improving gas turbine performance with water … · mee industries inc, gas turbine division...

MEE INDUSTRIES INC, GAS TURBINE DIVISION

IMPROVING GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE WITH WATER FOGGING SYSTEMS

ASME/API/ISO Gas Lift Workshop

February 15, 2006

Dara Masani


204 West Pomona Ave, Monrovia, CA 91016

www.meefog.com


• Introduction

Presentation outlinePresentation outline

MEE Industries, Inc. 204 West Pomona Avenue, Monrovia, California 91016, Tel. (800) 732-5364, Fax. (626) 359-4660, URL: www.meefog.com

Gas turbine inlet air fogging principlesGas turbine inlet air fogging principles

Psychrometrics of Inlet Fogging

Effects of Gas Turbine Inlet Configuration

Practical ConsiderationsPractical ConsiderationsExperimental Results and AnalysisExperimental Results and Analysis

ConclusionConclusion


• Increased output

• Improved heat rate

• NOx reduction

• Longer compressor wash intervals

• Easy to specify and install

• Simple to service and maintain

• Field tested, proven technology

• Rapid project execution

• Excellent return on investment

• Increased process production

Benefits of MeeFog


T

H

DrainSilencer

Drain

Drain

Fog Nozzle Manifolds

Fog Pump Skid


Inlet Air Fogging - Basic Concept

Air FilterHousing

Gas Turbine

Temperature

Humidity

Drain

Fog Pump Skid

Fog Nozzle Manifolds Fog evaporates

& cools the air

De-min water

Cooler inlet air reduces compressor sp.work increased output.

Compressor moves a constant volume of air ...

Cooler air is denser. More mass = more output.

Inlet Fogging Power Boost


Typical MeeFog Installation

Oversized Inlet Water Filter (0.35 micron)

Fog Pump Skid with 5 Pumps

High Pressure Feed Lines (stainless steel tube)

Motor Control Center with Computer and Operator

Interface Panel and Weather Station



Mee Fog nozzle manifolds are designed to avoid air-flow

induced vibration using proprietary software.



Nozzle Manifolds are installed in one cross sectional plane in the inlet duct.

Nuts and fittings tack-welded to avoid FOD.

High-pressure tube system meets operating pressure requirements

of ANSI B31.1 and B31.3

Feed lines from pump skid allow for staged

fog water output.

Stainless steel strut supports, welded to duct wall. Tube

clamps with vibration absorbing cushions.

Fog nozzles safety wired to manifolds.

Tube fittings: 316 stainless steel

compression type.


Pump Components

Pressure Regulator

Pulsation Dampener

High Pressure

Gage

Ceramic Plunger Pump

Stainless Steel Pump Head


Pump Skid

Pressure Regulator

Pulsation Dampener

Inlet Solenoid Valve

Inlet Pressure Switch Discharge Pressure Switch

High Pressure Gauge

Stainless Steel Pump Head


Inlet Filter Components

Flow Sensor

Inlet water port

Inlet Filter Gauge

Wing nuts


Control Systems

PLC computes cooling potential, controls fog

cooling stages, manages pump rotation, etc.

Weather sensors measure ambient temperature and relative humidity.

Flow meter displays total water flow.

FEATURES AVAILABLE

•PART LOAD CONTROL

• Flow related adjustments


Installation Photographs


Effect of CIT on Power, Flow, and Heat Rate


Mee Fog Evaporative Cooling

Gas Turbine

Drain

Fog Pump Skid

De-min water

Almost no fog droplets enter the compressor

The Mee Fog Advantage ...

• Easy to retrofit (1 to 2 days downtime)

• Very small pressure drop

• Adjustable cooling

• 100% effective evaporative cooling

Temperature

Humidity


Fog Intercooling

T

H

Drain

De-min water

Un-evaporated fog enters compressor & reduces work of compression

Power Boost from Fog Intercooling is about 5-10% for every 1% (weight) of air mass flow

water injected.

Drain

Control System Injects more fog than will

evaporate in the duct


Typical Daily Weather

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

65°F

70°F

75°F

80°F

85°F

Relative Humidity

Dew Point Temperature

Evaporative Cooling Potential 16° F (9° C)

Dry Bulb Temperature

90°F

95°F

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

30%8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00

Wet Bulb Temp

35°C

30°C

25°C

20°C


W B and D B A ver ag e C o r r e la t io ns

0

5

1 0

1 5

20

25

30

35

40

0 5 1 0 1 5 20 25 30 35

D r y B ul b T e mp, D e g C

Correlation of WB and DB temperatures-averaged dataDaily variation of dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures

20

25

30

35

40

0 5 10 15 20 25

Time of the day (hours)

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

25

35

45

55

65

75

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity (%

)

DB (ºC) WB (ºC) RH (%)

Required data: Coincident dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures

Common errors include:

1. Providing average data instead of coincident data

2. Using the max relative humidity and the max dry bulb instead of coincident data

Usable data Unusable data


15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168Time (Hours)

DB

T, W

BT

(ºC

)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity (%

)

DB (ºC) WB (ºC) RHData taken in Riyadh, KSA between 10 and 17 of July 1991

Max of 23 ºC of cooling

Evaporative cooling area

Min of 5 ºC of cooling


ANALYSIS OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST- DUBAI

MEE INDUSTRIES INC, GAS TURBINE DIVISIONEquivalent Cooling Degree Hours (ECDH, °C.hr) by wet bulb depression groupings. Minimum wet bulb temperature at 12.8°C.

Country, City 0-5. 5-10. 10-15. 15-20. > 20.Algeria, Dar El Beida 9666 9934 1382 173 2Argentina, Buenos Aires 9021 10422 1019 5 0Australia, Adelaide 4630 12048 6138 1373 62Australia, Melbourne 3600 7172 2849 664 36Australia, Sydney 13327 8522 832 176 8Austria, Salzburg 2939 6522 418 5 0Bahamas, Nassan 23427 4260 0 0 0Bermuda, Bermuda 26897 1298 0 0 0Brazil, Belem 13408 5694 2 0 0Brazil, Rio De Janeiro 15727 11643 1903 17 0Burma, Rangoon 13757 9962 4907 70 0Canada, Halifax 4051 2101 14 0 0Canada, Montreal 5203 4701 0 0 0Canada, Ottawa 4409 5681 80 0 0Canada, Toronto 4550 5417 59 0 0Canada, Vancouver 6535 1272 1 0 0Chile, Pudahuel 2885 12404 6149 68 0China, Beijing 6005 10907 1207 54 0China, Hong Kong 23809 2082 0 0 0China, Shanghai 10938 1906 8 0 0Costa Rica, San Jose 15063 13124 179 5 0Cuba, Havana 16028 7606 3 0 0Dominican, Caucedo 18687 2843 0 0 0Egypt, Alexandria 14453 12240 380 116 2Egypt, Cairo 7919 17423 14216 2411 159El Salvador, San Salvador 13195 12808 808 0 0

Country, City 0-5. 5-10. 10-15. 15-20. > 20.France, Lyon 5155 6414 1085 40 0France, Marseille 8234 9460 506 6 0France, Paris 4874 5370 437 0 0Germany, Berlin 3521 5987 708 10 0Germany, Frankfurt 3872 5830 869 3 0Germany, Munich 2856 5033 269 2 0Germany, Stuttgart 3040 5164 412 2 0Greece, Athens 6647 18772 4262 203 0Greece/Crete, Khania 8732 15144 4039 519 8Greece, Larissa 5569 12259 7481 846 52Guatemala, Guatemala 12214 12540 524 2 0Honduras, Tegucigalpa 12965 17437 2413 7 0Hungary, Budapest 4152 8815 971 0 0India, Bombay 18844 16982 1727 87 6India, Calcutta 13033 15425 1048 114 0India, Delhi 9218 24740 10229 5458 1139India, Hyderabad 12782 23898 12841 6964 110India, Madras 14881 17874 3495 205 0Iran, Tehran 0 617 19861 19726 3789Iraq, Baghdad 22 12781 23710 18502 12200Ireland, Dublin 3467 219 0 0 0Israel, Tel Aviv 16443 9579 423 197 3Italy, Milano 6267 7226 34 2 0Italy, Naples 8304 7485 286 2 0Italy, Venezia 8209 4431 4 0 0Ivory Cost, Abidjan 16704 472 17 5 0



Country, City 0-5. 5-10. 10-15. 15-20. > 20.Jamaica, Kingston 21025 14632 0 0 0Japan, Fukuoka 10954 4992 43 0 0Japan, Nagasaki 13161 1723 7 0 0Japan, Osaka 9931 8428 104 0 0Japan, Tokyo 11070 6530 49 0 0Jordan, Amman 2345 16153 14609 1654 6Korea, Inchon 9148 1786 17 0 0Korea, Pusan 11968 550 0 0 0Korea, Seoul 8318 5966 5 0 0Lebanon, Beirut 18019 7648 411 85 11Libya, Tripoli 8311 16585 8366 3148 105Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 12483 10429 19 0 0Morocco, Rabat 14595 2255 564 82 6Netherlands, Amsterdam 4558 1600 55 0 0Netherlands, H. V. Holland 5074 772 64 6 0Netherlands, Soesterberg 3802 3532 197 0 0Netherlands, Volkel 4268 3361 197 0 0New Zealand, Wellington 6561 443 0 0 0Nicaragua, Managua 13228 17250 3112 0 0Norway, Oslo 1385 4461 309 0 0Pakistan, Karachi 13618 25195 5424 594 32Panama, Tocumen 14664 8362 1 0 0Paraguay, Asuncion 15685 15354 1931 29 0Peru, Lima 17158 1069 0 0 0Philippines, Manila 20330 8247 13 0 0

Country, City 0-5. 5-10. 10-15. 15-20. > 20.Poland, Warsaw 4030 4103 102 0 0Portugal, Lisbon 9572 8067 1943 113 0Puerto Rico, San Juan 20502 10015 8 0 0Russia, Moscow 3038 3780 57 0 0Saudia Arabia, Dhahran 7821 21525 18775 12128 2920Saudia Arabia, Riyadh 0 1804 25904 32322 32566Singapore, Singapore 14181 4068 0 0 0Spain, Barcelona 11156 1534 8 0 0Spain, Cordoba 5920 13155 7324 2678 12Spain, Madrid 1989 11307 8956 807 0Spain, Sevilla 7039 14087 8566 2040 4Sweden, Stockholm 2066 3783 125 0 0Switzerland, Geneva 3130 6738 621 0 0Taiwan, Taipei 16937 3916 8 0 0Thailand, Bangkok 15991 18972 568 0 0Tunisia, Tunis 10683 11107 1808 160 29Turkey, Ankara 695 7366 6648 594 2Turkey, Istanbul 7732 8276 296 6 0Turkey, Izmir 6887 14857 5659 159 0UK, Edinburgh 2517 656 6 0 0UK, London Heathrow 4329 3888 258 0 0UK, London Gatwick 3778 2861 151 0 0Uruguay, Carrasco 12239 3727 335 0 0Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh 15677 13359 219 0 0Yugoslavia, Belgrade 5552 8397 960 34 0


Country, City Ann. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.Algeria, Dar El Beida 21331 245 367 834 1256 2021 2642 3270 3369 2942 2348 1407 630Argentina, Buenos Aires 20370 3580 2659 2391 1473 763 274 261 467 894 1759 2540 3309Australia, Adelaide 23134 4149 4046 3483 2113 887 170 11 86 394 1614 2600 3581Australia, Melbourne 14004 2837 2729 2316 1178 358 27 4 21 236 758 1390 2151Australia, Sydney 21490 2699 2419 2314 2200 1489 399 101 268 1391 2590 2661 2961Austria, Salzburg 9564 0 0 20 85 1047 1878 2579 2416 1272 268 0 0Bahamas, Nassan 27894 2112 2053 2512 2684 2547 2251 2550 2300 2242 2277 2147 2219Bermuda, Bermuda 28194 1969 1540 1779 2324 2347 2161 2532 2871 2765 2789 2730 2385Brazil, Belem 18543 1239 957 1057 1057 1385 1715 1871 1960 1906 1911 1859 1625Brazil, Rio De Janeiro 29738 2883 2716 2587 2285 2096 2081 2265 2485 2382 2609 2649 2699Burma, Rangoon 28702 3671 3879 4129 3942 2366 924 863 830 1111 1588 2257 3143Canada, Halifax 6495 0 0 2 28 336 1413 1904 1752 871 168 20 1Canada, Kamloops 15242 0 0 0 87 917 2992 4826 4538 1798 83 2 0Canada, Montreal 10204 0 0 2 132 1121 2343 2797 2377 1154 251 28 0Canada, Ottawa 10690 0 0 5 181 1107 2508 3043 2509 1080 234 23 0Canada, Toronto 10699 0 0 20 232 1008 2360 2957 2478 1298 298 45 3Canada, Vancouver 7496 0 0 0 65 552 1354 2132 2057 1158 172 7 0Chile, Pudahuel 21158 4072 3361 2955 1580 498 91 44 265 595 1551 2563 3583China, Beijing 17051 0 0 0 551 3847 4105 2623 2392 2775 758 0 0China, Hong Kong 26221 1529 1299 1531 1735 1945 2106 2406 2447 2736 3300 3004 2184China, Shanghai 12894 2 47 109 894 1991 1669 1889 1938 1911 1804 587 54Colombia, Bogota 8394 729 876 1044 936 968 733 131 156 272 792 847 910Costa Rica, San Jose 28680 3406 3297 3665 3277 2031 1555 1994 1911 1332 1448 1912 2851Crete, Khania 28161 49 55 213 1367 3451 4887 5192 4931 3848 2616 1190 364Cuba, Havana 24076 1889 1874 2361 2534 2360 1955 2040 2001 1716 1724 1750 1873Dominican, Caucedo 21988 1847 1826 2090 2085 1842 1880 1960 1956 1644 1618 1550 1687Ecuador, Quito 1400 270 270 298 376 44 6 10 2 5 6 9 103



Country, City Ann. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.Egypt, Alexandria 27462 602 730 1336 2609 3061 3043 2916 3122 3266 3051 2412 1313Egypt, Cairo 41696 77 325 2045 4908 6106 5990 5035 4719 4544 4207 2865 876El Salvador, San Salvador 27213 3209 3200 3304 2922 1943 1490 1718 1546 1294 1625 2204 2757France, Lyon 12904 0 0 33 216 1326 2213 3306 3295 1841 640 30 5France, Marseille 18192 0 9 98 296 2158 3251 4212 3909 2635 1321 267 35France, Paris 10512 0 0 23 181 960 1881 2756 2833 1439 391 47 1Germany, Berlin 10300 0 0 0 114 1122 2004 2937 2866 1007 249 0 1Germany, Frankfurt 10392 0 0 7 131 1108 1970 2880 2803 1250 238 4 0Germany, Munich 8102 0 0 2 29 833 1495 2318 2216 1012 197 0 0Germany, Stuttgart 8669 0 0 4 42 802 1587 2460 2424 1103 245 2 0Greece, Athens 29900 64 88 223 1074 3254 4545 6022 6106 4669 2722 849 283Greece, Larissa 25179 5 5 145 752 2767 4746 5670 5176 3761 1845 288 19Guatemala, Guatemala 25076 2131 2227 2735 2803 2448 1694 1968 1813 1479 1837 1913 2030Honduras, Tegucigalpa 33254 2652 2979 4016 3971 3252 2408 2643 2643 2266 2075 2045 2304Hungary, Budapest 13946 0 0 31 206 1779 2670 3493 3443 1901 422 1 0India, Bombay 37751 4142 4094 4223 3305 3268 2257 1526 1506 1749 3108 4184 4390India, Calcutta 29665 2596 2963 3959 3275 2757 1913 1549 1460 1555 2272 2726 2641India, Delhi 51216 751 1900 4897 7806 8976 6984 3423 2898 3791 4931 3397 1462India, Hyderabad 56761 4329 5193 7353 7841 8251 4465 2841 2431 2785 3577 3706 3987India, Madras 36921 2485 2497 3030 3066 4177 4704 3928 3645 2899 2279 1937 2276Iran, Tehran 41226 0 0 0 156 3106 8956 10968 10879 6779 381 1 0Iraq, Baghdad 66801 41 202 1670 5027 8496 10760 11934 10943 9487 5937 2054 250Ireland, Dublin 3730 0 0 0 11 125 662 1233 1077 486 117 19 1Israel, Tel Aviv 26449 325 434 1436 2708 2689 2679 2846 3125 3272 3280 2659 997Italy, Milano 13495 0 2 48 370 2012 2693 3129 2766 1816 646 14 0Italy, Naples 15945 24 9 176 728 2167 2513 3050 2941 2185 1535 491 126Italy, Venezia 12508 0 0 14 313 1869 2285 2802 2665 1785 731 44 1



Country, City Ann. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.Ivoiry Cost, Abidjan 16925 1692 1372 1565 1646 1578 1325 1099 906 948 1338 1694 1763Jamaica, Kingston 35775 3033 2716 3089 3064 3062 3179 3437 3070 2704 2673 2677 3072Japan, Fukuoka 16111 13 35 95 1120 2367 2190 2352 2856 2386 2098 555 43Japan, Nagasaki 15405 15 32 108 1058 2106 1864 2054 2675 2443 2292 700 59Japan, Osaka 18271 0 7 38 999 2681 2817 2897 3389 2811 2082 533 16Japan, Tokyo 17307 7 14 40 965 2636 2446 2688 3062 2769 2266 389 23Jordan, Amman 32838 3 8 122 964 3873 5931 6199 5980 5408 4001 329 19Korea, Inchon 10895 0 0 0 153 1594 2050 1741 2062 2191 1058 46 0Korea, Pusan 12494 0 8 8 585 2025 1815 1507 2041 2265 1922 307 10Korea, Seoul 13518 0 0 0 439 2346 2684 2041 2329 2400 1234 45 0Lebanon, Beirut 26717 278 476 1236 2397 2623 2815 3062 3076 3608 3552 2608 988Libya, Tripoli 35984 244 620 1710 3030 4602 4993 5087 4954 4274 3582 2103 786Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 21914 1979 1913 1967 1659 1750 1912 1971 2131 1809 1686 1434 1703Mexico, Mexico 18768 5 2 316 975 3287 3450 2693 2699 2498 2038 804 0Morocco, Rabat 17497 500 681 1060 1351 1831 1892 2125 2137 2009 1783 1378 750Netherlands, Amsterdam 6104 0 0 4 93 686 1110 1565 1675 759 201 9 0Netherlands, H. V. Holland 5702 0 1 18 99 641 827 1382 1566 866 293 10 0Netherlands, Soesterberg 7321 0 0 5 82 703 1277 2026 2074 915 233 6 0Netherlands, Volkel 7672 0 0 5 130 830 1447 2050 2037 929 238 5 0New zealand, Wellington 7288 1602 1384 1225 646 227 39 1 1 61 227 534 1341Nicaragua, Managua 33984 3351 3571 4307 4382 3372 1974 2110 2220 1916 1766 2156 2858Norway, Oslo 6328 0 0 0 11 333 1300 2482 2035 165 1 0 0Pakiston, Karachi 44726 2707 3742 4785 4381 3885 3359 2748 2530 2976 5167 4792 3652Panama, Tocumen 23012 2653 2773 3225 2777 1730 1320 1466 1466 1231 1166 1275 1931Paraguay, Asuncion 33315 3506 2837 2995 2315 1854 1684 2139 2750 3013 3319 3409 3495



Country, City Ann. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.Peru, Lima 18664 1924 1736 1862 1505 1369 1351 1375 1328 1290 1492 1598 1834Philippines, Manila 28836 2462 2567 3251 3378 3096 2295 2008 1860 1729 1908 2063 2219Poland, Warsaw 8308 0 0 0 176 1130 1761 2167 2140 761 173 0 0Portugal, Lisbon 19127 110 151 549 992 1855 2744 3542 3543 2990 1745 661 244Puerto Rico, San Juan 30917 2567 2495 2983 2884 2624 2560 2560 2594 2402 2434 2314 2501Russia, Moscow 6550 0 0 0 20 894 1657 2021 1505 448 4 0 0Saudia Arabia, Dhahran 63262 1215 1756 3387 5398 7953 9430 9416 8466 6258 4823 3261 1899Saudia Arabia, Riyadh 91256 412 543 2973 7999 11921 13428 14664 14426 12060 8183 3635 1013Singapore, Singapore 17313 1595 1498 1708 1402 1439 1485 1546 1632 1377 1428 1040 1162Spain, Barcelona 12546 4 28 80 485 1361 1933 2391 2337 2015 1365 485 62Spain, Cordoba 29448 27 167 796 1433 2870 4147 5847 6085 4618 2457 782 218Spain, Madrid 23415 0 1 111 380 1779 4087 6088 5823 3804 1211 129 3Spain, Sevilla 31874 87 343 1127 1901 3404 4435 5879 5650 4539 2842 1239 428Sweden, Stockholm 5871 0 0 0 22 394 1189 2269 1786 200 10 0 0Switzerland, Geneva 10661 0 0 4 18 867 2001 3107 2930 1430 303 2 0Taiwan, Taipei 20945 1031 902 1204 1579 1737 2006 2637 2511 2236 2049 1670 1384Thailand, Bangkok 35935 3574 3103 3314 3347 2939 2770 2813 2768 2301 2425 2971 3611Tunisia, Tunis 24166 222 283 721 1348 2687 3508 4216 3998 3078 2240 1324 541Turkey, Ankara 15526 0 0 0 105 970 2634 4494 4691 2251 380 0 0Turkey, Istanbul 16220 0 0 13 364 1776 2995 3413 3270 2696 1402 290 0Turkey, Izmir 28045 32 69 313 1507 3325 4789 5647 5219 3912 2240 781 211England, Edinburgh 3196 0 0 0 15 83 494 1103 1073 340 86 2 0England, London Heathraw 8568 0 0 4 82 544 1553 2419 2409 1176 329 51 1England, London Gatweek 6755 0 0 2 42 428 1190 1979 1946 901 234 32 0Uruguay, Carrasco 16244 2739 2093 2039 1313 661 261 247 448 722 1340 1861 2520Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh 29772 3189 3142 3512 3172 2637 1951 1895 1903 1775 1750 2146 2702Yugoslavia, Belgrade 14885 0 9 135 538 2082 2422 3118 3289 2324 897 66 6


MEE INDUSTRIES INC, GAS TURBINE DIVISIONEquivalent Cooling Degree Hours (ECDH, °C.hr) by Wet Bulb depression groupings. Minimum Wet Bulb Temp at 12.8°C

Temperature Range , °CLocation Country, City

0--2 2--9 9--17 >17 Total Yearly Hours

UAE, Abu Dhabi 1807 4497 1602 283 8189UAE, Dubai 1295 5310 1460 133 8197UAE, Ras EL Khaymah 1397 4441 1983 303 8124

UAE, Sharjah 1647 4210 1778 217 7853

KT, Kuwait 486 1414 2316 1912 6128OM, Al Khasab 1013 6153 1191 240 8597OM, Fahud 505 2321 2924 1639 7389OM, Muscat 1124 5416 1796 268 8605

OM, Salalah 2674 5071 492 21 8257

QT, Doha 1427 4422 1743 356 7948SA, Abha 996 2517 1089 5 4607SA, Al Ahsa 351 1778 2829 1613 6571SA, Alqasim 144 726 2121 1921 4912SA, At Taif 405 2966 2969 186 6526SA, Hafar Al Batin 177 639 2144 2240 5199SA, Jedah 1013 5985 1491 55 8544SA, Khamis Mushait 645 2371 1446 26 4488SA, Mecca 378 4415 3275 531 8599SA, Medina 55 748 2839 2607 6249SA, Nejran 120 986 2742 1729 5577SA, Qizan 892 7563 262 0 8717SA, Rafha 129 656 2618 1441 4844SA, Tabuk 29 885 2339 1018 4272SA, Turayf 61 960 2164 510 3695

SA, Uanbu Al Bahr 804 5455 1962 118 8338

Availability of Yearly Cooling Hours with a Range of WBD (°C)


MWBT=12.8 ºC

Month Country, City

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total For Year

UAE, Abu Dhabi 2081 2317 3638 4764 6154 5280 5873 5517 4905 4286 3321 2609 50745UAE, Dubai 2241 2255 3411 4530 5942 5155 5673 5690 4722 4359 3733 2884 50595UAE Ras EL Khaymah 2146 2273 3631 5274 7076 6525 6855 6367 5294 4684 3488 2599 56212

UAE Sharjah 2069 2166 3432 4940 6123 5493 6238 5708 4754 4241 3355 2477 50996

KT, Kuwait 235 617 2252 5987 9590 11186 11788 11546 9624 6624 2752 709 72911OM, Al Khasab 2950 2352 4028 5556 6305 5100 4726 4551 4334 4627 4127 3315 51972OM, Fahud 2476 2695 5443 8339 9832 9401 8822 9483 7619 7941 5489 3431 80969OM, Muscat 2968 2821 4206 6322 7927 6941 5406 3873 4307 5171 3801 3725 57468

OM, Salalah 3420 3064 3681 3286 2678 1964 1141 972 1798 3363 4582 4204 34151

QT, Doha 1481 1586 3100 4905 7259 7758 6856 6132 4650 4322 3332 2136 53517SA, Abha 408 518 1513 2084 3611 4639 4921 4337 3351 1490 865 561 28297SA, Al Ahsa 821 1301 3562 6140 9755 10730 11340 10597 9198 7577 3767 1472 76261SA, Alqasim 444 702 2243 5194 8799 9819 10545 10634 8992 6405 2499 818 67094SA, At Taif 1373 1430 3100 4333 6410 8364 8542 8219 7481 4893 2862 1779 58787SA, Hafar Al Batin 170 555 1969 5798 9494 10757 11885 11786 10338 6918 2454 562 72687SA, Jeddah 3644 3345 4271 4776 5104 5446 5762 5134 3761 3876 3841 3810 52771SA, Khamis Mushait 490 773 1906 2558 4120 5061 5509 4965 3722 1652 1003 600 32359SA, Mecca 3945 3883 5673 6738 8051 8800 9190 8598 7164 6208 4379 3985 76612SA, Medina 1402 1865 4307 7445 10729 11750 12115 12015 11404 9040 4774 2203 89048SA, Nejran 1679 2654 4768 5995 9204 9793 10640 10937 8479 4787 2436 1699 73071SA, Qizan 2658 2543 3006 3634 4165 4160 4685 4348 3809 3849 3180 2686 42724SA, Rafha 106 381 1390 4592 8300 9961 10938 10759 9539 6326 1916 233 64442SA, Tabuk 92 252 1077 3528 6302 8751 9963 9720 8147 5112 1403 290 54637SA, Turayf 2 35 373 1879 4679 7334 8890 8749 7067 3844 658 43 43553

SA, Uanbu Al Bahr 3138 2984 4214 5303 5772 5646 5539 6490 5222 4542 4205 3576 56631

Available Yearly and Monthly ECDH


Important Fog System Design Considerations

Gas TurbineT

H

Drain

Fog Pump Skid

Nozzles & Manifolds• Small droplets• Good mixing• FOD avoidance• Residence time

Windows and Lights• Visual monitoring

Drain

Small droplets

•Faster evaporation = lower inlet temp.

•Less fallout = less pooling

•Droplets less than 10-20 microns do not

contact compressor blades

Drains, Dams & Gutters

•Remove pooled water

•Avoid un-atomized water entering compressor


Drain Locations

Drain

Drain

All inlet fog systems require duct drains. Water flow is much less when droplets are small.

Floor drain with water dam near

Nozzle Manifolds.

Floor drain with water dam before

transition Wall gutter (may not be required with perforated

duct walls).

Floor drain with baffle Plates above.

Channel to keep water from being suctioned

over bell-mouth

MEE INDUSTRIES INC, GAS TURBINE DIVISIONMEE INDUSTRIES INC, GAS TURBINE DIVISION

Nozzle Manifold Positions

The position of the nozzles manifold in the duct should be chosen with care. In general there are three positions in the gas turbine duct where nozzle manifolds could be installed.

• Close to the inlet filter housing where the airflow velocity isaround 2.5 m/s (500 fpm), this position is commonly used for evaporative fogging applications, typical residence time of 1 second.

• After the silencer where the velocity is around 12.7 m/s (2500 fpm). This position is used for evaporative fogging and for combined overspray fogging.

• In the duct close to the axial compressor inlet, which is the typical overspray installation, where the residence time will be of the order of 0.2 seconds. The velocity here would also be close to 12.7 m/s (2500 fpm)


MeeFog System Maintenance

Nozzle & Manifold Maintenance

• Annual inspection (while operating)

• Replace nozzle filters as needed

< 16 hours per turbine per year

Fog Pump Skid Maintenance

• Pump valves & seals (every 3000 operating hours)

• Replace skid filters (typically once per year)

• Replace pump oil (every 750 operating hours)

• Tighten drive belts (check once per year)

• Check pulsation dampener charge (once per year)

• Annual inspection for leaks, setpoints, etc.


Extended Shutdown Procedure

• Drain water from lines and skids


Total annual maintenance requirement, less than 30 hours per turbine per year.


Winterization and Draining

Open inlet drain valve

Drain all water from high pressure feedlines.

Loosen nuts to let air into the filter canister.

Open the drain valve at each pump

Blow out lines with compressed air if gravity draining if not sufficient. Close all valves after draining to keep dust and dirt out of the system.



POWER BOOST FOR OVERSPRAY

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5

% of water injected in the flow

Powe

r Boo

st (%

)

S ol Mars 2s ABB GT 8C W501 DJGE 7121 EA KWU V94.3A EGT Typhon

Saturation 0.5% Overspray 1% Overspray

DBT= 37.8°C (100°F)WBT= 26.1°C (79°F)

Overspray fogging is derived by the deliberate introduction of fog into the compressor.

Experimental investigation of overspray on 115 MW Hitachi Fr 9E by Utamura (1999) – 10% gain in power with 1% overspray.

Several existing gas turbines utilize overspray as a means for augmenting power

Most machines operate with an overspray level not exceeding 2% of the air mass flow but the limiting number is machine specific.


Swirl Jet and Impaction Pin Nozzles


MeeFog Nozzles

Internal filter, 40 micron particle

size, replaceable

Type 316 stainless steel

Orifice 0.006 inch diameter (150 microns)

Impaction Pin

O-Ring seal

Nozzle Adapter, soldered and riveted to tube - fail safe

TIG Welding OptionStainless steel tube

(ASTM A269)

Safety wire protects turbine against FOD.



Fog DropletsFog Droplets

Water Sheet Water Sheet FormationFormation

NozzleNozzle

Impaction-Pin

UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOR AND DYNAMICS OF FOG DROPLETS

There are several interacting factors that define the success andefficiency of the evaporation process, such as:

Droplet mean size

Droplet size distribution

Patterns and penetration of droplets in the plume for a given cone angle

Properties of water

Geometries of nozzle (spray angle)

Pressure applied on the liquid and the air flow rate


Nozzle Fog Dynamics in an Airstream

Large droplets react slowly to air flow and

tend to stay at the outer edge of the plume.

Smaller Droplets are pushed towards the center of plume.

This results in less coalescence but coalescence still occurs.

Mee Fog Nozzles: Collision and coalescence ends at about 7 inches (due to lower droplet

concentration and smaller droplets).

For pressure type nozzles, most of the water mass

flow is found at the edge of the plume

Close to nozzle; droplet velocity high, shattering

and breakup occur.

Collisions and coalescence continues past 12 inches for nozzles producing larger droplets

and/or having higher flow rates.

1” 2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 7” 8” 9” 10” 11” 12”

High velocity air results in smaller droplets but coalescence (agglomeration) is still an important factor

2500 ft/min. air velocity

MEE INDUSTRIES INC, GAS TURBINE DIVISIONMEE INDUSTRIES INC, GAS TURBINE DIVISION

Droplet Size Measurement Location

@2500 fpm, in the center of the plume

D32=4.8 microns

Dv90=11.5 microns

Average @2500 fpm

D32=8.5 microns

Dv90=18 microns

Average @2500 fpm in the center of the plume

D32=7.1 micronsDv90=14.7 microns


Comparing Droplet Sizes

60 micron• 27 times more mass and force of

impact• 66% less surface area per unit volume• 9 times faster fall rate• 9 times times potential for fallout

from centrifuging.

Droplets are spheres. Thinking about them only in terms of diametercan be misleading.

30 micron• 3.4 times more mass

and force of impact• 33% less surface / unit volume• 2 times faster fall rate • 2 times potential for fallout

from centrifuging.

20 micron


Droplet Diameters

• Mass Median Diameter (MMD ) DM50- this is the diameter in microns, which divides the mass of the fog into two equal halves. Half (50%) of the total mass is made up of droplets with diameters smaller than this number and the other half (50%) of diameters higher than the number.

• DV90- is the value where 90% of the total volume of water in the fog is made up of drop with diameters smaller or equal to this value. A small value of this number indicates that a very small volume of larger droplets is produced, which minimizes any potential erosion effects on compressor components should these be carried over into the compressor.

Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) D32- is a means of expressing the fineness of the fog in terms of the surface area produced by the spray. The SMD is the diameter of a drop having the same volume to surface area ratio as the total volume of all the drops to the total surface area of all the drops. This is a good measurement to indicate the evaporation rate of the fog droplets


Impaction Pin Vs. Swirl Jet Nozzles

• Less defined plume edge.

• Denser, whiter looking fog.

• Plume more smoke-like.Impaction-pin nozzle at 2000 psi, 0.045 gpm. Dv90 at 10 inches = 21 microns.

Swirl-jet nozzle at 3000 psi, 0.073 gpm, Dv90 at 10 inches = 29 microns

Smaller droplets from impaction-pin nozzles are observable …

Swirl-jet nozzle, with 1.6 times higher flow rate. Larger droplet size is observable:• Defined plume edge.

• Spray less opaque.

• Plume less smoke-like.

Smaller plume, with more water flow, results in more coalescence.


Plume characteristics of impaction-pin (left) and swirl-jet type nozzles (right) at operating pressure of 137 barg (2000 psig). The smoke-like nature of the impaction-pin nozzle is evident. The

straight edge of the swirl-jet nozzle is indicative of the high momentum of the larger droplets, implying a much larger droplet size at the edges as also indicated by the graphs above

Impaction-Pin Swirl-Jet

Flow Rate 0.036 gpmFlow Rate: 0.045 gpm

-22%



EFECTS OF GAS TURBINE INLET CONFIGURATION AND NOZZLE CHARACTERISTICSNozzle Orientation and Fog Distribution

Nozzle orientation depends on:

airflow velocity

distance between nozzle manifolds

operating pressure

duct wall

roof shape constraints

duct geometry

Nozzle manifolds in operation at 138 bar operating pressure and with

airflow velocity of 5 m/s


Co-flow position of MeeFog nozzle in wind tunnel, air flow velocity of 800 fpm

Ninety degree position of MeeFog nozzle in wind tunnel, air flow velocity of 800 fpm

Counter-flow position of MeeFog nozzle in wind tunnel, air flow velocity of 800 fpm

The fundamental factor driving the design of nozzle orientation and distribution is to obtain uniform droplet distribution in the intake duct, and to thereby ensure that the airflow is evenly cooled.


Impaction Pin Vs. Swirl Jet Nozzles

• Less defined plume edge.

• Denser, whiter looking fog.

• Plume more smoke-like.Impaction-pin nozzle at 2000 psi, 0.045 gpm. Dv90 at 10 inches = 21 microns.

Swirl-jet nozzle at 3000 psi, 0.073 gpm, Dv90 at 10 inches = 29 microns

Smaller droplets from impaction-pin nozzles are observable …

Swirl-jet nozzle, with 1.6 times higher flow rate. Larger droplet size is observable:• Defined plume edge.

• Spray less opaque.

• Plume less smoke-like.

Smaller plume, with more water flow, results in more coalescence.






-22%






+36%


Impaction-Pin and Swirl-Jet Nozzles

Swirl-Jet

Impaction-Pin


Factors Affecting Droplet Size

FACTORS AFFECTING DROPLET SIZE

• Air flow velocity during the measurement

• Position of measurement i.e., is the measurement taken at the center, or the edge

• Ambient conditions around the droplet, temperature and relative humidity


Intake Area Drop Behavior- Suctioning

B. Some water from condensation of droplets on the duct wall after the bend is suctioned around the bell mouth.

D. Pooled water can be suctioned into the compressor.

C. Large Water Droplets settle on the duct floor and form pools of water.

A. Large droplets in the air stream are drawn directly into the compressor or they impact on the inlet cone and are suctioned in.


System Considerations

TROUBLE FREE OPERATION OF MEEFOG SYSTEM

GOOD WATER QUALITY

DUCT INTEGRITY

DUCT CLEANLINESS

FILTRATION SYSTEM INTEGRITY

DRAIN SYTEM DESIGN

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