Implementationworkonopensourcewebofthings

serversandgateways

DaveRaggett,W3C

Monday,11April2016

ReferenceArchitecture

GatewayCloudbasedServices

FirewallAmbientorbatteryoperated IoT devices

Powered,multi-protocol

BrowserforHMI

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Introduction

• IamworkingontwoopensourceWebofThingsserver&gatewayprojects• NodeJS

• Forrelativelypowerdevices,e.g.runningLinux• C++formicrocontrollers

• ForArduinoUnoandWiznet basedEthernetShield• Highlyconstrainedlowcostmicrocontroller• FutureplansforextensiontomorepowerfulMCUs• Andotherkindsofcommunications technologies

• Why?• Nothinglikeworkingcodeforbetterunderstanding• Hugepotentialmarketforlow-endIoT devices

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• ArduinoEthernetShield• 16KBRAM• MicroSD cardslot• ControlledthroughSPIbus• PollingorH/Winterrupt• Cost:4.75GBPoneBay

• ArduinoUnowithATmega328PMCU• 2KBRAM• 1KBEEPROM• 32KBFLASH• LotsofI/Opins• Cost:2.33GBPoneBay

RequiredHardware

4/27EEPROMusefulforstoringsettingsanderror logs,etc.

RequiredSoftware

• ArduinoIDE• Freefromhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software

• SerialdriverforCH340USBtoserialchip• RequiredforcheapArduinoclones

• AbitofapaintofindandsetupL

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Components

• ArduinoSketchwithapplicationcode• ThisiswhereyouwriteyourcodetointerfacetosensorsandactuatorsusingtheArduinolibraries• GPIOpins• A2DandPWM• SPIandI2Cbuses• Timers

• WebofThingsLibraryfortheArduinoIDE• InstallablefromGitHub• Smallfootprintwithcustomnetworkingmodule

• Wiznet W5100withnativeIPsupport• Multicastfordiscovery• UDPandTCP• ARP,ICMP,IGMPetc.

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Configuration

• UsestaticIPaddressorDHCPfordynamicaddress• UsesmDNS todiscoverWebofThingsgateway

• Servicetype:_wot._tcp.local (unregistered)• MyMacBook’sfirewallblocksallothermulticastsockets

• RegistersremoteproxyongatewayforlocalthingontheArduino• UsesTCPformessagingwithgateway

• LesscodeduetonativeIPsupportonW5100chip• VerysimilartomyWebSocketimplementationforNodeJS webofthingsserver

• CoAPwouldtakemorespaceandbelesscapable• Notethechoiceofprotocoldependsonthechoiceofhardware,whichinthiscaseisanEthernetcontroller

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Softwarearchitecture• Targetis2KBforapplicationcode• 2KBforRAM• Avoidmalloc andfreeforrobustoperation

• Fragmentationandlongterminstability• Staticnodepool

• JSONfornumbers,booleans,objects,arraysetc.• AverageLengthBinarytrees(objectsandarrays)• Mark/Sweepgarbagecollector• 6bytespernodeontheATmega328P

• JSONobjectpropertynamesreplacedbysymbols• ToreduceRAMfootprintto2KBisverychallenging

• Efficientbinarymessageencoding/decoding• Reliesondeterministic assignmentofsymbols• Designedwithshortpackettechnologies inmind

e.g.NordicnRF24L01+with32bytepayloads

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RAMvsFLASHmemory

• SomeMCUsliketheATmega328PusetheHarvardmemoryarchitecture• Thishasseparatedataandcodeaddressspaces

• StringliteralsarestoredinFLASHandcopiedtoRAMjustbeforeenteringafunction• Thisisobviouslybadifyou’reshortofRAM

• Firststep:tellcompilertokeepliteralsinFLASH• F(“stringliteral”)vs“stringliteral”• Youthenneedtousesystemcallstoaccessthem

• Secondstep:useabstractionlayertohidethedifferencebetweenRAMandFLASH• Signatures:const __FlashStringHelper *vsconst char*• Mergeaddressspacesthroughadding0x8000toFLASHpointersandusestringfunctionsthatknowhowtodealwiththem

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InterruptsandEvents

• Hardwareinterruptsarevaluableforhandlingsensorsandactuatorsetc.• Buttheinterruptserviceroutine(ISR)mustbequicktoavoidblockingotherinterrupts• Eventdrivenbehaviourisveryconvenient,buteventhandlerscantaketimetoexecute• Solution:ISRpusheseventontoqueue,whichisdispatchedfromwithinArduinoloop()method• SamesinglethreadingexecutionmodelasforWebbrowsers– eventhandlersareexecutedsequentially• Avoidsappdevelopersfromhavingtodealwithcomplexsynchronisationissues

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LifeafterDeath

• Eventuallysomethingbadwill happen…• Memoryissues

• RunningoutofRAMfortheprogramstack• RunningoutoffreenodesforusewithJSON• Overflowofcriticalqueues

• Programbugs• Youcanneverbe100%confidentthattherearenobugs

• Baddata• Violationofdesignassumptions

• Softwarerestartondetectionoffatalerrors• Hardwarewatchdogtimerforcesrestartifnotresetintime

• Thisallowsthedevicetorecoverafterbeingstuckinaloop• Gatewaysandotherdevicesmustberesilienttosuchrestarts

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ThingsandProxychains

• Thingsaresoftwareobjectswithproperties,actions,eventsandmetadata• IfyouwanttointeractwithaThingonanotherdeviceyouwillneedaProxyobjectforit• ThingsLayerkeepProxiesinsyncwiththeirThings• ProxiescanbechainedtoformProxytrees rootedintheThingtheystandinfor• Updatingapropertyonaproxyresultsinmessagesthattraveltowardstherootandleavesofthetree

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LocallyScopedIdentifiers

• EachdeviceintheproxytreegenerateslocallyscopedIDsfortheproxies/thingsithosts• Theseareusedtomatchmessagestotheobjectstheyaretargetedat• Messagesaredistinguishedbywhethertheyaresenttoaparentorchildofanodeintheproxytree• ProxyobjectsholdtheirIDforthisdeviceaswellastheirparent’sIDforthecorrespondingThing/Proxyontheparentdevice• Messagehandlersortsthisallouttoroutemessagesbetweenthedesiredsoftwareobjects

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CleanSeparationofLayers

Application Scripts that define thing behaviour in terms of their properties, actions and events, using APIs for control of sensor and actuator hardware

Things Software objects that hold their stateAbstract thing to thing messagesSemantics and Metadata, Data models and Data

Transfer Bindings of abstract messages to mechanisms provided by each protocol, including choice of communication pattern, e.g. pull, push, pub-sub, peer to peer, etc.

Transport REST based protocols, e.g. HTTP, CoAPPub-Sub protocols, e.g. MQTT, XMPPOthers, including non IP transports, e.g. Bluetooth

Network Underlying communication technology with support for exchange of simple messages (packets)Many technologies designed for different requirements

ApplicationDeveloper(WoT focus)

PlatformDeveloper(IoT focus)

Focus on data types, APIs and error handling

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ImplementingtheCommunicationsStack• Designthesoftwarearchitecturetoallowforuseofmultiplecommunicationstechnologies• ThingLayerthathooksintothesoftwareobjectsforthingsandhandlescorrespondingabstractmessages• Transferlayermapsthesetocommunicationpatternssubjecttocommunicationsmetadata• TransportLayerforspecificprotocolsimplementedaspluggablemodulesforthetransferlayer• Thechoiceoftransportisindicatedbytheconnectioninformationforeachparentandchild• Lowenddevicelikelytosupportonlyoneprotocol

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ThingDataModels

• Thingsmayhaveproperties,actions,eventsandmetadata• Eventshaveatypeandavalue• Propertieshavevalues• Actionsmaypassavaluewhentheyareinvoked• Actionsmayreturnzeroormorevaluesasresponses• Valueshavetypes*

• null,true,false,integers,floats,strings• Arraysandobjects(setsofname/valuepairs)• Valuescanbecompound,e.g.nestedarraysandobjects• ThingsandStreamsasfirstclasstypes

*Should enumerations beallowedascoretypes?16/27

LifecycleConsiderations

• Thingscanhaveotherthingsastheirproperties*• Thingsreferencedaspropertiescanbelocalorremote• Forlocalthings,thereferencedthingmaynothavebeencreatedyet• Forremotethings,serverneedstosetupproxies• ProxiestaketimetosetupduetotheneedtogettheThingdatamodeldescription

• Solution:pushthepropertytoapendingqueueandsetthepropertyvaluewhenthereferencedthing/proxyisready

17/27*Exceptforveryconstrainededgedevices

CyclicDependencies

• Withthingsaspropertiesthereisthepotentialforcyclicdependenciesbetweenthings• ThingAhasThingBasaproperty• ThingBhasThingCasaproperty• ThingChasThingAasaproperty

• Thiscouldinvolveamixoflocalandremotethings• IfwestartsuchThingswhenalloftheirpropertieshavebeenstartedthenwewillgetadeadlock!• Solution:startaThing/Proxywhenallofitspropertiesareresolved,andforeachThing/Proxyholdmessagestothatobjectinaqueueuntilithasbeenstarted

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LateBinding

• Valueswhosefulltypeisonlygivenatrun-time• Thetypemaybepartiallyspecifiedatcompiletime

• Canapplytoproperties,actionsandevents• Variantdatatypeswithtagthatdetermineswhichvariantappliestothisvalue(e.g.C++unions)• Thingsaslateboundvalues• Youneedtoretrievethedatamodeltoinstantiatethesoftwareobjectforthethingyou’vebeenpassed• Thevalueincludesareferencetothedatamodel

• ThingLayermanagesthisautomatically

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Pointers

• SayaThinghasapropertywhichisanarray• Ascriptupdatesthe3rd iteminanarray• Thisrequiresameansforupdatemessagestoidentifyareferencetothe3rd iteminthearray• InotherwordssomekindofpointerthatoperatesontheThing’sdatamodel• SimpleexpressionwithinJSONmessages,e.g.

“path”:foo[3]and“path”:foo[3].bar• ForCoAP aURIbasedsyntaxwouldbeappropriate

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RefinementofJSON-LD

• UsedforexpressingThingdatamodels• @contextforbindingshortnamestoRDFURIs

• Implicitcontextforthemostcommonnames• Linkedcontextfordomainspecificnames

• Usedforsemanticsearchandservicecompositions• Canbesafelyignoredbyedgedevices

• Toplevelobjectwith“properties”,“actions”&“events”• Valueseitherdeclaredasname:type

• e.g. “on”:“boolean”,or“level”:“float”• Ordeclaredasname:{annotations}

• e.g.“temperature”:{“type”:“integer”,“min”:-20,“max”:100,“units”:“celcius”}

• Neededfornestedproperties• Actionsdeclaredwith“in”and“out”forthevaluesthatarepassedtothem,andfortheresponsestheactiongenerates

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IntegrityConstraints*

• Enabledetectionofbaddataforincreasedresilienceinthepresenceoffaultsandattacks

• Goodprogrammingpractice:assert(expression)• Basicintegrityconstraintsonasinglevalue

• Upperandlowerboundsfornumbers• Closedsetofvaluesforstrings

• Integrityconstraintsacrossmultiplevalues• Relationships betweenpropertiesofasingleThing• Relationships acrossmultiple Things

• Cardinalityconstraints• e.g.ForeveryXyoumusthaveatleasttwoY

• Metadataconstraints• e.g.forapplicationversioning

• Needforanexpressionlanguagefordefiningconstraints

22/27*Temporalconstraintscanbeexpressedindomainmodels

IntegrityConstraintsinJSON-LD

• Simplevalueconstraints• Asannotationsonthetype,e.g.minandmax

• Complexconstraintsinvolvingexpressions*• OperatorsandFunctions

• Numericcomparisons,Stringcomparisons,Booleanoperators• Extensible setoffunctions

• Complexconstraintsinvolvingpointers• PointersasreferencestoothervaluesinthisThing

• Otherproperties,whichcanincludeotherthings• Otherpartsofthedatainanevent,orpassedto,orreturnedbyanaction

• TooexpensiveforlowenddeviceswithlimitedRAM• Iplantoimplementthisonthegatewayserver

*CanwegeneraliseJSONtoalloweasytounderstandexpressionswithoperatorprecedence?23/27

DomainModels

• Richontologybaseddescriptions• Canexpresssemanticconstraints• Ifxisatemperaturesensorthenxmustdefineitsphysicalunitsfromtheset{Kelvin,Celsius,Fahrenheit}• Temporalconstraints,e.g.onsequencesofactions

• Usefulforsemanticsearchandservicecompositions• Verifycompatibilityofservices

• RequiressupportforOWL,SPARQL,etc.• Notneededforresourceconstrainededgedevices

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DemoProjects

• Aimtoprovidesomeexamplesforhowtousethelibrarywithcommonlyavailablesensorsandactuators,e.g.• Temperature&humidity• Ultrasonicrangesensor• MulticolourLEDs• Servomotor

• Needtoprovidesketch,wiringdiagramandnotes• Betteryettoalsoprovideavideo• Lookingforvolunteerstohelpwiththiseffort!• StartinginJune2016

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Projectsite

• TheArduinoprojectisonGitHub• https://github.com/w3c/wot-arduino

• Stillaworkinprogress• HavingtodothisasabackgroundactivityduetolotsofcompetingtasksL

• CurrentlyworkingonThingLayerfollowingrecentworkongarbagecollectionanddiscovery

• Re-usingvirtuallyallthecodeforgateway• Willenable lowcostmicrocontrollerbasedgateways

• PlantoupdateNodeJS project*tomatch• GoaltohavefullydocumentedprojectwithexamplesintimeforBeijingmeetinginJuly2016

*https://github.com/w3c/web-of-things-framework 26/27

WhereNext?• Morepowerfulprocessors

• ArduinoMega• 8KBRAM,4KBEEPROM,256KBFLASH

• ARMbasedMCUs• MoreRAM,butnoEEPROM

• WorkonStreams,e.g.forelectrocardiograms• Othercommunication technologies

• SensornetworkswithNordicnRF24L01+• BluetoothSmartwithXBee Arduinoshield

• Sleepydevices• Usingtimer towakeupeveryfewminutes• Mainlyrelevanttowireless technologies

• NotethatArduinoboardsarepowerhungryduetoLEDsandlinearvoltageregulators

• Synchronisation acrossclustersofdevices• Synchronisedcontrolofrobotjoints

• Stronghardwarebasedsecurity

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