improving student performance with parent involvement

8/12/2019 Improving Student Performance With Parent Involvement

1/14

_gone Nsrmah

Daiajoar =4, ?6==

Njprgvnec Ytudaet Varlgrjmeia wntb Vmraet Nevghvajaet

Netrgduitnge

!amibar "umhnt# ns tba sibggh lmitgr wbnib jm$as tba cramtast njpmit ge studaet mibnavajaet

med igesnstaet a%pgsura tg allaitnva tamibars ime gvarigja gostmihas tg hamrenec med avae ihgsa

mibnavajaet cmps& '(hhnmeia lgr )%iahhaet )duimtnge ?66*+ !basa lmitgrs drgva tba davahgpjaet gl

tba -g .bnhd /alt abned (it '-./+ tbmt sgucbt tg aesura tbmt tamibars gl igra suoaits mra

igesndarad bncbh# "umhnlnad& med tbmt pggr med jnegrnt# studaets mra egt tmucbt o# nea%parnaeiad gr

ue"umhnlnad studaets mt bncbar rmtas tbme gtbar studaets Y9tudaets ne pggrar bncb sibgghs wbnib

prnjmrnh# sarva studaets gl ighgr mra caearmhh# tmucbt o# hgwar"umhnt# tamibars& '(hhnmeia lgr )%iahhaet

)duimtnge ?66*+

-gw, wntb phaet# gl irntninsj gl -./ dgiujaetad, eaw sibggh ralgrjs mra oanec nentnmtad,

med tamibars igetneua tg oa bahd up ms tba jmne ramsge lgr hgwparlgrjnec sibgghs Ne mrmi$ 1omjma wara egt igesndarad nea%parnaeiad 1ur sibggh bmd eg hnormr# med wa, tba tamibars, ounht gea ne m

spmra igelaraeia rggj, ge gur gwe tnja med mi"unrnec ogg$s wntb gur gwe rasgurias (s me )echnsb,

wrntnec, ramdnec, med bujme rncbts tamibar, N bmd tg mi"unra tba tamibnec jmtarnmhs lgr j# ihmssrggj gut


2/14

gl j# gwe pgi$at N caearmhh# ogucbt gea ogg$ med jm$a m hgt gl igpnas, surah# vnghmtnec igp#rncbt

hmws N wms ne tba ihmssrggj lgr savae bgurs m dm# med a%paitad tg dg j# crmdnec, phmeenec med

prapmrmtnge ne tba hmst bgur, gr mt bgja ge j# gwe tnja Nt wms me mhhigesujnec go

(ed tbmt ns egt avae igesndarnec tba dajgcrmpb# gl gur sibggh

>a bmd m surprnsnec eujoar gl bgjahass $nds, $nds wbg wara sapmrmtad lrgj tbanr lmjnhnas, med

lmjnhnas tbmt wara jgvnec lrgj waa$h# bgtah tg lrnaeds< bgusas med omi$ tg tba bgtah Ygja $nds wara

trmvahnec ge ousas lrgj gtbar sndas gl tgwe, trmvahnec tbraa bgurs tg cat tg sibggh med bgpnec tg cat m

rnda lrgj m lrnaed omi$ bgja mt tba aed gl tba dm# >a bmd m hgt gl shaap# $nds >a bmd m hgt gl mecr#

$nds Ntahh gvar m "umrtar gl neigjnec studaets

bmd mhramd# lmnhad tg crmdumta wntb tbanr igbgrt med tbmt wms wb# tba# mttaedad gur sibggh >bae N

tmh$ad wntb pmraets, tba# a%paitad hnttha lrgj tbanr ibnhdrae8sgja wara avae lrustrmtad tbmt tbanr $nds

wara avae tr#nec tg crmdumta wbae tba# iguhd oa wgr$nec 1varwbahjnech#, N egtniad tbmt $nds wntb

pmraets wbg wmetad tbaj tg dg wahh, wbg raturead pbgea imhhs med nesnstad tba# mttaed sibggh dmnh#,

wbg mttaedad sibggh mitnvntnas med pmraetmh nevghvajaet jaatnecs, igjphatad jgra wgr$ med crmdumtad

8sgjatnjas tba# avae crmdumtad amrh#

3# prgpgsmh, ne tbns pmpar, ns tbmt pmraetmh mitnges med mttntudas tgwmrd m ibnhd


3/14

tbara wnhh oa m dasirnptnge gl tba dmtm sat med vmrnmohas usad !ba jatbgds med rasuhts wnhh oa prasaetad

med tba jmgr lnednecs wnhh dajgestrmta tba gvarmhh rahmtngesbnp oatwaae pmraetmh ibgnias med studaet

parlgrjmeia !ba igeihudnec saitnge dnsiussas njphnimtnges gl tba tast rasuhts

Hntarmtura _avnaw

!ba :Y Dapmrtjaet gl )duimtnge igesndars pmraetmh nevghvajaet tg oa me netacrmh igjpgeaet

gl tba -g .bnhd /alt abned (it -./ ra"unras avar# sibggh tbmt raianvas !ntha N luednec tg iramta, ne

igeueitnge wntb pmraets gl !ntha N studaets, m pmraet nevghvajaet pghni# tbmt tba pmraets just snce

!basa sibgghs just prgvnda gppgrtuentnas lgr pmraets med ihamr aduimtnge lgr tbgsa pmraets mogut tbgsa

gppgrtuentnas tg pmrtninpmta ne phmeenec, ravnaw, med njprgvajaet gl !ntha N prgcrmjs ne tba sibggh

!bns just neihuda mttaetnge tg iurrniuhuj, mssassjaets usad o# tba sibggh tg jamsura studaet

mibnavajaet, med prglninaei# havahs studaets mra a%paitad tg jaat Nt mhsg ra"unras tbmt pmraets mra

gllarad racuhmr gppgrtuentnas tg jaat wntb tamibars med pmrtninpmta ne dainsnges mogut tba aduimtnge gl

tbanr ibnhdrae Vmraets mra mhsg ms$ad tg snce m sibgghpmraet igjpmit tbmt guthneas tba sibggh


4/14

egt oanec bahd miiguetmoha lgr studaet parlgrjmeia med dajmed tbmt tba cgvarejaet stgp puttnec tba

wbgha ourdae ge tamibars& 2ns ighuje bahd up tba jmgr lnednecs lrgj m stud# gl tba pmraets gl

studaets wbg wara tm$nec tba Vrgcrmj lgr Netaremtngemh Ytudaet (ssassjaet 'VNY(+, mhh gl wbnib

pgnetad tg studaets wntb bncb sigras bmvnec pmraets wbg wara aecmcad ne tbanr aduimtnge 'grcgegvn

?6==+ Mrnadjme a%phmnead tbmt snjph# tmh$nec tg m ibnhd mogut bns sibggh dm# med sbgwnec caeunea

netarast ne tba hamrenec tbmt tba# mra dgnec ime bmva tba smja njpmit ms bgurs gl prnvmta tutgrnec&

'Mrnadjme ?6==+

Nt ns mhsg mppmraet tbmt tba wm# m pmraet ibggsas tg oa aecmcad wntb bns gr bar ibnhd mhsg bms me

allait !ba jatbgds gl netarmitnge tbmt bmva tba jgst njpmit saaj tg oa pmraets jm$nec sura tg hamre

wbmt tbanr studaets mra hamrenec sg tbmt tba# bmva tba monhnt# tg tmh$ mogut tbanr ibnhd


5/14

nevghvajaet pghninas tbmt bmva sbgwe hnttha avndaeia gl rmnsnec studaet mibnavajaet >bnha ba saajad

tg wmet tg pgnet gut tbmt nt ns geh# govngus tbmt aecmcad pmraets oghstar studaet hamrenec, mttaedmeia, med

oabmvngr, ba mhsg pgnetad gut tbmt !bara ns surprnsnech# hnttha rasamrib, bgwavar, tg sbgw wbmt wgr$s

med dgase 3ahhge Mguedmtnge, tba Ypaeiar Mguedmtnge, med tba -mtngemh Yinaeia Mguedmtnge

!ba purpgsa gl tbns stud# wms tg hgg$ mt tba mdmptmtnge prgiass gl tba njjncrmet saiged

caearmtnge, wbnib ns dalnead ms :entad Ytmtasogre ibnhdrae wntb mt hamst gea lgranceogre pmraet >ntb

gvar AB6 vmrnmohas, tbns surva# ns gea gl tba orgmdast mvmnhmoha ne mddrassnec tba lmitgrs tbmt iguhd


6/14

igetrnouta tg studaetsF suiiass Yneia ibnhdrae gl njjncrmets raprasaet gea "umrtar gl mhh sibgghmca

ibnhdrae wbg mra hgwneigja, dalnead o# ahncnonhnt# lgr tba -mtngemh Yibggh /ueib Vrgcrmj '.mpps

?6==+, tbns smjpha gl ibnhdrae ns m ramsgemoha raprasaetmtnge gl m pgrtnge gl tba hgwneigja sibggh

pgpuhmtnge !basa ibnhdrae mra tba uent gl memh#sns tg oa studnad !ba nentnmh surva# wms igeduitad usnec

lmiatglmia med pmpar med paeinh netarvnaws wntb m hmrca smjpha gl saigedcaearmtnge njjncrmet

ibnhdrae mttaednec tba tb crmda ne puohni med prnvmta sibgghs ne 3nmjnMt /mudardmha, M/, med Yme

Dnacg, .( !bmt omsahnea surva# wms tm$ae ne =? med tba tgtmh smjpha sn0a wms B,?A?

!ba lnrst lghhgwup surva# wms igeduitad ne =B med surva#s rgucbh# igrraspgedad wntb

studaets a%paitad crmdumtnge dmta !ba purpgsa gl tbns surva# wms, mjgec gtbar tbnecs, tg astmohnsb tba

havah gl aduimtnge mttmnejaet med hmecumca $egwhadca, med tg datarjnea tba prgpgrtnge gl ibnhdrae gl

njjncrmets wbg drgppad gut oalgra crmdumtnge !bns surva# wms igeduitad wntb m sjmhhar smjpha5

4,?** raspgedaets wara surva#ad8*=B pariaet gl tba grncnemh smjpha ( pmraet surva# gl ?,44?

pmraets wms mhsg igeduitad mt tbns tnja sg tbmt ibmrmitarnstnis gl njjncrmet pmraets med lmjnhnas med

tbanr guthgg$s lgr tba lutura iguhd oa astmohnsbad

!ba lnemh lghhgwup wms igeduitad lrgj ?66= tg ?66O aimusa studaets wara jgsth# oa#ged

saigedmr# med pgstsaigedmr# sibggh mcas med wara mhramd# ne tba wgr$lgria med hnvnec ne tbnrt#

dnllaraet stmtas, tbasa surva#s wara igeduitad hmrcah# o# jmnh !bns lnemh lghhgwup ratrnavad O,A=O

igjphata gr pmrtnmh raspgesas8A* pariaet gl tba grncnemh smjpha med *4O pariaet gl tba lnrst lghhgw

up

Dapaedaet \mrnmoha

Ytmelgrd .gjonead _amdnec med 3mtb!ba dapaedaet vmrnmoha ns tba igjonead jmtb med

ramdnec sigra gl bncb sibggh studaets ne Mgrt /mudardmha med 3nmjn, M/, med ne Yme Dnacg, .( !bns ns

m eujarni, simhad sigra rmecnec lrgj 6=AOB 'tbpariaetnha+ tbmt jamsuras tba studaet ne rahmtnge tg mhh

gtbars wbg tgg$ tba smja tast


7/14

Nedapaedaet \mrnmohas

Vmraetspgusa sibggh vghuetaar8!bns "uastnge snjph# ms$s nl m pmraet vghuetaars mt bns gr bar

ibnhd


8/14

eg& ns raigrdad ms 6

3gtbarlajmha cumrdnme mt bgja mltar sibggh8( ont ghdlmsbngead, out tbns "uastnge ime tahh us

mogut bgw juib tnja m pmraet spaeds wntb m ibnhd !bns vmrnmoha s raigrdad ge me grdnemh simha gl 6 tg

45 -avar,& >bae tba ibnhd wms #guec,& _mrah#,& Ygjatnjas,& :sumhh#&

Dasirnptnva Ytmtnstnis

Ymjpha!ba tmoha gl dasirnptnva stmtnstnis '!moha =+ ravamhs tbmt igjphatad dmtm ge tbns sarnas gl

surva#s wms rmra, ms gut gl tba tgtmh nentnmh surva#s gl B,?A?, sg juib dmtm ns jnssnec tbmt geh# mogut m

tbnrd gl tba smjpha ns igjphata :samoha dmtm bms oaae raduiad tg === gosarvmtnges aimusa suib m

hmrca pgrtnge gl tba gosarvmtnges ns jnssnec, raphminec tbmt dmtm wntb tba jame wguhd mhtar tba lnednecs,

aspainmhh# ne tbgsa vmrnmohas wntb lawar tbme O666 gosarvmtnges (ddntngemhh#, avae wntb tba jnssnec

dmtm, tba usamoha - ns stnhh m hmrca aegucb smjpha tg prgduia jamenecluh rasuhts

Tmoha =0 Dasirnptnva Ytmtnstnis

E Jnenjuj Jmxnjuj Jame Ytd. Davnmtnge

Ytmelgrd Igjonead _amdnec med Jmtb !" .!! ="#$.!! =#$%.%&'& ==.=$(

)mraet*spgusa+sibggh vghuetaar ((( ! = .= .&(

)mraet aduimtnge axpaitmtnge lgr ibnhd (=" = == '.'= =.&&

)mraet*spgusa tmh, -*ibnhd+sibggh axparnaeia (#= = #."& ."!")mraet+Tamibar jaatnec mttaedmeia ((' .!! =.!! .%&! .!%=#

)mraet*spgusa+pmraet*tamibar grc ((= ! = . .&"

)mraet*spgusa tmh, -*ibnhd+aduimtnge phmes (## = #."' ."($

_uhasJmnetmnermdas ((" .!! =.!! .'$! .#"=&%

Jgtbar*lajmha cumrdnme mt bgja mltar sibggh (($' = =.'# =.=

/mhnd E 6hnst-nsa =&==

_meca med 3ame8Ne tarjs gl jnenjuj med jm%njuj, tba geh# netarvmh vmrnmoha ns tba Ytmelgrd

.gjonead _amdnec med 3mtb sigra !ba rmeca ns cramt5 lrgj 6 tg =AOB !ba jame, bgwavar, ns juib

ihgsar tg tba jm%njuj, ravamhnec m eacmtnva s$aw med tba prasaeia gl sgja guthnars Ne tba dmtm sat,

tbara wms m sjmhh bmedluh gl raspgesas 'hass tbme ?6 ne tba aetnra smjpha gl 446A lgr tbns vmrnmoha+ wntb

igjonead sigras oatwaae 6 med *66 !bara iguhd oa savarmh ramsges lgr tbasa sigras5 studaets jm# egt


9/14

bmva bmd tba hmecumca s$nhhs tg igjphata tba tast, studaets jm# bmva oaae uemoha tg igjphata tba tast

dua tg ajarcaei# gr sni$eass, studaets jm# bmva ralusad tg tm$a tba tast gr dnd egt uedarstmed tba

njpgrtmeia gl tba tast

>bnha rmecas lgr nedapaedaet med igetrgh vmrnmohas wara hnjntad tg tba lnenta gptnges gllarad,

jame dnd ravamh m law tbnecs mogut tbasa vmrnmohas 3gst pmraets a%pait tbanr ibnhd tg mttaed sgja havah

gl ighhaca med a%pait bnj gr bar tg $aap m iartmne crmda pgnet mvarmca >bnha m pmraet ns caearmhh# egt

bgja wbae tba ibnhd ratures lrgj sibggh, tba pmraets surva#ad tmh$ wntb tbanr ibnhdrae racuhmrh# med

taed tg jm$a nt tg pmraettamibar igelaraeias

Jatbgds med _asuhts

(s nednimtad o# tba Vvmhua 'Ync+ ne tmoha ?, tba vmrnmohas sahaitad dnd bmva me allait ge

studaets< tast sigras

Tmoha (0 ?E9/?

Jgdah Yuj gl Y4umras dl Jame Y4umra 1 Ync.

= _acrassnge =(#&'.$(= ' =$=.!"$ (#.((= .!!!m

_asndumh =("&!=%.& =&!( ""%(.=

Tgtmh =#&(&'""."$ =&=!

!ba lnednecs ne tmoha O nednimta tbmt gl mhh tba ntajs tbmt tba hntarmtura ndaetnlnas ms njpgrtmet,

twg bmva eg mitumh stmtnstnimh sncenlnimeia ne studaets< stmedmrdn0ad tast sigras5 tmh$nec wntb tba ibnhd

mogut bns gr bar sibggh a%parnaeia gr mogut bns gr bar aduimtnge phmes 'Vvmhuas gl *O med 4??,

raspaitnvah#+ !bns james tbmt b#pgtbasns O dgas egt bmva avndaeia tg suppgrt nt

!wg jgra tbmt imja up ms sncenlnimet mra mppmraeth# egt sncenlnimet ne tba wm# tbmt tba# mra

mssujad tg oa Yibgghpmraet igjpmits usumhh# ra"unra tbmt m pmraet jaat wntb bns gr bar ibnhd


10/14

Ytmelgrd (ibnavajaet !ast 'p K 66B+ !ba prgohaj bara jm# mitumhh# oa tbmt tamibars bmva m taedaei#

tg sat up jgra jaatnecs wntb pmraets gl ibnhdrae wbg mra strucchnec ne sibggh Yg wbnha tbns jm# oa

miiurmta, nt jncbt pgnet tg m eaad lgr tamibars tg jm$a jgra igesnstaet igetmit wntb pmraets gl ibnhdrae

wbg mra egt ne njjadnmta trguoha

!ba gtbar vmrnmoha tbmt bmd me uea%paitad eacmtnva rahmtngesbnp wntb studaet tast sigras wms ne

jmnetmnenec crmdas Nl m studaet ns ra"unrad tg $aap m iartmne crmda pgnet mvarmca, ba gr sba, ge mvarmca,

sigras =O pgnets hgwar ge tba igjonead _amdnec med 3mtb Ytmelgrd (ibnavajaet !ast 'p K 66B+ !bns

rasuht iguhd bmva sgjatbnec tg dg wntb tba lmit tbmt tba dmtm dgas egt spainl# tba CV( a%paitad

!baralgra, nl m studaet ns a%paitad tg jmnetmne m pmssnec& CV( gl m ., ba ns jgst hn$ah# tg jmnetmne m .

mvarmca >barams m studaet wbg ns a%paitad tg jmnetmne me ( mvarmca, wnhh bmva igesndarmoh# bncbar

a%paitmtnges lgr barsahl med wgr$ tg cat tbara !bns dmtm, bgwavar, ns geh# jamsurnec tast sigras mcmnest

wbatbar m pmraet bms sat m CV( tg jmnetmne (htaremtnvah#, nt iguhd mhsg ravamh tbmt studaets wbg mra

a%paitad tg $aap m iartmne CV( oaigja dnsigurmcad med oacne tg phmia hass ajpbmsns ge crmdas

tbajsahvas, gr tbmt tba# ramit tg bmvnec suib hneas drmwe med mitnvah# ibggsa egt wgr$ ms bmrd

Tmoha #0 Igallninaetsm

Jgdah rrgr 2atm

= 6Igestmet =(".$! =$.!'" '#.'($ .!!!

)mraet*spgusa+sibggh vghuetaar =".& .#" .!&' #.'=& .!!!

)mraet aduimtnge axpaitmtnge lgr ibnhd =!.#%$ .&%% .(! =!."(! .!!!

)mraet*spgusa tmh, -*ibnhd+sibggh

axparnaeia

+.$"' .(=# +.!! +.=#$ .'

)mraet+Tamibar jaatnec mttaedmeia +=(.(%( $.!# +.!$' +(.## .!=$

)mraet*spgusa+pmraet*tamibar grc &."#% .#%% .!$" (.(!( .!($

)mraet*spgusa tmh, -*ibnhd+aduimtngephmes #.=&" #.&%' .!(# .'!# .((

_uhasJmnetmnermdas +=#.#!$ $.##$ +.!$" +(.& .!=#

Jgtbar*lajmha cumrdnme mt bgja mltar

sibggh

#.%&' =.$'# .!$# (.#&& .!=%

m. Dapaedaet \mrnmoha0 Ytmelgrd Igjonead _amdnec med Jmtb

.bnhdrae wbgsa pmraets ibgsa tg oa nevghvad ne dainsngejm$nec mitnvntnas, hn$a m pmraettamibar

mssginmtnge, ge mvarmca, sigrad =6 pgnets bncbar ge tba igjonead _amdnec med 3mtb Ytmelgrd


11/14

(ibnavajaet !ast tbme studaets wbgsa pmraets wara egt nevghvad ne tbasa mitnvntnas 'p K 66B+

(ddntngemhh#, studaets wbg vghuetaarad mt tba sibggh racuhmrh# sigrad, ge mvarmca, mhjgst =H pgnets

bncbar tbme studaets wbgsa pmraets dnd egt vghuetaar 'p K 6B+ Yurprnsnech#, nt mppamrs tbmt oanec

caearmhh# nevghvad ne tba sibggh bms jgra njpmit tbme oanec nevghvad spainlnimhh# ne tba ibnhd


12/14

uhtnjmtah# bms me allait ge studaet parlgrjmeia med wbmt dgas egt

Nl wa hgg$ ighhaitnvah# mt tba lmitgrs tbmt dnd egt mllait studaet parlgrjmeia med tbgsa tbmt

mllaitad nt eacmtnvah#, nt ns mppmraet tbmt mhh tbasa lmitgrs mra geas tbmt ra"unra m pmraet tg mitnvah# ne"unra

mogut m studaeta taed tg tbne$ tbmt nl

wa mra netarastad ne tba spainlnis, med wa sbgw gur ibnhdrae tbns, tba# wnhh lghhgw up wntb nt !ba# wnhh

uedarstmed wa imra med uedarstmed nt jmttars >bmt nl tbns ns egt sg@ >bmt nl nt ns parianvad ms nevmsnva@

(s jnirgjmemcnec@ (s egt trustnec gur ibnhd tg oa moha tg jm$a tba rncbt ibgnias@ >bmt nl nt ns

mitumhh# egt mhhgwnec tba ibnhd tg jm$a tba rncbt ibgnias@

!bae hgg$ mt tba ntajs tbmt wara sncenlnimet med dnd bmva njpmit, miigrdnec tg tbns stud#5 bncb

aduimtngemh a%paitmtnges8out egt CV( ra"unrajaets7 vghuetaarnec mt sibggh8out egt snttnec dgwe ne

me gllninmh jaatnec wntb tamibars7 oanec mitnva ne tba V!( med jm$nec dainsnges tbmt njpmit tba wbgha

sibggh med mhh studaets7 oanec mvmnhmoha mltar sibggh Nt ns egt ust stmtad tbmt aduimtnge ns njpgrtmet Nt ns

mogut bmvnec m prasaeia ne tba ibnhd


13/14

tbmt bmppae@ Murtbar pghninas ime oa nentnmtad tbmt suppgrt pmraets med ibnhdrae upge aetarnec sibggh8

mt tba tnja gl tba netarvnaw8m ra"unrad grnaetmtnge gl tba vmhua med njpmit aduimtnge ime bmva ge m

ibnhd, eg jmttar bns aigegjni omi$crgued gr bns pmraets< aduimtnge havah7 ihmrnl# tba ra"unrad pmraetnec

ihmssas tbmt bahp oghstar m ibnhd


14/14

>gr$s .ntad

(hhnmeia lgr )%iahhaet )duimtnge Njprgvnec tba Dnstrnoutnge gl !amibars ne /gwparlgrjnec 2ncb

Yibgghs&Vghniy rna! (prnh '?66*+ Kbttp5wwwmhh4adgrclnhas!amibDnstGVghni#rnalpdl

grcgegvn, Mrmeiasim >bmt .me Vmraets Dg tg 2ahp !banr .bnhdrae Yuiiaad ne Yibggh@&V"Y# ne

$gius% Vmrns, Mrmeia5 1).D, ?6== Kbttp5wwwpnsmgaidgrcdmtmgaid4=46=?6Hpdl

.mpps, _med#, at mh Tba Eaw &ajg'rmpby g! #jarnim(s Yibgghs0 "jjn'rmtnge med tba Eg )bnhd *a!t

abned #it% >msbnectge D.5 !ba :rome Nestntuta, ?66B Kbttp5wwwuromegrcuphgmdadVDM

O==?O6GeawGdajgcrmpb#pdl

.aetar lgr Vuohni )duimtnge mi$ tg Yibggh5 2gw Vmraet Nevghvajaet (llaits Ytudaet (ibnavajaet&

(ha%medrnm, ](5 .aetar lgr Vuohni )duimtnge, ?6== Kbttp5wwwiaetarlgrpuohniaduimtngegrc

3mne3aeuVuohniaduimtngeVmraetNevghvajaet

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