importing educators: causes and consequences of international teacher recruitment

8/9/2019 Importing Educators: Causes and Consequences of International Teacher Recruitment

1/48

i m p o r t i n g e d u c a t o r s |

Importing

Educatorscauses and consequences ofinternational teacher recruitment


2/48

ii | a f t i n t e r n a t i o n a l d e p a r t m e n t

RANDI WEINGAREN, Pd

ANNIA CREsE, sy-

LRREA JHNsN, Exv V Pd

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dd by AF b Ky Hpp.

T AF xd k C

s gd g

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555 N Jy Av., N.W.

Wg, DC 20001

P: 202/879-4448

Fx: 202/879-4502

E: [email protected]

2009 A Fd , al-cio (AF). P by gd AF d

pd d db p k p d pp, pvdd p

dbd b , d , , d pyg dd py. Ay

db by d p d AF pbd

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3/48

a report from the american federation of teachers

Importing

Educatorscauses and consequences ofinternational teacher recruitment


4/48

Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................................................5

Te Big Picture

BA C sdy I R ................................................................8

sg ................................................................................................................................................9

Te Numbers

H-1B Wk V .................................................................................................................................................11

J-1 Exg V .............................................................................................................................................12

T Mg P ...........................................................................................................................................13

Te Process

T R R ......................................................................................................................................14R P ..............................................................................................................................................15

Visiting International Faculty...............................................................................................................15

eachers Placement Group ....................................................................................................................15

Te Dangers

A sggg d V Fd ....................................................................................................................17

Idd svd ......................................................................................................................................18

Id A-W s ..................................................................................................................................18

p ..............................................................................................................................................18

Uq B .............................................................................................................................................19C sk ...................................................................................................................................................19

C B ................................................................................................................................20

Cpy Hg ...........................................................................................................................................20

Te International Impact

T H ................................................................................................................................................21

T Ppp: A Lb Expg Ey .............................................................................................22

Cp H s ..................................................................................................................23

able of Contents


5/48

Te Way Forward

Av .......................................................................................................................................................25

Rd ..........................................................................................................................................25

Standards .................................................................................................................................................26

Data ..........................................................................................................................................................26

Mentoring.................................................................................................................................................27

Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................................27

Appendix

s-by-s D Lb C App ............................................................................29

Dgd J-1 Exg sp ................................................................................................................33

C R P ..........................................................................................34

Endnotes .......................................................................................................................................................................41


6/48

4 | a f t i n t e r n a t i o n a l d e p a r t m e n t

On the international

level, UNESCO estimates

that 18 million new

teachers are needed by

2015 to meet Education

or All goals and ensure

universal access to

primary education orstudents in all countries

in the world.


7/48

i m p o r t i n g e d u c a t o r s | 5

In nearly every dIvIsIon AF p, g b

b g p d. W ,

p, v pb , d d g v-

d k xpdg d d xpd

q. T AF d dy gy kd k

g d d p.

T p -k b gg p g jb

A py d dy . Ky dg d:

d 19,000 kg Ud s py v 2007;

b v-d bg d Ud s g dy;

d d dyg d vb pb y;

b v-d v b dpd d gg;

-p g p y gd;

xv p qy d dvy dg ; d

U.s. g kd by p.

I d b d g U.s. bg d gy d

1950. I 2002, d U.s. g dd.1 s d

y d g v. N

d y g d b gd d

qy d dd.

My v-d AF b. W v b y kg

U.s. d y d d g y v v p d

v p dvp d g pp.

I dd, AF pv pg d g p gg g

d:

dvp, dp d dd ;

pvd gv d y k d dy g d d; d

p p g k d g y gv p g dg .

Executive Summary


8/48


T pd p gg d d kg d-

- db p d . T AF bv g pg d

b pd qd, d p d v pp

y d d . Ag g dvpd d

b p y kg pp

.

W p p g d d d kd

p . spg p g q d g p, d gb j .


9/48


Unwilling

or unable to

address the

root causes

o a growing

teacher

shortage,

public school

systemsaround the

country

have begun

importing

teachers to

meet their

stang needs.

It is the responsibility o the authorities in recruiting countries to manage domestic

teacher supply and demand in a manner that limits the need or resort to organized

recruitment in order to meet the normal demand or teachers.

Commonwealth eacher Recruitment Protocol

Teacher mIgraTIon p d Ud s

d y b gg qy v p dd.

Ug b dd gg g,

pb y d y v bg pg

g d. v-d bg d

y gb d bg pd py d--

-y vy g d-- dp ,

d p d. Dp bg gy qd , y g gg vy d

g A . Mv, y p xp by

-p v d y y x pv p

pb y.

F dd, d k v b d by gbz jb ppd v

p g d kg d. dy, d p

bgg p gbz y. T v p b b

gb, d py gy b y k g p

g d kg d . T p

v p p qy v pvdd y A b

d d.

T d by d dv by d . T

p bg p b v-d ,

p p dy. I , gg py g

p, d y v b v b gg v d bdd g

qb db b. F y p d b v, d

Te Big Picture


10/48


d b g v, d db,

d vy d gd by gy gd p

d p .

T p d d q

g d d pv AF d kd .

A g p, v d y xp pd p v

.

Bti: a c stu i Itti T ruitt

I 2005, B Cy Pb s d 108 Ppp p g

g. T pd py bd py dg by

Myd.2 J y , 600 Fp kg B, g

y 10 p y g . T v-d y vd by

d g d b B U. 3 E pd

b $5,000 d $8,000 gy p B. T d

d x g . I , gy pd p p M

, d xy .4 T jy v g v p bdg, y g-k y.

T pd g kp B g d by

vy v pkg d dp. R dg jb

g Md-A, yg pd A p p

bd -y , HR g d p. A g

M, y v dd p-d pp, g py

ppy k B y .5

W Avd I C dbdy B y v

d, p kp d dvpg y p p

d. T gg py d d--d

fg gv y . s g v y

dd g d p v y

d g p.6

T B xp gv gd d pd

k . A b Myd v dpd g

p, d 1,200 Fp

d b kg -d 2009.

B qd yg g

dy .7

B, , j y b d

y g y yg

v-d . My

, N Yk, v b g bd

g, d y , d

g b v-d

kg y. Idd, v-d

For any response to this trend to be constructive,

it must draw a careul distinction between the

migrant teachers themselves, whose eorts

and intentions are laudable, and the very real

rustrations and concerns generated by the

unregulated practice o international teacher

recruitment and those who prot rom it.


11/48


bg d y vy y vy y d d

y d yp g. T q d by d :

A py k, y Ud s p

-p b?

W bgg g y ?

W p d g v ?

D g p d p pv g d kg

d y qd U.s. p? W j d d y py?

W pp d v-d d ?

F q v p . T AF bg k p dvp

p d d gg p .

T st

T AF 200,000 d b d y, 70,000 g-

pvy b . F, U.s. Dp Ed 2007 sg ANd Lg p d ggp d py g y x y

vy .8 C g 100,000 v x dd,

pg dppg .9 Gv ,

d ky pd v d.

D dzd U.s. d y, g

xpd d ddd v. I d

v p-gp v d , b v p

d v dd g d d

d .

v, UNEsC 18 dd by 2015

Ed A g d v py d d

d.10 T dvpd bd z g dvpg d.

I by dvpd , dg Ud s, d d

v g by g y g b b d bg

d .


12/48


In 2003, N Ed A d dy d

. T , Rdy Bb, d

2002 14,943 v-d kg Ud

s v, 10,012 kg pb .11 T g v

bqy b d y vy y b g.

I 2009, g pd b

d d k pg. Hv,

y gv d d .

Bd y

b v d, dy pd

jy 2002. Ug

Bb pyd, y 30 p

b v-d

kg Ud s v y

. ( Fg. 1)

T py y v-d

g gby k Ud

s. k v, H-1B,

xg v, J-1. E dbd

d b. A k v gd

y, Bb

d H-1B v

y. Ad vd d

d g p, v-

d kg Ud s

H-1B v d yg g

pb. Hv, y d

by y -y

pd, d p v p y

d g y Ud

s. F , v kd

b v d y Fg. 2 .

Te Numbers

25

20

15

10

5

0 2002

14,943

2003

17,585

2004

16,975

2005

18,661

2006

19,393

2007

19,329

FIg. 1 Tt ptti ub -ti twki i t U.s. h-1B J-1 i

thousands

SOURCE: Intergency Working Group on U.S. Government-Sponsored Exchnges nd Trining; U.S. Citizenship ndImmigrtion Services

15

12

9

6

3

02001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

2,366

3,988

8,300

3,318

5,292

4,992

2,447

5,553

2,534

5,582

3,052

5,205

2,456

6,085

FIg. 2 nub h-1B J-1 i iu tpi t

thousands

SOURCE: Intergency Working Group on U.S. Government-Sponsored Exchnges nd Trining; U.S. Citizenship ndImmigrtion Services

H-1BJ-1


13/48


h-1B T Wk vi

T H-1B g v py kg g k py

p q d p pp bdy gy pzd

kdg, g b dg qv pz. 12 E

v y d b . A v xp x y, k

d Ud s y b H-1B b ppvd

.

T p 65,000 H-1B v b d p y, g py ddy v pb xp p. Fd g g xp

g d, p d gv ,

d d . I 2006, pb d x

g H-1B v xp bg d , d b d g

v pg x pb g

d pby g . T pg g k -

g p pb , pg g d v g g

vy. T UsCIs Adv App , d

pp g d py d dy d

g bg H-1B

v pg d

by g d, y d

b p-xp d v

pg.13 T b

by d pd b p-

xp pb d.

U.s. Cz d Ig sv qd

by d b H-1B

v d d d vy y y

d dy p d

C spy p Wk

(H-1B).14 Hv, p b

d 2005. T vb d

dy pd d b H-1B

bg d (s Fg. 3 g).

N: T b d gy y Ud s kg

H-1B. Id y p b d -y v d gv y.

H-1B k, py Lb Cd App (LCA, F EA

9035) Dp Lb g y. T q LCA

ppv:

Epy py H-1B k g g pvg g.

T g H-1B k gvy kg d k

H-1B k d b pyd.

T py b vvd k k g LCA.

T bgg pv p H-1B k b pyd

b d LCA g. I bgg pv, d b pd

b 10 v dy 30 dy b.15

8

6

4

2

0

2002

3,983

2001

3,318

2003

4,992

2004

5,553

2005

5,582

2006

5,206

2007

6,085

FIg. 3 Pi s T h-1B i iu

thou

sands

SOURCE: U.S. Citizenship nd Immigrtion Services, Chrcteristics o Specility Occuption Workers (H-1B) Reports

We see a

nearly 30

percent

increase in

the number

o overseas-

trained

teachers

working in the

United States

in ve years

time.


14/48


Appv Lb Cd App d d b gd

b g pvdd p. d, py gd,

d EA 9035E b d by py d d vb pb

y d y H-1B k pyd d LCA. 16

T Dp Lb d

U ddb,

b db LCA . B H-1B d d d

dggg, y k

g d g b

Lb Cd App bd by .

I 2007, 20,724 LCA py

P-K, Py, sdy d sp Ed

( Fg. 4), g 6,085 H-1B v

d 2007. T Dp

Lb d LCA v

.17 T LCA b d

d by py v-d . By , p 10 pp

2007 Fg. 5 .

F p bkd by y LCA d v-d

2002 g 2007, Appdx.

J-1 T ex vi

T J-1 V g v Exg V Pg U.s. Dp s.

T 15 pg g g xg v Ud s,

bg . T J-1 V -y v b , y.

A y Ud s, jy J-1 y

y dy q.18

T J-1 v xg, b y p . Ig

xp A d , g d kg bk

A . b gb pg,

g q:

b py dy g d;

y dd y b kg; b gd p d ;

py dy Ud s -; d

v y g xp.19

T b J-1 pp pd by Igy Wkg Gp U.s.

Gv-spd I Exg d g yy Ivy Pg

p. T b dppd kdy spb 11, d fd v p v y

( Fg. 6).

Texas 4,556

Georgia 4,434

New York 2,195

Maryland 2,012

California 2,008New Jersey 930

Florida 627

North Carolina 404

Massachusetts 393

Virginia 349

SOURCE: Foreign Lbor

Certifction Dt Center

FIg. 5 Tp Tstt subittilb citiappiti T, 2007

25

20

15

10

5

0

15,324

2006

18,464

2005

2007

20,724

FIg. 4 nub lb citi appiti Fi P-K,Pi s T

thousands

SOURCE: Foreign Lbor Center Dt Certifction


15/48


E J-1 b bg Ud

s g Dp s dgd

p. Ag gb b p U.s.

, , d d gv g,

d d

gz. Egby gy by

d y py

pg g d

bg d pg. sp, xp d g, v v xg

v p d y, pp

k. sp d pg

pp, pvd p-dp d

, d pp.20 Cy

64 dgd p.21 F

dd , Appdx.

T mii Pi

Lk d gy d dd p d.Mv, d b d pb b d y b

dgggd. T, v p :

v-d kg Ud s;

v-d g ;

yp g Ud s (g, gd, d v,

pz, .); d

g v-d y Ud s vg v d

pg q p dy .

8

6

4

2

02

002

2,366

2001

8,300

2003

5,292

2004

2,447

2005

2,534

2006

3,052

2007

2,456

FIg. 6 Pi s T J-1 i iu

thousands

SOURCE: Intergency Working Group on U.S. Government-Sponsored Exchnges nd Trining


16/48


The Term mIgraTIon, bd , py p

vg . H g by

p. Tg y, pp v gd y ,

v g d, d g gp. F pp

p, d g bd d

vd by k.

s g p p dy y p d p g

pp . A p dvg p d vg . A p

p v k. W dyg k g, g

p d p dd:

Pu Ft

L p d b

Fy bg

P by G d p P kg d P vg d N jb y N g jb

T r ruit

W b p v v, dd g

g d: p-dv g. R v

kg p pg pb d y d by ggfd d xp b y k Ud s. P y

, , pvy g y d Ud s, b v

b x vg.22 Ty y k d g

v g b vy d g g A . W

ggvy p pd b kg d k d

y, y b p v. T dg dy v

vb p d xp.

Te Process

Pu Ft

Hg p d b

Fy

M jb pp

M p, , by B vg d B kg d P dvp D d


17/48


I dd pdg kg Ud s, vy

k pd y v g v-d . T d

33 kg U.s. , d p d pkg y

vy dy.

T p p dy d

. M k y , g q

py b py d py. I xg gg $3,000 $13,000,

y p q, d v, v, g fg d g, v d . Avd I C, kg B,

xp p k y . (s pg 8 d.) Vg

I Fy z -bd , d P Gp g b

d . T pd b v d.

viiti Itti Fut

Vg I Fy (VIF) g bgg Ud s J-1

v. VIF d xg pg g

vy Ud s. I p d 1,600 p y 50

1,000 U.s. , y s.23 s dg , d d, vg pd, b v , d d vd

v d d d b ddg .

I VIF d, d py p v, gy b $12,500 p

.24 qd k , d pd y

b. I dd, y g, qd d v VIF-d

p.25

T py VIF v d by d. s v-d

k d, d y . I , y pyd by VIF.

Rgd v py, VIF v g v y ,

vy py .26

T Pt gup

P Gp (PG) bd Pv, N.Y. d d 1999

Id k U.s. . By bgg 2001, py d d

v d dg Pdp d C Upd, P.; Cvd, ; d

Nk, N.J. E d pv g p Id, xp pd

by PG.27 I Id, d vd d d pd dd. T d

gd $4,000 p , d gd $5,000 p p

y y Ud s. PG pvd

y vd Ud s d p d g.28

Rg d p py dy v PG b py

d d . Cvd b py, Id

p Cvd U.29 T v vy p, pvdd Id

p gdg y qd g

. T p PG bdd dd vd.

qd py PG $15,000 y d Id y ,

Recruiters have

a nancial

interest inmaking the

pull actors

seem as

tempting as

possible and

may mislead

teachers by

encouraging

infated andinaccurate

expectations.


18/48


$10,000 y d d y d $7,500 d. T gd by

pv d pd d p py $180,000 k y d

PG py 42 . T d pd PG y $45,000, b pd

x y. Ty qd b vd d d PG

bgg Ud s. 30

T PG-pyd Pdp ky. T dd

, d b x p pyk, d d pv

. B y b g, y py PG, d vd by v bgg g.31

Ag Nk py d, y d pb

PG. I My 2002, 15 kd Nk U p vd

y d PG d g bgd py 25 p PG. T

d PG d vk v y d g . 32 T

Dp Lb Wg d H Dv pd vg d gy d

py d $120,000 d, py g qd d d , d

-p g . PG gy qd py $187,546 bk

g . Hv, py d d d g g PG

dd d PG d py dd $3,050 p .33

Dp bg y, 2006 C Dp Ed bg kg

PG dvp Vg I pg, bg Id d

C -y . T d, Bdgp, Bd d

Hd, v gd p pg.34


19/48


The aFT has condUcTed v g vg

d y, pg 300 ,

d d. svyg vg g g d

kg A k d k y d

d vyg g d b dpdg .

T y 33 pv k, d

p, p d g . T y g v

dy, d dg p y v.

W dv dp, b g g. T xp ggd

dd v g d gd pg yp dg

p v-d . A y dg d b.

ai sui vi Fu

I 2004, g p C, M P d M

Ed C dd g py ggg, v d,

d d y dg.35 T g d g , g Db

2001, y d d d Ppp p g jb

Ud s, p dy , d by bg U.s. I y,

273 d, 100 y d g jb g y

vd x.36

T pd $10,000 v, y g d by

. T 18 , 5 p pdd y,

g v 60 p.37 I d py, dd

15 p kd . T qd v -g

dd Ppp, g g d b d d

py.38

T d d pp gp 10 15 d d k p

v g. Ty bdd y p. T d

g p, d d d d jb

. T d y d b dpd y d d jb

pd b vg jb.39

Te Dangers


20/48


T pd gy py dd Ud s xg d

g. Ty d pb .40 T E P

d dd , gd Cpy C I

p Ad Rkg b y pd -xp-pd g p

Ppp d C.41

Itu situ

T p d gg g ,

d py. T gd y,

b g pv py d b qg p.42 T

y b b d py d gy

xp. T gg k dd vd gg

pd p P Gp ( pg 15-16 d).

Ifit at-Wi sttu

D b Vg I Fy d s J Ud s D

d vb y g . T bg p

:

T d d kdg , d Exg V Pg, VIF zd

y pp pg d p

dd y VIF Pg bjv, d g.43

b , g py. T

p VIF py, v b

d . Mv, VIF y v y y d

.44 VIF s J d v g b b bgg ,

v, gv , y p d pvd d b yb.

T Tp

L , Fd A Uvy bg 16 gy qd d s. L

Cy Id xg pg. Ty v d

. B y bd , d pd y $18,000 p

v, b pvg g.45 Mv, g pd Fd A Uvy

v. T yvd $5,000 y v.

sy, , d by Vg

I Fy y pyd by VIF d

by y.46 T bdy p d pg

pb y pb

py gy pb. T p jpdz

y , d d y by py

bg g b by. A

All teachers working within one school

system should have the same requirements

or certication, the same perormance

expectations, the same benets and the same

employer. These are undamental union

principles and should also be undamental

public expectations.


21/48


kg y d v q ,

p xp, b d py. T d

pp d d b d pb xp.

Uqu Bft

T NEA p d g gg

d p gdg v-d . T gg d b p pv , y:

I d v-d b d d db

pd d b d.

W pd, q b v-

d d g d.

I p g b py y d vd d

pv g.47

Agy, v, v-d vd by p ,

d xp d vy py. g p g b pvdd y vg v d. T xp ky jd

bd py g d pvd d dy. Hv,

xp yp qy vg v-d

d. Mv, gg d py d b dvd

, , vd .

dd p gv dk b v-d

b d , y , d v y. Gv by

v-d y y dpd gd py d

, d vk v, gy pb. Ud d,

p py b gv d b p v. T vy

d d-p p v-d .

cutu sk

I A, d d d p , p gy g

y d d y . Ay , d y

k , b q pg gg d q g dj b

xp d bv. Lg k d d d ky d

y v bd b bpy p y v-d .

T yp d v-d v p vg Ud

s v dy. s j g p y d v d

d pp k. d, y v-d

d. I g, k pg g y

g y d py, vdd by g v v y.

F , g-qy d g , d py

v-d , dj g b v .


22/48


R dvp B pvd g vd d v pp

p q xd byd . I p y, Fp

kg B v d d, g b b pg

jb.48 B dd g dp, b dd v v

b Epy A Pg. Cvg v-d k

p p y d y q gd pp d gd.

cuiti Bi

Ag y d by d v-d , d p,

v . sd v dy g dd d d by

, v pd g d g. Eg py

gy pq g. I py jdgd dqy d by

py p g, d b dd d p p by

. A d b d vb y v-d ggg

g.

cp hui

v p y, AF d p gp g bg d

d, y pg bk bd d bd dy d k. s

g y q: H bg gd p bk bd?

W d d b py? A g p?

I , y b d b py? W k g

? A y d p ? s q d b d y d

vg g v b d g .

pp d p, v b y p v

dg db g p. d k N Yk Cy,

y gg k, pvdd k

y y, k g.50 I , g

v gd d pp, b py d v.

Uddby, v-d d d g d

p . Hv, d b pvdd p d g

d b d py d vv dv .

Mgg , , d v ppy p- y g p

d vb.


23/48


The need For aFT To InvesTIgaTe g d

p U.s. d b gy

d b pb Bbd. T Bbd

xpd b g b bg d

vy g-pyg g jb N Yk Cy . T

y b p d d qy d

g xpd d , b

y g d q b ggg

g d y jb Bbd k

, py p y. T b

kg q b U.s. g ,

p d b d Bbd d g g

d N Yk Cy Bd Ed.

Bbd y kg q. Fg v g, 2000

N Yk Cy Bd Ed d Cbb-d pg g

v p bd -y .

T hu T

T k g g, py d d

dvpg d. T k gd-pyg jb p y

b g d pvdg . T New York imes

p y d d , A Gd Pvd I W

Lv.51

Adg , d 200 g kg d d dy, d y d d $300 b y . T y

d bd g-d bdg. 52

T q y b vd vg

p bj db. DP d v xd

bd Ppp. A d d g dg , b ,

d p yd . Mv, db p

v g k: Ev g y v k v

d g p v. Y k d y v y

Te International Impact


24/48


py, d. I d.53 Wv p d, dbdy dp

p d dvp d k bd.

Byd y v, q p g v dvy dg

xy p . W k pg dk by Pb sv I

(PsI) Mg d W H Wk g dvpg

d d dvg p y dg . W b

gg y g d , gg vd , gv

b d .

T Piippi: a lb expti e

T Ppp p d dy k g p.

Exp b p d g dy Ppp, d gv dvpd

g b z g v py. v

Fp k k bd, d v g k ( FW, y d) d

$1 b bk Ppp.54 T p v d dy

b vd y 40 p pp v b pvy v $1 p dy, 55

py 13.9 p, dpy 19.6 p, d

pp v py.56 Ppp pd G Mpg Ay b qd yg, Jb d d d dpdg pp d y. I y

d k d d y y v , pp y d y . 57

Dp b f y bk Ppp FW, -g

v pvd d x g . T Ppp y

d g 16,000 pb 58 d vg pp-

A 45:1.59 T qy d kg d , d by

dp d: d d, pb

d , d v dy, 70 80 d pkd

. Uy, y 6:00 .. d .60

Wkg d d d g dq y pp dv y

k g y y bd b d d

v g gd d d g d.

T Ppp v Epy Agy d k p zg p

g:

I Ppp d, b d d b vd b pb d pv

y, g . T d vb p d d y

d dy d d. T vg g jb bd gy

b d. Fdg b p y.

U.s. g g xbg g Ppp. R Dz, d-

g k pdg dy Fp B, dbd

y:

I d-dy y g d gbz, yg p g

W p dvg. Bk pb $3,500 y;

pv gy . I B, y $45,000

y, y d bk Ppp pp d,

The human

toll o

international

worker

migration

is great,

particularly or

women and

children in the

developing

world.


25/48


, vg. T y pb. T Fp 90 p

vg d d d d k jb

g -y d bdd by y A-b g

v d b bb.61

nu miti T Futu T?

U.s. p v b pg bd 50 y. B d

bd, p d dy dg g d d y y pg.

v , A v dy v.

I 1990, 4 p Ud s g b; by 2004, 14 p

Ud s bd.62 I 2002, d d Ud s

.63 U.s. py v

b b k dd,

d g bg vd by

.

Fg-dd kg Uds py (90 p) d d.

T vg g 43. T p v

y k : C, N Yk, N Jy,

Fd d I. Uk k

Ud s py v, v jy

g-dd v g d, d

d 60 p b U.s. z.64

Fg. 7 d

g U.s. (D k vb d,

pd pb dgp p

v-d kg U.s.)

s y d ? T gv

p g d:

T Ud s 94 RN p 10,000 pp pd 61 Ppp, 41 s A,12 Ky d 13 Id.65

I d dvpg d bdzg dzd by b $500 p y g g k.66

B 1999 d 2001, 60 p g k g p M. 67 Fv dd G 2000 db b gdd g d

pg.68

dd p Ppp v d p y; 800 p vpy d.69Pb sv I dvpd x d pg dyg p

g d d dvg y p d . T bjv PsI

Mg d W H Wk pj pb gg

xpv d dy d py p

d g, pv xd g d gv p p

d g k.70

FIg. 7 Fit-ti Itti eut Tk t ncleX-rn,b cut euti, 2005

SOURCE: Ntionl Council o Stte Bords o Nursing, Inc., Licensure nd Exmintion Sttistics


26/48


d, g g:

W k k d d b g d v

pp d p vg y.

U dg d vg v gd pp g g k

p bp.

U v dd gd d bbyg gv dp

pp.

U v dd p p My H gvg dg g d v y v pvdd.

U v dd p pv g d pb

dg v ppp.

U v bd dg g pb y, b /p

d bd vg g -g dg d pv

vg .

U v bd g k k d v pg qy d

p k.71

E bjv d d d v v d ,

x -d kd d y.


27/48


The aFT hoPes p g d b p

d -k d . M

py, p d d by

d kd gg dy b vy

gd d p d d. Mg d y

f g p, d

b gv ppp g p.

atti

A b pb d gg , z vy ppy pz g v-d y b Bd-d g yp

g, y d d g p.

A y B, Fp bg q

Wy v z? Wy d d bk y d? d Wy

xpd pd v p d d?72 Cy, d k g d dpg p v, v .

Ng d d pg .

A g d pb, k kg pp k

py dg , b pd by v

pb. W py y, Hg Fd, y

g dd g,73 AF dvpd d

d. I p d Mg Cg, AF d pv g

k d-- db p , dg:

bg d g d dy ; gg p dvp b dd d d

gg v; d

dyg d yg d d pb.

rti

Ipvg g d g d y b gy

vy A . I dd, AF d g p

Te Way Forward


28/48


p d j:

dvp, dp d dd

;

pvd gv d y k d dy g d d; d

p p g k d g y gv p g dg .

st

F d , dd b dvpd v.

Cy, by dd, vy dy, bg pb

p g bd pb . T gpg b d, d

AF ppd k dp dvpg dd v vby d gy.

W d, b d dp d dd d v.

T Ud s y y dg g by g

bd. g dd p -g q. dd q, Ed M 53 C dpd

R P 2004. T d dvpd g p

C Gp d v x d yp dd dd

U.s. y. W P, g d pb g

d. sgy, p :

1.1 ...I pby g g d

ppy d dd d gzd d

dd .74

sdy, Ud s, d y y g b

pby. T C P pp d k

; x y b d Appdx.

dt

bgg b ddg d g g k pv

d d. T z d p d py k p. Adg

p d 2006 by MI, gv gy pv p

g, gzg, g, d kg vb y d g g

A jb d U.s. y.75 I , g

j ppg jb v, b g g k jb Ud

s. T p :

T d y vb zg d g v g v v

T g gp v d, b y d Ud

s Epy by p (v ) y b kd v

by dy d p v T d pd

dvp ppp py p.76

We must

emphasize

that while

the hiring

o overseas-

trainedteachers may

be a Band-

aid treating

the symptom

o the U.S.

teacher

shortage, it is

in no way a

cure or theconditions that

caused the

shortage in the

rst place.


29/48


b , v d g . A

b g b v b d b d v

qg H-1B v p b d Cg. Dp bg

qd by A Cpv d Wk Ipv A, p b

dvd y.

mtiT y , d g xp.

y, k y xp g Ud s g

dy k b d pd. F , g pg py

v g .77 I p, g

g. g d d

, d b d dqy pp v vg

-y A. I d v, gp d

g xp B pd Ppp: Bk

d. I bd d p. H d , , vy d, vy bd. Ty

g , d y y p Ty d. Ty dg.78 Byd

d dj d d d bv, g v x dy p d gdg dd A y.79

cui

I gbzd d, by k y dy d p. P-dv

v qky dd k d vy kg dvp b ppy d

dd v-d U.s. .

T d pyk d kd kdg d , d

d dd d k d p. Exp

b d , p dvpg

b gd.

Improving

teaching

and learning

conditions

must remain at

the oreronto any sensible

strategy to

eectively

sta American

schools.


30/48


Appendices


31/48


lb citi appiti b stt, 20022007

sTaTe 2002 2003

Pre-K &Primary

SecondarySpecial

EducationTotal

Pre-K &Primary

SecondarySpecial

EducationTotal

Ab 6 11 2 19 9 11 3 23

Ak 5 4 3 12 10 7 1 18

Az 139 53 16 208 99 98 10 207

Ak 2 12 0 14 2 11 4 17

C 1439 763 325 2527 1645 608 182 2435Cd 75 82 6 163 69 35 5 109

C 37 947 16 1000 239 70 6 315

D 4 1 0 5 135 6 1 142

D. Cb 218 36 20 274 85 38 16 139

Fd 345 240 26 611 476 352 33 861

Gg 116 328 26 470 114 272 43 429

G 9 3 0 12 7 18 0 25

H 6 16 0 22 5 17 3 25

Id 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 1I 351 117 41 509 162 154 60 376

Id 17 20 2 39 33 13 2 48

I 6 11 0 17 6 12 1 19

K 4 17 0 21 4 20 2 26

Kky 8 125 4 137 13 142 3 158

L 80 29 4 113 74 59 2 135

M 8 13 3 24 2 11 3 16

Myd 195 104 132 431 742 108 61 911

M 110 112 91 313 91 81 77 249

Mg 66 52 18 136 57 91 5 153

M 34 20 8 62 141 12 9 162

Mpp 5 1 0 6 19 27 1 47

M 28 21 6 55 18 18 3 39

M 8 3 2 13 0 5 0 5

Nbk 12 10 0 22 5 5 0 10

Nvd 4 2 0 6 11 0 0 11

N Hp 9 120 3 132 4 12 9 25

N Jy 297 2724 241 3262 251 114 8 373N Mx 13 24 1 38 15 32 7 54

N Yk 1285 572 443 2300 619 1105 473 2197

N C 89 69 7 165 118 101 16 235

N Dk 0 3 0 3 7 4 1 12

17 241 11 269 41 203 11 255

k 10 17 1 28 11 23 1 35

g 31 16 0 47 21 3 3 27

Pyv 1048 49 18 1115 45 108 18 171

P R 2 2 0 4 5 4 0 9

Rd Id 15 4 0 19 4 9 2 15

s C 60 36 3 99 36 43 4 83

s Dk 0 3 1 4 0 14 4 18

12 23 3 38 14 57 10 81

x 5597 2788 280 8665 3411 1150 393 4954U 5 12 2 19 14 6 2 22

V 20 19 9 48 2 12 5 19

Vg Id 4 22 0 26 3 3 0 6

Vg 75 57 41 173 94 67 20 181

Wg 46 17 10 73 52 33 109 194

W Vg 0 3 0 3 1 2 0 3

W 21 14 1 36 24 34 4 62

Wyg 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 5ToTals 11993 11991 1827 23809 9068 7446 1636 16147


32/48



sTaTe 2004 2005

Pre-K &Primary

SecondarySpecial

EducationTotal

Pre-K &Primary

SecondarySpecial

EducationTotal

Ab 12 7 0 19 2 12 0 14

Ak 6 5 4 15 5 0 7 12

Az 149 169 7 325 295 74 12 381

Ak 9 15 1 25 8 14 1 23

C 1894 732 242 2868 676 589 239 1504Cd 58 35 7 100 71 30 5 106

C 34 198 5 237 36 48 7 91

D 5 6 0 11 3 3 0 6

D. Cb 80 67 58 205 66 29 99 194

Fd 344 255 41 640 385 146 26 557

Gg 144 355 9 508 129 1014 19 1162

G 15 8 1 24 12 11 0 23

H 6 20 3 29 3 29 0 32

Id 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 4

I 233 85 5 323 145 195 9 349

Id 31 16 8 55 8 15 2 25

I 2 8 0 10 2 5 0 7

K 2 11 0 13 4 7 4 15

Kky 14 15 2 31 18 26 1 45

L 59 53 8 120 54 32 1 87

M 5 7 1 13 4 9 3 16

Myd 286 224 114 624 367 183 108 658

M 97 103 99 299 62 70 246 378

Mg 36 102 12 150 22 24 6 52

M 32 21 7 60 20 16 5 41

Mpp 10 11 2 23 53 8 2 63

M 24 16 6 46 15 14 1 30

M 7 4 0 11 0 4 0 4

Nbk 19 11 0 30 6 14 0 20

Nvd 5 9 1 15 6 1 0 7

N Hp 4 13 4 21 2 6 0 8

N Jy 191 700 21 912 204 696 12 912N Mx 38 14 11 63 19 29 11 59

N Yk 764 858 684 2306 578 1031 347 1956

N C 102 104 15 221 79 164 46 289

N Dk 6 0 1 7 1 1 0 2

67 107 17 191 12 438 4 454

k 5 29 2 36 9 10 2 21

g 35 0 3 38 25 6 1 32

Pyv 67 176 15 258 36 65 9 110

P R 6 12 2 20 10 2 0 12

Rd Id 4 5 125 134 6 6 2 14

s C 29 37 2 68 59 56 8 123

s Dk 1 2 0 3 0 1 0 1

23 18 7 48 10 14 10 34

x 4356 1392 382 6130 3024 1267 468 4759

U 19 11 4 34 16 20 1 37

V 0 12 0 12 10 9 1 20

Vg Id 1 8 0 9 15 11 0 26

Vg 91 65 50 206 89 133 112 334

Wg 59 29 209 297 40 30 106 176

W Vg 0 3 0 3 1 5 0 6

W 18 37 2 57 16 12 1 29

Wyg 1 0 0 1 3 0 1 4ToTals 9505 8204 2200 17905 6742 8641 1946 15324


33/48


sTaTe 2006 2007

Pre-K &Primary

SecondarySpecial

EducationTotal

Pre-K &Primary

SecondarySpecial

EducationTotal

Ab 7 11 2 20 0 21 5 26

Ak 7 12 10 29 3 1 2 6

Az 95 84 15 194 192 96 19 307

Ak 2 23 4 29 2 23 5 30

C 698 514 235 1447 867 611 530 2008Cd 75 50 20 145 80 48 0 128

C 23 64 1 88 30 56 4 90

D 2 3 2 7 2 4 1 7

D. Cb 127 61 36 224 77 37 24 138

Fd 371 220 82 673 248 347 32 627

Gg 128 899 41 1068 267 3456 711 4434

G 21 15 0 36 10 6 5 21

H 4 19 1 24 3 15 5 23

Id 2 3 2 7 3 0 1 4

I 112 197 5 314 196 115 27 338

Id 4 15 0 19 13 7 1 21

I 1 4 0 5 3 7 0 10

K 9 32 18 59 4 47 30 81Kky 4 16 3 23 4 16 0 20

L 56 36 2 94 67 57 39 163

M 6 8 1 15 0 11 0 11

Myd 536 334 90 960 1045 534 434 2013

M 83 78 59 220 56 76 261 393

Mg 21 23 6 50 29 33 5 67

M 55 33 4 92 46 23 8 77

Mpp 5 10 1 16 34 12 1 47

M 33 14 4 51 19 27 11 57

M 2 1 0 3 1 0 0 1

Nbk 6 11 1 18 5 14 0 19

Nvd 11 1 1 13 6 5 0 11

N Hp 1 14 0 15 0 11 0 11

N Jy 140 792 11 943 125 799 6 930N Mx 30 42 20 92 14 45 9 68

N Yk 927 2672 809 4408 469 1407 319 2195

N C 120 91 31 242 123 253 28 404

N Dk 0 1 7 8 0 0 3 3

17 43 14 74 35 278 12 325

k 11 50 0 61 7 57 2 66

g 31 11 0 42 42 10 1 53

Pyv 47 33 17 97 34 46 9 89

P R 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0

Rd Id 4 6 1 11 3 11 0 14

s C 65 50 5 120 43 248 13 304

s Dk 0 3 0 3 0 1 1 2

14 15 9 38 11 20 2 33

x 3606 1932 281 5819 2896 1462 198 4556

U 6 23 0 29 9 13 7 29

V 0 11 6 17 2 5 1 8

Vg Id 3 86 0 89 0 0 0 0

Vg 94 118 113 325 130 177 42 349

Wg 25 19 5 49 33 16 13 62

W Vg 3 1 0 4 2 3 0 5

W 15 14 4 33 11 25 2 38

Wyg 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2ToTals 7665 10825 1980 18464 7301 12601 2829 20724



34/48


sTaTesIX-year ToTal lca

aPPlIcaTIons

Ab 121

Ak 92

Az 1622Ak 138

C 12789

Cd 751

C 1821

D 178

D Cb 1174

Fd 3969

Gg 8071

G 141

H 155

Id 19

I 2209

Id 207

I 68

K 215

Kky 414

L 712

M 95

Myd 5597

M 1852

Mg 608

M 494

Mpp 202

M 278

M 37

sTaTesIX-year ToTal lca

aPPlIcaTIons

Nbk 119

Nvd 63

N Hp 212N Jy 7332

N Mx 374

N Yk 15362

N C 1556

N Dk 35

1568

k 247

g 239

Pyv 1840

P R 47

Rd Id 207

s C 797

s Dk 31

272

x 34883

U 170

V 124

Vg Id 156

Vg 1568Wg 851

W Vg 24

W 255

Wyg 12

ToTals 112373



35/48


stt dptt euti

C

C

D

Fd

Gg

I

Id

I

K

Kky

L

M

M

Nbk

N Mx

s C

x

U

Wg

s ditit

Ad Cy sD 14, C

A Fk M s, NY

Ad Dbq B Ed, IA

Ay I s, X

Bk Hg s, MA

Cg Pb s, IL

Dv Pb s, C

E Bg d Bky, CA

E I d B, MA

F A s Pg sd, WA

F-A I s, CA

F-A s N Yk, NY

I s Id, ID

I s P, CA

Ly F d N Yk, NY

L Ly d L Ag, CA

Ly Rb, I., MD

M C C

M Fd M

N Pb s, NE

Pp Ex Ady, NH

P M s W I, CA

T s D Pdp, PA

s Dg F-A s, CA

s M s D UsD 512, Ks

spp M s, CA

Wg I s, DC

ruit

Ay I

C I Ed, I. (VIF)

Cd H Fd I

Ed

Fg Ad d C Exg sv

(FACEs)

I-g, I.

I Exg sv

UsA Epy, LLC

ot

AFs UsA, I

A C I Ed

A I P g

C Dvp F

L

G A Pp Pg, I.

I I Ed

J Ed sv N A, I.

N C Ud s-C

R

U.s. Dp s

Wd Z gz, A s

dit J-1 ex sp TaS OF 9/26/08


36/48


cwt T ruitt Pt

adopted By Ministers o Eduction t Stoke Rochord Hll Conerence Centre,

Lincolnshire, United Kingdom

September 1st, 2004

1. Defnitions

Recruited teacher: d v y / .

Recruiting country: y kg , d g,

Recruiting business/agency: b/gy y ( y)

v (g y)

Source country: y d v bd.

Organised recruitment: y gd pg y

Clearance certifcates:A d ppp y y d gv qd d pd d d /

py.

2. Introduction

2.1 Bkgd

2.1.1 F b C b v b dpy d

p gd pg, pb

d p d . s , g d d g , v b vd M g d v d

C Cd P I R H Wk, dd by M

H My 2003.

2.1.2. M p pp vb g

d d -gd pg xg d d k. I kdgd

d by g v. I b dvd p dvp

g d d y.

2.1.3 Hv b d d y.

2.1.4 I My 2002 g g Bbd, Gy, J d

dd d bg, M Ed J qd C

ddg pb Cbb. Cbb Ed M gd

sv Ad Bbd Jy 2002 d, g g, kd C s

dvp d P . T d ppd by s vd

bq g x M Ed s s (T Gb, M, Nb,

s. L, s, sy) sy M 2003. T g dd

vd v d P R d b bd C

C Ed M dd b 2003.


37/48


2.1.5 M Ed 15 C C Ed M d

Edbg, sd, b 27 30, 2003 dd

d vd g b ddd g gp. Ty d

q v C gzg dy pd xp,

d b p d v p g dvd d v g

d y bd Wkg Gp R d p Dpy

sy-G W Cx.

2.1.6 T Wkg Gp kd v gd C, kg d, v d by,

d dvp. T b Wkg Gp :

develop appropriate and ethical codes of conduct;

report to all Ministers by the end of April 2004; and

nalise the document with a Ministerial Group by September 2004.

2.2 T Wkg Gp

2.2.1 T pd v Wkg Gp Bbd, Id, J, L,

M, Ng, Pp N G, s. L, sy, s A, Ud Kgd, d Zb.

2.2.2 T g C Cv sy d p g p bv

gp: T C Gpg, T C C Ed d

C Cpv Ed R, Uvy Ng.

2.2.3 T g C Cv sy d p g p bv

gp: T C Gpg, T C C Ed d

C Cpv Ed R, Uvy Ng.

2.2.4 A g Wkg Gp M, L 23d 24 Fby 2004

R zd d b bg p d dvp d k p

pv d p, d d ppd .

2.3 Pp P

2.3.1 T P b g g y, py

p b, g d p gy d y, d pv

xp p . T P k gd g

d d d g v g y.

2.3.2 I dg , P k p pv b g

bg d g d

C.

2.3.3 T d pp, d C Cd

P p. I d y dd. W x

C pp -p d , d k v

d g, gv bb P d p ,

g gy d y.

2.3.4 Ag P d d y g y b gd

dvp g d g y P.


38/48


3. Rights and Responsibilities o Recruiting Countries

3.1 I pby g g d ppy d

dd d gd d

dd . A g y y v y

b bd gd.

3.2 I gd gd y b d d y

, d y v y v d d.Rg d d g y pb g y

p . W qd by , g d

b- d d k vy g pvd .

Cd b gv pp gg,

p pg d , d py bdg p d

.

Acceptable Recruiting Processes

3.3 Rg k vy dp d vdd

dg d y y, pv dp g

pg.

3.4 A g y pvd y, v gdg

d. T d b d vb, pjd, C

s g pp. W vb, C

gd dvp pp.

3.5 W qd by , g k vy b

y p y py bg gd, d b

by d.

3.6 A g y d b p d pd

gd b d k p.

3.7 T gv y y k v g gy, dy

, dvp d qy y d P d

b p. T g d p. W g d d, y

b vd ppvd g.

3.8 T g gy bg dd y dv, d y

gy . Rg g g bg. Rg

d y gd .

3.9 P g d b d b gy d gv

y, gdg , b, d d b y.

R d b d d y d dg ,

py gd gd xp.

Employment Conditions for Recruited Teachers

3.10 Wv ppd, d jy py d

d pyg p. T g d pvd


39/48


ddd pg b v y qd d y

d q g y. T d bd d bj

b d gvd by y g dv g p

k d by k d g y.

3.11 F, p d pd py

d dy x g dv pv, d b bd

pp. T g gy d d d

g .

3.12 Rd d b pyd by d y. y d d

d b k p b py d .

3.13 A g y y d pvdd dq

d d pg, dg dj pg,

d v.

3.14 A gd d pv d p, b g pvd p

p dvp pp xp d , b

y g xd .

4. Rights and Responsibilities of Source Countries

4.1 I pby g ppy d dd y,

d x gd . T y d v v g pv

v g p, d d qd

g p. s d b dvd y b py

k gd g y

pp, d p .

Ay y g b d y gd by b . T b y y b b pp

. I y dd y gd , g y d b d

d. I , q g y, b d

d b d g b d dv g . I

g b d v g d p gd

gzd .

4.4 T y dv pd q ppv 30 dy.

4.5 T y d d d d v , dy

p, pv d xg d gd g, d -g -y d y

bd.

5. Rights and responsibilities o the recruited teacher

5.1 T d g py d gdg

pp. T qd ( Appdx 1) d gdg

p pd.


40/48


5.2 Rd xpd py dg d

ppv py, d gv dq g q v. v

pby v gdg d d d

py, d py .

6.Monitoring and Evaluation

6.1 T C s d gzd , dgb, p d , d v pp P, dg

p dvpg , d p C C Ed M.

6.2 Ed M d dk g v p P g

16CCEM. T v d b d by v g dk by d

kd dg d dd d g

C.

6.3 Appd 2, 3 d 4 bg d

pp. Appdx 5 Dk k dpd by Wd Ed F 2000.

7.Future Action

7.1 C P M bg kg gp dy

C v g g C

g g p dvp vy. T kg gp d d

ppp p bv p g d v y.

7.2 Ed M q b kg gp dvp y d

qv q d p g , ppb,

C.

7.3 I d y dd by C, ggd

pv dy f dk. T d d b gd

d d g. T dy d p d dvp

k b pd by C s d y bg dk by

Uvy Ng.

7.4 T C, b gz IL d

UNEsC, k p p dd b p gd

.

APPENDIX 1:

M b pvdd p y :

Name and location of the school where the teacher is to serve

Brief description of the school

Accommodation arrangements for the teacher and cost implications

Transport arrangements and responsibility for transport costs

Work permit requirements and procedures


41/48


Clarity about terms and conditions of employment, including any deductions (for tax, insurance,

p pp) g y d; d g pyd

v d b y.

Any provisions aecting the right of the teacher to be accompanied abroad by a spouse and dependants,

dg y d d , g p k g y,

d dpd d d v.

Regulations governing repatriation of earnings and other benets.

APPENDIX 2

ARICLEs 13, 26 AND 29 F HE INERNAINAL CVENAN N ECNMIC, sCIAL ANDCULURAL RIGHs

Article 13

1. T s P p Cv g g vy d. Ty g

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APPENDIX 3

ARICLE 26 F HE UNIVERsAL DECLARAIN N HUMAN RIGHs

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APPENDIX 4

ARICLE 29 F HE CNVENIN F HE RIGHs F HE CHILD

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APPENDIX 5

EDUCAIN FR ALL CMMIMENs DAKAR 2000

Expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most

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Ensuring that by 2015 all children, particularly girls, children in dicult circumstances and those belonging

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Ensuring that the learning needs of all young people and adults are met through equitable access to

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Achieving a 50 percent improvement in levels of adult literacy by 2015, especially for women, and equitable

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Eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2015, with a focus on ensuring girls

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Improving all aspects of the quality of education and ensuring excellence of all so that recognized and

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1 B, P I., Dg ., Dvd I.

Ab, New Signs o a Strengthening U.S.

Labor Market? H A, Nvb 2004.

2 s Nd, Fp

B, Baltimore Sun, Ag

28, 2005, p://.b.//

d/b-0828,0,1571732.y3 J Kgbk, B 178 Py

, Philippine Star, Jy 22, 2008, p://

pyk.bgp./2008/01/

b---178-py-., s

Nd, V T Wk, Baltimore Sun,

My 12, 2008.

4 Baltimore school district travels to Philippines

to hire teachers, Fp Rp, Jy

20, 2005, p://.dypy.g/.

pp3?AID=1874.

5 Ibd6 Ud Kgd Dp H, Codeo Practice or the International Recruitment o

Healthcare Proessionals, 10

7 Wy Ad, Fg C Vd,

CBs N, J 6, 2006, p://.b./

/2006/06/06/vg/1689748.

8 U.s. Dp Ed, eacherShortage Areas Nationwide Listing 1990-91 through

2007-08, .d.gv/b///p/p/

.d9 J W, Rp: C

sg Cd F , San

Diego ribune, Db 8, 2005, p://.

gdg.//d/20051208-

0024--g.

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p..g/d//v.pp-

URL_ID=57898&URL_D=D_PIC&URL_

sECIN=201.

11 Rdy Bb,Report to the NationalEducation Association on rends in Foreign

eacher Recruitment, p://..g/

g/0306g., 3.

12 U.s. Dp Lb, OFLC Frequently

Asked Questions and Answers, p://.

gb.d.gv/q.#1b113 U.s. Czp d Ig sv,Petition or a Nonimmigrant Workers Pursuant toSection 101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b) o the Immigration and

Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b),

p://../gdy//2007,0215-

d.pd

14 U.s. Czp d Ig sv,Characteristics o Specialty Occupation (H-1B)

Workers: Fiscal Year 2005, p://..gv/

/vd/H1B_FY05_C.

pd

15 U.s. Dp Lb, Labor ConditionApplications and Requirements or EmployersUsing Nonimmigrants on H-1B Visas in Specialty

Occupations and as Fashion Models, p://.

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16 U.s. Dp Lb , H-1B

Specialty (Proessional) Workers, p://.

gb.d.gv/-1b..

17 Fg Lb C D C, FLC

Disclosure Data, p://.fd./

CD.px.

18 N Av d Rd Ad,Electronic Code o Federal Regulations: itle22 Foreign Relations: Part 62 Exchange Visitor

Program, p://.gp.gv/g//x/x-

dx?=&d=329b11015b0b4b164d88b4d

16&g=dv5&v=x&d=22:1.0.1.7.37&d

=22#22:1.0.1.7.37.2.1.5

19 Ibd

20 Ibd

21 U.s. Dp s, Designated Sponsor

Endnotes


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List, p://.xg..gv/jxg/

dx.

22 D Bk, W Hd D, p

Pdp Cy Pp, Nvb 15-21, 2001,

p://.ypp.//111501/.v2.

.

23 Central principal recognized by exchange

program, J 12,2008, p://.vpg.

/b/.p?d=49624 A D H, Search or teachers goes

global: CMS looks to Philippines or math, science

educators, T C bv, Db 5,

2006, .xx.

25 Rdy Bb,Report to the NationalEducation Association on rends in Foreign

eacher Recruitment, p://..g/

g/0306g., 18.

26 Ibd, 15.

27 J kb, Cvd dy 50

Id, Plain Dealer, M 22, 2001,.xx.

28 Ibd

29 J kb, R Id

, Plain Dealer, Ag 31,

2001, .xx..

30 Ibd

31 D Bk, W Hd D, p

Pdp Cy Pp, Nvb 15-21, 2001,

p://.ypp.//111501/.v2.

.

32 Iv DJ, Id ggy xg y, Te Star-Ledger, My 12,

2002, .xx..

33 U.s. Dp Lb, I M

: Ad, Wg d H Dv, U.s.

Dp Lb, Pg Py v.

P Gp ., Rpd, C N.:

2003-LCA-00014, p://../gdy/

/2004,0428-.pd

34 M N, Bdgp Lk Id

F g Gp, New York imes, spb

21, 2008, p://../gdy//2004,0428-.pd

35 U.s. J Dp, U.s. Ay ,

W D x, Houston and PhilippinesCorporations and their Principles Charges with

Alien Smuggling and Visa Fraud, p://.dj.

gv//x/p_/2004/_d.pd.

36 Ibd

37 Ibd

38 Ibd

39 Ibd

40 sp sz, P g pb

gg Fp , El Paso

imes, Ag 26, 2008, p://.p./

/155484337.

41 U.s. J Dp, U.s. Ay ,

W D x, F E P s

Ad Idd, p://.d.gv/b/

//g/vp/x102004.pd.42 D Bk, W Hd D, p

Pdp Cy Pp, Nvb 15-21, 2001,

p://.ypp.//111501/.v2.

.

43 VIF Contract with the San Jose Unied

School District or the 2000-2001 School Year,

Rdy Bb, Report to the National EducationAssociation on rends in Foreign eacher

Recruitment, p://..g/g/0

306g..

44 Ibd45 s sbj, 16 Fd F

Dp D V G, India West,

Fby 22, 2008, p://.d.

g//v_.?_d=

4dd1431889b50d30735bd2558

46 VIF Contract with the San Jose Unied

School District or the 2000-2001 School Year,



306g..47 Aurora (Colorado) Education Association

Contract Language Regarding Foreign eachers



306g..

48 s Nd, Bk , bk

d, Baltimore Sun, Fby 24, 2008, p://

.b.///b-.

d.d24b24,0,4434719.y.

49 Pg Ly, L Ld F FH, Washington Post, Ag 3, 2008, p://

.gp./p-dy//

/2008/07/29/AR2008072902645_p..

50 C Cp, H R C: Rd

Fg C Fd Hg H, New

York Post, Ag 26, 2001, .xx..

51 J DP, A Gd Pvd W

Lv, New York imes,Ap 22,2007, p://

qy.y./g/pg.?=9D04E7D


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53 Ibd

54 Ibd

55 Myd, s. Rg B C,

Ppp G Cdd. Te New York imes.

M 21, 2003.

56 Gvz , J, Fd s. sz,Vg L. B. T B DP d I Ip H.

Pd UP A C Mg,

d Fp Dp , J 24, 2005

Ag By g A, UP D, Qz Cy.

57 Ey M, T Ppp Lb Exp

Py, Bulatlat, Jy 26-Fby 1, 2003, p://

.b.//2-50/2-50-bd2.

.58 A G, p , Jy 7,

2008.

59 Fd, - C s

D N sv Ed C, Bulatlat, J

4-10, 2006, p://.b.//6-17/6-

17-..

60 Ibd

61 Rb V. Np, y Hyd: A

Id, R Dz k Py Us,

Inquirer, Ag 5, 2006.

62 Ak, Ld H. U.s. N Lb MkDy A Ky Gb N sy.

Health Research and Educational rust. 42:3p2,

J 2007, Pg: 1299-1320.

63 B, P I., Dg ., Dvd I.

Ab, New Signs o a Strengthening U.S.

Labor Market? H A, Nvb 2004.

64 Ak, Ld H. U.s. N Lb Mk

Dy A Ky Gb N sy.

Health Research and Educational rust. 42:3p2,

J 2007, Pg: 1299-1320.

65 Wd H gz. Wd Hs 2007. p://..///

dx..

66 sk, d, Rd Lb. g

B D: A Cg Pb H

sy s A. Intnerational Journal

o Occupational and Environmental Health. 10:40,

b/Db 2004.

67 M Kg, Nurses on the Move:

Migration and the Global Health Care Economy,

(Cbdg: C Uvy P, 2006).

68 K J. C, k-d ,

NurseWeek, J 11, 2001.

69 Fy My E. Lz, J Gvz-,

K I, d L Jv, N Mg

s Cy Ppv: Ppp

Cy C sdy, Health Services Research 42: 3,P II, J 2007, .bkygy..

70 Pb sv I, Women andInternational Migration in the Health Sector,

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71 Ibd, 7-9.

72 Ab B. T Ed Exp,

Te Urbanite Baltimore, Ap 2007, p://.

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73 Kk A. J, How Immigration ReormCould Help Alleviate the eacher Shortage: A

Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, p://.

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74 C s, Commonwealth

eacher Recruitment Protocol, p://.

.g/d_p_/

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75 Study Finds Extreme Lack o OfshoringData Undermines Economic Policy, p://.

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C=5070

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77 C H d M Jzz,

M d U.s. Phi

Delta Kappan, Jy 2007, ..d.gv

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F Gd , ime, Nvb 21,

2005, p://..//gz/

/0,9171,1132834-1,00.79 Ibd


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Currently there

are no standards,

whether voluntary

or mandatory,establishing

acceptable practices

or recruiting

teachers rom

abroad or ourpublic schools.


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importing educators: causes and consequences of international teacher recruitment

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