IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM•What is it?What is it?

– The seizure of a country or territory The seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country (claiming the by a stronger country (claiming the other area as its own). other area as its own).

Also?Also?–The policy of extending economic and The policy of extending economic and political dominance over another political dominance over another nation or territory. (Does this really nation or territory. (Does this really apply???)apply???)

Reasons (Motivations) for Reasons (Motivations) for ImperialismImperialism

• Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution– Quest for natural resourcesQuest for natural resources

•(cotton, rubber, ivory, gold, (cotton, rubber, ivory, gold, diamonds, etc…)diamonds, etc…)

– New MarketsNew Markets

• NationalismNationalism

• Social Darwinism (Racism)Social Darwinism (Racism) • Missionary EffortsMissionary Efforts

• Humanitarian EffortsHumanitarian Efforts

What made it possible?What made it possible?•Technological Advancements Technological Advancements

(Industrial Revolution)(Industrial Revolution)– Steam BoatsSteam Boats– RailroadsRailroads– CommunicationCommunication– Medicine (Quinine)Medicine (Quinine)– Weapons (Better tactics)Weapons (Better tactics)

•Countries/tribes not unitedCountries/tribes not united

Siam (Thailand)Siam (Thailand)• Who controls it?Who controls it?

– Maintain Maintain IndependenceIndependence

•How?How?– Skillful DiplomacySkillful Diplomacy– Modernization Modernization

(follow western ex.)(follow western ex.)– Anna Leonowens Anna Leonowens

•Educates Educates Mongkut’s Mongkut’s 58+58+ childrenchildren

IndonesiaIndonesia• Who controls it?Who controls it?

– Dutch (Netherlands) Dutch (Netherlands)

Type of Control Used?Type of Control Used?

Direct Direct

- Assimilation - Assimilation

- Rigid Class distinction (Dutch at top)- Rigid Class distinction (Dutch at top)

• Resources?Resources?– Oil, Tin, RubberOil, Tin, Rubber

Malay PeninsulaMalay Peninsula•Who controls it?Who controls it?

– BritishBritish

•Type of Control?Type of Control?– IndirectIndirect

•Resources?Resources?– Tin and rubber Tin and rubber

– Also used as a trading baseAlso used as a trading base– SingaporeSingapore

IndochinaIndochina• Who Controls Who Controls

it? it? – FrenchFrench

• Type of Type of Control?Control?– DirectDirect

•Resources?Resources?– RiceRice

South PacificSouth Pacific• Who controls Philippines, Guam?Who controls Philippines, Guam?

– SpanishSpanish– U.S. U.S.

•Acquired after Spanish American War 1898Acquired after Spanish American War 1898

• Type of control used?Type of control used?– IndirectIndirect

• What about Hawaii?What about Hawaii?– U.S.U.S. – Direct ControlDirect Control

• Cash Crops?Cash Crops?– Sugar Cane, Tropical FruitsSugar Cane, Tropical Fruits

AFRICAAFRICA• Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference

– Meeting held 1884-1885; 14 Meeting held 1884-1885; 14 European nations (Brit., French, European nations (Brit., French, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, etc…) etc…) No Africans No Africans – PurposePurpose

– Divide “African Cake”Divide “African Cake”– Prevent War Prevent War

• Almost entire continent is colonizedAlmost entire continent is colonized– Only Ethiopia and Liberia avoid colonizationOnly Ethiopia and Liberia avoid colonization– How?How?

•Ethiopia Ethiopia – Menelik II united semi-independent statesMenelik II united semi-independent states– ModernizedModernized– Diplomacy (played Europeans against each other)Diplomacy (played Europeans against each other)

•LiberiaLiberia– MonroviaMonrovia – Colony of former U.S. SlavesColony of former U.S. Slaves

• Who were the Boers?Who were the Boers?– Decedents of original Decedents of original

Dutch (Farmers)Dutch (Farmers)

*Aka - Afrikaners*Aka - Afrikaners

INDIAINDIA• British East India Company British East India Company

– Granted permission by British government to intervene in Granted permission by British government to intervene in political and military affairs 18political and military affairs 18thth century century

• gradually take more control over timegradually take more control over time

• ““Jewel in the Crown”Jewel in the Crown”– Why?Why?

• Most profitable of Britain’s coloniesMost profitable of Britain’s colonies– natural resources (cotton)natural resources (cotton)– Markets (300 million people – potential consumers)Markets (300 million people – potential consumers)

• Sepoy Mutiny 1857Sepoy Mutiny 1857– Who are sepoys?Who are sepoys?

• Indians who serve as military force for British merchants Indians who serve as military force for British merchants (84% of military force at time)(84% of military force at time)

– Many sepoys jailed for dereliction of dutyMany sepoys jailed for dereliction of duty• Why?Why?

– Sepoys rebel due to rumors about rifle cartridges (also tired of Sepoys rebel due to rumors about rifle cartridges (also tired of British dominance)British dominance)

INDIA CONT.INDIA CONT.•Effects of rebellionEffects of rebellion

– British government more involved in British government more involved in controlling Indiacontrolling India

•Nationalism grows in IndiaNationalism grows in India– INC (Indian National Congress) 1885 INC (Indian National Congress) 1885

BombayBombay– Mohandas Gandhi returns to India Mohandas Gandhi returns to India

19151915

•Passive (non-violent) resistance Passive (non-violent) resistance

Imperialism (1914)

Effects of ColonizationEffects of Colonization• PositivePositive

– Reduced local Reduced local warfarewarfare

– Economic growth Economic growth resources/producresources/products valuedts valued

– Internal Internal improvements improvements (sanitation, (sanitation, hospitals, hospitals, schools, dams)schools, dams)

• NegativeNegative– Loss of land and Loss of land and

independence independence – Loss of life Loss of life

(disease, famine, (disease, famine, war)war)

– Loss of cultural Loss of cultural identityidentity

– Division (Africa) Division (Africa) leads to future leads to future conflicts (civil war)conflicts (civil war)

CHINACHINA• Qing Dynasty in decline (dates back to 1644) Qing Dynasty in decline (dates back to 1644)

• China initially able to resist Western China initially able to resist Western influenceinfluence– Why?Why?

•self-sufficient self-sufficient – Western nations angry over trade imbalanceWestern nations angry over trade imbalance– Opium introduced early 19Opium introduced early 19thth century century– Leads to Opium War Leads to Opium War

• British win easily due to naval superiorityBritish win easily due to naval superiority

– Treaty of Nanjing (1842) Treaty of Nanjing (1842) • Chinese open trade with British (given Hong Kong)Chinese open trade with British (given Hong Kong)

– Tai Ping Rebellion (1850-1864)Tai Ping Rebellion (1850-1864)• Due to Chinese gov’t failure to deal with economic problems Due to Chinese gov’t failure to deal with economic problems

– Devastating (20 million die)Devastating (20 million die)

Foreign influence grows in Foreign influence grows in ChinaChina

– Spheres of influenceSpheres of influence (Western (Western nations/Japan)nations/Japan)•Exclusive trade rights/RR and mining privilegesExclusive trade rights/RR and mining privileges

– Why not just take it over?Why not just take it over?•Centralized authorityCentralized authority

•Difficult terrainDifficult terrain

– US proposes US proposes Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy

•Why?Why?– locked out and concerned China will be overrunlocked out and concerned China will be overrun

– Europeans agree Europeans agree •does not end spheres but eases restrictions does not end spheres but eases restrictions

and ends dominance by individual nationsand ends dominance by individual nations

Western Influence (cont...)Western Influence (cont...)• China split on response to foreign China split on response to foreign

influenceinfluence– Reformers (Emperor Guang Xu) vs. Conservatives Reformers (Emperor Guang Xu) vs. Conservatives

(Ci Xi)(Ci Xi)• Boxer Rebellion (beginning of 1900)Boxer Rebellion (beginning of 1900)

Society of Harmonious FistsSociety of Harmonious Fists– Begin killing foreigners (businessmen, missionaries, Begin killing foreigners (businessmen, missionaries,

and converts)and converts)– Western nations ally with Chinese gov’t to defeat Western nations ally with Chinese gov’t to defeat

Boxers Boxers Why?Why?

- Want to continue trade (concessions) - Want to continue trade (concessions)

Chinese Revolution 1911Chinese Revolution 1911• Following Boxer Rebellion Ci Xi is forced to institute Following Boxer Rebellion Ci Xi is forced to institute

reforms reforms – reforms largely ignored or never go into effectreforms largely ignored or never go into effect– Young radical Young radical Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen believed Qing no longer capable of governing believed Qing no longer capable of governing

ChinaChina

• Ci Xi dies in 1908 Ci Xi dies in 1908 - Henry Pu Yi takes over at age 16 (- Henry Pu Yi takes over at age 16 (TheThe Last EmperorLast Emperor))

• Rebellion begins in 1911 –Rebellion begins in 1911 –

• Qing Dynasty ends when Nationalist forces take overQing Dynasty ends when Nationalist forces take over

• Nationalists lack political and military power however Nationalists lack political and military power however and are forced to allow General Yuan Shigai to serve and are forced to allow General Yuan Shigai to serve as presidentas president

• unpopular with both sides. (essentially acts as dictator)unpopular with both sides. (essentially acts as dictator)

• dissolves parliament and Nationalists rebel dissolves parliament and Nationalists rebel

• Nationalists are defeated (flee to Japan)Nationalists are defeated (flee to Japan)

• Yuan dies in 1916 and civil war ensues for next several yearsYuan dies in 1916 and civil war ensues for next several years

Western Influence on JapanWestern Influence on Japan• Japanese isolationists Japanese isolationists

– Until? Until? •Commodore Matthew Perry visits in 1853 (Result?)Commodore Matthew Perry visits in 1853 (Result?)

– Treaty of Kanagawa Treaty of Kanagawa Japan forced to open up trade with U.S. Japan forced to open up trade with U.S.

– Similar “negotiations” with European powers followSimilar “negotiations” with European powers follow

• How do they respond to threat of Western imperialism?How do they respond to threat of Western imperialism?

1.1. Japan must modernize in order to survive (see what happens to Japan must modernize in order to survive (see what happens to China and don’t want the same to happen to them)China and don’t want the same to happen to them)

2. Japan eventually imperializes other areas themselves2. Japan eventually imperializes other areas themselves

Japanese ModernizationJapanese Modernization• Sent emissaries out to study Western Sent emissaries out to study Western

societies societies – Progressives v. Liberals (how to Progressives v. Liberals (how to

modernize?)modernize?)•ProgressivesProgressives

– Power shared btn. executive/legislative branches with Power shared btn. executive/legislative branches with strong executive powerstrong executive power

•LiberalsLiberals – want parliamentary democracy (representative want parliamentary democracy (representative

democracy - similar to many Western nations)democracy - similar to many Western nations)

– Progressives winProgressives win•Government modeled after Imperialist GermanyGovernment modeled after Imperialist Germany

Japanese ExpansionJapanese Expansion

• Japan begins aggressively imperializing in Japan begins aggressively imperializing in the late 19the late 19thth century century– Take Chinese territories (Ryukyu Islands, Take Chinese territories (Ryukyu Islands,

Korea) Korea) • Leads to Sino-Japanese (Sino = Chinese) War (1894-Leads to Sino-Japanese (Sino = Chinese) War (1894-

95)95)– Japan winsJapan wins– Taiwan and Liaodong Peninsula ceded to JapanTaiwan and Liaodong Peninsula ceded to Japan

– Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)• Japanese defeat RussiansJapanese defeat Russians

– Result?Result? Japan recognized as world powerJapan recognized as world power

•How does this affect stereotypes? How does this affect stereotypes? – Old – Japanese weak/inferior (destroyed)Old – Japanese weak/inferior (destroyed)– New – fear of Japanese dominanceNew – fear of Japanese dominance

Excerpt from Rudyard Excerpt from Rudyard Kipling’s Kipling’s

The White Man’s BurdenThe White Man’s Burden•Take up the White Man’s burden..

•Send forth the best ye breed..

•Go bind your sons to exile..

•To serve your captives’ need;

•To wait in heavy harness,

•On fluttered folk and wild..

•Your new-caught, sullen peoples,

•Half-devil and half-child

Test Questions (Helpful Test Questions (Helpful Hints)Hints)• What is the burden Kipling is referring What is the burden Kipling is referring

to?to?

• Why does he think Europeans must Why does he think Europeans must do this?do this?

• What are his views of non-Europeans?What are his views of non-Europeans?