impacts of applying treated wastewater from olive mills on ... · omw in jordan currently there are...
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Impacts of applying treated wastewater from olive
mills on soil and plant growth
Regional Conference on "Sustainable Integrated Wastewater Treatment and Reuse" Sharm El Shaikh, Egypt
Dec 1-2, 2014
Munir J. M. Rusan Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid - JORDAN
Goal & Objectives of MEDOLICO – The goal of MEDOLICO is to Prevent /reduce the environmental
risk presented by OMW on the Mediterranean Sea Basin
– The specific objectives of MEDOLICO are to:
1. Evaluate advanced techniques of OMW treatment
2. Valorize the by-products recovered from the OMW
3. Evaluate the phytotoxicity of the treated and untreated OMW
This is the objective of this study
This study is part of the activities of the EU funded project “MEDOLICO” MEDOLICO = Mediterranean Cooperation in the Treatment and Valorization of Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW)
• According to the ENPI CBC Mediterranean Sea Basin Program 2007-2013,
– 60% of urban wastewater still flows untreated into the Mediterranean,
– 48% of major coastal cities have no sewerage works and
– 50% of liquid industrial waste is not treated
– 30 MCM of OMW generated annually in the Mediterranean region. It is
evaporated as basic treatment method or just disposed in the areas surrounding
the olive Mills
Potential for contamination is real
Wastewater management is crucial for sustainability of MED environment
OMW:
• Is a liquid industrial ww from olive
oil extraction process
• Composed of large amounts organic
load that is mainly non-
biodegradable and has phytotoxic
properties due to their containing
polyphenols
• Imposes a great deal of impact on
environment & public health
• Polluting power=150 times MWW
OMW in Jordan Currently there are 130 olive mills
under operation
Generate 200,000 m3/year of OMW
It is prohibited to discharge OMW to
the sewage system or MWW trt plant
OMW is disposed to dumping sites or
illegally to the surrounding areas
without treatment, imposing real
threat to environ. & public health.
Challenges of OMW treatment Can not be treated in municipal ww treatment plants
Complexity & costs of treatment options are limiting factors
The majority of OMW treatment options are not commercially used
The most common and cheapest treatment option is lagooning (natural
evaporation), widely used in most Mediterranean countries. However, this is not
friendly to the environment .. Health… odor, gas emission … etc
Objective: The Objective of this study was to determine the phytotoxicity of untreated and
treated OMW by various technologies on plant growth and soil properties.
These technologies has been developed and evaluated within EU MEDOLICO
project
Photo-oxidation
JACTO Bioreactor
F
Microfiltration with RO or NF MF+NF MF+RO Photo
Oxidation JACTO
Bioreactor
OMW samples treated by different techniques
RAW 100% OMW
Treatments Code
Tap water Control
Tap water + Fertilizer W+F
Aerobic Biological Oxidation via JACTO Reactor JR
Solar Fenton Oxidation SFO
Microfiltration Nanofiltration MF+NF
Microfiltration Reverse Osmosis MF+RO
Undiluted Untreated Supernatant OMW 100%OMW
Greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the following
treatments:
Major characteristics untreated and treated OMW
MF= Microfiltration; RO= Reverse osmosis; NF= Nano filtration; SF= Solar Fenton oxidation; JR= Jacto Reactor; EC= Electrical conductivity; TP= Total polyphenols; COD = Chemical oxygen demand; TSS = Total suspended solids; VSS = Volatilized suspended solids; BOD = Biological oxygen demand; DOC = Dissolve organic carbon; 1 dS/m = 1 mS/cm = 1000 µS/cm
Parameters Units W W+F* 100% OMW
JR SFO MF+NF MF+RO
pH initial - 7.80 7.80 4.7 6.19 2.02 1.8 4.50
pH adj - 7.80 7.80 6.0 6.00 6.00 6.0 6.00
EC dS m-1 0.56 0.56 7.6 5.30 1.50 11.4 0.12
TSS mg L-1 10 10 1236 362 310 378 12.0
TP mg L-1 0.98 0.98 1666 573 6 343 0.98
COD g L-1 ND ND 118.8 12.10 0.83 10.87 0.50
N mg L-1 11.7 11.7 96.8 68.6 10.0 33.6 4.4
P2O5 mg L-1 34.3 34.3 369.5 300.8 31.0 152 31.8
K2O mg l-1 11 11 2441 343 45 164 8
MF +RO
MF +NF
SFO JR 100% OMW
Greenhouse Pot experiment was conducted:
1. Crop = Corn
2. Five Kgs soil
3. Periodic irrigation up to the field capacity
4. After harvest plant growth parameters
and soil and plant samples were analyzed
physical and chemical properties
6. Soil characterized by being basic, alkaline
low in OM, N, P and micronutrients Soil Characteristics
pH 8.18
ECe (dS m-1) 0.61
CEC (cmol kg-1) 34.32
O.M (%) 0.72
N (%) 0.01
P (mg kg-1) 7.10
K (mg kg-1) 452
CaCO3 (%) 13.38
Fe (mg kg-1) 3.56
Mn (mg kg-1) 5.58
Zn (mg kg-1) 1.88
Cu (mg kg-1) 1.22
Bulk density (g cm3) 1.38
Texture Class Silty clay loam
Results
100
133
21
72
43 46
74
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
W W+F UOMW SFO JR MF+NF MF+RO
Re
lati
v to
co
ntr
ol,
%
Treatments
Dry weight, g pl-1
Relative to control (W) %
100 114
61
92
74
41
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
W W+F UOMW SFO JR MF+NF MF+RO
Re
lati
v to
co
ntr
ol,
%
Treatments
Plant hight, cm
Relative to control (W)%
b a c c d d e
b a b b d c c
Trts N P K
g plant-1 g plant-1 g plant-1
W 0.99 b 0.09 b 1.38 b
W+F 1.63 a 0.20 a 2.28 a
UOMW 0.24 c 0.03 d 0.32 e
SFO 0.76 bc 0.07 b 1.00 c
JR 0.39 bc 0.04 c 0.60 d
MF+NF 0.49 bc 0.06 c 0.65 d
MF+RO 0.72 bc 0.04 c 1.03 c
LSD0.05* 0.62 0.02 0.24
Nutrient uptake, g plant-1
Low nutrient uptake with OMW may lead to accumulation in the soil
Trts Fe Mn Zn Cu Cd Pb
mg pl-1 mg pl-1 mg pl-1 mg pl-1 mg pl-1 mg pl-1
W 3.68 a 1.86 0.39 0.02 0.06 0.18
W+F 4.12 a 1.96 0.74 0.16 0.03 0.15
UOMW 1.74 b 1.44 0.27 0.03 0.03 0.08
SFO 1.58 b 1.81 0.36 0.03 0.04 0.08
JR 1.44 b 1.62 0.21 0.03 0.03 0.12
MF+NF 1.92 b 1.91 0.44 0.02 0.03 0.09
MF+RO 1.09 b 1.83 0.25 0.02 0.03 0.17
LSD0.05 0.76 NS NS NS NS NS
Micronutrients and heavy metals uptake, mg plant-1
Bio MF+NF W+F MF+RO SFO
Treatments pH EC dS m-1
TP %
O.M %
Bulk density g cm-3
W 7.86 0.98 0.12 0.71 1.27 W+F 7.85 0.87 0.14 0.65 1.23 UOMW 7.70 5.88 16.55 2.10 1.07 SFO 7.73 2.51 0.07 0.79 1.27 JR 7.72 6.20 12.07 1.26 1.10
MF+NF 7.73 5.73 1.41 0.62 1.21 MF+RO 7.72 0.45 0.10 0.67 1.25
LSD0.05 0.12 0.81 2.08 0.23 0.13
Soil properties
Treatments N Olsen-P Exch- K
% mg kg-1 mg kg-1
W 0.09 8.83 e 631 d
W+F 0.09 34.63 c 624 d
UOMW 0.12 82.50 a 2926 a
SFO 0.10 18.80 de 582 d
JR 0.13 44.27 bc 2613 b
MF+NF 0.13 29.60 d 1548 c
MF+RO 0.11 12.83 e 588 d
LSD0.5 NS 14.14 315
Trts
DTPA- Zn
DTPA- Cu
DTPA- Fe
DTPA- Mn
DTPA- Cd
DTPA- Pb
mg kg-1
mg kg-1
mg kg-1
mg kg-1
mg kg-1
mg kg-1
W 1.88 1.49 1.50 c 1.10 c 0.11 0.40
W+F 1.84 1.32 1.56 c 1.30 c 0.08 0.51
ROMW 1.45 1.30 3.12 a 3.40 a 0.10 0.31
SFO 1.82 1.64 1.20 c 2.13 b 0.09 0.39
JR 1.43 1.47 2.94 a 2.73 b 0.12 0.38
MF+NF 1.66 1.44 2.07 b 2.57 b 0.11 0.29
MF+RO 1.77 1.52 1.28 c 2.21 b 0.09 0.30
LSD0.5 NS NS 0.60 0.71 NS NS
Infiltration Rate – at the beginning of the study
Infiltration Rate – at the end of the study
Conclusions:
Raw OMW did not prohibit plant growth but significantly reduced it Unlike in
germination test inn an earlier study),
OMW treated by MF-RO, MF-NF, SF, or JR resulted in good plant growth and
significantly reduced the phytotoxicity effect, thus can be used as a source of IW.
However, fertilizer should be added as a supplement as the effect on plant growth
was less than fertilized treatments and special management is required
Infiltration rate is much lower for untreated OMW, indicating negative impact on soil
structure, therefore, soils should be tilled properly to improve water infiltration and
permeability
OMW tend to increase the levels of salts, P, TP and OM, therefore, soil and plant
quality parameters should be evaluated periodically