Impact of World War II:

Weakening of colonial control

Economic hardship

Modernisation of rural areas,with further economic division

1936 Egypt officially independent

1942-44 Pro-British government maintainedby British

1948-49 Egyptian war with new state of Israel

1948 Assassination of Egyptian PM Mahmudal-Nukrashi Pasha

1949 Assassination of Hasan al-Banna

1952 King Faruq (r. 1936-52), responding toanti-British riots, dismisses PrimeMinister, declares martial law. Is thendeposed and exiled by army coup

1953 Republic declared

1954 Muslim Brotherhood banned

1956 Constitution set up. Jamal ‘Abd al-Nasir(Nasser, d. 1970) soon replacesMuhammad Najib as President

1952 Egyptian-Sudanese agreement

1953 British-Egyptian agreement on Sudan

1954 British agree to withdraw troops by 1956

Pan-Arab unity

1937 In wake of tension and periodic conflicts,idea of partition of Palestine is floated,but is rejected by both Arabs and Jews

1939 Outbreak of World War II. British seek tolimit Jewish immigration and transfers ofland from Arabs to Jews

1946 Escalation of Jewish-Arab conflict.British refer issue to UN

1947 Partition of Palestine

Map Link: UN Partition of Palestine (Resolution 181(II)):

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg/320px-UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg>

January 1948 Outbreak of First Arab-IsraeliWar. Palestinians supported by troopsfrom Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordanand Egypt

May 15th 1948 David Ben-Gurion (d. 1973)proclaims establishment of Jewish state ofIsrael at Tel Aviv

1949 End of First Arab-Israeli War

Map Link: Israel: 1949 Armistice Line:

<http://news.bbc.co.uk/furniture/in_depth/world/2001/israel_and_palestinians/key_maps/armistice_map.gif>

1950 Israelis declare Jerusalem capital of Israel.France, UK and USA agree to protectfrontiers and armistice lines of region

1954 on sees Arab raids on Israeli territories,usually followed by Israeli reprisals

1956 Nasser (d. 1970) nationalises Suez Canaland closes Straits of Tiran to Israelishipping, leading to…

Map Link: 1956 Suez Crisis:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/1956_Suez_war_-_conquest_of_Sinai.jpg>

…1956 Suez Crisis (Second Arab-Israeli War)

October 1956 Israelis, French and British attackEgypt in order to take control of SuezCanal, but USA and USSR intervene, andUN forces allies to halt attacks andwithdraw troops

1964 Arab states found Palestinian LiberationOrganisation (PLO)

PLO attacks, border incidents and Egyptianclosure of Straits of Tiran (in fear ofIsraeli attack) lead to Third Arab-IsraeliWar in 1967

5th June 1967 Israelis launch attack on Egypt

Map Link: Six-Day War:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Six_Day_War_Territories.svg/640px-Six_Day_War_Territories.svg.png>

Israelis destroy Egyptian, Jordanian andSyrian air forces then occupy GazaStrip, Sinai, west bank of Jordan(incl. E. Jerusalem) and Golan Heights.UN imposes cease-fire

1968-70 PLO attacks on Israel, bringingreprisals on Jordan and Lebanon

1969-70 Israelis and Egyptians fight war alongSuez Canal

1970-71 “Black September.” King Husayn ofJordan (d. 1999) drives PLO fromJordan to Lebanon

1973 Fourth Arab-Israeli War. Syriansand Egyptians attack Israel on YomKippur. Initial Arab successes arereversed by Israeli counterattacks

Map Link: Yom Kippur War:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Yom_Kippur_War_map.svg/400px-Yom_Kippur_War_map.svg.png>

Zionist Basle Program, 1897

Balfour Declaration, 1917

Nuri al-Sa‘id (b. Baghdad 1888,d. Baghdad 1958)

Son of minor administrative official

Originally a soldier. Surrendered toBritish at Basra in World War I,then served in India and Arabia

Decorated by British for efforts, andbecame aide to Faysal, who laterbecame King of Iraq (r. 1921-33)

Nuri al-Sa‘id (b. Baghdad 1888,d. Baghdad 1958)

Was chief of staff in Iraqi army, later servedas Minister of Defence and also PM 14times

Involved in negotiation of Anglo-Iraqi treatyin 1930

Sided with British in World War II, installedby them as PM in 1941

Nuri al-Sa‘id (b. Baghdad 1888,d. Baghdad 1958)

Proposed scheme for unification of Syria,Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine in 1943.Formation of Arab League in 1945 waspartially response to his ideas

Rule in Iraq became increasingly repressive,while also close to British, causingresentment. Military coup broke out in1958 and Nuri al-Sa‘id was killed

Biltmore Zionist Program, 1942

Proclamation of State of Israel, 1948

Constantine Zurayq (b. Damascus 1909,d. Beirut 2000)

Syrian intellectual. Got degrees at American Universityof Beirut, Chicago and Princeton, then becameProfessor of History at AUB

Best known for Ma‘nat al-Nakba (The Meaning of theCalamity, 1948), critique of Arab society inwake of First Arab-Israeli War

Advocate of rationalism, science and secularnationalism