impacts of wheat stripe rust in morocco: breeding and control strategies
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RAMDANI et al. INRA MoroccoTRANSCRIPT
Impacts of Wheat Stripe rust in Morocco Impacts of Wheat Stripe rust in Morocco :: Breeding and Control Strategies Breeding and Control Strategies
RAMDANI et al.RAMDANI et al.INRA INRA MoroccoMorocco
Rural; 44
Urban; 56 Total population in Morocco 34.4 millions(2008)
Source : CIA World Factbook
The economy of Morocco is based to a large extend on agricultural production. that contribute with 16 to 20% of GDP (Gross domestic product).
Cereals (wheats and barley) are among the major crops. They are cultivated over more than 60% of the cropped land each year (around 6 millions hectares). However
Yields remain low due to biotic and abiotic stresses. Crop losses caused by pests of cereals are estimated at 30% or more. Some of these key pests include: Rusts (Leaf and stripe rusts), Septoria, Root rots and Hessian fly.
Cereal production in Morocco during 2008-09 and 2009-10 cropping seasonsSource: ONICL
32
1626
74
43
20
38
101
29
1419
62
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Breadwheat
Durumwheat
Barley Total
Pro
duct
ion
(x M
illio
n qu
inta
ls) 2009-10
2008-09Average 05-09
45.1
144
25.13.6
217.8
52
121
3.5 0.5
177
0
50
100
150
200
250
Durum wheat Bread wheat Barley Maize Total
kg/y
ear/c
apita
Rural Urban
Consumption of cereals in Morocco during 2000-01 (average 197.4)(World average : 152 kg/year/capita)
Source: Direction des statistiques
19.33
4.532.93
11.59
38.38
1.363.94
1.18
9.03
15.51
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Bread wheat Durum wheat Barley Maize Total
Impo
rt (x
Milli
on q
uint
als)
2007-08 2006-07
Moroccan imports of Cereal during 2006-07 and 2007-08Source: ONICL
Importation par pays d'origine
Argentine; 14,60%
Canada; 11,60%
France; 19,90%Ukraine;
1,70%
USA; 30,10%
Autres; 22,10%
To address these problems of biotic stresses and to boost the food security strategy, the development and implementation of a broad based diseases management strategy is required. This should be based on the increased use of resistant cultivars, and the enhancement of the durability of resistance through appropriate gene management systems, complemented by other control methods, such as selective use of fungicides and cultural practices
INRA Morocco is carrying out many activities mainly surveillance, screening of sources of resistance, tracking the effectiveness of known genes, incorporating resistant genes. To speed up the incorporation of resistance to rusts, namely the stripe rust, marker-assisted selection is being adopted at the early stages of the breeding program to introgress resistance to yellow rust along with other traits of agronomic interest.
Fully aware of the magnitude of threat of the rust diseases to national cereal production and in order to formulate and implement national strategies to prevent such threat, INRA-Morocco organized two workshops during 2010, one on “Importance of rusts of wheat in Morocco and strategies for controlling and preventing their losses” and the second on “Wheat Rust Diseases Awareness and Contingency Planning”. These workshops were attended by representatives of key national research, extension and production institutions involved in cereals, and of FAO and ICARDA.
Status of wheat diseases in MoroccoStatus of wheat diseases in Morocco
Screening for multiple diseases resistance and Screening for multiple diseases resistance and agronomic performanceagronomic performance
On Farm Conservation and Mining of Local Durum On Farm Conservation and Mining of Local Durum and Bread Wheat Landraces of Morocco for Biotic and Bread Wheat Landraces of Morocco for Biotic
Stresses and Incorporating UG99 resistanceStresses and Incorporating UG99 resistance
Effectiveness of Yr genesEffectiveness of Yr genes
Quantification of yield losses due to foliar diseasesQuantification of yield losses due to foliar diseases
0
20
40
60
80
100
SLD LR YR SR PM CB
Diseases
Pre
val
ence
(%
) Bread Wheat
Durum Wheat
2007-08
Prevalence of wheat diseases in Morocco during 2007-08 2008-09 and 2009-10 cropping seasons
0
20
40
60
80
100
SLD LR YR
Diseases
Prev
alen
ce (%
)
Bread Wheat (80 fields)
Durum Wheat (44 fileds)
2008-09
0
20
40
60
80
100
SLD LR YR SR RR PM LS CB
Diseases
Prev
alen
ce (%
)
Bread Wheat (53 fields)
Durum Wheat (19 fileds)
2009-10
Surveillance of wheat diseases in Morocco (2008-09)
0
20
40
60
80
100
area
pre
va
len
ce
(%
)
Septoria-like diseases Leaf rust Yellow rust
0
20
40
60
80
100
area
pre
vale
nce
(%)
Septoria-like diseases Leaf rust Yellow rust
Bread wheat
Durum wheat
80 &44 BW & DW fields were inspected
The survey revealed that : SLD, LR & YR were the most prevalent both on BW & DW .
The same trend was reported except for YR that was more prevalent than in previous seasons
and was detected in almost all wheat growing areas. This fact might be due to the emergence
of new virulent races and the lost of effectiveness of Yr27 reported by Ramdani et al.
(2009) and confirmed during this season
LR was observed on the totality of inspected DW fields across all areas and its prevalence on BW ranged from 50% in Sraghna and Taza to 100%
in Abda, Rhamna and Tadla .The prevalence of YR on BW ranged from 41% in
Chaouia to 100% in Saïs and Sraghna .
0
20
40
60
80
100
Gharb Mid.Atlas Pré-Rif Sais Tadla Zair Zemour
Area
prev
alen
ce (
%)
Septoria-like diseases Leaf rust Yellow rust
Bread wheat
Surveillance of wheat diseases in Morocco (2009-10)
53 &19 BW & DW fields were inspected
The survey revealed that : SLD, LR & YR were the most prevalent both on BW & DW .
The same trend was reported except for YR that was more prevalent than in previous seasons
and was detected in almost all wheat growing areas. This fact might be due to the emergence
of new virulent races and the lost of effectiveness of Yr27 reported by Ramdani et al.
(2009) and confirmed during this season
0
20
40
60
80
100
Gharb Mid.Atlas Pré-Rif Sais Tadla Zair Zemour
Area
prev
alen
ce (
%)
Septoria-like diseases Leaf rust Yellow rust
Durum wheat
Quantification of yield losses due to foliar diseasesAfourar experimental station, 2009-2010
Evaluation of diseases severity 20 days after treatmentAfourar INRA experimental station, 2009-2010
Severity of main diseases on bread wheat ACHTAR 40 days after treatment and grain yield
0
20
40
60
80
100
yield Sept&YR F0 LR-F0 Sept&YR F1 LR-F1
Yiel
d (q
x/ha)
& S
ever
ity (%
)
Pyrachlostrobin 1 l/haPyrachlostrobin 0.6 l/haCheck
16.4%
47.4%
Sceening for resistance ESWYT
Local Landraces
Entry *Septoria **Leaf rust Agronomic Score
3 33 0 1
4 33 0 1
6 33 0 2
8 33 0 2
19 33 0 2
7 44 0 3
16 44 0 2
18 44 0 2
21 44 0 2
22 44 0 2
23 44 0 2
29 44 0 4
35 44 0 2
10 56 0 3
11 56 0 4
17 56 0 2
27 56 0 4
28 56 0 3
38 56 0 2
45 56 0 3
Arrihane 78 10 3
List of entries of the 30ESWYT nursery that exhibited good
level of resistance to Septoria tritici
under Allal Tazi conditions during 2009-2010
* Severity using SAARI and PRESCOTT double digit scale** Severity (%) ; *** Agronomic
score from 1 (the worst) to 5 (the best)
Entry
Marchouch Allal Tazi
Septoria severityLeaf rust severity
Yellow rust Severity
Agronomic Score
Septoria severity Leaf rust severity Agronomic Score
4 33 10 0 5.1
7 22 0.5 0.5 5.2
9 44 0.5 0 5
11 NS NS NS NS 56 0 4
12 NS NS NS NS 67 0.5 4
13 17 0 0 5
16 12 0.5 0 5.1
17 12 0.5 0 5.1
18 19 0.5 5 5
21 12 0 0 5
22 12 0 0 5
23 12 0 0 5
24 12 0 0 5
25 26 0 0 5.1 67 0 5
26 26 0 0 5
27 26 0.5 0.5 5 56 0 4
28 26 0.5 0 5
29 26 0.5 0.5 5 44 0 4
30 2 0 0.5 5.1 67 0 5
31 26 0.5 0 5
32 12 0.5 0.5 5
33 12 0.5 0 5
34 12 0 0 5
35 19 10 0 5
42 NS NS NS NS 67 0 4
43 22 10 0 5
47 30 0 0 5
50 30 0.5 0 5
1 arrihane 56 10 10 5 78 10 3
On Farm Conservation and Mining of Local Durum and Bread Wheat Landraces of Morocco
for Biotic Stresses and Incorporating UG99 resistance
Province
Number of wheat accessions available at INRA Settat
Genebank
Number of wheat accessions tested at Annoceur experimental
station
Number of wheat accessions tested at Errachidia (On-farm)
Durum landraces
Old bread wheat
Durum
landraces Old bread
wheat
Durum landraces
Old bread wheat
AGADIR 25 15 7 5 3 2
Al HOCEIMA 21 15 6 5 4 1
AZILAL 18 1 17 1 8 0
BENI MELLAL 29 13 9 4 2 2
BOUARFA 6 30 2 10 1 4
EL JADIDA 8 3 2 1 2 1
ERRACHIDIA 29 32 13 10 2 5
FES 44 33 11 9 5 3
KHENIFRA 22 28 5 9 1 2
KHOURIBGA 3 0 1 0 0 0
MARRAKECH 57 24 15 8 7 3
MEKNES 26 43 8 14 2 5
MISSOUR 2 0 0 0 0 0
OUJDA 51 30 14 9 4 4
OURZAZAT 27 60 19 19 10 7
RABAT 49 0 7 0 3 0
TANGER 3 0 1 0 0 0
TAZA 50 17 12 5 4 2
TETOUAN 52 63 16 21 3 13
TIZNIT 27 42 8 14 1 6
Total 549 449 173 144 62 60
Rust severity (%)
Yellow rust Leaf rust
number of accessions%
number of accessions
%
0 21 12 76 44
0.5 5 3 25 14
5 38 22 45 26
10 26 15 23 13
15 26 15 4 2
20 23 13 0 0
30 26 15 0 0
40 7 3 0 0
*15 & 0 1 1 0 0
Total 173 100 173 100
Reaction of old durum wheat accessions towards yellow and leaf rusts at Annoceur experimental station during 2009-2010 cropping season
Rust severity (%)
Yellow rust Leaf rust
number of accessions %number of accessions
%
0 4 3 20 14
0.5 4 3 3 2
5 15 10 29 20
10 16 11 26 18
15 7 5 26 18
20 11 8 23 16
30 17 12 11 8
40 14 10 4 3
50 10 7 0 0
60 14 10 0 0
70 7 5 0 0
80 9 6 0 0
90 12 8 0 0
*10 & 90 2 1 0 0
90 & 0 2 1 0 0
10 & 20 0 0 1 1
5 & 20 0 0 1 1
Total 144 100 144 100
Reaction of old bread wheat accessions towards yellow and leaf rusts at Annoceur experimental station during 2009-2010 cropping season
Hotspots
Allal Tazi ======== Septoria
Afourar ======== Yellow rust
Marchouch ======== Leaf rust
Jemaat Shaim ======== Hessian fly
Effectiveness of Yr genes
Effectiveness of Yr genes under Meknès conditions during four consecutive growing seasons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Sev
erit
y (%
)
Mek05-06 Mek06-07 Mek07-08 Max 30% Mek08-09
* : Missing data for Morocco during 09 and for Jupateco, Yr24, Yr26 and Yr32 during 06, 07 and 08The highly effective Yr genes were Yr 1, 5, 10, 15 and YrSp .
0
20
40
60
80
100
Yel
low
rus
t sev
erity
(%)
Mek06-07 Mek07-08 Max 30% Douy06-07 YR (%)
Douy 07-08 YR (%) Max 80% Annoceur06-07YR (%) Annoceur07-08YR (%)
Effectiveness of Yr genes under Meknès, Douyet and Annoceur conditions during 2006-07 and 2007-08 growing seasons
Effectiveness of Yr genes under Marchouch and Annoceur conditions during 2009-10 growing season
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Seve
rity
(%
)
Marchouch 2010 Annoceur 2010
The highly effective Yr genes were Yr 1, 5, 10, 15 and YrSp .
Effectiveness of Lr genes under Moroccan conditions
Effectiveness of Lr genes under Marchouch and A. Tazi conditions during 2009-10 growing season
The highly effective Lr genes were Lr 9, 17, 19, 28 and 30 .
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Severity
(%
)
L Rust A.Tazi 2010
L Rust Marchouch 2010
Stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici)
Reaction of some bread and durum wheat varieties towards leaf and stem rusts diseases at Douyet during 2008-09
0
10
20
30
40
50
60C
oe
ffic
ien
t o
f in
fec
tio
n
BW1 BW2 BW3 BW4 BW5 DW1 DW2 DW3 DW4 DW5
Variety
CI Leaf rust
CI Stem rust
Evaluation was made towards the end of May 09. BW1 to BW5 stand for Bread Wheat varieties that are respectively Arrihane, Amal, Achtar, Marchouch and Kenz. DW1 to DW5 stand for Durum Wheat
varieties that are respectively Isly, Marzak, Tomouh, Marjana and Vitron
Amal (BW2) and at some extent Marjana (DW4) and Vitron (DW5) exhibited a good level of resistance to stem rust.
Stem rust despite being rare in recent years, may become a real threat given its past history in the country and the emergence of new virulent races such as Ug99 and its lineages
La nouvelle race virulente de la rouille noire
(Ug99) :Le Maroc n’est pas en abri
Stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) : Real threat
Les maladies cryptogamiques des blés
Yellow (Stripe) rust (Puccinia striiformis)
What would be the effect of diseases on yield and its components mainly TKWAfourar INRA experimental station
2009-2010
Idiotype breeding
Biotic constraints
Abiotic constraints
Pests Diseases
Genetic of resistance Epidemiology
Host x PathogenIntraspecific variability of
the pathogen
Agronomic traits
Quality traits
IPM
Management practices
Yield potential/stability
Tolerance to Drought, heat, cold.… ,
Figure : Interdisciplinary approach for an ideotype breeding
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