FOREIGN POLICY: FOREIGN POLICY: FROM FROM

ISOLATIONISMISOLATIONISM TO TO

IMPERIALISM IMPERIALISM TO TO

ISOLATIONISMISOLATIONISM

Foreign Policy for Dummies National Interests & GoalsNational Interests & Goals

– SecuritySecurity– trade & investmentstrade & investments– alliancesalliances– ideologyideology

Means & MethodsMeans & Methods– effective & appropriateeffective & appropriate

Balance of PowerBalance of Power– unilateralunilateral– bilateralbilateral– multilateralmultilateral

TRADITIONAL POLICYTRADITIONAL POLICY1789 TO 18801789 TO 1880

CONTINENTALISMCONTINENTALISM– ACQUIRE, CONQUER, EXPAND ACQUIRE, CONQUER, EXPAND

ACROSS THE CONTINENTACROSS THE CONTINENT– EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

ISOLATIONISMISOLATIONISM– RELATIONSHIP W/ EUROPERELATIONSHIP W/ EUROPE– WASHINGTON FAREWELL ADDRESSWASHINGTON FAREWELL ADDRESS– MONROE DOCTRINEMONROE DOCTRINE

LOOKING INWARDLOOKING INWARD WESTERN EXPANSIONWESTERN EXPANSION CIVIL WAR & SLAVERYCIVIL WAR & SLAVERY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION By 1880By 1880’’s these events are a reality s these events are a reality

and USA has the time, resources, and USA has the time, resources, and power to look outwardand power to look outward

REVIVAL OF INTERESTREVIVAL OF INTERESTIN EXPANSION...IN EXPANSION...

NAVALISMNAVALISM ECONOMIC IMPERIALISMECONOMIC IMPERIALISM SOCIAL DARWINISMSOCIAL DARWINISM EUGENICSEUGENICS WHITE MANWHITE MAN’’S BURDENS BURDEN EUROPEAN EXAMPLEEUROPEAN EXAMPLE END OF THE FRONTIEREND OF THE FRONTIER JINGOISMJINGOISM

ANNEXATION OF HAWAIIANNEXATION OF HAWAII AMERICAN INVOLVEMENTAMERICAN INVOLVEMENT

– 18201820’’S NEW ENGLAND MISSIONARIESS NEW ENGLAND MISSIONARIES– 18401840’’S WHALING INDUSTRYS WHALING INDUSTRY– 18701870’’S SUGAR INVESTMENTS SUGAR INVESTMENT

1890 MCKINLEY TARIFF1890 MCKINLEY TARIFF SUGAR CONSPIRACYSUGAR CONSPIRACY TREATY OF ANNEXATIONTREATY OF ANNEXATION

– GROVER CLEVELANDGROVER CLEVELAND– 1898 MCKINLEY1898 MCKINLEY

CUBAN CUBAN REVOLUTION REVOLUTION Spanish MisruleSpanish Misrule Sugar DutySugar Duty Scorched EarthScorched Earth Gen. Gen. ““WolfWolf”” Weyler Weyler Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

– Hearst Vs PulitzerHearst Vs Pulitzer USS MaineUSS Maine De Lome LetterDe Lome Letter Proctor reportProctor report McKinleyMcKinley’’s dilemmas dilemma

THE DECLARATION OF WARTHE DECLARATION OF WAR18981898

McKinley's McKinley's Message:Message:

End a NuisanceEnd a Nuisance Protect American Protect American

PropertyProperty HumanitarianismHumanitarianism

CongressCongress’’ Declaration:Declaration:

demand Spanish demand Spanish withdrawalwithdrawal

Free CubaFree Cuba disclaims any desire to disclaims any desire to

annex Cubaannex Cuba

DEBATE OVER THE DEBATE OVER THE TREATYTREATY

ANTI-ANTI-IMPERIALISTS:IMPERIALISTS:

HYPOCRISYHYPOCRISY AGAINST THEIR AGAINST THEIR

WILLWILL NULLIFY MONROE NULLIFY MONROE

DOCTRINEDOCTRINE AMERICANIZATIONAMERICANIZATION EXPENSEEXPENSE

IMPERIALISTSIMPERIALISTS:: ECONOMIC & ECONOMIC &

MILITARY GAINSMILITARY GAINS WHITE MANWHITE MAN’’S S

BURDENBURDEN INABILITY FOR INABILITY FOR

SELF GOVSELF GOV’’TT BRITISH BRITISH

ENCOURAGEMENTENCOURAGEMENT

LATIN AMERICA & ASIA LATIN AMERICALATIN AMERICA:: PLATT PLATT

AMENDMENTAMENDMENT ROOSEVELT ROOSEVELT

DOCTRINEDOCTRINE PANAMA CANALPANAMA CANAL DOLLAR DOLLAR

DIPLOMACYDIPLOMACY

ASIAASIA:: SINO-JAPANESE SINO-JAPANESE

WAR 1885WAR 1885 OPEN DOOR 1904OPEN DOOR 1904 RUSSO-JAPANESE RUSSO-JAPANESE

WAR 1904WAR 1904 YELLOW MENACEYELLOW MENACE

TWO MAJOR (THERE WERE MANY) GOALS:TWO MAJOR (THERE WERE MANY) GOALS:– CURB THE ABUSES OF THE MONOPOLIESCURB THE ABUSES OF THE MONOPOLIES– IMPROVE LIVING CONDITIONSIMPROVE LIVING CONDITIONS

REORGANIZED LOCAL & STATE GOVERNMENTSREORGANIZED LOCAL & STATE GOVERNMENTS– DESTROY THE POWER OF THE PARTY BOSSESDESTROY THE POWER OF THE PARTY BOSSES– MAKE MORE EFFICIENT & MORE DEMOCRATICMAKE MORE EFFICIENT & MORE DEMOCRATIC

DIRECT PRIMARIES, DIRECT PRIMARIES, INITIATIVE, REFERENDUM, RECALL, INITIATIVE, REFERENDUM, RECALL, SECRET BALLOTSECRET BALLOT

SUPPORT WOMEN’S SUFFRAGESUPPORT WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE REGULATE BUSINESSREGULATE BUSINESS INCOME TAXESINCOME TAXES CHILD LABORCHILD LABOR TEMPERANCETEMPERANCE CONSERVATION - TRCONSERVATION - TR

THE PROGRESSIVES1890 -1920

PROGRESSIVES BELIEFS... Animal ruled by Animal ruled by natural selectionnatural selection, but humans , but humans

ruled by ruled by rational choice:rational choice:– nature can be wasteful...unrestrained competition nature can be wasteful...unrestrained competition

kills off fitter along w/ weakkills off fitter along w/ weak– laissez-faire killed off competition and encouraged laissez-faire killed off competition and encouraged

monopolymonopoly– competition = opportunity & progress competition = opportunity & progress – competition must be preserved...how?competition must be preserved...how?

Pragmatism:Pragmatism:– experiment...to find solutions to modern problemsexperiment...to find solutions to modern problems– practical outcomes instead of absolute answerspractical outcomes instead of absolute answers– appeals to science and/or the scientific method as a appeals to science and/or the scientific method as a

way to find solutionsway to find solutions– easily adaptable to reformseasily adaptable to reforms

Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1908

REFORM BECOMES NATIONAL W/ T. REFORM BECOMES NATIONAL W/ T. ROOSEVELTROOSEVELT– ASSASSINATION OF McKinley - 1901ASSASSINATION OF McKinley - 1901

THEODORE ROOSEVELT ACCIDENTAL PRES.THEODORE ROOSEVELT ACCIDENTAL PRES. 1902 ANTHRACITE COAL STRIKE1902 ANTHRACITE COAL STRIKE NORTHERN SECURITIES CO.NORTHERN SECURITIES CO.

– TRUST BUSTINGTRUST BUSTING– ““RULE OF REASON”RULE OF REASON”

REGULATION OF RR - HEPBURN ACTREGULATION OF RR - HEPBURN ACT CONSERVATION - PINCHOTCONSERVATION - PINCHOT FOOD & DRUGSFOOD & DRUGS

– UPTON SINCLAIR..THE JUNGLEUPTON SINCLAIR..THE JUNGLE– PURE FOOD & DRUG...FDAPURE FOOD & DRUG...FDA– MEAT INSPECTION ACTMEAT INSPECTION ACT

TWO TERM PROMISE – Uh Oh!TWO TERM PROMISE – Uh Oh!

THEODORE ROOSEVELT

WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT1908-1912 TR CHOOSES HIS TR CHOOSES HIS

SUCCESSORSUCCESSOR– VAN BUREN, BUSH...ONE VAN BUREN, BUSH...ONE

TERMERSTERMERS ANTI TRUSTANTI TRUST INCOME TAX (16TH INCOME TAX (16TH

AMENDMENT)AMENDMENT) ICC...TELEPHONE & ICC...TELEPHONE &

TELEGRAPHTELEGRAPH 8 HOUR DAY FOR GOV’T 8 HOUR DAY FOR GOV’T

WORKERSWORKERS TARIFF & PINCHOT TARIFF & PINCHOT

CONTROVERSIESCONTROVERSIES

The Bull Moose Election 4 - WAY RACE4 - WAY RACE

– REPUBLICANS...TAFTREPUBLICANS...TAFT– DEMOCRATS...WILSONDEMOCRATS...WILSON– PROGRESSIVE...TRPROGRESSIVE...TR– SOCIALIST...DEBSSOCIALIST...DEBS– FOUR FORMS OF PROGRESSIVISMFOUR FORMS OF PROGRESSIVISM– MINORITY PRESIDENT...MINORITY PRESIDENT...SOUTHERN DEMOCRATSOUTHERN DEMOCRAT

WW = 42% TAFT 24% TR 28%WW = 42% TAFT 24% TR 28% 1824, 1860, 1992, 1996, 20001824, 1860, 1992, 1996, 2000

WOODROW WILSON 1913-1920

WILSON’S NEW FREEDOM PROTECT COMPETITION/OPPORTUNITY ATTACK THE POWER OF:

– TARIFF– MONOPOLISTIC CORPORATIONS– BANKING & CURRENCY

GREATEST ACCOMPLISHMENTS– UNDERWOOD-SIMMONS TARIFF BILL– FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

CLAYTON ANTI TRUST ACT– FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM– ADAMSON ACT 1916 - 8 HOUR DAY/RR

THE REGULATORY STATE How do you solve the problems of MODERN How do you solve the problems of MODERN

INDUSTRIAL American society without embracing INDUSTRIAL American society without embracing socialism?socialism?

Maintain Capitalism & profitMaintain Capitalism & profit Government sets the Government sets the Rules of the GameRules of the Game Umpire the Game...Umpire the Game...Rule of ReasonRule of Reason preserve competition & progresspreserve competition & progress Bureaucratic DepartmentsBureaucratic Departments

– special expertise, education & trainingspecial expertise, education & training– administration of policiesadministration of policies

planning for efficiencyplanning for efficiency

LEGACY OF PROGRESSIVISM BEGINNING OF LIBERALISM

– GOV’T SHOULD BE MORE ACTIVEGOV’T SHOULD BE MORE ACTIVE– SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO GOV’T SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO GOV’T

LEGISLATION & ACTIONLEGISLATION & ACTION PRECEDENTS FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION

DURING THE 20TH CENTURY.– NEW DEAL

1930’s…the Great Depression– GREAT SOCIETY PROGRAMS

1960’s Affluence, Civil Rights.– PRESIDENT OBAMA

““THE WAR TO END THE WAR TO END ALL WARSALL WARS””

WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I1914 - 19181914 - 1918

WWI Alliances Central PowersCentral Powers

– GermanyGermany– Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary– TurkeyTurkey– BulgariaBulgaria– ItalyItaly

Allies & Associate Allies & Associate PowersPowers– RussiaRussia– FranceFrance– Great BritainGreat Britain– JapanJapan– ItalyItaly– USA - 1917USA - 1917

Woodrow Wilson’s Proclamation of

Neutrality19141914

The effect of the war upon the United States will depend upon what American citizens say and do. Every man who really loves America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all concerned.

The people of the United States are drawn from many nations, and chiefly from the nations now at war. It is natural and inevitable that there should be the utmost variety of sympathy and desire among them with regard to the issues and circumstances of the conflict. Some will wish one nation, others another, to succeed in the momentous struggle.

It will be easy to excite passion and difficult to allay it. Those responsible for exciting it will assume a heavy responsibility, responsibility for no less a thing than that the people of the United States, whose love of their country and whose loyalty to its government should unite them as Americans all, bound in honor and affection to think first of her and her interests, may be divided in camps of hostile opinion, hot against each other, involved in the war itself in impulse and opinion if not in action.

The Failure of American Neutrality:

SentimentSentiment– hyphenated Americanshyphenated Americans– east - pro Alliedeast - pro Allied– midwest - pro Centralmidwest - pro Central– France - debtFrance - debt– propagandapropaganda

$$$$$$– TradeTrade

war trade ends depressionwar trade ends depression

– LoansLoans WJ Bryan resigns...WJ Bryan resigns...

SecuritySecurity– British NavyBritish Navy– Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note

The Failure of American Neutrality:

SubmarinesSubmarines– illegal & immoralillegal & immoral– British BlockadesBritish Blockades– Lusitania - 1915Lusitania - 1915– Sussex Pledge - 1916Sussex Pledge - 1916

WW backs himsilf into cornerWW backs himsilf into corner Will the British relax the Blockade?Will the British relax the Blockade?

– January 1, 1917 - Why?January 1, 1917 - Why?

The Failure of American Neutrality:

WilsonWilson’’s War Message - 1917s War Message - 1917. . It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts, for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own Governments, for the rights and liberites of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free.

The Last German Offensive Over four months in 1918 Over four months in 1918

the German army the German army launched five launched five major assaults at major assaults at different parts of the allied different parts of the allied line. Initially the plan line. Initially the plan worked. The allies gave worked. The allies gave ground. Soon ground. Soon the elite German storm the elite German storm troopers were a spent troopers were a spent force. force.

The American InvolvementThe actual military contribution of the United States to the fighting in the end of the conflict was absolutely minimal.

In so far as the presence of America made a difference in Germany's decision to surrender, it was not because of success on the battlefield at the Meusse Argonne, or anywhere else for that matter.

It was because the entrance of America into the war, and its demonstrated capacity to move its army across the Atlantic in huge numbers, now faced the Germans with the prospect of a virtual endless limitless supply of reinforcements that could be brought to the Allied side.

The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen PointsOpen DiplomacyOpen DiplomacyFreedom of the SeasFreedom of the SeasFree TradeFree TradeSelf DeterminationSelf DeterminationLeague of NationsLeague of Nations

Treaty of Versailles October 1918, Germany proposes a peace October 1918, Germany proposes a peace

conference based on the 14 Pointsconference based on the 14 Points Wilson agrees if the Kaiser abdicatesWilson agrees if the Kaiser abdicates November 11, 1918 and Armistice is November 11, 1918 and Armistice is

signed…a peace conference must followsigned…a peace conference must follow 1919 a peace conference begins in Paris1919 a peace conference begins in Paris Wilson travels to Europe to represent the Wilson travels to Europe to represent the

USA at the conference.USA at the conference.

Treaty of VersaillesGermany was forced to - Germany was forced to - Reduce its army to 100,000 men and was not Reduce its army to 100,000 men and was not allowed to have conscriptionallowed to have conscription. . Reduce the navy to 6 warships and was not Reduce the navy to 6 warships and was not allowed to have any submarines.allowed to have any submarines. Destroy all of its air force. Destroy all of its air force. Give land to Belgium, France, Denmark and Give land to Belgium, France, Denmark and Poland. the land given to Poland became known Poland. the land given to Poland became known as the "Polish Corridor" and it separated the main as the "Polish Corridor" and it separated the main part of Germany from East Prussia. part of Germany from East Prussia. Hand over all of its colonies to the League.Hand over all of its colonies to the League.

Treaty of Versailles Agree to pay Reparations to the Allies for all of the damage Agree to pay Reparations to the Allies for all of the damage

caused by the war; these came to £6,600,000,000. caused by the war; these came to £6,600,000,000. Put no soldiers or military equipment within Put no soldiers or military equipment within 30 miles of the 30 miles of the

east bank of the Rhine. east bank of the Rhine. Accept all of the blame for the war, the "War Guilt Clause".Accept all of the blame for the war, the "War Guilt Clause". the Adriatic coast was made part of a new country called the Adriatic coast was made part of a new country called

Yugoslavia, which included Serbia and Bosnia. Yugoslavia, which included Serbia and Bosnia. Other new countries were created - Other new countries were created -

Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were formed Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were formed from land lost by Russia. from land lost by Russia.

Czechoslovakia and Hungary were formed out of the Czechoslovakia and Hungary were formed out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Treaty of Versailles