importanceoffishers・knowledgeininnovatingadaptive co ... ·...

1.Introduction

Japanesesandeel（Ammodytespersonatus

Girard）stockisoneofthemostimportantre-

sourcesoftwo-boatpelagictrawlfisheriesin

IseBay,whichopenstothePacificOceanin

centralHonshu,Japan（Fig.1）.Atpresent,

about200fleetsareengagedinthisfishery,

andtheannualamountofsandeellandedin

AichiandMieprefecturesexceedstwobillion

yen（～265millionUSD）.From 1950to1982,

thesandeelstockwasmanagedusingacom-

mand-and-controlmethodbythelocalgovern-

ment.However,theabruptdepletionofsandeel

stockinIseBayinthe1980sdrovefishersto

regulatetheresource（TOMIYAMAetal.,2008）.

TheFisheriesResearchInstituteofAichiPre-

fectureisalsocurrentlyaddressingissuesre-

latedtolocalsandeelfisheries.Thiscollabora-

tionmayfosterprogressintheco-management

offisheriesresourcesinIseBay（TOMIYAMAet

al.,2005）.

Co-managementcanbedefinedasapartner-

Lamer49:133141,2011

Soci�t�franco-japonaised'oc�anographie,Tokyo

Importanceoffishers・knowledgeininnovatingadaptive

co-managementinsandeelfisheries

MinoruTOMIYAMA1）＊ andTeruhisaKOMATSU2）

Abstract:Adaptiveco-managementhasrecentlybeendiscussedasanefficientapproachfor

managingsmall-scalefisheries.Onetypeoflocalecologicalknowledge,fishers・knowledge,has

beenhighlightedasausefulwayforadaptingfisherstoamanagementsystemoffisheriesre-

sources.WepresentacasestudyfromJapantodemonstrateapracticalprocessofevolving

fisheriesmanagementsystemsintoadaptiveco-managementbyintroducingfishers・knowl-

edge.Fishersrecombinedelementsathandduringfishingproceduresforinnovationofthesys-

tem.Theirreflectionsareconsideredtorepresenttheconceptofbricolage,asproposedbyL�vi-

Strauss:i.e.,makingdowithwhatisathand.Fishers・bricolagesappeartobeindispensablefor

successfulimplementationofadaptiveco-management.

Keywords:fishers・knowledge,adaptiveco-management,sandeel,IseBay,bricolage

1）ChitaAgriculture,Forestry,andFisheriesOffice,

1�36,Deguchi-cho,Handa,Aichi475�0903,Japan

2）AtmosphereandOceanResearchInstitute,Uni-

versityofTokyo,5�1�5,Kashiwanoha,Kashiwa,

Chiba277�8564,Japan

＊ Correspondingauthor

Tel:＋81569218111;Fax:＋81569252304,

E-mail:[email protected]

Fig.1.Schematicview ofmigration routesofsandeelsfrom spawning groundstonurserygroundsinIseBayandMikawaBay,astheyde-velopfrom eggstoadults.Arrowsindicatethemigrationpathsoflarvaeandjuveniles.ClosedcirclesindicatethelocationsofsandeellandingportsaroundIseBayandMikawaBay.

shiparrangementinwhichthecommunityof

localresourceusers（fishers）,thegovernment,

otherstakeholders（boatowners,fishtraders,

boatbuilders,businesspeople）,andexternal

agents （non-governmental organizations

［NGOs］,academicandresearchinstitutions）

sharetheresponsibilityandauthorityforman-

agementofthefishery（POMEROYandRIVERA-

GUIEB, 2006）.Through consultations and

negotiations,thepartnersdevelopaformal

agreementontheirrespectiveroles,responsi-

bilities,andrightsinmanagement.Co-man-

agementcoversvariouspartnershiparrange-

ments,adjuststhedegreeofpowersharing,

andintegrateslocalinformalrelations,tradi-

tions,andcustomstocentralizegovernment

managementsystems（ARMITAGEetal.,2007;

TOWNSEND andSHOTTON,2008）.Co-manage-

mentoffisheriescanbeclassifiedintofive

broadtypesaccordingtotherolesofgovern-

mentinrelationtofishers（SENandNIELSEN,

1996）:instructive,consultative,cooperative,

advisory,andinformative.Ourcaseinvolves

informativeco-managementbecausethelocal

governmenthasdelegatedfisheriesscientists,

whoprovidevaluableinformationonfishre-

sources,toattendmeetingsoffishergroups

thatdecideuponsomefisheriesmeasures;the

scientistsarethenresponsibleforinforming

thelocalgovernmentofthesedecisions.

Oneofthedistinguishingfeaturesofthe

processofevolvingtoadaptiveco-management

is the introduction offishers・knowledge.

Fishers・knowledge,which hasrecently re-

ceivedattentioninfisheriesstudies,isconsid-

eredonetypeoflocalecologicalknowledges

（e.g.,JOHANNESetal.,2000;HAGGAN etal.,

2007;RUDDLE,2007;GARCIA-QUIJANO,2007;

MAMUN,2010）.Suchknowledgecorrespondsto

bricolage,asproposedbyL�VI-STRAUSS（1962）

inhisbookLapens�esauvage（oftentrans-

lated into English asTheSavageMind）.

Bricolage, as described by L�VI-STRAUSS

（1962）,meansthat・therestillexistsamongus

anactivitythatonthetechnicalplaneprovides

agoodunderstandingofwhatasciencewepre-

fertocall'prior'ratherthan'primitive,'could

havebeenontheplaneofspeculation・（L�VI-

STRAUSS,1962）.Recently,the concept of

bricolagewasintroduced into management

sciencetodescribetheprocessofmakingdoby

applyingcombinationsoftheresourcesathand

tonewproblemsandopportunities（BAKERand

NELSON,2005）.

InJapan,somelarge-scalefisheriesareman-

aged by top-down orcommand-and-control

methodssuchastotalallowablecatch.But

mostfisheriesconductedincoastalareasofJa-

panaresmallscale（MATSUDAetal.,2010）.In

mostcases,successfulresourcemanagementis

conductedbyco-managementorself-manage-

mentmethods.Inthispaper,wepresentseveral

importantpointsconcerningtheoperationof

fisheriesmanagement（UCHIDA andMAKINO,

2008）.Inaddition,weprovideexamplesof

fishers・knowledgebeingintroducedintoan

adaptiveco-managementsystem.Wediscuss

thisknowledgeintroducedintotheprocessasa

typeofbricolageinmanagementscience,i.e.,

makingdowithwhatisathand（BAKERand

NELSON,2005）.Itisalsoveryimportantto

analyzedevelopmentprocessofsandeelre-

sourcesco-managementsystem inIseBayto

clarifywhatfactorcontributestodevelopthe

systembyapplyinganewlydevelopedanalyti-

calmodelofknowledgecreatingprocess.

2.SandeelfisherymanagementinIseBay

ThesandeelstockinIseBayexperienced

declines in the 1970s and 1980s（Fig.2）

（FUNAKOSHI,1997;TOMIYAMA etal.,2005;

TOMIYAMAetal.,2008）.Followingthecollapse

ofthestockinIseBay,aco-managementsys-

temwasimplementedinthe1980s.

Autonomous organizations offishers in

AichiandMiePrefectureshaveplayedacentral

roleinco-managingthesandeelfishery.The

historyoftheshiftfromcommand-and-control

managementto co-managementofsandeel

fisheriesinIseBaycanbedividedintothreepe-

riods:（1）Sandeelpelagictrawlfisherieswere

licensed in 1950 by the Aichiand Mie

prefecturalgovernments（TOMIYAMA etal.,

2005）;（2）thesandeelstockinIseBayand

MikawaBaycollapsedfrom late1978to1982

becauseofoverexploitationandenvironmental

deterioration（TOMIYAMA,2009）.Afterthiscol-

lapse,fishersinMieandAichiprefecturesand

fisheriesscientistsbelongingtotheprefectural

fisheriesresearchstationsofMieandAichi

Lamer49,2011134

begantodiscussregulatorymeasuresinIse

BayandMikawaBayin1980basedoncollabo-

rationbetweenAichiandMieprefectures.They

decidedtoapplythefirstco-managementsys-

temtosandeelfisheriesin1983.（3）Byintro-

ducingfishers・knowledge,co-managementwas

innovatedintoanadaptiveco-managementin

1990.Themaininnovationsoccurredthrough

thefollowingthreemeasures:（a）protectionof

spawningsandeels,（b）decisionsconcerning

openingday,and（c）decisionsconcerningthe

closingdayofthesandeelfishery.

3.Fishers・knowledgeforinnovation ofa

managementsystem

A collaborativesurveybetweenfishersand

fisheriesscientistsisessentialforachievement

ofsustainableco-managementbasedonscien-

tificresearchdesign,whichisakeyfactorina

co-managementsystem.Thepracticaltoolsfor

themanagementsystem havebeeninnovated

using fisher・s knowledge that is to say

bricolage.

（a）Protectionofspawningsandeels

Fisheries scientists belonging to the

prefecturalfisheriesexperimentalstationsof

AichiandMiegathereddataregardingthemi-

gratingareaofspawningsandeelsusingby-

catch and echo-sounder information in

December.Asforfishers・knowledge,fishers

havenoticedthatsandeelsspawnearlierwhen

by-catchofsandeelinwhitebaittrawlfisheries

hasoccurredearlierthaninausualseason.Us-

inginformationontimeoftheby-catch,weset

refugiaforspawningsandeelatthemouthof

IseBay.Moreover,inmid-January,sandeel

fishersvoluntarilyconductedasurveytocatch

spawners.Anopenmeetingwasorganizedto

examinetheovarysamplesandestimatethe

timingofsandeelspawning.Relatedfishers

andfisheriesscientistsbelongingtobothMie

andAichiprefecturesattendedthemeeting,

duringwhichthepartiesinvolvedengagedin

vigorousdiscussionanddecidedonthetiming

oftheopeningdayforsandeelfisheriesinearly

spring,asdiscussedbelow.

（b）Decisionconcerningopeningday

Bongo-netsareplanktonsamplinggearcon-

sistingoftwocircleringswithanetbutnobri-

dle.Thelackofabridlereducesnetavoidance

byplankton,whichareoftendeterredbythe

approachofabridle.Thus,thisnetisaveryef-

fectivetoolforforecastingthecatchofthe0�year-groupsandeelbeforethefishingseason

（TOMIYAMA,2007）.Whenthebodylength（BL）

ofsandeelreaches8to10mm,weevaluatedthe

0�year-groupfishstocksizeusingdensitydata

from bongo-netcatches（framediameterof

60cm,netlengthof3m,andmeshsizeof

0.335mm）.

Undera co-managementframework,the

openingdayforsandeelfishingwassetforthe

daywhensandeellarvaereach35mm inBL.

Therefore,accurategrowthpredictionswere

required.Theerrorcausedbyavoidanceof

bong-netmouthsisnotnegligiblebecauseof

theimprovedswimmingabilityattainedbylar-

vaeat10to12mm inBL.Toovercomethis

problem,theAichiFisheriesExperimentalSta-

tion,along with sandeelfishers,neededto

fishers・knowledgeinsandeelfisheriesco-management 135

Fig.2.AnnuallandingofsandeelinAichiPrefecturefrom1950to2004.Blackarrowsandboxedleg-endsoutlinetheregulatorypracticesofresourcemanagement.Blacklineswitharrowsonthehorizontalaxisshowperiodsofthelargemean-deroftheKuroshioCurrent,whichcausesab-normally low watertemperaturesin coastalwatersalongthePacificcoastnearIseBayandMikawaBay.①Regulationoffishingduringthespawningperiod.② Regulationofthefishingoflargejuveniles.③ Openingdaycontrolofthefishing season by thefisheriesmanagementsimulationmodel.④ Establishmentoftheclos-ingday.⑤ Adaptiveestablishmentoffisheriesrefugia

developanewsamplinggearthatcancapture

sandeellarvaelargerthan 10 mm in BL

（TOMIYAMA,2007）.Atthebeginningofgear

development,afisheriesscientistofAichipre-

fecturerequestedfisherstotransfertheirexpe-

riencesontrawlnetstocapturesandeellarvae

largerthan10mm inBL.Mid-watertrawl

fishersvoluntarilymadeanetsetconsistingof

meshnettube（meshsize:1.54mm）recycled

fromtheirmid-watertrawlnetthathadactu-

allyusedforsandeelfisheries.Thus,thisnew

samplingnetwasbasedonfishers・know-how

ofmakingtrawlnetset.Thenetmouthhasa

diameterofabout3mandopenedbyacanvas

kite（Fig.3）developedbyNichimoCo.,Ltd.

（TOMIYAMA,2007）.Theopeningmechanism

promptedthename・kite-net.・Checkingshape

ofthenetdeployedinthefieldatfirst,fishers

tooktheinitiativeofexperiment.Towingthe

netneartheseasurfacefromtheirboat,fishers

observedwhetherthenethadwrinkledornot.

Thenthefishersputdownandtowedthenetin

themiddlelayer,andsurveyedcross-section

view ofthenetusing their echo-sounder

equipped in their boat. Thus, this net

innovationrepresentsanexampleofbricolage

withinco-management.Finally,thekite-net

cancollectsandeellarvaeofawidesizedistri-

butionrangingfrom10to30mminBL.

（c）Decisionconcerningtheclosingdayofthe

sandeelfishery

Adaptive co-management of sandeelre-

sourcesrequirestoprotectspawningsandeel

throughoutsuccessive reproductive seasons

duringthefishingseason.Therefore,manyre-

searchespointedoutthatmarineprotectedar-

eas（MPAs）werenecessaryforsustainable

sandeelfisheriesinIseBay（TOMIYAMAetal.,

2008;TOMIYAMA,2009;MATSUDA etal.,2010）

（Fig.4）.MPAsaredefinedbytheInterna-

tionalUnionforConservationofNature（IUCN,

1994）as・anyareaofintertidalorsubtidalter-

rain,togetherwithitsoverlyingwaterandas-

sociatedflora,fauna,historicalandcultural

features,whichhasbeenreservedbylaw or

othereffectivemeanstoprotectpartorallof

theenclosedenvironment.・Thepresentcaseis

appliedtheMPAsclassifiedasCategoryIV

meaningthattheyaredesignatedforresource

Lamer49,2011136

Fig.3.Photographshowingfishersparticipatinginsandeellarvaesamplingusingakite-net（upperpanel）andadiagramofthekite-net（lowerpanel）.

management（IUCN,1994）.Whilenofishcanbe

caughtwithintheMPAsthroughouttheyear,

itisnotpracticalforsandeelresourceswhose

spawninggroundschangeduringafishingsea-

son（Fig.4）.Anothertypeofprotectedareais

fisheriesrefugia（PETERSON and PERNETTA,

2006）,whicharedefinedas・spatiallyandgeo-

graphicallydefined,marineorcoastalareasin

whichspecificmanagementmeasuresareap-

pliedtosustainimportantspecies［fisheriesre-

sources］duringcriticalstagesoftheirlife

cycle,fortheirsustainableuse.・Thus,fisheries

refugiahasbeenestablishedsince2001（Fig.1）.

Scientistsfromthefisheriesexperimentalsta-

tionsinAichiandMieprefecturesdetermined

fisheries refugia that protected spawning

sandeelduringthefishingseason（TOMIYAMA,

2009）（Fig.4）.Therefugia locationsare

changedaccordingtomigrationofspawners.

Theseadaptiveco-managementproceduresuse

diverseinformationobtainedbymodernfish-

ingequipments,suchasecho-sounders,GPS

plotters,fisheryradiosonfishingboats,and

cellulartelephonesoffishers,allofwhichalso

representexamplesofbricolage.Forexample,

thedistributionofsandeelshoalswasinvesti-

gatedusingechosoundersoperatingatboth50

and200kHz.Fishers・knowledgecanidentifya

shoalofsandeellarvaewithitsshapeandap-

pearanceonechogramsattwodifferentfre-

quencies（TOMIYAMAandYANAGIBASHI,2004）.

Aslarvaedevelopintojuvenilesandeventu-

allyadults,sandeelsgraduallymovefromthe

interiortothemouthofIseBay,wherethey

enterintoaestivationinMay-June（Fig.1）

whenbottom watertemperaturesexceed17℃

（TOMIYAMAandYANAGIBASHI,2004）.Fisheries

scientistsestimatedistributionareaofadult

largersandeelfrom collectingcatchdataof

sandeelbyintervieworphonetofishers.Based

ontheestimation,fisheriesscientistsanda

dozenleadersofsandeelfishersdiscussandde-

cideareaofrefugia.Thefisheriesrefugiaare

regulatedbyonlyfishers.Thus,bothlocal


Fig.4.FisheriesrefugiaforsandeelinIseBayandMikawaBay,Japanin2005.Thelo-cationsoffisheriesrefugiawerechangedweeklybasedoninformationregardingthemigrationroutesofspawnersdetectedbyfishers.

governmentsofAichiandMieprefecturesdon

・ttakeresponsibilityforcontroloffisheriesin

therefugia.Ontheotherhand,theyallocate

adequatefisheriesscientistsofbothprefectures

toestablishtherefugiaandmonitorsandeelre-

sources,andsupportfinanciallyresearchac-

tivities.ThesescientistsofAichiand Mie

prefecturesannouncefishersremainedstockof

sandeelestimatedfromdailylandingdata.

Todeterminetheonsetofaestivation,fisher-

iesscientistsusea・karatsuri・rakeatthe

sandeelaestivationgroundsinMay-June.This

rakewasdevelopedbasedonfishinggearused

tocatchburrowingflatfishinthesandandis

appliedtoquantifythenumberofremaining

spawnersburrowinginthesandinthesum-

mer.ThisgearisamodificationofTandaand

Okamoto・s（1992） rake. Developed using

fishers・inputandmodifiedfrom theactual

fishinggearusedtocatchburrowingflatfish

（TOMIYAMA and YANAGIBASHI, 2004）, the

karatsurirakerepresentsanotherexampleof

bricolage.

4.Innovationofthemanagementsystem

Inmanycases,resourcedepletionmotivates

fisherstobeginfisherymanagement,inwhat

iscalled・thedepletioncrisismodel・（BERKES

andTURNER,2006）.ForthesandeelstockinIse

Bay,co-managementbeganwhendepletionbe-

cameapparentaround1980.Alsointhecaseof

entrepreneurialfirm,innovationsoftenoccur

undershortageofhumanorfinancialresources

（BAKERandNELSON,2005）.Theseveralinnova-

tionsbasedonbricolagementionedabovewere

introducedtothemanagementsystem,which

developedintoadaptiveco-managementfrom

thepreviousco-managementsystem（Fig.5）.

Whenthepartiesinvolveddiscussedtheman-

agementofsandeelstock,knowledgeoffishers

playedanimportantroleinthe・adaptive・as-

pectoftheapproach（BERKES,2007,2009）.Lo-

calecologicalknowledge（OLSSON andFOLKE,

2001;GADHAVetal.,2003;MAMUN,2010）,tradi-

tionalecologicalknowledge（INGLIS,1993;

RUDDLE, 2007）, and fishers・ knowledge

（JOHANNES etal.,2000;STEAD etal.,2006;

GARCIA-QUIJANO,2007;HAGGAN etal.,2007;

HILBORN,2008）havebeentreatedasimportant

factorsinresourcemanagement.Incontrastto

othertypesoflocalecologicalknowledge,the

sandeelfishers・knowledgeisnotatraditional

Lamer49,2011138

Fig.5.Conceptualmodelsdepictingsandeelmanagementsystemsrangingfrom com-mand-and-controltoadaptiveco-managementthroughco-management.

butratheranon-siteorpracticalknowledge.

Table1presentsthreecasesofbricolagein

whichfishers・knowledgewasusedtoovercome

ashortageinscientificknowledge.Thesethree

casesofbricolagecorrespondtoBAKERandNe

lson・s definition ofbricolage（BAKER and

NELSON,2005）,i.e.,・makingdobyapplying

combinationsoftheresourcesathandtonew

problemsandopportunities.・

Tounderstandthesuccessofco-management

ofsandeelresourcesandapplyittoanother

fishery,itisveryinterestingtoclarifythe

process ofco-management development in

whichthestakeholdersplayroles.Considering

therolesoffishersandfisheriesscientists,we

canapplyananalyzingmodeltotheprocess

（Fig.6）.WeusehereSECImodeldevelopedby

NONAKA andTAKEUCHI（1995）whoanalyzed

how theknowledgecreating processworks

withtacitandexplicitknowledgeinanorgani-

zation,especiallyenterprises.Theyclassified

four stages（Socialization,Externalization,

CombinationandInternalization）inknowl-

edgecreatingprocess.Atfirst,socialization

processfocusesontacittotacitknowledgelink-

ing.Tacitknowledgegoesbeyondthebound-

aryandnewknowledgeiscreatedbyusingthe

processofinteractions,observing,discussing,

analyzing,spendingtimetogetherorlivingin

sameenvironment.Thesocializationisalso

knownasconvertingnewknowledgethrough

sharedexperiences.Externalizationprocessfo-

cusesontacittoexplicitknowledgelinking.It

helpsin creating new knowledgeastacit

knowledgecomesoutofitsboundaryandbe-

camecollectivegroupknowledge.Combination

isaprocesswhereknowledgetransformsfrom

explicitknowledgetoexplicitknowledge.By

internalization,explicitknowledgeiscreated

usingtacitknowledgeandissharedacrossthe

organization.Whenthistacitknowledgeis

readorpracticedbyindividualsthenitbroad-

ensthelearningspiralofknowledgecreation.

Organizationtriestoinnovateorlearnwhen

thisnewknowledgeissharedinSocialization

process.AccordingtotheSECImodel,fishers


Table1.Shortagesinscientificknowledge,applicationofbricolages,andcomponentsoffishers・knowledge

Shortageinscientificknowledge Bricolagesbyfishers・knowledge

Improvementoflarvalsampler

Usualsamplinggearcouldneithercatchlargerlarvaenorbeoperatedbysmallboat.

Fishersamelioratewingnetwithanetmouthlargerthanusualsam-plingnetfrom pelagictrawlnetforhalfbeak（sayori）.

Developmentofkaraturi-rake

Nogearwereavailabletocapturesandeelburrowing in sandduringaestivation.

Fishers・knowlegdeonfishinggearforcapturingflatfishhintstode-velop a new sampling gear,karatsuti-rake,tocatchsandeebur-rowinginsand.

Settingfisheriesrefugiaforconservationofspawnersinthenextyear

Littlewasknownaboutthemigrat-ingpath.

Surveybyfishersrevealedthemi-gratingpathofsandeelschoolusingechosoundersequippedintheboatsandfisheriesradio.

Fig.6.Applyingthecreatingmodel,SECImodel,proposedbyNonakaandTakeuchi（1995）toadaptiveco-managementofsandeelresources.Darkareashowsaraugeofbricolage.

knowledgeandmanagementmeasuresarede-

finedastacitandexplicitknowledge,respec-

tively,underfourconversionphases:Socializa-

tion,Externalization,CombinationandInter-

nalization（Fig.6）.

Weapplythismodeltothecaseofsandeel・s

stock management.In Socialization phase,

tacitknowledgecommonamongallfisherisin-

tegratedunderinitiativesoffishers・leaders.

So,thetacit（fishers・）knowledgeissharedby

thefishers・group.Fishers・bricolageiseffec-

tiveinExternalizationphase,incooperation

withfisheriesscientists.Inthisphase,tacit

（fishers・）knowledgeisconvertedintoexplicit

knowledge,such asmanagementmeasures.

Furthermore,themeasuresareeasilygained

consensus-buildingamongfishersbecauseit

containstacitknowledgeinitself.InCombina-

tionphase,explicitknowledgeofequipments

forco-managementsuchaskite-net,karatsuri

rakerarecombinedtodecisideopeningand

closingdaysofsandeelfisheryandfishery

refugiaforprotectionofspawningsandeel.In

Internalization phase,fishers participating

monitoring ofsandeel・sstock,theirunder-

standingwillspiralupward.Thisanalysissug-

geststhatbricolageisakeytostartcreationof

co-managementofsandeelresources.There-

fore,itisveryimportantforfisheriesscien-

tists,whoarechargedinexplicitknowledge,to

contact closely fishers for developing co-

managementoffishresources.

MostofcoastalfisheriesinJapanaresmall

scale（MATSUDA etal.,2010）.Resourceman-

agement methods for small-scale fisheries

shouldbedistinctfromthoseusedinindustrial

fisheries,e.g.,individualquotaorindividual

transferablequotamethods.Asshownhere,

theintroductionoffishers・knowledgeinto

coastalfisheriescan bevery effective.By

adoptingbricolagesbasedonfishers・knowl-

edge,expensiveresearch equipmentisnot

neededtoestablishaneffectiveresourceman-

agementsystem becausefishingboatscanbe

usedasresearchvesselsandfishinggearcan

serveassamplinggear.Ourpracticeshighlight

thepotentialforco-managementofsmall-scale

fisheriesusingtheconceptofbricolageandpar-

ticipationbyrelatedfishersnotonlyinIseBay

butalsoinotherareas.Inaddition,intrduction

offisheriesrefugiaacceptableforfishersis

veryeffectiveforco-management.

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Received:February20,2011Accepted:November16,2011


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