Imperialism /Imperialism /New Manifest Destiny:New Manifest Destiny:

from 1880sfrom 1880s

Previous ExpansionPrevious Expansion Expansion after Independence: Appalachian Mts., Expansion after Independence: Appalachian Mts.,

Louisiana Purchase, Florida…Louisiana Purchase, Florida…

Manifest Destiny of 1840s: “Sea to Shining Sea”; Manifest Destiny of 1840s: “Sea to Shining Sea”; Polk: Texas, Oregon, Mexican Cession: Treaty of Polk: Texas, Oregon, Mexican Cession: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; Gadsden Purchase….Far West / Guadalupe Hidalgo; Gadsden Purchase….Far West / Great PlainsGreat Plains

Imperialist, but Continental, not overseasImperialist, but Continental, not overseas

Tradition of non-intervention / isolation overseas… Tradition of non-intervention / isolation overseas… Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson…yet War of 1812 Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson…yet War of 1812 and then Monroe Doctrine of 1823 (hands off warning and then Monroe Doctrine of 1823 (hands off warning to Europe/in return US would not intervene in Europe) to Europe/in return US would not intervene in Europe)

U.S. Emerges as a World Power 1.2A

Motives for Overseas Expansion after the Civil Motives for Overseas Expansion after the Civil WarWar

1. Cultural Imperialism1. Cultural Imperialism

Racial Superiority: Superiority Complex: White Racial Superiority: Superiority Complex: White Man’s Burden (Kipling): responsibility to civilize and Man’s Burden (Kipling): responsibility to civilize and Christianize, bring Progressive reforms (Progressive Christianize, bring Progressive reforms (Progressive Imperialism)Imperialism)

Rev. Josiah Strong combined White Man’s Burden, Rev. Josiah Strong combined White Man’s Burden, Social Gospel, and Social Darwinism in his book Social Gospel, and Social Darwinism in his book Our Our Country: It’s Possible Future and its Present Crisis Country: It’s Possible Future and its Present Crisis (1885)(1885)

2. Economic (and Social) Imperialism2. Economic (and Social) Imperialism

Raw Materials, but esp. Markets for goods: huge Raw Materials, but esp. Markets for goods: huge overproduction / surplus in industry and agriculture in overproduction / surplus in industry and agriculture in the US in decades after Civil War; opportunities for the US in decades after Civil War; opportunities for investments (land, farming / fruit, transportation, investments (land, farming / fruit, transportation, (Panama Canal), utilities (electricity) ….find raw (Panama Canal), utilities (electricity) ….find raw materials / resources (coal, oil….)..exploit resourcesmaterials / resources (coal, oil….)..exploit resources

Prevent more Depressions such as the ones in 1873, Prevent more Depressions such as the ones in 1873, 1893..1893..

Outlet for Social Unrest: Frederick Jackson Turner; Outlet for Social Unrest: Frederick Jackson Turner; The The Turner ThesisTurner Thesis: with the closing of the frontier (1890) a : with the closing of the frontier (1890) a new outlet for land was needed for the discontented new outlet for land was needed for the discontented farmers and workers; need for a new “safety valve”farmers and workers; need for a new “safety valve”

3. Political Imperialism3. Political Imperialism

To achieve To achieve Great Nation StatusGreat Nation Status an overseas empire an overseas empire was necessary (like Britain, France…)was necessary (like Britain, France…)

Social Darwinism: inevitability and naturalness of Social Darwinism: inevitability and naturalness of strong nations dominating weakstrong nations dominating weak

A strong Navy – another badge of Great Nation status A strong Navy – another badge of Great Nation status – should be developed to establish and maintain an – should be developed to establish and maintain an Overseas Empire…colonies would provide naval Overseas Empire…colonies would provide naval basesbases

Becoming a world power, dominating overseas Becoming a world power, dominating overseas territories, building a large navy as the best method of territories, building a large navy as the best method of expanding overseas – all promoted in Captain Alfred T. expanding overseas – all promoted in Captain Alfred T. Mahan’s book, Mahan’s book, The Influence of Sea Power on HistoryThe Influence of Sea Power on History

Advocates of ImperialismAdvocates of Imperialism

Rev. Josiah Strong, Missionaries, PreachersRev. Josiah Strong, Missionaries, Preachers

Industrialists: BeveridgeIndustrialists: Beveridge

Politicians: Mahan, Lodge, TR: Republican PartyPoliticians: Mahan, Lodge, TR: Republican Party

Press: Yellow Journalism / Tabloids: Hearst, PulitzerPress: Yellow Journalism / Tabloids: Hearst, Pulitzer

Opponents of ImperialismOpponents of Imperialism Sen. Schurz (Sen. Schurz (Read DocumentsRead Documents), Twain, Gompers, Carnegie, ), Twain, Gompers, Carnegie,

Thomas NastThomas Nast

Their arguments: Their arguments:

Against the Spirit of America, Dec. of Independence…govt. Against the Spirit of America, Dec. of Independence…govt. by consent of governedby consent of governed

Dangerous to move away from isolationism…drawn into Dangerous to move away from isolationism…drawn into international wars / conflictsinternational wars / conflicts

Navy too small to maintain an empire, and too costly to Navy too small to maintain an empire, and too costly to build up build up

Racism (racism on either side, for and against Racism (racism on either side, for and against imperialism) – US didn’t want contact with inferior imperialism) – US didn’t want contact with inferior groups, didn’t want to absorb inferior peoplesgroups, didn’t want to absorb inferior peoples

Some Progressives: US was far from perfect – needed Some Progressives: US was far from perfect – needed more reforms, more Progressivism firstmore reforms, more Progressivism first

Beginnings of Imperialism…a new Beginnings of Imperialism…a new aggressive overseas approachaggressive overseas approach

Latin AmericaLatin America 1889: Harrison’s Sec. of State James Blaine promoted 1889: Harrison’s Sec. of State James Blaine promoted

Economic Imperialism in Latin America (his “Big Sister Economic Imperialism in Latin America (his “Big Sister Policy”): organized a Pan American Congress – hoped Policy”): organized a Pan American Congress – hoped to bully Latin American into favorable trade to bully Latin American into favorable trade arrangements: but delegates from the 19 countries in arrangements: but delegates from the 19 countries in attendance refused to agree to an inter American attendance refused to agree to an inter American customs union, fearing US dominancecustoms union, fearing US dominance

SamoaSamoa

Used as a “way station” (stop-over – refuel, re-supply) by Used as a “way station” (stop-over – refuel, re-supply) by US ships, naval and commercialUS ships, naval and commercial

Treaty with Samoa in 1879 gave the US the port of Pago Treaty with Samoa in 1879 gave the US the port of Pago Pago as a naval station, and gave the US the right to Pago as a naval station, and gave the US the right to intervene to settle differences between Samoa and foreign intervene to settle differences between Samoa and foreign powerspowers

Dispute between US, Britain, Germany over control of Dispute between US, Britain, Germany over control of Samoa almost led to war: avoided through 1889 agreement Samoa almost led to war: avoided through 1889 agreement to a tripartite protectorateto a tripartite protectorate

Venezuela Venezuela

1895: Sec. of State Richard Olney opposed British plans to expand 1895: Sec. of State Richard Olney opposed British plans to expand British Guiana at expense of Venezuela (border dispute / gold..); Sec British Guiana at expense of Venezuela (border dispute / gold..); Sec of State Olney aggressively warned Britain about violations of the of State Olney aggressively warned Britain about violations of the Monroe Doctrine and insisted on arbitration…(more about the Monroe Doctrine and insisted on arbitration…(more about the Monroe Doctrine – though US wanted to protect and expand its trade)Monroe Doctrine – though US wanted to protect and expand its trade)

Annoyed, the British refused both…Cleveland threatened war…Annoyed, the British refused both…Cleveland threatened war…though the US had only 5 warships to Britain’s 35 though the US had only 5 warships to Britain’s 35

Eventually, distracted by disputes with Germany, the British agreed to Eventually, distracted by disputes with Germany, the British agreed to arbitration – and got most of what they wanted arbitration – and got most of what they wanted

For the US, the prestige of the Monroe Doctrine was enhanced…For the US, the prestige of the Monroe Doctrine was enhanced…seemed like the British respected it eventually - Latin American seemed like the British respected it eventually - Latin American nations were grateful to the US for its determination to protect themnations were grateful to the US for its determination to protect them

HawaiiHawaii

A “way” station on route to China and for whaling A “way” station on route to China and for whaling shipsships

Sailors and missionaries settled there…saw it as part Sailors and missionaries settled there…saw it as part of the USof the US

Followed by Sugar Plantation ownersFollowed by Sugar Plantation owners Navy hoped to build a base at Pearl Harbor, OahuNavy hoped to build a base at Pearl Harbor, Oahu Gradually American Plantation owners dominated Gradually American Plantation owners dominated

economy and politicseconomy and politics 1875: reciprocal trade agreement – US imported 1875: reciprocal trade agreement – US imported

Hawaiian sugar without any tariff Hawaiian sugar without any tariff

1877: Treaty granted US exclusive use of Pearl Harbor 1877: Treaty granted US exclusive use of Pearl Harbor as a naval station…US tightened its grip on Hawaii as a naval station…US tightened its grip on Hawaii

1890: McKinley Tariff deprived Hawaiian American 1890: McKinley Tariff deprived Hawaiian American planters of their privileged position by removing the planters of their privileged position by removing the duty on all imported sugar (from all/any country), and duty on all imported sugar (from all/any country), and by paying a subsidy to US sugar producers by paying a subsidy to US sugar producers

Planters felt that they would benefit if the US annexed Planters felt that they would benefit if the US annexed Hawaii: would get the subsidy and survive Hawaii: would get the subsidy and survive economically if they were back under US jurisdiction economically if they were back under US jurisdiction (like Oregon, California: appeal for annexation)(like Oregon, California: appeal for annexation)

1891: the passive King Kal died: succeeded by sister 1891: the passive King Kal died: succeeded by sister Queen Lil: nationalist, determined to restore the power Queen Lil: nationalist, determined to restore the power of the monarchyof the monarchy

1893: American residents staged a revolution against 1893: American residents staged a revolution against her, charging her with suppression of democracy and her, charging her with suppression of democracy and corruption: called for protection from the US navy: corruption: called for protection from the US navy: marines landed and forced her to step down: planters marines landed and forced her to step down: planters again called for annexation by the USagain called for annexation by the US

Outgoing Pres. Harrison signed an annexation Outgoing Pres. Harrison signed an annexation agreement / treaty but the Senate refused to ratify it: agreement / treaty but the Senate refused to ratify it: new Pres. Cleveland also vetoed it: sent delegates to new Pres. Cleveland also vetoed it: sent delegates to Hawaii to find out if the Queen had popular support or Hawaii to find out if the Queen had popular support or if the majority favored annexationif the majority favored annexation

Conclusion was that the revolution / demand for Conclusion was that the revolution / demand for annexation was a minority / American Sugar annexation was a minority / American Sugar Plantation Owner movement: Cleveland withdrew the Plantation Owner movement: Cleveland withdrew the annexation treatyannexation treaty

Hawaiian Americans bided their time until a pro-Hawaiian Americans bided their time until a pro-Imperialist President emergedImperialist President emerged

The question of annexing Hawaii touched off the first The question of annexing Hawaii touched off the first full-fledged imperialist debate in the USfull-fledged imperialist debate in the US

Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War Cubans unsuccessfully tried to overthrow Spanish Cubans unsuccessfully tried to overthrow Spanish

control in the Ten Year War (1868-1878)control in the Ten Year War (1868-1878)

1895: Cubans staged another revolt against Spanish 1895: Cubans staged another revolt against Spanish ImperialismImperialism

Spanish responded with a policy of brutality: Valerio Spanish responded with a policy of brutality: Valerio “Butcher” Weyler’s set up concentration camps - “Butcher” Weyler’s set up concentration camps - many Cubans died from diseases in the unsanitary many Cubans died from diseases in the unsanitary conditions in these camps (some consisted of conditions in these camps (some consisted of besieged towns)besieged towns)

US Involvement US Involvement US newspapers took a big interest in the war: Pulitzer’s US newspapers took a big interest in the war: Pulitzer’s

New York WorldNew York World and Hearst’s and Hearst’s New York JournalNew York Journal competed for circulation: tried to out-do each other with competed for circulation: tried to out-do each other with sensational headlines, scoops, pictures of Spanish sensational headlines, scoops, pictures of Spanish atrocitiesatrocities

They hoped the US would become involved – more They hoped the US would become involved – more news, sell more newspapers; Sometimes exaggerated or news, sell more newspapers; Sometimes exaggerated or invented incidents: “You furnish the pictures and I’ll invented incidents: “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war (by the US).” Wars sell newspapersfurnish the war (by the US).” Wars sell newspapers

Cuban immigrants on the East Coast of the US also tried Cuban immigrants on the East Coast of the US also tried to arouse US public sentiment against Spainto arouse US public sentiment against Spain

Pres. Cleveland refused to send help to the Cubans – Pres. Cleveland refused to send help to the Cubans – rejecting a resolution passed by Congress in 1896 to rejecting a resolution passed by Congress in 1896 to recognize the justice of the revolt - though he offered to recognize the justice of the revolt - though he offered to mediate: Spain rejected the offermediate: Spain rejected the offer

Pres. McKinley renewed the offer – also rejected: Pres. McKinley renewed the offer – also rejected: criticized the “uncivilized and inhuman conduct” of the criticized the “uncivilized and inhuman conduct” of the SpanishSpanish

Afraid that this was a signal that the US might intervene Afraid that this was a signal that the US might intervene to support the Cubans, the Spanish removed Weyler, to support the Cubans, the Spanish removed Weyler, and indicated they might introduce some kind of self and indicated they might introduce some kind of self government for Cubagovernment for Cuba

Two dramatic incidents in Feb. 1898 changed the mind Two dramatic incidents in Feb. 1898 changed the mind of the US gov.of the US gov.

1. The 1. The de Lome Letterde Lome Letter: intercepted and published in : intercepted and published in Hearst’s Hearst’s New York JournalNew York Journal: Spanish ambassador to : Spanish ambassador to Washington called McKinley a weak man and a Washington called McKinley a weak man and a “bidder for the crowd.” Was considered a national “bidder for the crowd.” Was considered a national insult: de Lome was forced to resign; US public was insult: de Lome was forced to resign; US public was outraged: upsurge in anti-Spanish feeling…fuelled by outraged: upsurge in anti-Spanish feeling…fuelled by mediamedia

2. 2. Destruction of the US Battleship Destruction of the US Battleship MaineMaine in Havana in Havana Harbor: loss of 260 Marines: sent there in case there Harbor: loss of 260 Marines: sent there in case there was a need to protect American property and lives in was a need to protect American property and lives in Cuba from Spanish attacks / atrocitiesCuba from Spanish attacks / atrocities

The explosion of the U.S. battleship Maine

Newspaper headline of the Maine explosion

The dehumanization of Spain

Americans jumped to the conclusion that the Spanish Americans jumped to the conclusion that the Spanish were responsible: a hasty inquiry concluded that an were responsible: a hasty inquiry concluded that an external explosion / device had caused the Maine to external explosion / device had caused the Maine to explode (later inquiry revealed that it was an internal explode (later inquiry revealed that it was an internal accidental explosion by a boiler in the engine room)accidental explosion by a boiler in the engine room)

Fuelled by Media headlines - Fuelled by Media headlines - Remember the MaineRemember the Maine - - war hysteria began to sweep the country: strong war hysteria began to sweep the country: strong demands for the US to declare war on Spain in Cuba to demands for the US to declare war on Spain in Cuba to avenge the avenge the MaineMaine

McKinley for now decided to ask the Spanish to agree McKinley for now decided to ask the Spanish to agree to an armistice, followed by negotiations about a to an armistice, followed by negotiations about a permanent peace, and end to the Concentration Campspermanent peace, and end to the Concentration Camps

Spanish agreed to end the camps, end hostilities, but no Spanish agreed to end the camps, end hostilities, but no armistice, and no negotiations, and reserved the right to armistice, and no negotiations, and reserved the right to resume the war at any timeresume the war at any time

McKinley was disappointed and decided to ask McKinley was disappointed and decided to ask Congress for a declaration of war “in the name of Congress for a declaration of war “in the name of humanity” in the “name of civilization” and on behalf humanity” in the “name of civilization” and on behalf of “endangered American interests”of “endangered American interests”

US declared War on Spain in support of Cuba on April US declared War on Spain in support of Cuba on April 2525thth 1898. 1898.

It was not at first seen as an imperialist war – the US / Congress had It was not at first seen as an imperialist war – the US / Congress had no designs on Spanish territories: the no designs on Spanish territories: the Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment disclaimed disclaimed any intention on the part of the US to annex Cuba, stating that it was a any intention on the part of the US to annex Cuba, stating that it was a war to liberate, not to annex… a humanitarian mission….Cuba would war to liberate, not to annex… a humanitarian mission….Cuba would get its freedom after the Spanish were driven offget its freedom after the Spanish were driven off

Features of War: Features of War: US incompetence; outdated weapons, tactics,…US incompetence; outdated weapons, tactics,… Rough Riders / voluntary brigade of TR’s, led by Col Leonard Rough Riders / voluntary brigade of TR’s, led by Col Leonard

WoodWood Loss of 460 troops in battle, 5,200 from disease (malaria, typhoid, Loss of 460 troops in battle, 5,200 from disease (malaria, typhoid,

dysentery, yellow fever, typhoid fever) and food poisoning…… dysentery, yellow fever, typhoid fever) and food poisoning…… Upton Sinclair, Upton Sinclair, The JungleThe Jungle

Cuban rebels were the decisive factor in defeat of SpanishCuban rebels were the decisive factor in defeat of Spanish Delay in unifying US navy because of distance: Pacific and Delay in unifying US navy because of distance: Pacific and

Atlantic fleets…….need for an isthmian CanalAtlantic fleets…….need for an isthmian Canal

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

Goals changed during the war when Commander Dewey Goals changed during the war when Commander Dewey was ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay was ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay and occupy the Philippinesand occupy the Philippines

US forces were then sent also to occupy Puerto Rico and US forces were then sent also to occupy Puerto Rico and Guam….the war to liberate Cuba had become a war to Guam….the war to liberate Cuba had become a war to strip Spain of all its possessions in the Caribbeanstrip Spain of all its possessions in the Caribbean

Imperialist advocates in the US were excited: took Imperialist advocates in the US were excited: took advantage of the nationalism, patriotism, jingoism advantage of the nationalism, patriotism, jingoism during the war to propose the annexation of Hawaii: during the war to propose the annexation of Hawaii:

Media, Congress and McKinley supported this proposal: Media, Congress and McKinley supported this proposal: Hawaii was annexed / became a US territory in 1898: Hawaii was annexed / became a US territory in 1898: (not a state until 1959)….first overseas colony(not a state until 1959)….first overseas colony

Battle of Manila

PhilippinesPhilippines Huge debate in the US about what the status of the Huge debate in the US about what the status of the

Philippines should be when the war ended; should it Philippines should be when the war ended; should it be liberated or should the US annex it / turn it into a be liberated or should the US annex it / turn it into a colony? colony?

McKinley did not want to give it back to Spain, yet McKinley did not want to give it back to Spain, yet felt it was not ready to govern itself…if left alone it felt it was not ready to govern itself…if left alone it would fall into anarchy, and also feared that Germany would fall into anarchy, and also feared that Germany might take it overmight take it over

Imperialists - Mahan, Lodge, Hay, TR, – Imperialists - Mahan, Lodge, Hay, TR, – supported annexation; argued that;supported annexation; argued that;

Would provide economic benefits to the US and a Would provide economic benefits to the US and a link with the Orientlink with the Orient

US missionaries could help Christianize and civilize US missionaries could help Christianize and civilize these primitive people (Benevolent Imperialism)these primitive people (Benevolent Imperialism)

This could be the beginning of an empire, of This could be the beginning of an empire, of becoming a world powerbecoming a world power

If US didn’t take control, some other country wouldIf US didn’t take control, some other country would

Anti-imperialists – Twain, Gompers, Carnegie, Anti-imperialists – Twain, Gompers, Carnegie, Cleveland, Bryan (Cleveland, Bryan (eventually voted for the treaty as a means eventually voted for the treaty as a means

of later giving the Philippines its freedomof later giving the Philippines its freedom) – argued that) – argued that

Annexation of Philippines would draw the US into Annexation of Philippines would draw the US into disputes with Russia, Japan, Chinadisputes with Russia, Japan, China

Betrayed US principle of government by consentBetrayed US principle of government by consent Would add to immigration, overpopulation problems Would add to immigration, overpopulation problems

if Filipinos were admitted to the USif Filipinos were admitted to the US

McKinley was swayed by the Imperialists (and the inner McKinley was swayed by the Imperialists (and the inner voice of his prayers) and instructed delegates at the voice of his prayers) and instructed delegates at the peace talks to negotiate to buy the Philippines, as well as peace talks to negotiate to buy the Philippines, as well as Puerto Rico and Guam, which would then be annexed Puerto Rico and Guam, which would then be annexed and become US territory….goals had changed againand become US territory….goals had changed again

The Treaty of Paris: Spain recognized Cuban The Treaty of Paris: Spain recognized Cuban independence, and sold the Philippines, Puerto Rico and independence, and sold the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam to the US for $20m: US Congress ratified the Guam to the US for $20m: US Congress ratified the TreatyTreaty

Filipino resistance to US annexation was led by Emilio Filipino resistance to US annexation was led by Emilio Aguinaldo: felt one imperial power had replaced Aguinaldo: felt one imperial power had replaced another: three year war: 4,300 Americans and 50,000 another: three year war: 4,300 Americans and 50,000 Filipinos killed: US used brutal tactics of Spanish – inc. Filipinos killed: US used brutal tactics of Spanish – inc. concentration camps – to defeat the guerilla fightersconcentration camps – to defeat the guerilla fighters

Howard Taft app. US governor of PhilippinesHoward Taft app. US governor of Philippines

Announced that his goal was to prepare the Philippines Announced that his goal was to prepare the Philippines for eventual independence (would not come until for eventual independence (would not come until 1945/6)1945/6)

US build roads, bridges, schools: administrative and US build roads, bridges, schools: administrative and financial reforms; estd. Public health system financial reforms; estd. Public health system (benevolence)…. Philippines would have preferred to do (benevolence)…. Philippines would have preferred to do without these and instead be free / independent (India, without these and instead be free / independent (India, Gandhi….) Gandhi….)

CubaCuba

US military forces remained in Cuba after the Spanish US military forces remained in Cuba after the Spanish leftleft

Because of growing Imperialist sentiment in the US the Because of growing Imperialist sentiment in the US the promises of the Teller Amendment were not fulfilledpromises of the Teller Amendment were not fulfilled

US Government demanded that the new Cuban US Government demanded that the new Cuban constitution make provision for US involvement in constitution make provision for US involvement in Cuban affairs…..(new goals)Cuban affairs…..(new goals)

Congress passed the Congress passed the Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment: as a condition : as a condition of US troops leaving Cuba, Cuba would have to include of US troops leaving Cuba, Cuba would have to include in its constitution the following provisions:in its constitution the following provisions:

Cuba would not make any treaties with any foreign Cuba would not make any treaties with any foreign country or contract a debt beyond their resources, country or contract a debt beyond their resources, without the consent of the USwithout the consent of the US

The US had the right to intervene in the internal The US had the right to intervene in the internal affairs of Cuba “to preserve life, liberty, property”affairs of Cuba “to preserve life, liberty, property”

Cuba had to give the US a permanent lease of 28,000 Cuba had to give the US a permanent lease of 28,000 acres at Guantanamo Bay to serve as a naval base; to acres at Guantanamo Bay to serve as a naval base; to be terminated only by mutual agreementbe terminated only by mutual agreement

Cuba had no other option but to agree to the demands: the Cuba had no other option but to agree to the demands: the Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment turned Cuba into a virtual protectorate turned Cuba into a virtual protectorate (lower level colony) of the US(lower level colony) of the US

Cubans felt betrayed: US had not liberated them from Cubans felt betrayed: US had not liberated them from Spain, but just replaced the Spanish (as in Philippines): Spain, but just replaced the Spanish (as in Philippines): US troops invaded / intervened on many occasions…US troops invaded / intervened on many occasions…became a Protectorate became a Protectorate

The US built roads, hospitals, schools, reorganized legal, The US built roads, hospitals, schools, reorganized legal, financial, and administrative systems (benevolence)…financial, and administrative systems (benevolence)…

US investments increased from $50m to $220m by 1902 US investments increased from $50m to $220m by 1902 (Economic Imperialism….cultural imperialism / (Economic Imperialism….cultural imperialism / playground for rich and famous….until Castro’s playground for rich and famous….until Castro’s revolution in 1959)revolution in 1959)

Impact of Spanish-American WarImpact of Spanish-American War The US had become an Imperial / World Power during the “splendid The US had become an Imperial / World Power during the “splendid

little war” (John Hay) (a colossal “coming- out party”)…Mahan’s little war” (John Hay) (a colossal “coming- out party”)…Mahan’s “big navalism” seemed vindicated – US navy defeated Spanish navy“big navalism” seemed vindicated – US navy defeated Spanish navy

Had acquired its first overseas colonies (Hawaii, Philippines, Guam, Had acquired its first overseas colonies (Hawaii, Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico….Cuba / a Protectorate)….led to much celebration, Puerto Rico….Cuba / a Protectorate)….led to much celebration, something that unified North and South after the bitter Civil War: ….something that unified North and South after the bitter Civil War: ….

But this would come with responsibilities and commitments – esp. in But this would come with responsibilities and commitments – esp. in the Far Eastthe Far East

Latin America became suspicious of US intentions / of “Yankee Latin America became suspicious of US intentions / of “Yankee Imperialism”….of what they called America’s “Bad Neighbor Policy”Imperialism”….of what they called America’s “Bad Neighbor Policy”

TR, Taft, Wilson would continue with and expand the Imperialist TR, Taft, Wilson would continue with and expand the Imperialist policies of the McKinley administrationpolicies of the McKinley administration

Political cartoon of Uncle Sam after the Spanish-American War, 1988

Insular CasesInsular Cases One question that arose after the new acquisitions: did One question that arose after the new acquisitions: did

the Constitution apply to the new territories?the Constitution apply to the new territories?

The Supreme Court’s solution came in the Insular Cases The Supreme Court’s solution came in the Insular Cases (De Lima v Bidwell, Downey v Bidwell): (De Lima v Bidwell, Downey v Bidwell):

The Constitution didn’t automatically follow the flag: it The Constitution didn’t automatically follow the flag: it was up to Congress to decide case by case if the new was up to Congress to decide case by case if the new territories had the rights of American citizens…. Not territories had the rights of American citizens…. Not automatic….constitutional rights were not given to any of automatic….constitutional rights were not given to any of these territories at this time these territories at this time

China and Open DoorChina and Open Door US began to assert itself in Asia around this time as part US began to assert itself in Asia around this time as part

of the New Imperialism of the New Imperialism

US was late in taking an interest in trade with China: US was late in taking an interest in trade with China: Britain, Germany, Russia, Japan had a head start – had Britain, Germany, Russia, Japan had a head start – had carved out “spheres of influence”carved out “spheres of influence”

US now insisted on Open Door in China: all nations US now insisted on Open Door in China: all nations freely trading in all parts of China – no specific spheres freely trading in all parts of China – no specific spheres of influence / partition: no exclusion of any country of influence / partition: no exclusion of any country from any part of China: equal access for all foreign from any part of China: equal access for all foreign nationsnations

John Hay sent the Open Door notes to foreign countries: John Hay sent the Open Door notes to foreign countries: they replied asking for certain demands before agreeing: they replied asking for certain demands before agreeing: Hay announced that since they hadn’t objected then they Hay announced that since they hadn’t objected then they were in favor of the new policywere in favor of the new policy

When the US and other countries combined to defeat the When the US and other countries combined to defeat the Boxer Rebellion (anti-foreign rebellion) in China in Boxer Rebellion (anti-foreign rebellion) in China in 1900, the improved relations after the cooperation led to 1900, the improved relations after the cooperation led to widespread acceptance of the Open Door policywidespread acceptance of the Open Door policy

Later, Japan accepted this policy in the Root-Takahira Later, Japan accepted this policy in the Root-Takahira AgreementAgreement

Foreign troops storming Peking during Boxer Rebellion

Imperialist policies of Imperialist policies of Progressive Presidents; TR, Progressive Presidents; TR,

Taft, Wilson:Taft, Wilson:

1902-19171902-1917

TRTR Strong Imperialist before becoming President: Strong Imperialist before becoming President:

supported ideas of Mahan: as Assistant Sec. of supported ideas of Mahan: as Assistant Sec. of the Navy he favored expanding navy; gave the Navy he favored expanding navy; gave orders to liberate the Philippines orders to liberate the Philippines

Supported Political Imperialism (Great Nation Supported Political Imperialism (Great Nation Status): also believed in ideas of Strong: White Status): also believed in ideas of Strong: White Mans’ Burden, humanitarianism….Cultural Mans’ Burden, humanitarianism….Cultural Imperialism .Imperialism .

And believed in Economic Imperialism….find And believed in Economic Imperialism….find resources, markets (Supported Open Door in resources, markets (Supported Open Door in China)China)

Enjoyed involvement in Foreign Affairs: Enjoyed involvement in Foreign Affairs: believed they should be handled exclusively by believed they should be handled exclusively by the President: Modern Presidency again (as the President: Modern Presidency again (as with Progressive domestic policies)with Progressive domestic policies)

Believed an expanded Navy would act as a Big Stick: Believed an expanded Navy would act as a Big Stick: impress / intimidate nations (esp. Latin America) into impress / intimidate nations (esp. Latin America) into accepting US policies / wishes: then force would not be accepting US policies / wishes: then force would not be needed– “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”…. But needed– “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”…. But occasionally, force would have to be used…..led to occasionally, force would have to be used…..led to “gunboat diplomacy” or “cowboy diplomacy?“gunboat diplomacy” or “cowboy diplomacy?

Big Stick at work; Great White Fleet to Japan after Big Stick at work; Great White Fleet to Japan after Gentleman’s Agreement, 1907…..to intimidateGentleman’s Agreement, 1907…..to intimidate

Advocated Corollary (extension) of the Monroe Advocated Corollary (extension) of the Monroe Doctrine (hands off warning to Europe): now the US Doctrine (hands off warning to Europe): now the US would had the right to intervene in / to police the affairs would had the right to intervene in / to police the affairs of Latin Americaof Latin America

US took the responsibility of intervening in Latin America US took the responsibility of intervening in Latin America to make sure debts were paid back to Europe to avoid the to make sure debts were paid back to Europe to avoid the need for them to return: “Preventive Intervention” through need for them to return: “Preventive Intervention” through assistance with creating economic and social stability…assistance with creating economic and social stability…collecting debts (taxes, tariffs….)collecting debts (taxes, tariffs….)

To prevent “Chronic Wrongdoing” (disorder, chaos, To prevent “Chronic Wrongdoing” (disorder, chaos, instability, overthrow of govs, intervention by European instability, overthrow of govs, intervention by European nations)nations)

He turned Latin America in a virtual protectorate (like He turned Latin America in a virtual protectorate (like Cuba): into a “Yankee Lake” using “gunboat diplomacy” or Cuba): into a “Yankee Lake” using “gunboat diplomacy” or “cowboy diplomacy”…. In the process the US would “cowboy diplomacy”…. In the process the US would civilize, gain economic benefits, and become a Great Power civilize, gain economic benefits, and become a Great Power through this new role in Latin America.through this new role in Latin America.

1902: sent navy and army to 1902: sent navy and army to VenezuelaVenezuela to prevent the to prevent the Germans from invading to collect their debts. Germans from invading to collect their debts.

The US offered to mediate when the British, Italians, The US offered to mediate when the British, Italians, and Germans complained about non-payment of debts, and Germans complained about non-payment of debts, but then the Germans had gotten impatient and had but then the Germans had gotten impatient and had begun to bomb some Venezuelan ports: begun to bomb some Venezuelan ports:

Roosevelt then insisted that the Germans back off and Roosevelt then insisted that the Germans back off and promised to restore economic stability to Venezuela and promised to restore economic stability to Venezuela and to oversee the payments of debts.to oversee the payments of debts.

1904: he sent navy and troops to Haiti, also to stabilize 1904: he sent navy and troops to Haiti, also to stabilize the economy and ensure payments of debts to Europe, to the economy and ensure payments of debts to Europe, to avoid invasion, and to prevent social revolution….then avoid invasion, and to prevent social revolution….then the Dominican Republicthe Dominican Republic

1906: Roosevelt sent the navy and troops to 1906: Roosevelt sent the navy and troops to CubaCuba, , under the Platt Amendment, to prevent the government under the Platt Amendment, to prevent the government there from being overthrown.there from being overthrown.

In general, Latin American countries resented In general, Latin American countries resented Roosevelt’s / US interference – it became known as the Roosevelt’s / US interference – it became known as the US US Bad Neighbor PolicyBad Neighbor Policy towards Latin America towards Latin America (continuation of policy began with Platt Amend). (continuation of policy began with Platt Amend).

His anti imperialist critics in Latin America and in the His anti imperialist critics in Latin America and in the US accused him of engaging in “Yankee Imperialism” US accused him of engaging in “Yankee Imperialism”

Colombia / PanamaColombia / Panama For economic and military reasons (joining Atlantic For economic and military reasons (joining Atlantic

and Pacific fleets), the US hoped that a canal would be and Pacific fleets), the US hoped that a canal would be built somewhere in Central America to link the built somewhere in Central America to link the Caribbean and the Pacific. Caribbean and the Pacific.

Nicargua had been discussed as a suitable location but Nicargua had been discussed as a suitable location but frequent earthquakes there shifted attention to the frequent earthquakes there shifted attention to the Colombia / Panama area.Colombia / Panama area.

The US had an agreement that such a canal would be a The US had an agreement that such a canal would be a joint project with the British but now the US wished to joint project with the British but now the US wished to pursue this on its own. In the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of pursue this on its own. In the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, the British agreed that the US could opt out of 1901, the British agreed that the US could opt out of their earlier agreement. their earlier agreement.

Roosevelt bought out a French Company’s rights to Roosevelt bought out a French Company’s rights to build a Canal across Panama: for $40mbuild a Canal across Panama: for $40m

Panama was controlled by / part of Colombia: TR tried Panama was controlled by / part of Colombia: TR tried to persuade Colombia to accept a payment of $10m and to persuade Colombia to accept a payment of $10m and an annual payment of $250,000 for the canal zone / an annual payment of $250,000 for the canal zone / strip. strip.

Colombian Gov demanded more – TR refused to Colombian Gov demanded more – TR refused to improve his offer, feeling he had an agreement with improve his offer, feeling he had an agreement with their President, Marroquin (the Hay-Herran Treaty). their President, Marroquin (the Hay-Herran Treaty).

He then encouraged the Panamanians to pursue their He then encouraged the Panamanians to pursue their demands for independence from Colombia, hinting that demands for independence from Colombia, hinting that they would receive US assistance if they did so. they would receive US assistance if they did so.

The Panamanians rebelled in Nov. 1903, with help from The Panamanians rebelled in Nov. 1903, with help from the US who prevented the Colombian army and navy the US who prevented the Colombian army and navy from getting to the rebels – and declared independence. from getting to the rebels – and declared independence.

The new independent Panama accepted the offer he had The new independent Panama accepted the offer he had made Colombia for the canal zone. made Colombia for the canal zone.

The Hay-Buneau-Varilla-Treaty gave the US a perpetual The Hay-Buneau-Varilla-Treaty gave the US a perpetual lease on the land / zone (10 miles by 51 miles).lease on the land / zone (10 miles by 51 miles).

The new Panamanian Constitution gave the US the right The new Panamanian Constitution gave the US the right to intervene in the internal affairs of Panamato intervene in the internal affairs of Panama

Political Cartoon of Uncle Sam taking control of the Canal Zone

Building of the Panama Canal

Latin American countries were again critical of US Latin American countries were again critical of US interference in the internal affairs of Colombia, saw this interference in the internal affairs of Colombia, saw this as further evidence of the US Bad Neighbor policy…of as further evidence of the US Bad Neighbor policy…of Big Stick…Yankee Imperialism Big Stick…Yankee Imperialism

Canal was a huge construction project (Erie Canal, Canal was a huge construction project (Erie Canal, Transcontinental RR, previous huge projects) took 10 Transcontinental RR, previous huge projects) took 10 yrs to build, completed in 1914, cost of $400m, yrs to build, completed in 1914, cost of $400m, hundreds of lives were lost due to yellow fever / hundreds of lives were lost due to yellow fever / malaria from the mosquito bites in the swamps. malaria from the mosquito bites in the swamps.

Reduced the distance from US west coast to east coast Reduced the distance from US west coast to east coast from 13,000 miles to 5,000 miles; huge advantage to from 13,000 miles to 5,000 miles; huge advantage to trade and to navy…and made it easier to dominate Latin trade and to navy…and made it easier to dominate Latin America…..Big Stick facilitatedAmerica…..Big Stick facilitated

In China Roosevelt supported the Open Door Policy. To In China Roosevelt supported the Open Door Policy. To facilitate the Open Door he hoped to stabilize Asian facilitate the Open Door he hoped to stabilize Asian politics….feared that the war between Russia and Japan politics….feared that the war between Russia and Japan 1904 – 1905...would de-stabilize the area 1904 – 1905...would de-stabilize the area

When the war ended he brought delegates from both When the war ended he brought delegates from both countries to New Hampshire where they signed the countries to New Hampshire where they signed the Treaty of Portsmouth which settled their differences Treaty of Portsmouth which settled their differences

For his role in the Treaty he was regarded as a global For his role in the Treaty he was regarded as a global statesman – and was awarded the statesman – and was awarded the Nobel Peace PrizeNobel Peace Prize

(Remember Gentleman’s Agreement and Root-Takahira (Remember Gentleman’s Agreement and Root-Takahira Agreement).Agreement).

Political Cartoon of Roosevelt as the world constable

TaftTaft He agreed with Roosevelt on the need for Economic He agreed with Roosevelt on the need for Economic

and Political Stability in Latin Americanand Political Stability in Latin American

But he rejected Big Stick – intimidation through the But he rejected Big Stick – intimidation through the show of or use of force -and preferred that the US show of or use of force -and preferred that the US should bring stability through controlling the economies should bring stability through controlling the economies of Latin American countries – he encouraged more US of Latin American countries – he encouraged more US investors to invest in Latin American countries – set up investors to invest in Latin American countries – set up banks, buy mines, buy land, start businesses, buy out banks, buy mines, buy land, start businesses, buy out European loans, bail out L.A. Governments…make European loans, bail out L.A. Governments…make them dependent on the US / US Banksthem dependent on the US / US Banks

with US businesses bringing economic stability, then with US businesses bringing economic stability, then political stability would followpolitical stability would follow

US investment would replace European investment and US investment would replace European investment and this would help protect the Monroe Doctrine. This this would help protect the Monroe Doctrine. This policy came to be known as Dollar Diplomacy – more policy came to be known as Dollar Diplomacy – more focused on economic issues than on political, on focused on economic issues than on political, on investment over force. investment over force.

US investments in Latin Am, esp. in Nicaragua, Haiti, US investments in Latin Am, esp. in Nicaragua, Haiti, Honduras, and Mexico, increased by $72m – Americans Honduras, and Mexico, increased by $72m – Americans invested in mining, banana and coffee plantations, invested in mining, banana and coffee plantations, railroads etc. railroads etc.

Gave loans to Latin American Gov’s, bailed out Latin Gave loans to Latin American Gov’s, bailed out Latin American Gov’s by paying off their European American Gov’s by paying off their European debts…..controlled them in this waydebts…..controlled them in this way

He also encouraged investment in China…Open Door, He also encouraged investment in China…Open Door, esp. in Railroads, esp. in Railroads,

However, though Taft preferred Dollar Diplomacy, he However, though Taft preferred Dollar Diplomacy, he reluctantly felt the need to resort to military reluctantly felt the need to resort to military intervention / Big Stick on several occasions sending intervention / Big Stick on several occasions sending the marines to put down disorder in Cuba, Honduras, the marines to put down disorder in Cuba, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua. the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua.

Used gunboat diplomacy to complement Dollar Used gunboat diplomacy to complement Dollar DiplomacyDiplomacy

WilsonWilson Wilson hoped to bring his idealism to foreign policy – he Wilson hoped to bring his idealism to foreign policy – he

rejected Imperialism, both Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy rejected Imperialism, both Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy and advocated what he called “Moral Diplomacy” which and advocated what he called “Moral Diplomacy” which included recognition of the right of foreign nations to “self included recognition of the right of foreign nations to “self determination.” determination.”

He wanted the US to be less aggressive in its foreign He wanted the US to be less aggressive in its foreign policy….advocated respect for Self Determination for all policy….advocated respect for Self Determination for all nations….and that the US encourage and support nations….and that the US encourage and support Democracy there Democracy there

Guided by Moral Diplomacy he tried to correct what he Guided by Moral Diplomacy he tried to correct what he considered were past wrongsconsidered were past wrongs

The Jones Act of 1916 granted full territorial status to the The Jones Act of 1916 granted full territorial status to the Philippines, deciding that citizenship / Constitution etc…Philippines, deciding that citizenship / Constitution etc…followed the flag in this case. followed the flag in this case.

The Philippines was also given more autonomy than The Philippines was also given more autonomy than before, and was promised independence in the near before, and was promised independence in the near future, when it was considered that they had a stable future, when it was considered that they had a stable govt. govt.

In 1917, Wilson granted inhabitants of Puerto Rico the In 1917, Wilson granted inhabitants of Puerto Rico the status of full citizens and gave Puerto Rico limited self status of full citizens and gave Puerto Rico limited self govt.govt.

With regard to Panama he decided that US ships would With regard to Panama he decided that US ships would pay the same tolls as any other ships using the canalpay the same tolls as any other ships using the canal

But eventually, he too, like Taft, felt But eventually, he too, like Taft, felt the need for economic and political the need for economic and political stability in Latin America, and stability in Latin America, and ended up compromising his ended up compromising his principles and supporting both Big principles and supporting both Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy to Stick and Dollar Diplomacy to maintain stability.maintain stability.

He sent the marines to Haiti to He sent the marines to Haiti to suppress a revolt - the US took suppress a revolt - the US took control of its finance system and its control of its finance system and its police forcepolice force

sent marines to Dominican Republic in 1916 (remained sent marines to Dominican Republic in 1916 (remained there until 1934) to put down a revolt – again, the US took there until 1934) to put down a revolt – again, the US took control of its financial system, as with Haiticontrol of its financial system, as with Haiti

sent troops to Cuba to put down an anti-gov. revoltsent troops to Cuba to put down an anti-gov. revolt

purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmarkpurchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark

Also encouraged US investments in Latin America: so Also encouraged US investments in Latin America: so successfully that it was said that he made Taft’s Dollar successfully that it was said that he made Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy look like Ten Cents Diplomacy Diplomacy look like Ten Cents Diplomacy

Wilson’s foreign policy in Latin American is Wilson’s foreign policy in Latin American is remembered most for his interference in the internal remembered most for his interference in the internal affairs of Mexico, during the Mexican Revolutionaffairs of Mexico, during the Mexican Revolution

Supported the overthrow of the dictator Huerta: assisted Supported the overthrow of the dictator Huerta: assisted Villa, Zapata, and Carranza (arms, moral support) Villa, Zapata, and Carranza (arms, moral support) against himagainst him

Occupied Vera Cruz / Tampico demanding a 21 gun Occupied Vera Cruz / Tampico demanding a 21 gun salute and apology for accidental arrest of marines: salute and apology for accidental arrest of marines: refused: US occupies port: tried to undermine Huerta’s refused: US occupies port: tried to undermine Huerta’s regime: backfired, actually fuelled Mexican nationalism; regime: backfired, actually fuelled Mexican nationalism; Wilson realizes his mistake: withdrawal negotiated by Wilson realizes his mistake: withdrawal negotiated by ABC powersABC powers

Offered US support to Carranza in return for promise to protect US Offered US support to Carranza in return for promise to protect US investments from nationalization: Wilson trying to control investments from nationalization: Wilson trying to control revolution / constitution. Carranza would not agreerevolution / constitution. Carranza would not agree

Seemed like US switched its support to Villa, then back again to Seemed like US switched its support to Villa, then back again to CarranzaCarranza

Furious, Villa killed 19 Americans in Mexico and then invaded the Furious, Villa killed 19 Americans in Mexico and then invaded the town of Columbus, New Mexico, killing another 18 Americanstown of Columbus, New Mexico, killing another 18 Americans

Eventually Huerta is overthrown…Carranza succeeds himEventually Huerta is overthrown…Carranza succeeds him

Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing to Mexico to search for Villa ( 2Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing to Mexico to search for Villa ( 2ndnd invasion): no success…really trying to manipulate Carranza….to invasion): no success…really trying to manipulate Carranza….to stop him applying the 1917 Constitution, to stop him confiscating / stop him applying the 1917 Constitution, to stop him confiscating / nationalizing US owned propertynationalizing US owned property

Woodrow Wilson negotiates with Mexico

Pershing withdrawn: sent to Europe after US entered Pershing withdrawn: sent to Europe after US entered WWI, April 1917WWI, April 1917

So much for Moral Diplomacy, or for Self-So much for Moral Diplomacy, or for Self-Determination for all (small) nations – his stated goal Determination for all (small) nations – his stated goal for the US entering WWI……under Wilson the US had for the US entering WWI……under Wilson the US had interfered / intervention in the affairs of Haiti, Cuba, interfered / intervention in the affairs of Haiti, Cuba, DR, Mexico….and promoted Dollar DiplomacyDR, Mexico….and promoted Dollar Diplomacy

U.S. Emerges as a World Power 1..2J

Dollar Diplomacy" in the AmericasDollar Diplomacy" in the Americas The outgoing President The outgoing President Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt laid the foundation for this approach in 1904 with his laid the foundation for this approach in 1904 with his

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary to the to the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine (under which United States Marines were frequently (under which United States Marines were frequently sent to Central America) maintaining that if any nation in the Western Hemisphere appeared sent to Central America) maintaining that if any nation in the Western Hemisphere appeared politically and fiscally so unstable as to be vulnerable to European control, the United States had the politically and fiscally so unstable as to be vulnerable to European control, the United States had the right and obligation to intervene.right and obligation to intervene.

Taft continued and expanded the policy, starting in Central America, where he justified it as a Taft continued and expanded the policy, starting in Central America, where he justified it as a means of protecting the Panama Canal. In 1908, he attempted unsuccessfully to establish control means of protecting the Panama Canal. In 1908, he attempted unsuccessfully to establish control over Honduras by buying up its debt to British bankers. Dollar Diplomacy was not always peaceful. over Honduras by buying up its debt to British bankers. Dollar Diplomacy was not always peaceful. In Nicaragua, U.S. "intervention involved participating in the overthrow of one government and the In Nicaragua, U.S. "intervention involved participating in the overthrow of one government and the military support" of another. When a revolt broke out in Nicaragua in 1912, the Taft administration military support" of another. When a revolt broke out in Nicaragua in 1912, the Taft administration quickly sided with the insurgents (who had been instigated by U.S. mining interests) and sent U.S. quickly sided with the insurgents (who had been instigated by U.S. mining interests) and sent U.S. troops into the country to seize the customs houses. As soon as the U.S. consolidated control over troops into the country to seize the customs houses. As soon as the U.S. consolidated control over the country, Secretary of State Philander C. Knox encouraged U.S. bankers to move into the country the country, Secretary of State Philander C. Knox encouraged U.S. bankers to move into the country and offer substantial loans to the new regime, thus increasing U.S. financial leverage over the and offer substantial loans to the new regime, thus increasing U.S. financial leverage over the country. Within two years, however, the new pro-U.S. regime faced a revolt of its own; and, once country. Within two years, however, the new pro-U.S. regime faced a revolt of its own; and, once again, the administration landed U.S. troops in Nicaragua, this time to protect the tottering, corrupt again, the administration landed U.S. troops in Nicaragua, this time to protect the tottering, corrupt U.S. regime. U.S. troops remained there for over a decade.U.S. regime. U.S. troops remained there for over a decade.

Another dangerous new trouble spot was the revolution-riddled Caribbean—now largely dominated Another dangerous new trouble spot was the revolution-riddled Caribbean—now largely dominated by U.S. interests. Hoping to head off trouble, Washington urged U.S. bankers to pump dollars into by U.S. interests. Hoping to head off trouble, Washington urged U.S. bankers to pump dollars into the financial vacuum in Honduras and Haiti to keep out foreign funds. The United States would not the financial vacuum in Honduras and Haiti to keep out foreign funds. The United States would not permit foreign nations to intervene, and consequently felt obligated to prevent economic and permit foreign nations to intervene, and consequently felt obligated to prevent economic and political instability. The State Department persuaded four U.S. banks to refinance Haiti's national political instability. The State Department persuaded four U.S. banks to refinance Haiti's national debt, setting the stage for further intervention in the future.debt, setting the stage for further intervention in the future.

[edit] Repudiation by President Wilson[edit] Repudiation by President Wilson The Taft-Knox approach to foreign policy was repudiated by President Woodrow Wilson within a The Taft-Knox approach to foreign policy was repudiated by President Woodrow Wilson within a

few weeks of his inauguration in 1913. Although he did not abstain from Caribbean intervention, few weeks of his inauguration in 1913. Although he did not abstain from Caribbean intervention, dollar diplomacy was no longer an explicit U.S. national policy.dollar diplomacy was no longer an explicit U.S. national policy.

[edit] Complete Overview[edit] Complete Overview

From 1909 to 1913, President William Howard Taft and Secretary of State Philander C. Knox followed a foreign From 1909 to 1913, President William Howard Taft and Secretary of State Philander C. Knox followed a foreign policy characterized as "dollar diplomacy." Taft shared the view held by Knox (a corporate lawyer who had policy characterized as "dollar diplomacy." Taft shared the view held by Knox (a corporate lawyer who had founded the giant conglomerate U.S. Steel) that the goal of diplomacy should be to create stability abroad, and founded the giant conglomerate U.S. Steel) that the goal of diplomacy should be to create stability abroad, and through this stability promote American commercial interests. Knox felt that not only was the goal of diplomacy through this stability promote American commercial interests. Knox felt that not only was the goal of diplomacy to improve financial opportunities, but also to use private capital to further U.S. interests overseas. "Dollar to improve financial opportunities, but also to use private capital to further U.S. interests overseas. "Dollar diplomacy" was evident in extensive U.S. interventions in the Caribbean and Central America, especially in diplomacy" was evident in extensive U.S. interventions in the Caribbean and Central America, especially in measures undertaken to safeguard American financial interests in the region. In China, Knox secured the entry of measures undertaken to safeguard American financial interests in the region. In China, Knox secured the entry of an American banking conglomerate, headed by J.P. Morgan, into a European-financed consortium financing the an American banking conglomerate, headed by J.P. Morgan, into a European-financed consortium financing the construction of a railway from Huguang to Canton. In spite of successes, "dollar diplomacy" failed to counteract construction of a railway from Huguang to Canton. In spite of successes, "dollar diplomacy" failed to counteract economic instability and the tide of revolution in places like Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and economic instability and the tide of revolution in places like Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and China.China.

Dollar Diplomacy, known as “[a] policy aimed at furthering the interests of the United States abroad by Dollar Diplomacy, known as “[a] policy aimed at furthering the interests of the United States abroad by encouraging the investment of U.S. capital in foreign countries,” was initiated by President William Taft. The encouraging the investment of U.S. capital in foreign countries,” was initiated by President William Taft. The United States felt obligated, though the Dollar Diplomacy, to uphold economic and political stability. Taft’s United States felt obligated, though the Dollar Diplomacy, to uphold economic and political stability. Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy not only allowed the United States to gain financially from countries, but also resisted other Dollar Diplomacy not only allowed the United States to gain financially from countries, but also resisted other foreign countries from reaping any sort of financial gain. Consequently, when the United States benefited from foreign countries from reaping any sort of financial gain. Consequently, when the United States benefited from other countries, other world powers could not reap those same benefits.other countries, other world powers could not reap those same benefits.

““Taft maintained an activist approach to foreign policy. On one hand, he was the initiator of what became known Taft maintained an activist approach to foreign policy. On one hand, he was the initiator of what became known as Dollar Diplomacy, in which the United States used its military might to promote American business interests as Dollar Diplomacy, in which the United States used its military might to promote American business interests abroad. Taft defended his Dollar Diplomacy as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine. Taft was a major supporter abroad. Taft defended his Dollar Diplomacy as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine. Taft was a major supporter of arbitration as the most viable method of settling international disputes” (MultiEducator, Inc.). Quickly of arbitration as the most viable method of settling international disputes” (MultiEducator, Inc.). Quickly becoming a world power, America sought to further her influence abroad. President Taft realized that by becoming a world power, America sought to further her influence abroad. President Taft realized that by instituting the Dollar Diplomacy, it would be pernicious to the financial gain of other countries. Thus the United instituting the Dollar Diplomacy, it would be pernicious to the financial gain of other countries. Thus the United States would benefit greatly.States would benefit greatly.

The United States and President Taft employed economic power to gain business control over less prominent The United States and President Taft employed economic power to gain business control over less prominent countries. Instead of resorting to war, the United States could more effectively and less expensively gain economic countries. Instead of resorting to war, the United States could more effectively and less expensively gain economic power. But equally as important, other countries could not gain financially from the countries “economically power. But equally as important, other countries could not gain financially from the countries “economically bullied” by the United States. Therefore, while the United States was tenacious in its effort to enforce the Dollar bullied” by the United States. Therefore, while the United States was tenacious in its effort to enforce the Dollar Diplomacy, other world powers lost out on gaining economic power over these same countries.Diplomacy, other world powers lost out on gaining economic power over these same countries.