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1/15

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merican cademy in Rome and University of Michigan Press

Imports at Ostia in the Imperial Period and Late Antiquity: The Amphora Evidence from theDai-Aar ExcavationsAuthor(s): Archer MartinSource: Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 6, TheMaritime World of Ancient Rome (2008), pp. 105-118Published by: for theUniversity of Michigan Press American Academy in RomeStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40379300Accessed: 01-01-2016 01:45 UTC

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2/15

IMPORTSATOSTIA IN THE IMPERIALPERIOD AND

LATE

ANTIQUITY:

THE

AMPHORA

EVIDENCE

FROM THE DAI-AAR

XCAVATIONS

Archer

artin

1.

ntroduction

this aper wish o examine rendsn themportationf mphora-borneoodstuffsessentially

wine,

il,

and

fish

auces)

to Ostia from

hefirst

entury

.d.

to thefifth. should

tress t the

outset hat

willbe

discussing

he um

ofthese

oods

mported

n

amphorae

nd

not

necessarily

the ntire

upply

f hem o Ostia.

That

s,

ppropriately

or conferenceedicated o

ports,

will

be concerned

nly

with

hat

art

f he

upply

mported hrough

he

port

acilitiesfOstia.

Thisdiscussion

s

based on

the

preliminary

lassification

under

my

irection

nd

with

he

help

ofEricDe Sena

of he

AAR's

Archaeology

aboratory

nd

a

team f

talian, erman,

nd

American

students)

f

hematerial

rom elected

ontexts

xcavated

n nDAI-AAR

project

etween

998

nd

2001. The37

sondages

xcavated

ere

esigned

o

provide

maximumf

nformation,

articularly

with

egard

o

dating,

or lements

dentified

hrough

on-invasive

urveying

nthe

previously

nex-

cavated

reas

f he

ity.

ecause

of heir

urpose,

hey

ended

more

o

depth

han

readth,

hich

means

hat

ften he

ingle tratigraphic

nitswere

of

imited ize.

However,

y putting ogether

several nits f imilarate,wewere bleto create umulativeroups or range fchronological

horizons.2

deally

ne

wouldwant o have

continuous

eries

fhorizons f he

ame

ength

f ime

with

imilarmounts

f

material

n

eachone.

n

practice

e

have hree

roups

f ontexts

f

roughly

similar

ize

one

for

he econd

half f he

first

entury

.D.

nd two

ess

closely

efined

roups

or

the

years

rom

80 to

350

and

from

50

to

475)

and

a

larger

ne

for

he irst alf f he econd en-

tury),

ith

gap

between 50

nd

280. Of

course,

s the

tudy

f he

pottery

rogresses,

e

hope

to

approximate

ore

losely

he

deal,

ut

even

now

we feel hat

urresultsre

worthy

f

note.

A

particular

trength

f he

resent

tudy

s ts

methodological

asis.

All

he herds ere

etained

and

examined

or ttribution

o

fabric

roups.

his

has allowed s to

proceed

with

uantification

n

various

ways:

otal herd

ount

nd total

herd

weight;

heminimum

umber f

vessels

epresented

by

he

rim herds nd

a maximum

epresented

y

thenumber

f ll

diagnostic

herds

minus

oins;

and

finally

he

stimated

essel

quivalent

alculated

n the

basisof he

percentage

f

he

rims

re-

served.

ndeed,

he

omparison

f he

esultsf

he

different

uantifications

orms

ne of he eatures

ofa paper hatwaspresentedta conferencetBarcelona n ateantique ottery.3erewe have

used

an

average

fresults

xpressed

n

percentages

f

all the

quantifications.

hat s

significant

s

that

his

material

as

collected

nd

processed

with

he ntention

f

undertaking

tatistical

nalysis

1

For

the

project

nd

previous

ibliography,

ee

Martin t

al.

2002.

2

At

the ime he

election

as made he xcavators

ad not

yet

upplied

he

hasing

f

he

tratigraphies.

herefore,

e

were ble to

base t

only pon

the

eramic ate f he

ingle

stratigraphic

nits,

whichwill

nevitably

e

superseded

n

some

cases

by

other

ating

vidence.

3

Martin nd

De Sena 2005.

http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp


3/15

106

ARCHER

MARTIN

Fig.

1.

Provenience

f

mports

t Ostia:

horizon

50-100).

Fig.

3. Provenience

f

mported

ine t Ostia:

horizon

50-100).

Fig.

2. Products

mported

t Ostia:

horizon

50-100).

Fig.

4.

Provenience

f

mported

il/

ish

auce t Ostia:

horizon

50-100).

of entire

ssemblages,

nlike hematerial rom lder xcavations

hat re still

eference

oints

n

the iteratureutwere

ubjected

o statistical

nalysis nly

s an

afterthought

ncemost

f he

body

sherds nd

possibly

thers ad beendiscarded ithout

ecording.

e

expect

he

DAI-AAR

ontexts

to

constitutehefirst

ajor

ublication

fmaterialt Ostia

to be

processed

n

this

way.

For each horizon

present

our

raphs.

irst show he

percentages

f

amphorae

f

any

ort

arriving

rom hevarious

egions

n

order

o

give

n dea of heir elativeommercial

eight

t

Os-

tia at the imenquestion. he secondgraph s ntended opoint ut what heOstianmarket as

interested

n

mportingybreaking

own he

mphorae

ccording

o their

ontents:

ine;

il and

fish

auces

grouped ogether

because

ne cannot

lways

e certain

f he

ontent,

s some

regions

exported

oth);

unknown. or the

purposes

fthese

raphs

take

nto onsideration

he

primary

contents f

the

amphorae,

s there s no immediate

ay

to

identifyossible

econdary

ontents

deriving

rom hereuse f

vessels,

which

may

nothavebeen

mportant

n

any

ase at

such

major

port

s

Ostia. The third

raph

llustrateshe

proveniences

f thewine

mphorae,

nd the

fourth

does the amefor he

ontainers or il and fish auce.



4/15

IMPORTS

AT

OSTIA IN

THE

IMPERIAL

PERIOD

AND LATE

ANTIQUITY

107

Fig.

. Provenience

f

mports

t Ostia:

horizon

(100-150).

Fig.

7.

Provenience

f

mported

ine t Ostia:

horizon

(100-150).

Fig.

6. Products

mported

t Ostia:

horizon

(100-150).

Fig.

8.

Provenience

f

mported

il/

ish

auce

t Ostia:

horizon

(100-150).

2.

The

Horizons

The first orizon

figs.

-4),

attested

y

3,367

herds

weighing

1.7

kg,

overs hehalf

entury

rom

a.d.

50

to 100.Then

taly rovides

ust

ver

quarter

f he

mphora-borneroducts

t Ostia

and

Iberia

omething

ore han

third,

ith outhern aul and NorthAfrica

xporting

esser mounts

and the astern

Mediterraneaness

yet fig.

).

Whenwe turn o the

products,

e see that here s a

somewhattrongernterestn mportingine han il or fish auce fig. ). Italys theprovenience

of the

argest

ercentage

f wine

amphorae fig.

).

Within

taly, ampania representedy

the

typical

lack-sand

abric)

nd therest f

Tyrrhenian

entral

taly

ach account or bout

half,

hile

a

slight

ontribution

omesfrom heAdriatic. outhern aul

supplies significantroportion

f

thewine

mphorae,

ith beria nd

the asternMediterranean/Blackea area

exporting

ess and

NorthAfrica ext o

nothing.

il and fish auce s much ess

variegated

n

ts

provenience:

bout

three-quarters

rom he berian

eninsula

nd

one-quarter

rom orthAfrica

fig.

).

The

secondhorizon

figs.

-8),

with

,991

herds

weighing

04.8

kg,

ates othe irst alf f he



5/15

108

ARCHER MARTIN

Fig.

9. Provenience

f

mports

t Ostia:

horizon

(280-350).

Fig.

11.

Provenience

f

mported

ine t Ostia:

horizon

(280-350).

Fig.

10. Products

mported

t Ostia:

horizon

(280-350).

Fig.

12.

Provenience

f

mported

il/fish

auce t Ostia:

horizon

(280-350).

second

entury.y

now

beriahas

gained

ignificantly

nd North frica o a lesser xtent s

suppliers

of

mphora-borne

roducts,

hile

taly

nd southern aul

bothhavedeclined

fig.

).

The

change

in

the

productsmported

s

striking:

ine tands t

only

third,

nd oil and fish auce reach

nearly

60

percent

fig.

).

Looking

t the

proveniences

fwine

mphorae,

e see ittle

hange,

owever,

essentially

nly

decline

n

winefrom beria ndan increasenthat rom he asternMediterra-

nean/Black ea area

fig.

).

The datafor

taly

ide

n

mportant

hift: ow

Campanian

ontainers

are rare tOstia,undoubtedlyecauseofthedestructionausedby he ruptionfVesuvius. he

provenience

f theoil and

fish-sauce

ontainers emains he ame as

in

the

previous

orizon:

a.

three-quarters

rom he berian

eninsula

nd

one-quarter

rom orthAfrica

fig.

).

The third

orizon

figs.

-12)

picks

p

the

tory

etween 80 and

350,

fter

gap

ofmore han

a

century.

ere

2,610

sherds

weighing

69

kg

wererecovered. he

proveniences

f the

mphora-

borne

products

re

quite

different

fig.

).

Now NorthAfrica ccounts orhalf f

them,

hile he

formerly

ominant

berian

eninsula

eclines o 16

percent.

he

percentages

or

taly

nd southern

Gaul

continue o decrease.

hose for he astern

Mediterranean,owever,

ise

ignificantly.

hat



6/15

IMPORTS

AT

OSTIA

IN THE IMPERIAL

PERIOD

AND

LATE

ANTIQUITY

109

Fig.

13.

Provenience

f

mports

t Ostia:

orizon

(350-475).

Fig.

15. Provenience

f

mported

ine t Ostia:

horizon

(350-475).

Fig.

14.

Products

mported

t Ostia:

horizon

(350-475).

Fig.

16. Provenience

f

mported

il/

ish

auce t Ostia:

horizon

(350-475).

does

not

hange

with

espect

o the

irst

alf

f he econd

entury

s the

trong

nterest

n

mporting

oil and

fish

auce,

ontainersorwhichmake

up

two-thirdsf he

ample fig.

0).

Now the astern

Mediterranean/Blackea area s

by

far

hemost

mportantupplier

fwine

n

amphorae,argely

ith

Kapitan

and

I

amphorae

f unknown ut

probably egean

r Pontic

rigin fig.

1).

taly

tself

accounts

or

he econd

argest ercentage

fwine

ontainers,

ostly

mall

lat-bottomed

mphorae

from yrrhenianentraltaly. mphorae rom outhern aul stillmakeup a significantart f the

sample,

lthoughhey

re

ssentially

esidual,

s their

roduction

nds t he

eginning

f his orizon.

The

supply

foil

and fish auce s nverted ith

espect

o the

previous

orizon: ow

three-quarters

of he ontainers

omefrom orthAfrica nd

one-quarter

rom

he berian

eninsulafig.

2).

Horizon

(figs.

3-16)

goes

from

50

to

475,

with

,165

sherds

weighing

0

kg.

Here North

Africas evenmore

mportant

s a

provenience

han

n

the

previous

orizon

fig.

3).

The eastern

Mediterranean/Blackea area sthenextmost

mportant,lthough

thas ost

ground

with

espect

to

horizon

.

Italy,

n the

ther

and,

has ncreased omewhat. he berian

eninsula

as declined



7/15

110

ARCHER MARTIN

and outhern

aul

disappeared

rom he

icture.

il and

fish

auce

till ccount or

y

far

he

argest

percentage

f he

mphora-borneroducts

fig.

4).

Somewhatmore han alf hewine

mported

n

amphorae

omes rom

he astern editerraneannd ratheress han alf rom

taly,

ith

minimal

amount

rom he berian

eninsula

fig.

5).

The

easternMediterranean/Black

ea area

no

onger

has one

major upplier

ut rather

range

f

amphorae

f different

rigins,

fwhich

alestinian

Carthage

RA

5-6

are the

most

mportant,

ollowed

yKapitan

and I

amphorae

nd

Carthage

LRA

3

fromwestern

sia Minor.

n

this asthorizonNorthAfrica

upplies

lmost ll

the

oil

and

fish auce

mported

n

amphorae

fig.

6).

The

only xception

s a small

uantity

rom

usitania.

3.

Comparisons

The

publications

f

the

mphorae

rom heTerme

el

Nuotatore

orm

he

tandard

oint

f ref-

erence or heclassat Ostia.4AlthoughheTerme el Nuotatore xcavations erenotdesigned

for

uantification

f the

ceramic

material,

ubsequent uantification

f the

diagnostic ieces

has

provided

nsight

nto he rends

n the

upply

f

amphora-borne

oods

at Ostia. This evidence s

particularly

elcome ecause

t heds

ight

n the

period

hat

s

acking

n ourevidence. or

ayers

between

he

Flavian nd Severan

eriods

he

Terme

el Nuotatore

material as been

presented

n

various

yntheses.

here s

no

equivalent

ynthetic

reatmentor he

mphorae

rom

he

main

ay-

ers

documenting

he

econd

half f

he hird

nd thefourth

enturies

t theTerme

el

Nuotatore,

although

ull etails

ave

ppeared.

The

provenience

f he

mphorae

ttestedt the

Terme

el Nuotatore

as been calculated

y

geographic

egions

imilar

o

this

tudy

ith imilar

esults.5

or the

Flavian

eriod

he hreemost

important

ources

f

amphorae

re

n

rising

mportance

taly,

Gaul,

andthe berian

peninsula,

eachwith

bout

one-quarter,

ith heNorth

African

ources

n

a

decidedly

econdary osition.

n

theHadrianic eriod here re wo mportantroveniences:

aul andthe

berian

eninsula,

hile

the

Africanources

ise o

the hird

osition

nd

taly

alls

ack to

fourth,

ith

Aegean

mphorae

making

heir

irst

ignificant

ppearance.

y

he ate

Antonine

eriod

he

berian

eninsula

nd

the

North

African

ources

re he

wo

major roups,

ith

taly

nd

Gaul

still

mportant

econdary

nes

and

the

Aegean

remaining

s

a lesser

resence.

he ate Severan

eriod

hows

he

NorthAfrican

dominating

y

far,

with he

Aegean

n

a clear

econd

place

and all

other

roveniences

f minor

importance.

n thefourth

entury

he

North

African

ources

re

evenmore

mportant,

hile he

Aegean

ontinues

s

a

decidedly

ess

mportant

econd

nd

the

ther

roveniences

re

nsignificant.

The

major

ifference

etween

he

Terme

elNuotatore

vidence

nd

the

omparable

orizons

n

our

eries

s

a

greater

mportance

f

Gaulish

mphorae

t

the

Terme

ntheFlavian

nd

Hadrianic

periods.

he

fourth-century

icture

or heTerme

el

Nuotatore

verlaps

n

part

with

ur

horizon

to

which

t s

more

imilar,

nd

to a lesser

xtent

ith

ur

horizon .The

atter

hows

diminished

importance

or

he

berian

eninsula

nd

an

increased

ne

for

taly,

ssentially

ccounted

or

y

Keay

LII amphorae, hich egin obe distributeduringhefourthentury.

The Terme

el

Nuotatore

aterial

grees

ith urs

n

howing

n

ncreasing

nterest

n

mporting

4

The

basic

bibliography

s:

Palma nd

Panella

1968;

Panella

1970;

1973a;

1973b; 1977a;

1977b;

Pavolini

977a;

1977b.

For Strato

in

Area

XVI,

dating

o the

fourth

entury,

he

most

useful

or

omparison

or his

tudy

n Ostia

V,

see

the able

ppended

o this

rticle

ith

he eelaborated

ata

from

he

able t

Manacorda

977a,

41-244,

with he

ddi-

tion

f

the

data from avolini

977a.

Other onsiderations

of he

mphora

material

rom

heTerme

el Nuotatore

ill

be cited

where

elevant.

5

See Panella

1986,

ig.

,

610,

for

synthesis.



8/15

IMPORTS

AT

OSTI

A IN THE

IMPERIAL

PERIOD AND LATE

ANTIQUITY

111

oil.6

he value or efiniteil

containersose

romess han 0

percent

n

the lavian

eriod,

o more

than 0

percent

ntheHadrianic

eriod,

o almost0

percent

ntheAntonine

eriod,

omore han

0

percent

n

the ate

Severan

eriod,

nd to somewhat

ore han alf t the

nd of he

ourth

entury.

The Terme

el

Nuotatore vidence or he

provenience

f the

wine

mported

o Ostiacorre-

sponds

o what ur vidence hows.Gaul was

the

major

xporter

f

wine o

Ostia

n

the

Hadrianic

and Antonine

eriods,

with ome

coming

rom he

Aegean.7

talian

winewas of

relatively

inor

importance

nd

derived

rom

egions reviously

ot

oncerned

ith

he rade

the

Tiber

alley

nd

Emilia)

rather han

Tyrrhenian

entral

taly.8

n the

ate Severan

eriod

Gaulishwine

was declin-

ing

n

mportance

ut tillwell

represented,

nd eastern ine

ontainersontinued

o be

attested.9

In

fourth-century

ontexts ine

mphorae

rom heEast make

up

thebulk of those

recognized.

Otherwise orthAfrica

upplied

omewine

n

containersromMauretania nd

possibly

ome

of

the eries f

mall,

lat-bottomedessels.

The situation ith

il

and

fish

auce

containers rom heTerme el Nuotatore

lso

agrees

n

general ith urmaterial.he berian eninsulas themain upplier f mportedil and fish auce

until oward he

ndof he econd

entury,lthough

frican

roducts

onstituted

strongecondary

presence,

ith

NorthAfrica

aking

ver hedominant

osition

fter

hat.10

n

the

fourth-century

contexts orth

Africas

practically

nrivaled.

The

early

ifth

entury

ayers

rom

elow heCasone

del

Sale

current

useum

nd

office uild-

ing)

t the

enter

f

the

ity elong

o

part

fthe

range

overed

y

our

horizon .11North

Africa

is the

provenience

f ome

45

percent,

hile he

East

supplies early ne-quarter.

he

only

ther

significant

ontemporary

ource

f

amphorae

s the rea of the Strait

f

Messina,

with

omewhat

lessthan

percent.

s the

African

mphorae

robably

ll

contained

il or fish

roducts

ndmost

of he

astern

mphorae

nd those

rom he trait

fMessina erved or

wine,

herelativenterest

in

mporting

il

or

fish

roducts

emainedonstant t about60

percent.

The contexts

ating

rom

he irstalf f he

ifth

entury

ntil a.

450/470

rom he xtramural

basilica tPianabella orrespondo the atterart f urhorizon.12 hethreemportantroupsre

the

ame.

Africa

eads

y

arwith

7

percent,

ut he

ontainers

romhe trait

f

Messina

re

n

econd

position

t

12

percent,

hile he astern

mphorae

ome o

4.5

percent.

ere

there

ppears

o be

an

even

greater

nterest

n

mporting

il

and fish

roducts

han

t the ther

ate ontextsxamined.

4.

Conclusion

The shifts

n

the

proveniences

f the

mphorae

nthesehorizons

orrespond

o

trends hathave

becomewellknown

hrough

arious

tudies

ocumenting

he

rigin

f

mphorae

mported

o

Ostia.

6

See

the

data

presented

by

Panella

1983,

figs.

49-50,

260-261,

for elected

il containers

those

most

ecurely

attributedo that unction,uch sDressel 0) against on-

tainers

f other ontents

i.e.,

wine nd

fish

auces,

s

well

as ess-known

nes,

ncluding ossible

il).

7

Carandini

nd

Panella

1981,

91^92,

494;

Panella

1991,

290.

8

Panella

1991,

90.

9

Carandini

nd Panella

1981,

98,

500.

10

Carandini

nd

Panella

1981,

92^94,

496-497,

98-499

seem

o ndicate

hatAfrican

mphorae

or hese

roducts

were ncreasingrom heAntonineeriod hroughhe arly

Severan

eriod

o become

dominant

n the ate

Severan r

Gordian

period;

Panella

1983,

figs.

9-50,

260-261

shows

Baetican

il as second

to

Africann the Antonine

eriod;

Panella

1991,

90-291

also

places

Baetican il

n the econd

position

ith

espect

o African

n

theAntonine

eriod.

11

Martin

993,

07-208;

Martin

005,

62-63.

12

Ciarrocchi 993.



9/15

112

ARCHER MARTIN

Amphorae

rom

yrrhenian

entral

taly iveway

irsto onesfrom he

berian

eninsula

nd then

to NorthAfrican

nes,

with moderate ise neastern ontainersn ate

ntiquity.

hus,

urdata

offer

merely

confirmationith he omfortf

more

olid

quantification.

The

change

n

emphasis

rom

mporting

ine o

mporting

il and

fish auce has

perhaps

ot

been

brought

o

sharply

nto ocus s

in this

tudy.

t

s,however,

phenomenon

ith

nteresting

implications.

he time fthe

change ccording

o our

data,

between

he econdhalf f

thefirst

century

nd thefirst alf fthe

econd,

orrespondspproximately

o the

nd of

the

production

of he

arge

wine

mphorae

f

Tyrrhenian

entral

taly

ssociated

with he lave-run

illas hat

ad

flourishedhere or everal

enturies,

hich till ominate ur

first orizon.

Discarding

he

highly nlikely ypothesis

f

sudden

rop

n

demand

orwinewith

espect

o

oil and fish aucebut

rather

ssuming

t

o haveremained

elatively

onstant

hroughout

he

period

from he irsto the

ifth

enturies,

ne

s facedwith

ccounting

or

he

rigin

f hewine o

replace

what

previously

as

supplied y

the

villas f

Tyrrhenian

entral

taly.

ere one must

emember,

aswas said at thebeginning,hat hispaperdealsonlywithproduce arriedn amphorae. he

difference ust avebeen taken

p by

wine

brought

o market

n

some

other ashion.13n the ast

few ecades t has often

een

recalled s a

general

oteof

caution hat

wine nd oil couldbe and

were

undoubtedly roduced

n

most

arts

f theMediterranean orld nd thatnot all

ended

up

transported

n

amphorae.

here s

iterary

nd

conographic

vidence

or

arrels nd skin ontain-

ers,

nd wine nd oil

moving

short

istance ithin local market ould

imply

avebeen

placed

in

miscellaneous

ontainers,

uch

s vino

fuso

till

s

today.

ur statistics

uggest

hat rom

bout

A.D. 00 a

greater

ercentage

fOstia'swine

upply

eached t

n

some

uch

way.

13

See De

Sena

2003

for

methodological

onsiderationsnd

an

attempt

o

estimate

ow

much

ofthe need

for il

the

hinterlandfRome nd

Ostia could

upply

about

ne-fifth

on

average).



10/15

IMPORTS

AT

OSTIA

IN

THE

IMPERIAL PERIOD

AND LATE

ANTIQUITY

1

3

Appendix:

trato

of

AreaXVI at theTerme elNuotatore

The tablebelow

presents

he data on the

amphorae

rom trato of Area

XVI

at the

Terme el

Nuotatore

ccording

o current enominations

nd

grouped eographically

utwithout

ny

heck-

ing

of

thematerialtself.14

14

It s basedon Manacorda

977a,

able

,

pp.

241-244

with

the

ddition f he nformationontained

n

Pavolini

977

.

I

am

extremelyrateful

o Clementina

anellaforher

help

in

establishing

he

quivalences.



11/15

114

ARCHER

MARTIN



12/15

IMPORTS

AT

OSTIA IN THE

IMPERIAL

PERIOD

AND LATE

ANTIQUITY

115



13/15

116

ARCHER

MARTIN



14/15

IMPORTS

AT

OSTIA

N THE

IMPERIAL ERIOD AND LATE

ANTIQUITY

1

7

Works ited

Carandini,

.,

and

C.

Panella,

The

Trading

onnections fRome nd

Central

taly

n

the

Late Second and

ThirdCenturies:

he

Evidence f

the

Terme el Nuotatore

xcavations, stia,

n

The

RomanWest

in

the

Third

entury:

ontributions

rom

rchaeology

nd

History,

d. A.

King

nd M.

Henig

Oxford

1981)

487-503.

Ciarrocchi, .,

Pianabella

Ostia antica).

Area

3000,

n

La Storia conomica iRoma neWalto

edioevo lia

lucedei recenticavi

rcheologici.

ttidel Seminario

oma

2-3

aprile

992,

d. L. Paroli nd P.

Delogu

(Florence 993)

215-219.

De

Sena,

E.

C,

Seeing

heTrees

nd

theForest:

oward More Refined

nderstanding

f

Socio-Cultural

Systems

n

Classical

Antiquity.

he Case ofOlive Oil inAncient

atium,

Archaeologiae.

esearch

y

Foreign

issions n

taly

(2003)

11-32.

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n

StudiMiscellanei

3,

Ostia

V Le

Terme

el

Nuotatore.cavodell

ambiente

VI

e delVarea

XV

d.

A. Carandini nd C. Panella

Rome

1977a)

116-266.

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XXV,

ed. A. Carandinind C. Panella

Rome1977b)

359-383.

Martin, .,

Ostia ntica Casone

del

Sale;

Porto

Fiumicino).

rea

,

n

La Storia

conomicaiRomaneWalto

Medioevo lia

lucedei recenti

cavi

rcheologici.

ttidel Seminario oma

2-3

aprile

992,

d. L. Paroli

andP.

Delogu

Florence

993)

206-215.

,

Variation

n

Ceramic

Assemblages

s an ndicator f

Openness

o

Trade,

n

Terra

Marique:

tudies

inHonor

f

Anna

Marguerite

cCann

n the

Receipt

f

heGoldMedal

of

he

Archaeological

nstitute

f

America,

d.

J.

Pollini

Oxford

005)

61-76.

Martin, .,

and E. C. De

Sena,

Agricultural

nd

Craft

upplies

n

Late RomanOstia:

Pottery

vidence

rom

the

DAI/AAR

Excavations,

n

LCRW 1. Late

RomanCoarse

Wares,

ooking

Wares nd

Amphorae

n

theMediterranean:

rchaeology

nd

Archaeometry,

d.

J.

Ma

Gurt

Esparraguera,.

Buxeda

Garrigos,

M. A. Cau Ontiveros

Oxford

005)

385-393.

Martin, .,

M.

Heinzelmann,

.

C. De

Sena,

M. G. Granino

Cecere,

The

Urbanistic

roject

n thePrevi-

ouslyUnexcavated reas fOstia DAI-AAR1996-2001),Memoirsf heAmerican cademyn Rome

47

(2002)

259-304.

Palma, .,

andC.

Panella,

Anfore,

n

Studi

Miscellanei

3,

Ostia

. Le Terme

el

Nuotatore.cavo

ell' mbiente

IV,

ed.

A. Carandini

nd C.

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Rome

1968)

97-116.

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Anfore,

n StudiMiscellanei

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I. Le Terme el Nuotatore.

cavodell' mbiente

,

ed. A.

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nd C. Panella

Rome

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102-156.

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Contenitori

onoansati,

n StudiMiscellanei

1,

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II. Le Terme el Nuotatore.

cavo

degli

ambienti

II,

VI, VII,

Le Terme el

Nuotatore.cavodell' mbiente e

di un

saggio

nell'area

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Carandini

ndC. Panella

Rome1973a)

460-462.

,

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n

Studi

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1,

Ostia

II.

Le

Terme el Nuotatore.cavo

degli

mbienti

II,

VI, VII,

Le Terme el

Nuotatore.cavodell mbiente

e

di

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aggio

ell'area

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ed.

A.

Carandini nd

C.

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(Rome1973b)

463-633.

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I contenitorileari

resenti

d Ostia

n

eta antonina:

nalisi

ipologica, pigrafica,

uantitativa,

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comercio

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a

antigiiedad.

egundo ongreso

nternacional

Sevilla,

4-28

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,

Oriente occidente:

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u

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egee'

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nRecherches

sur es

amphores recques,

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nd

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i eta antonina alle Terme

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Pavolini,

C,

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n

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3,

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cavo

dell'ambiente VI e dell'areaXXV,ed. A. Carandini ndC. Panella Rome1977a)113.

,

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onoansati,

nStudiMiscellanei

3,

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elNuotatore.cavo

ell'ambiente

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dellarea

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imports to ostia 1-5c

Documents