-
all leukocyte groups CD45+
Granulocyte CD45+,CD15+
Monocytes CD45+,CD14+
T lymphocyte CD45+,CD3+
T helper cell CD45+,CD3+,CD4+
Cytotoxic T cell CD45+,CD3+,CD8+
B lymphocyte CD45+,CD19+ or CD45+,CD20+
Thrombocytes CD45+,CD61+
Natural killer cell CD16+,CD56+,CD3-
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2) Lymphocyte function assays
T cell function assay• --Proliferation• --DTH• --Apoptosis• --Phagocytosis• --Cytokine
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T cell proliferation -MTT
Mitochondria enzyme catalyze the reduction of MTT – Turn blue
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T cell proliferationFACS-CFSE staining
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CTL Assay
Supernatant
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Tetramers can bind to three TCRs at once, allowing specific binding in spite of the low (10-6 molar) affinity of the typical class I-peptide-TCR interaction.
Tetramer
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Immunization
Challenge (Ear/Foogpad)
Measurement (Calipers)
DTH
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Detection of Cytokine production
1.Real-time PCR (mRNA Level)
2.ELISA/ELISPOT
3.Intracellular staining (FACS)
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Intracellular Staining
Identification of different T helper cells characterized by different cytokine production
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Application of ImmunoassayApplication of Immunoassay
• Diagnosis of Diseases
infectious diseases
Immunodeficiency diseases
Autoimmune disease
hypersensitivity
Tumour
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Application of ImmunoassayApplication of Immunoassay
• Immune surveilence
HBV
HIV