improving savings, health, and happiness by making small...

FCS3312

Improving Savings, Health, and Happiness by Making Small Modifications to Your Home1Randall A. Cantrell2

1. This document is FCS3312, one of a series of the Family, Youth, and Community Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date March 2012. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.

2. Randall A. Cantrell, assistant professor, Department of Family, Youth, and Community Sciences; Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A&M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Millie Ferrer-Chancy, Interim Dean

Quick Facts• Mechanicalupgradescanincreasetheoverallperfor-

manceofahousebyasmuchas40%–50%.

• Theremaining50%–60%inefficiencyintheoverallperformanceofahomeislargelymisunderstood.

• Morethan14%ofU.S.residentsrelocateonanannualbasis(Avrick,2011).

• Theaveragecosttoprepareahomeforsaleisapproxi-mately$2,000(Manchester,2011).

• U.S.familiesspend,onaverage,lessthan15%oftheirtimeinteractingtogetherasaunit(Pope,2012).

• U.S.divorceratesare50%forfirstmarriages,67%forsecondmarriages,and74%forthirdmarriages(DivorceRate,2011).

Terms to Help You Get Started• Home: Thehouse,thelandwhereitissited,andthe

occupantsresidingtherein.

• Overall Home Performance: Howwellthehouse,itsland,anditsoccupantsfunctiontomaximizeresources.

• Mechanical Upgrades: Largelyrelatedtohigher-costheating,ventilation,andairconditioningimprovements.

• Minor Conservation Measures: Largelyrelatedtolower-costmechanicalupgradesand/orbehaviormodifications.

• Maintenance: Actionsthatareexecutedonaroutinebasisinordertopreventrepairsfromoccurring.

• Family Operations: Routinesandbehaviorsthatarepracticedathomebytheoccupants.

KeywordsHomeperformance,home-occupantbehavior,homemaintenance,familyoperations,homefinances

What Is Overall Home Performance and How Might It Affect Your Family?ModerntechnologyhasreachedalevelsuchthathomesintheUnitedStatescanbenewlybuiltorretrofittedtoachievea40%–50%increaseinoverallperformance(forexample,throughenergyupgrades).However,theremain-ing50%–60%presentsachallengebecauseitcontinuestobeoperatedineffectively,andthus,isliterally“robbing”potentialsavingsfromyourfamily’shousehold(Tayloretal.,2008).Thispercentagecanbeimpactedmostlybylow-techenergyimprovementsandchangesindailylivingpracticesofhomeoccupants.Untiloccupantsmoreclearlyunderstandtheseimprovementsandpractices,therewill

Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office.

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remainamajorhurdleinoptimizingtheoverallperfor-manceofthehome.

ThisEDISseriesofpublicationsintroducesreaderstotheconceptofoverallhomeperformanceandofferssug-gestionsofminorconservationmeasures,maintenanceitems,andfamilyoperationsthatcouldhelpthefamilyimprovetheoverallhomeperformance.Thispublicationisintendedforanacademicaudienceandcondensesalltheinformationintoonepublication,whiletheotherthreeintheseriescontaininformationforageneralaudience.Otherpublicationsintheseriesincludethefollowing:

• Improving Savings and Health through Minor Conserva-tion Measures in the Home (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy1320)

• Improving Savings and Health by Maintaining Your Home at a Ready-to-Sell Level (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy1321)

• Improving Savings, Health, and Happiness by Modifying How the Family Operates the Home (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy1322)

Thehome-performanceenergyliteraturecomprehensivelyaddresseshigh-techmechanicalupgradesthatoccupantscanconsider.However,thereisaneedtore-examineandexpandthedefinitionofwhatconstitutesimprovementsinoverallhomeperformance.Specifically,itemsrelatedtominorconservationmeasures,maintenance,andfamilyoperationsneedtobeconsidered.Unfortunately,manyofthesetypesofitemsinvolvesomeelementofcomfortandroutine,whichisthereasonthateffectingchangeinhome-occupantbehaviorcontinuestoposeitsownsetofchallenges.Figure1depictsaconceptualframeworkforoverallhomeperformance.

Overall Home-Performance Framework:

1.TwoInputs(causes)=Variationbetweenhomesandvariationamongoccupants’behaviors

2.Threeconstructsforalteringoverallhomeperformance=MinorConservationMeasures,Maintenance,andFamilyOperations

3.TwoOutputs(results)=Improvedfinancialandtimesavings,andstrongerfamiliesandcommunities

Figure 1. Conceptual framework for overall home performance.


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How Might Your Family Benefit by Improving Its Overall Home Performance?Theconceptofoverallhomeperformancehasmuchtodowithre-thinkinghowwecanbehappier,whichisnotnecessarilysynonymouswithbeingcomfortable.Findingwaystokeepourfamilymemberstogetherunderthesameroofandinarelativelypeacefulstateisnoeasytask.Havingextramoneytospendonthefamilyratherthanpayingforunnecessarilyexcessivecostsofmaintainingahomeisagoalthatisattainableandworthyofpursuit.

Financial and Time Savings. Iffamiliesfocusonthevariousfactorscomprisingtheiroverallhomeperformance,thereexiststherealpossibilityofcreatingfinancialsavingsforthefamilyandhavingmorediscretionarytime.Finan-cialsavingsaccruesometimesinsmallincrementsandoftenrequireextendedperiodsoftimetoaccumulate.

Stronger Families and Communities. Oneofthegoalsofexaminingtheconceptofoverallhomeperformanceistodevelopacommonalitywhere,eventually,datawillbeaccumulatedthatenableresearcherstoshowcorrelationsbetweenfamilies’overallhomeperformancescoresandsuchrelatedoutputsasdivorce,dropoutincidence,suiciderates,etc.Adirectextensionofthisconceptistodevelopmetricsthatshowcorrelationsbetweenacommunity’soverallhomeperformancescoresandthesuccessofsuchitemsasacommunity’sschoolsystem,crimerates,propertyvalues,andoverallquality-of-lifemeasures.

How Are Items Chosen for Improving Overall Home Performance?RespondentsfromarepresentativesampleintheUnitedStateswereaskedtoratemultipleitems—asidentifiedintheliterature—thatcouldimprovetheoverallperformanceofahome(Cantrell,2012).Thegoalwastodeterminewhichof81itemstherespondentsthoughthadthegreatestlikeli-hoodofimprovingtheremaining50%–60%oftheirhome’soverallperformance.Withinthethreecategoriesidentifiedforimprovingtheoverallperformanceofahome,respon-dentschose25ofthe27MinorConservationMeasures;18ofthe27MaintenancePractices;and19ofthe27FamilyOperationsanddailyroutines.AlthoughMaintenancePracticeswerecategoricallyfoundtobeastatisticallynon-significantfactorforincreasingtheoverallperformanceofthehome,theyarepivotalforsavingtimeandmoneywhen

ahomemustbepreparedforsale.Perhapsbecausesomehomeoccupantsbelievetheycandealwiththatscenarioifitshouldoccur,theyarecomplacentinproperlymaintain-ingtheirhomebeforesomeelementofthehomefails.

Minor Conservation Measures That Can Potentially Improve Savings and HealthLists1through3showtheMinorConservationMeasuresthatthesampleparticipantsfeltcouldmostlikelyimprovetheoverallperformanceoftheirhome(thesemodificationsweremostreflectiveofimprovementstothefamily’ssavingsandhealth).Pleasenotethatalltheitemscontainedinthelistsareunrankedandnotinanyorderofpriority.Theimplementationtimeframesarelistedsothatreaderscangaugehowsoontheycanhopetorealisticallymakethesetypesofmodificationswithintheirhome.

List 1. Nine Minor Conservation Measures to Consider Implementing Immediately• Unplugelectronicswhennotinuse.Whenyouseealittle

redorgreenlightlitonanappliancethatisinthe“off”position,keepinmindthatitrequireselectricityforthatlittlelighttostaylit.

• Turnofffanswhenpeoplearenotusingtheroom.Fansonlycoolskintemperatureanddonothingtoreducethetemperatureofaroom.

• Keepinteriordoorsopenwhentheroomsareunoc-cupied.Openedinteriordoorshelptomaintainbalancedairpressureinthehouse.Ahomeisdesignedtobetightlywrappedwithabreathablemembranethatallowsairinbutnotwater.This“tightness”ofmodernhomescansometimestrapundesirablegasesfromleakingoutofthehouseliketheydidinthepast.Itisimperativethatthehousebeproperlyventilated,bothmechanically(forcedair)andpassively(free-flowingair).

• Usedetergentsonclothes/dishesthathavetheleastimpactonpipes,theenvironment,etc.Somedetergentsarelessdamaging,especiallyforsepticsystems.

• Turnoffwaterduringactivitiessuchasshavingandbrushingteethinordertoconservewater.

• Washclothesatthecoolesttolerablewatertemperaturepossibleinordertoconservehotwater(i.e.,electricity).


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• Avoidthepre-rinsingofdisheswheneverpossibleinordertoconservewater.

• Airdrydisheswheneverpossibleinordertoconserveelectricity.

• Reducethethermostatsettingonthehot-waterheaterinordertoconserveelectricity.

List 2. Eight Minor Conservation Measures to Consider Implementing during the Short Term• InstallCFLorLEDlightingthroughouthome.These

typesoflightsuselessenergy,reducetheamountofheatemittedintothehouse,andlastlongerthanstandardincandescentbulbsusedinthepast.

• Makesurethatthedryerventisclearofanydebris.Dryer-ventblockagecancausedryerfiresandrequiremoreclothes-dryingtime.

• Wrapinsulationaroundthehot-waterheatertank.Insulationwrappedaroundthehot-waterheaterreducesheatlosstotheatmosphere.

• Insulatebehindelectricaloutletboxes,andcapoffonesnotbeingused.Insulatingbehindelectricaloutletboxesreducesairleakage.

• Trim½”offthebottomofinteriordoorsthatdonothavevisibleclearance,orinstalllouvereddoors.Sufficientclearancehelpstomaintainbalancedairpressureinthehouse.

• Maintainunbrokenweatherstrippingaroundwindowsandexteriordoors.Weatherstrippingreducesairleakage.

• Ensurethatthebathroomtubandsinkdrainsdonotleak.Leakingdrainscausewatertobecontinuouslyusedduringactivities.

• Installacleanair-conditioningfilter.DirtyACfiltersre-quiremoresuctionandcancausestrainonacompressor.

List 3. Eight Minor Conservation Measures to Consider Implementing during the Long Term• Ensurethatproperlysizedexhaust-ventfansareinstalled

inthekitchenandbathrooms.Exhaustfansthatdonotremovesufficientvaporcanresultinmold,whilethose

removingtoomuchcanpullundesirablegasesintothehouse’sairflow.

• Installaprogrammablethermostat.Programmablethermostatsallowgreatercontroloverthetimeandtemperatureinwhichairisforcedthroughoutthehouse,ultimatelyrenderingreducedelectricityuseandcosts.

• Installlow-flowtoiletsandwaterfixtures.Low-flowtoiletsandwaterfixturesconservewaterandelectricity.

• Ensurethatairductsaresealedtightlyateachjoint.Sealedairductsreduceairleakage.

• Ensurethatatticspaceisfilledwithuncompressedinsula-tionthatispiledhigh.Insulationisdesignedtocaptureairandshouldneverbecompressed.

• Installatanklesshot-waterheater.Tanklesswaterheaterssaveelectricitybyonlyheatingwaterwhenneeded.

• Ensurethatthehomeheatingunitisinspectedandthatitdisplaysaninspection-cardhistory.Inspectedheatingunitsindicatethatitissafetooperatetheunit.

• Ensurethattheelectricalpanelhasitscircuits/breakersclearlyidentifiedonthepaneldoor.Identifiedcircuitsontheelectric-paneldoorshowwhichbreakertoreset.

Maintenance Practices That Can Potentially Improve Savings and HealthLists4and5showtheMaintenancePracticesthatthesampleparticipantsfeltcouldmostlikelyimprovetheoverallperformanceoftheirhome(thesepracticesweremostreflectiveofimprovementstothefamily’ssavingsandhealth).Pleasenotethatalltheitemscontainedinthelistsareunrankedandnotinanyorderofpriority.Theimple-mentationtimeframesarelistedsothatreaderscangaugehowsoontheycanhopetorealisticallymakethesetypesofmodificationswithintheirhome.

List 4. Nine Maintenance Practices to Consider Implementing during the Immediate to Short Term• Ensurethatthefrontentrancewayiswelllitandclearof

obstructions,suchaswebs,nests,hives,etc.Aclearfrontentrancewayisinvitingandsafe.


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• Provideawelcomematatthefrontentrancetothehouse.Welcomematskeeppeoplefromslippingandfloorsclean,whilealsoreflectingthecharacterofthehome.Thecharacterofthehomeoftenaffectstheunconsciousfirstimpressionsthatvisitorstothepropertycreateandsometimesretainregardlessoffutureimprovementsdonetotheproperty.

• Ensurethatthemailboxdisplaystheaddresswithreflec-tivenumbers.Aproperlymaintainedmailboxcanhelpthefiredepartmentverifythelocationofthehousewhilealsoreflectingthehome’scharacter.

• Ensurethatparkedcarsappearneat,orderly,andwellmaintained.Disorderlyparkedcarscannegativelyaffectcurbappealandcanbeunsafe.Curbappealoftenaffectstheunconsciousfirstimpressionsthatpotentialvisitorstothepropertycreateastheyaredrivingbyandobservingthehome.Theseimpressionsoftendeterminewhetherornottheychoosetovisitthehome.

• Ensurethattrees,shrubs,andgrassaretrimmed.Landscapingkeepsthelawnlookingmaintained,providesdrainage(ifvegetationisslopedawayfromthehouse),andgivesthehomecurbappeal.

• Ensurethatanyfencesarenotbroken,arepainted,andhaveworkinggatelatches.Workinggatesareforsafety,privacy,andcurbappeal.

• Ensurethatanyscreenorstormdoorisinpropertensionforopeningandclosing.Propertensioninscreenandstormdoorssavesenergyandcanpreventinjuries.

• Ensurethatthereisadoorbellinproperworkingorder.Functioningdoorbellshelptoensurethatadultscanhearchildrenwhocannotknockhardenoughtobeheard.

• Ensurethattherearedoorstopsbehinddoors.Doorstopspreventwalldamage.(Beawarethatdoorstopscanposechokingissuesforinfants.)

List 5. Nine Maintenance Practices to Consider Implementing during the Short to Long Term• Ensurethatthereareminimalamountsofgreengrassy

areas.Minimizinggreengrassyareascanreducetheneedtousepesticides,fertilizers,and/orirrigation(whichconsumesdrinkingwaterinmanyinstances).

• Ifthereisadeck,ensurethatitsboardsareflipped,itsscrewsarefastened,anditissealed.Caringfordeckboardscanreducewearandinjuriescausedbynailpops.

• Iftherearedeckguardrails,ensurethattheyarespacedaccordingtobuildingcodes.Properlyspaceddeckrailscanreducethechancesofinfantstrangulation.

• Ensurethattheroofisfreeofloose,wavy,streaked,orfadedshingles.Caringforroofshinglescanreducethechancesofroofdamageandimprovescurbappeal.

• Ifthereisagarage,ensurethatitsdoorissturdyandclean.Astronggaragedoorissaferduringwindeventsandcanimprovecurbappeal.

• Ensurethatceiling-fanbladesarebalancedanddusted.Balancedbladescanreducewearonthefanmotorbearings,andcleanbladescanreducetheamountofdustparticlesemittedintotheair.

• Ensurethattreesarefreeofanydeadbranchesorlimbs.Treesandbranchescanbeasafetyhazardtotheroofandoccupants.

• Ensurethatthebackporch,patio,orlanaiisuncluttered.Clutteredhomerecreationareascanbeasafetyhazardandlackcurbappeal.

Ensurethatexteriorlightsturnonandoffautomaticallybasedonthelevelofdaylightbyinstallingphotocellsen-sors,whichenabletheswitchtobeleftinthe“on”positionatalltimes.Thishelpsconserveelectricity.

Family Operations That Can Potentially Improve Savings, Health, and HappinessLists6and7showtheFamilyOperationsthatthesampleparticipantsfeltcouldmostlikelyimprovetheoverallperformanceoftheirhome(thesepracticesweremostreflectiveofimprovementstothefamily’ssavings,health,andhappiness).Pleasenotethatalloftheitemscontainedinthelistsareunrankedandnotinanyorderofpriority.Theimplementationtimeframesarelistedsothatreaderscangaugehowsoontheycanhopetorealisticallymakethesetypesofmodificationswithintheirhome.


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List 6. Nine Family Operations to Consider Implementing during the Immediate to Short Term• Ensurethattasksareaccomplishedaroundthehomeon

aroutineschedule.Staying“ontopofthings”canreducefrustrationandtheneedtoobligatetimethatcouldotherwisebespentwiththefamily.

• Ensurethattherearewell-organizedstorageareas.Organizedstoragecanreducefrustration,offertimesavings,andbesaferbecauseofthereducedneedforunpackingandre-packing.

• Ensurethatthereisadesignatedworkareawhereitemscanbeassembledandrepaired.Designatedworkareascanreducefrustrationandtheriskofinjuryanddamagetoitems.

• Ensurethatthecorrecttoolsareeasilyaccessibleinordertoaccomplishspecifictasks.Accessingcorrecttoolsforthetaskcanreducefrustration,re-work,andinjury.

• Donotattemptrepairsandupgradeswithoutfirstgainingproperknowledge.Propertrainingabouthomeimprove-mentscanreducefrustration,re-work,andinjuries.

• Donotusefurnitureformorethanonepurpose(e.g.,tableasadesk,etc.).Repurposingfurniturecanbefrustrating,time-consuming,anddisorganized.

• Ensurethatthereisadesignatedofficespacewherefilescanbeaccessedreadily.Havingadefinedofficespacecanreducefrustrationandsavetime.

• Ensurethatthereisacomputerareavisiblefromthemainroomsinthehouse(livingroom,kitchen,etc.).Oversee-ingthecomputing/web-browsingareaprotectsthesafetyofminorswhilealsoincreasingfamilyinteraction.

• Ensurethatthereisadesignatedpaymentbook(forHomeOwnerAssociationdues/taxescrowaccounts/maintenance,etc.).Apaymentnotebookcanreducefrustrationandlatechargeswhilealsosavingtime.

List 7. Ten Family Operations to Consider Implementing during the Short to Long Term• Havepre-made,pre-ordered,orpre-purchaseddinners.

Prepareddinnerscanallowformore,healthierfamilymealswhilealsosavingtime.

• Ingestediblefoodsthatareproducedathome(onyourproperty).Ingestingfoodspreparedonthepropertycanfosterasenseofwell-beingwhilealsoeducatingchildrenaboutagriculturallessonsnolongertaughtinmostschools.

• Ensurethatallcommunicationdevices(TVs,computers,cellphones,etc.)aresilencedandnotallowedatthedinnertable.Silencingcommunicationdevicesandnotallowingthematthedinnertablecanenablefocusedingestion,communication,anddigestion.

• Donotoffersecondportionsorrichdessertsatdinner.Notofferingsecondportionsorrichdessertsduringdinnerhelpsenforceportioncontrol.

• Ensurethateveryonetakesa15-minutewalktogetherorstretchesafterdinner.Familywalking/stretchingafterdinnercanfosterimproveddigestion/health.

• Ensurethatadultsviewatleast15minutesofcommer-cial-freeinternationalnewsafterdinner.Internationalnewsviewingcanfosteramoreinformed,less-biasedopinion.

• Ensurethatallcommunicationdevicesaresurrenderedtoa“safe”placeforthenight.Silencingcommunicationdevicesandputtingthemoutofreachforthenighthelpstoenablefullfocusonpreparingforandreceivinguninterruptedrest.

• Ensurethatalllightsareturnedoffforthenightnolaterthan9p.m.Turninglightsoffby9p.m.canhelptoensurethateveryonewillhaveadequatetimetobewell-restedduringthefollowingday.

• Ensurethat30minutesaretakentoslowlywakethefam-ilyinthemorning.Wakingupslowlyduringa30-minuteperiodcanreducestressassociatedwithhavingtogetoutofbedandstarttheday.

• Ensurethateveryonestretchesforatleast15minutesafterawakening.Stretchinginthemorningcanincreasebloodflowandoxygenwhilereducingthechancesofmuscleinjury.

SummaryWhenconsideredindividually,noneofthethreecategories(i.e.,MinorConservationMeasures,MaintenancePractices,orFamilyOperations)willnecessarilyresultininstantimprovementsinoverallsavings,health,andhappiness.However,whenconsideredcollectively,theresultswill


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becomemorenoticeableovertime.Thepointisnottoseekinstantresultsbutrathertoestablishalifestylethatnaturallygravitatestowardconservingandoptimizingresources.

References and ResourcesAvrick,D.B.(2011).Howmanypeoplemoveeachyear–andwhoarethey?RetrievedDecember19,2011fromhttp://www.melissadata.com/enews/articles/0705b/1.htm.

Cantrell,R.(Forthcoming).Theintroductionanddevelop-mentofthehomeflowmeasurementinstrument. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment.

DelValle,T.B.,Bradshaw,J.,Larson,B.,&K.C.Ruppert(2008).Energyefficienthomes:Landscaping(FCS3281).Gainesville:UniversityofFloridaInstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences.

Dennis,P.(2002).Lean production simplified: A plain language guide to the world’s most powerful production system. NewYork:ProductivityPress.

DivorceRate(2011).RetrievedDecember19,2011fromhttp://www.divorcerate.org/.

Haldeman,B.,Porter,W.A.,&K.C.Ruppert(2008).Energyefficienthomes:IntroductiontoLEDlighting(FCS3280).Gainesville:UniversityofFloridaInstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences.

Lee,H.J.,Ruppert,K.C.,&W.A.Porter(2008).Energyefficienthomes:Indoorairqualityandenergy(FCS3275).Gainesville:UniversityofFloridaInstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences.

Manchester,J.(2011).Areyoutrippingoverdollarstosavepennies?RetrievedDecember19,2011fromhttp://min-thillnchomesforsale.com/channels/home_selling/topics/cost_to_prepare_a_home_for_sale.

Mullens,M.(2011).Factorydesignformodularhome-building:Equippingthemodularproducerforsuccess.WinterPark,FL:ConstructabilityPress.

NAHBResearchCenter(2011).Tanklesswaterheaters.RetrievedNovember16,2011fromhttp://www.toolbase.org/techinv/techDetails.aspx?technologyID=1.

NBCTodayShow(2011).RetrievedJanuary18,2012fromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2v9xq_z2a8.

Pope,T.(2012).Surprisingly,familytimehasgrown.The New York Times.RetrievedJanuary10,2012fromhttp://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/05/surprisingly-family-time-has-grown/.

Porter,W.A.,Lee,H.J.,Ruppert,K.C.,&R.A.Cantrell(2011).Energyefficienthomes:Waterheaters(FCS3277).Gainesville:UniversityofFloridaInstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences.

Ruppert,K.C.,Fentriss,A.C.,&H.J.Lee(2008).Energyefficienthomes:Homeinspections(FCS3279).Gainesville:UniversityofFloridaInstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences.

Taylor,N.W.,Kip,J.,&K.C.Ruppert(2008).Energyefficienthomes:Easystepstosavingmoneyinyourhome(FCS3267).Gainesville:UniversityofFloridaInstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences.

U.S.DepartmentofEnergy(2011).Coolingusingawhole-housefan. RetrievedOctober19,2011fromhttp://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/space_heating_cooling/index.cfm/mytopic=12357.

DisclaimerThismaterialwaspreparedwiththesupportoftheUniver-sityofFlorida.However,anyopinions,findings,conclu-sions,orrecommendationsexpressedhereinarethoseoftheauthor(s)anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUniversityofFlorida.


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