Important Pharaohs

And Their Artwork

1st Pharaoh’sEarly Dynastic Period

• Menes 3100-2850 B.C. Or Narmer

• was the first pharaoh of the 1st Dynasty in Egypt.

• Scorpion king

• Also known as King Catfish.

• Uniting Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt and becoming the first true pharaoh.

Palette of Narmer

• Shows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.

• Name of Narmer seen between frontal cow heads.

• Front shows Narmer conquering a foe in typical Egyptian style.

Front of palette

Narmer conquering his foe wearing the white crown of Upper Egypt. Servant holding his sandles.

The king drawing the breath out of the ones from the marsh land. (lower Egypt by the Nile.)

Two enemies with a symbol of a city

Narmer inspects a heap of beheaded corpses wearing the Red Crown of Lower Egypt

The taming of wild animals has often been viewed as a metaphor for the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.

A bull, symbolizing the king destroys the walls of a city or fortress.

Back of Palette

Beginning of PyramidsPits – small pits (grave) in the sand. Mastabas - Relatively low, rectangular structure which

owes its name to the modern Arab word for "bench".

Step Pyramids – Mastaba on top of Mastaba.Bent Pyramid – Almost prefectPyramid

Dzoser (Djoser) and the Beginning of Pyramids

• Dzoser was the most famous Pharaoh of the Third Dynasty and is credited primarily with the creation of t he first step pyramid.

Imhotep• Imhotep was a poet, an

architect and physician-priest. He wrote many medical texts.

• He is best known, however, as the chief architect of the step pyramid at Saqqara.

• Deified

Step Pyramid

Bent Pyramid of Sneferu

Red Pyramid also Sneferu

Other Pyramids

Pyramids of Giza• Khufu – son of Sneferu,

largest pyramid.

• Khafre – son of Khufu, smaller in size, but on higher ground. Sphinx

• Menkaure – smaller but made with some granite.

Khufu Largest pyramid

• 2.3 million stone blocks • Average stone of 2.5 tons each • Three burial chambers• Base side 230 meters long (251 yards)• Base covers over 13 acres • It is 454 feet high which is equivalent to a modern 48-

story building. • There are currently 203 courses or steps to its summit • Erected around 2600 BC • One of the seven wonders of the ancient world • Each side is carefully oriented with one of the cardinal

points of the compass

Khafre Pyramid

• Appears to be larger.

• Sits up on an elevation.

• The Great Sphinx

Menkaure Pyramid• Only about 1/10th of the mass we find in Khufu's pyramid. • height of some 65-66 meters • Three Queen’s Pyramids

Menkaure

Hatshepsut

• Hatshepsut was the Queen of Egypt • She married Thutmose II. • When he died in 1503, she acted as regent for his son,

Thutmose III, then had herself crowned as Pharaoh. • Maintaining the fiction that she was a male, she was

represented with the regular pharaonic attributes, including a beard.

• She ruled for about 15 years, until her death in 1458 BC, and left behind more monuments and works of art than any Egyptian queen to come.

• Used propaganda

Akhenaten

• Akhenaten first name was Amenhotep IV • Worship of the Aten. Only the pharaoh and his

family could communicate with the Aten.• The priests suddenly found themselves out of

favor, out of power, and effectively out of a job • The art changed. Amarna• Moved capital from Thebes to Amarna• Married to Nefertiti.

• It is not known how Akhenaton died. The next two kings, Smenkhkara and Tutankhamun (originally Tutankhaton) were apparently sons-in-law of Akhenaton. Under them and later kings, Egypt returned to their old gods. Akhenaton's name was chiseled from his monuments. His city of Akhetaten was abandoned, and used as a rock quarry. His name (and the names of his successors) never appeared on king lists. Egypt eventually forgot him completely. His existence was only discovered in modern times. His tomb is near Amarna, but it was empty; his remains have never been found.

King Tut

• Tutankhamum (also known as King Tut) is believed to be the son of Akhenaten.

• Tutankhamun became king when he was about 9 years old and his reign lasted for 16 years.

• Only tomb found in tack.

• Discovered by Howard Carter 1922

Ramses II

• Ramses II, who was also known as Ramses the Great, lived for 96 years. With his 200 or more wives and concubines he had over a hundred children.

• Had began his reign as a teenager with his father Seti.

• Having outlived many of his older sons, his 13th son ascended to the throne upon his death in 1298 B.C.E.

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Abu Simbel temples

• One temple dedicated to Ramasses as a God.

• One temple to his chief wife Nefertari. • ("My love is unique—no one can rival her, for she is the most beautiful

woman alive. Just by passing, she has stolen away my heart.")

• Forgotten until 1813• Relocated. 1964 and 1968, the entire site

was carefully cut, dismantled, lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 meters higher and 200 meters back from the river.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Abu_Simbel_relocation_by_Zureks.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/40/Abu_Simbel_-_baboons_detail.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/SethAndHorusAdoringRamsses_crop.jpg

Alexander the Great

• Alexander III, King of Macedonia, was the first king to be called "the Great".

• He occupied Syria and after a long siege of Tyre, Phoenicia, Alexander then entered Egypt, where he was accepted as pharaoh. He died in June 323 B.C.E.

Cleopatra

• Cleopatra She was the daughter of Ptolemy XI. • She became mistress to Julius Caesar. • She then met Mark Anthony. Octavian's army

defeated Mark Anthony at the battle of Actium.• According to legend she died of a bite by an asp

to avoid being captured by Octavian. Cleopatra lived from 69 to 30 B.C.E.

Women• Within a given class, men and women had the

same rights. Women were free to buy and sell property, enter and execute contracts, and file lawsuits. A woman could acquire possessions, property, and debt separate from her husband through labor or inheritance.

• The men did very physical labor in the hot sun, and women labored inside or in the shade

• Women in Egypt were expected to marry around age twelve.

• Women were equally accountable under the law.

Beauty

• The Egyptians thought that an abundance of facial hair was a sign of un-cleanliness and personal neglect.

• A popular form of pomade was shaped like a cone and worn on the top of the head. As the evening progressed the cone would melt and the scented oil would run down the face and neck.

• Eye makeup was probably the most characteristic of the Egyptian cosmetics.

• Wigs and hairpieces usually made of human hair or fibers.

• Oils and creams were very important against the hot sun and dry, sandy winds.

• Red ochre mixed with fat or gum resin was thought to be used a lipstick or face paint. Mixtures of chalk and oil were possibly used as cleansing creams. Henna for lipstick, hair dye and nail polish