Do Now:

According to this cartoon, what was the

goal of British imperialism in Africa?

Do Now: Write answers on back of Packet

“…we have conquered for ourselves a place in the sun. It will now be my task to see to it that this place in the sun shall

remain our undisputed possession, in order that the sun's rays may fall fruitfully upon our activity and trade in foreign

parts, that our industry and agriculture may develop within the state and our sailing sports upon the water, for our future

lies upon the water… Whether it be in journeys across the ocean, or in the service of the battle flag, so much the better it

will be for us.” - Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1901

1. Why was it so important for Kaiser Wilhelm to possess a “Place in the sun?”

European Imperialism In Africa

The Congo Sparks Interest

The Congo Sparks Interest

The Congo Sparks Interest

In 1882 a treaty was signed with local chiefs of the Congo River valley. The treaties gave King Leopold II of Belgium personal

control over the land. The United States was the first nation to recognize the Belgian Congo.

________________of Belgium commissioned the explorer

Henry Stanley to secure agreements from the tribes

who inhabited the Congo Basin in Africa. Stanley did so through a combination of promises, threats and

trickery.

King Leopold II

Abuses of the Native Congolese PeopleLeopold licensed companies

that brutally exploited Africans, by forcing them to

collect sap from rubber plants.

Africans harvesting rubber in the Congo.

The system was unusually exploitative and brutal, even in Colonial Africa. Whipping was a common form of punishment for workers who did not meet their quotas or who disobeyed

the white man's rules.

Film Clip

The man lost his hand from ropes tied too tight by Belgian Rubber

Company soldiers. The boy

lost his hand from soldiers that wanted to claim

him as a kill.

A man who refused to go work in the rubber plantation looks at the severed foot and hand

of his 5 year old daughter.

1. Based on these images, why do you think King Leopold conducted such serious penalties on the Congolese

people?

2. What do you think could be done to stop these crimes against humanity?

3. Based on this picture and what you

have just learned, what do you think is

King Leopold’s primary interest in

the Congo?

"My yearly income is millions of guineas"

4. Create a title for this picture.

The World Demanded Changes

• Much of Europe frowned upon these atrocities, which led to the end of Leopold's rule of the basin. His financial backing eroded to the point

that Leopold required loans from the Belgian government. • In 1908 Belgium took the lands for itself as the Belgian Congo. The

conditions of the natives slowly improved, but justice was never served to those responsible for these crimes against humanity.

"The condition of things in the Congo is atrocious, as shown by the photographs of children whose hands have been cut off. Leopold thinks this

can go on because the Congo is a distant out-of-the-way country. But once we can get England and America to investigate, and take this matter up,

something will be done. We Americans are especially interested, because it was our recognition of the flag there that led to recognition by other powers."

-- Mark Twain in the Boston Herald (Nov. 6, 1905).

The Berlin Conference...The Race Was On...

5. What group was not present at the Berlin Conference?

6. What effect do you think the Berlin Conference had on the group not represented?

• The competition for colonies in Africa was fierce. Nations met in Berlin,Germany in 1884 to lay down the rules for the division of Africa. • The Congo River and Niger River mouths and basins would be considered neutral and open to trade.

The Fashoda Incident

The Fashoda Incident (1898) was the climax of territorial disputes

between imperial Britain and France in

Eastern Africa. It brought Britain and

France to the verge of war but ended in a

diplomatic victory for Britain.

Which nations were not colonized

by 1914?

King Menelik IIEthiopia denounced a treaty with Italy

when they learned that the Italian version of the treaty made Ethiopia a protectorate of Italy. The Italian invasion that followed (1895–96) was crushed by Menelik’s great

victory near Adwa. Italy was forced to renounce all claims to Ethiopia. Menelik took important steps to strengthen and modernize his domain. He made Addis

Ababa his capital, constructed a railroad, attempted to end the slave trade, and

curbed the feudal nobility. His conquests doubled the size of the country.

Liberia

The country of Liberia wasfounded in 1821 by former

slaves from the UnitedStates of America as a result of the end of the transatlantic slave trade and the efforts of the American Colonization

Society (ACS).

Observing this photo, what are some of the positive and negative aspects of Imperialism?

•How does this ABC book portray the native people in the colonies?

•How do they portray themselves?

The history of South Africa is a history of _________, ______ ___

_______ clashing over land and resources. Although the African

lands seemed empty to the Europeans, there were huge areas claimed by various ethnic groups.

Three Groups Clash over South Africa

Africans, Dutch and British

The _____ were a South African tribe that placed an

emphasis on military organization and skill, as

established by their legendary leader

____________. Under Shaka’s rule, in 1818, the Zulu

broadened their land claims throughout southern Africa. This marked the beginning

of “Mfecane,” a time of wars among the Africans

which caused mass migrations and alterations

in African political organization. Shaka Zulu was assassinated in 1828.

Zulu ExpansionZulu

Shaka Zulu

By the 1870s, the British had begun to adopt a

________________in the region, hoping to bring the various

British colonies, Boer republics and independent African

groups under common control, with a view to implementing a

policy of economic development.The war began in January

1879. Three columns of British troops under the command of

Lt. Gen. Lord Chelmsford invaded Zululand.

The Anglo-Zulu War

Forward Policy

7. What are the similarities and differences between these men?

8. Who do you think would be victorious in battle? Why?

Battle of IsandlwanaOn 22 January, 1879, under Lord Chelmsford's personal command, the British were defeated at _______________ mountain. In one of the worst disasters of the Colonial era, over 1300 British

troops and their African allies were killed.

Isandlwana

Lord Chelmsford reorganized his forces,

and in late May was poised to mount a new

invasion on the Zulu capital, Ulundi.

On 4 July Chelmsford defeated the Zulu army in the last great battle of the war. Ulundi was put to the torch, and King Cetshwayo fled. Chelmsford resigned after the victory at Ulundi, but it took

several weeks for the British to suppress

lingering resistance in the outlying districts.

King Cetshwayo was eventually

captured and sent into exile at Cape Town. The British

divided his country up among thirteen pro-British chiefs -

a deliberately divisive move,

____________________which led to a decade of destructive civil

war.

Divide and Rule,

The Dutch first came to the Cape of Good

Hope in 1652 to establish a way station for their

ships sailing between the Dutch

East Indies and home. _______(Dutch for “farmers”), were Dutch settlers who

gradually established large farms. When the

British took over the Cape Colony in the

1800s, the Boers left seeking their own

state.

British Boers and Settlers in the Cape

Boers

                                            

          

Cape Town Castle

Piet Retief, helped to lead Boers to Orange Free State

In the 1830s, to escape the British, several

thousand Boers began to move north. This

movement has become known as the

____________. The Boers soon found themselves fighting fiercely with

Zulu and other African groups whose land they

were taking.

The Great Trek

Great Trek

What do you think is

happening in these images?

__________and ________were discovered in southern Africa in the 1860s and 1880s.

Suddenly, “outsiders” from all parts of the world rushed in to make their fortunes. The

Boers tried to keep the outsiders from gaining political rights. An attempt to start a rebellion against the Boers failed. The Boers blamed the

British. In 1899, the Boers took up arms against the British. This conflict was known

as__________________.

+ =

GoldDiamonds

The Boer War

9. Compare these two pictures of soldiers.Which group seems more advanced?

10. Which is the picture of British soldiers and which picture is of the Boer soldiers? How did you come to your conclusions?

In many ways the Boer War between the British and the Boers was the first modern “total” war. The Boers launched commando raids and used

guerrilla tactics against the British. The British countered by burning Boer farms and

imprisoning women and children in disease-ridden concentration camps. Britain won the

war.

The Boer War

Film Clip

Cecil Rhodes was instrumental in assuring British dominance of southern Africa. He founded the De Beers Mining Company,

eventually controlling 90% of the world’s diamond production. After becoming prime

minister of the Cape Colony (now South Africa) in 1890, he used his influence to strengthen

British control over the region.

In 1902, the Boer republics were joined into a self-governing ______________________,

controlled by the British. Union of South Africa

The establishing of colonies signaled a change in the way of life of the Africans. The

Europeans made efforts to change the political, social and economic lives of the

peoples they conquered.

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

•European medicine & improved nutrition increased life span of Africans. This caused an increase in population.

•Modern transportation & communications; telegraphs, railroads, steamships, and telephones

•A small minority received improved education and economic opportunities.

•European domination led to an erosion of traditional African values and destroyed many existing social relationships

•African peoples were treated a s inferior. Forced to work long hours for low pay.

•Europeans divided up Africa ignoring tribal, ethnic, and cultural boundaries. These divisions have led to ongoing tribal clashes