Improvement in Improvement in material material

conditions.conditions.

developmentdevelopment

Developed regions include Developed regions include South Pacific, Eastern South Pacific, Eastern

Europe, Western Europe, Europe, Western Europe, Anglo-America, and JapanAnglo-America, and Japan

Less developed regions: Less developed regions: Middle East, South Asia, Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast East Asia, and Southeast

AsiaAsia

The gap between The gap between LDCs and MDCs per LDCs and MDCs per

capita GDP iscapita GDP is

wideningwidening

On a north polar On a north polar projection, less projection, less

developed countries developed countries appear to be locatedappear to be located

in peripheral in peripheral locationslocations

gross domestic gross domestic productproduct

The value of total The value of total output of goods and output of goods and services in a country services in a country

annually annually

Countries with very Countries with very low per capita GDP low per capita GDP

such as Sudan’s $400 such as Sudan’s $400 a year in 1995 area year in 1995 are

Less developed Less developed countriescountries

Per capita GDP is not a Per capita GDP is not a good indicator of the good indicator of the

distribution wealth in a distribution wealth in a countrycountry

It is a good indicator of It is a good indicator of countries below the poverty countries below the poverty level, potential of providing level, potential of providing

all citizens with a all citizens with a comfortable life, material comfortable life, material

well being in a country, and well being in a country, and spatial distribution of global spatial distribution of global

wealthwealth

Examples of primary Examples of primary sector activities:sector activities:

Agriculture, mining, Agriculture, mining, fishing, loggingfishing, logging

Processing of Processing of computer computer

information is an information is an example of a example of a

tertiary sector activity tertiary sector activity

Tertiary sector activities Tertiary sector activities include government, include government,

banking, retail, banking, retail, information systems, and information systems, and

producer servicesproducer services

Secondary sector jobs would include

construction and manufacturing jobs

Less develop countries Less develop countries have a higher level have a higher level

workers in which sector workers in which sector of the economy?of the economy?

primaryprimary

Provision of goods Provision of goods and services falls and services falls

under the under the

Tertiary sector of the Tertiary sector of the economyeconomy

Employment is Employment is increasing in more increasing in more developed countries developed countries in the _______ sectorin the _______ sector

tertiarytertiary

China has a large China has a large percentage of it’s percentage of it’s

population involved population involved in agriculture, this in agriculture, this

indicates thatindicates that most people must most people must

produce food for their produce food for their own survivalown survival..

What effect does What effect does access to more access to more

technology have on technology have on MDCs?MDCs?

People are more People are more productiveproductive

value addedvalue added

The value of a The value of a product minus the product minus the

costs of raw materials costs of raw materials and energy.and energy.

Today, European Today, European countries obtain raw countries obtain raw

materialsmaterials

through the purchase through the purchase from less developed from less developed

countriescountries

In less developed In less developed countries, consumer countries, consumer

goods are only goods are only available to theavailable to the

minority who have enough minority who have enough wealth to purchase such wealth to purchase such

items as telephones, items as telephones, televisions, and motor televisions, and motor

vehiclesvehicles..

MDCs have higher rates of MDCs have higher rates of these educational these educational

characteristics: literacy characteristics: literacy rates, teachers per pupil, rates, teachers per pupil,

number of years attending number of years attending school, and spending per school, and spending per

student.student.MDCs spend a lower MDCs spend a lower

percentage of GDP on percentage of GDP on education than LDCseducation than LDCs

Infant mortality, Infant mortality, literacy rate, natural literacy rate, natural increase rate and age increase rate and age

structure are indicators structure are indicators of a country’s of a country’s development.development.

Crude death rate is Crude death rate is not an indicatornot an indicator

The following are not The following are not major health care major health care

problems in Africa and problems in Africa and Asia: high ratio of nurses Asia: high ratio of nurses and doctors to patients, and doctors to patients,

inadequate supply of inadequate supply of calories and proteins, calories and proteins,

defective drugs, lack of defective drugs, lack of social security benefits for social security benefits for

the elderly.the elderly.Low literacy rates is a Low literacy rates is a major problemmajor problem

Correlating economic, Correlating economic, social, and social, and

demographic indicators demographic indicators of development shows of development shows

thatthatdifferent indicators of different indicators of

development are development are associated with each associated with each

otherother

LDCs have the following LDCs have the following characteristics: lower characteristics: lower percentage of elderly, percentage of elderly, higher percentage of higher percentage of

children under the age of children under the age of fifteen, higher crude birth fifteen, higher crude birth

rates, and shorter life rates, and shorter life expectancy.expectancy.

LDCs do not have lower LDCs do not have lower dependency ratesdependency rates

The Anglo-American The Anglo-American region is world’s leading region is world’s leading provider entertainment, provider entertainment,

food, financial and food, financial and management services, management services,

and sports and sports Petroleum would not be a Petroleum would not be a major raw material of the major raw material of the Anglo-American regionAnglo-American region

The more The more developed region developed region that displays the that displays the

most homogeneity most homogeneity is is

Anglo-AmericaAnglo-America

Relative lack of raw Relative lack of raw materials materials

distinguishes distinguishes Anglo-America Anglo-America

fromfromWestern EuropeWestern Europe

Under communism, Eastern Under communism, Eastern Europe was characterized by Europe was characterized by

government decisions on government decisions on national economies, most national economies, most social and demographic social and demographic

indicators became indicators became comparable to Western comparable to Western

Europe, investment in heavy Europe, investment in heavy industries, and favorable industries, and favorable

balances between population balances between population and resources.and resources.Specialization in consumer-Specialization in consumer-

oriented products was not a oriented products was not a characteristiccharacteristic

The major asset of The major asset of Eastern Europe isEastern Europe is

Abundant reserves of Abundant reserves of raw materialsraw materials

Japan’s principal Japan’s principal asset for asset for

promoting promoting development wasdevelopment was

an abundant supply of an abundant supply of laborlabor

Why does the Middle Why does the Middle East show promise of East show promise of

becoming more becoming more developed?developed?

petroleum reservespetroleum reserves

Where are most of the Where are most of the petroleum reserves in the petroleum reserves in the

Middle East located?Middle East located?

Clustered primarily in Clustered primarily in the Persian (Arabian) the Persian (Arabian)

Gulf StatesGulf States

The highest level of The highest level of development within development within

Latin America is Latin America is found infound in

Southern South Southern South AmericaAmerica

The less developed The less developed region with the region with the

highest percentage highest percentage of people living in of people living in

urban areas isurban areas is

Latin AmericaLatin America

After 1949 the Chinese After 1949 the Chinese people were subjected people were subjected to increasing amounts to increasing amounts of emphasis on rural of emphasis on rural

life, government life, government assignment of specific assignment of specific

task to farmers, task to farmers, distribution of food distribution of food

according to need, and according to need, and control of agricultural control of agricultural

land.land.There was no fear of There was no fear of faminefamine

Population was Population was traditionally low in traditionally low in

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia because of because of

inhospitableinhospitable environmentenvironment

Agricultural output Agricultural output in South Asia in South Asia

depends primarily depends primarily onon

arrival of the arrival of the monsoon.monsoon.

Development prospects Development prospects are limited in Sub-are limited in Sub-

Saharan Africa because Saharan Africa because of colonial legacy, of colonial legacy, capacity of land to capacity of land to

produce food, produce food, overworked land and overworked land and declining output, and declining output, and

poor leadership.poor leadership.Lack of monsoon rains Lack of monsoon rains are not a factorare not a factor

According to According to Rostow’s Rostow’s

development model, development model, the process of the process of

development begins development begins whenwhen

an elite group an elite group initiates innovative initiates innovative

activities.activities.

According to the According to the international trade international trade

approach to development, approach to development, a country should identify a country should identify

the following assets: the following assets: international consumer international consumer

preferences, high quality preferences, high quality manufactured goods, manufactured goods, abundant agricultural abundant agricultural

products, and abundant products, and abundant mineral resources.mineral resources.Imports to be limited Imports to be limited

should not be identifiedshould not be identified

Unequal Unequal distribution of distribution of

resources resources is the biggest is the biggest

problem in problem in promoting through promoting through the international the international trade alternative. trade alternative.

Saudi Arabia has Saudi Arabia has successfully successfully

employed the employed the international trade international trade

alternative primarily alternative primarily because ofbecause of

petroleum reservespetroleum reserves

The following are economic The following are economic changes in China during the 21changes in China during the 21stst

century: China is now the century: China is now the world’s largest market for world’s largest market for

personal consumer products, personal consumer products, their manufacturing is driving their manufacturing is driving

down prices on consumer goods down prices on consumer goods world wide, low factory wages world wide, low factory wages are driving down wages world are driving down wages world wide, and their manufacturing wide, and their manufacturing

sector is now the world’s second sector is now the world’s second largest.largest.China is not a leading China is not a leading

banking center in Asiabanking center in Asia

The self-sufficiency The self-sufficiency approach to approach to developmentdevelopment

Spreads investment Spreads investment through all sectors of through all sectors of

the economythe economy

Traditional barriers Traditional barriers to international to international investment have investment have

includedincluded

Requiring licenses for Requiring licenses for importersimporters..

In recent years, In recent years, countries such as countries such as

IndiaIndia

Embraced the Embraced the international trade international trade

modelmodel

The following are indicators The following are indicators of global gender inequality: of global gender inequality: female literacy is much lower female literacy is much lower than males in Sub-Saharan than males in Sub-Saharan

Africa, women hold less that Africa, women hold less that one-forth of managerial jobs one-forth of managerial jobs in LDCs, women have much in LDCs, women have much lower incomes than men in lower incomes than men in LDCs, women on average LDCs, women on average

have two-thirds of the have two-thirds of the income of men in MDCs.income of men in MDCs.Female life-expectancy is less Female life-expectancy is less

than males in every country of than males in every country of the world is not an indicator of the world is not an indicator of

global gender inequalityglobal gender inequality..

The principal benefit of The principal benefit of the self-sufficiency the self-sufficiency

approach is to promoteapproach is to promote

balancedbalanced growth of all growth of all economic sectors.economic sectors.

Protection of workers’ Protection of workers’ rights is a high priority rights is a high priority

for multinational for multinational corporationscorporations

is not a characteristic is not a characteristic of the Fair Trade of the Fair Trade

movement.movement.

The biggest problem The biggest problem faced by less developed faced by less developed countries in financing countries in financing

development isdevelopment is

InabilityInability to pay loans.to pay loans.

What do critics charge What do critics charge are some effects of are some effects of

Structural Adjustment Structural Adjustment Programs for Programs for

refinancing loans to refinancing loans to LDCs?LDCs?

Workers in state Workers in state enterprises losing their enterprises losing their

jobs and support for jobs and support for dependent citizens dependent citizens

being cut.being cut.