improving tcp performance in a differentiated services network: investigations and solutions
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Improving TCP Performance in a Differentiated Services Network: Investigations and Solutions. Kaleelazhicathu R R Kumar Centre for Internet Research School Of Computing National University of Singapore. Outline. Introduction Motivation Background TCP DiffServ TCP in DiffServ : Issues - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Improving TCP Performance in a Differentiated Services Network:
Investigations and Solutions
Kaleelazhicathu R R Kumar
Centre for Internet Research
School Of Computing
National University of Singapore
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Outline
Introduction Motivation
Background TCP DiffServ TCP in DiffServ : Issues
Related work Research Objective Thesis Contribution Memory-Based Marker (MBM) Memory-Based Three Color Marker (MBTCM) TSWTCM vs. MBTCM : A Comparison Congestion-Aware Traffic Conditioner (CATC) Linux Implementation of MBM Areas for Deployment Conclusion
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Introduction: Motivation
An exponential growth in traffic resulted in deterioration of QoS.
Over provisioning of networks could be a solution. A better solution: An intelligent network service with better
resource allocation and management methods. DiffServ has emerged as a solution for providing QoS by
service differentiation. Recent measurements have shown TCP flows being in
majority (95% approx. of byte share). Inherent limitations of TCP is a hurdle for providing better
QoS.
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Background: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
De facto Transport layer Protocol Common applications like Telnet,FTP and HTTP uses
TCP Provides a connection oriented,reliable,
byte stream service to the application. Control mechanisms
Slow start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit and Recovery
Flow Control
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Differentiated Services
Provides QoS for aggregate flows using different per hop forwarding behaviours at the core routers
Scalable The philosophy: simpler at the core (AQM), complex at the
edges Per-Hop behaviours
Expedited forwarding: Deterministic QoS Assured forwarding: Statistical QoS
RIO-based schemes proposed for AQM.
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Differentiated Services
Basic building blocks of DiffServ Classifier Traffic Conditioner
Token Bucket (TB), Time Sliding Window (TSW) Meter Marker Shaper/Dropper
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Differentiated Services
Classifier
Meter
MarkerShaper/Dropper
Packets
Logical View of a Packet Classifier and Traffic Conditioner
Drop
Forward
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TCP in DiffServ: Issues
TCP flows are much more sensitive to transient congestion. Bias against connections with long Round Trip Time (RTT)
Reason:Long RTT flows takes longer time to ramp up. Bias against connections with smaller window sizes
Reason: Smaller windows mean smaller throughput Protection from unruly traffic like UDP traffic.
Reason: UDP traffic has no rate control mechanism and hence kills TCP traffic.
DiffServ issues Bandwidth assurance affected by size of target rate. Markers sensitive to its own parameters. Absence of Edge-to-Edge feedback. Existing markers fail to track TCP dynamics
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Related Work
Clark et al came up with the RIO scheme. Nandy et al identified the factors affecting bandwidth
assurance. Kalyanaraman et al proposes a TCP-Friendly component. Kalyanaraman et al also proposed an edge-to-edge
feedback architecture based on ECN and ICMP messages. Sahu et al studied the influence of token bucket
parameters on providing assured service. Feng et al proposed an adaptive marker.
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Research Objective
Markers, one of the building blocks of a trafficconditioner play a major role for resource allocationin a DiffServ network.
Design an Intelligent Marker Least sensitive to both the marker and TCP parameters Should be transparent to end hosts. Maintain optimum marking Tracks the TCP dynamics Minimize synchronizations. Be fair to different target sizes. Be congestion aware.
Design an Edge-to-Edge feedback architecure An early indication of congestion in a network helps to prioritize the packets in
advance.
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Thesis Contribution
Two Approaches Memory-Based
Memory-Based Marker (MBM) Reduces influence of TCP’s limitations
Memory-Based Three Color Marker (MBTCM) Suitable for DiffServ with AF PHB
Feedback-basedCongestion-aware Traffic Conditioner
Provides edge-to-edge feedback to the marker
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Memory-Based Marker (MBM)
Tracks TCP dynamics. Transparent to end hosts. Maintain optimum marking. Fairness Less sensitive to its own parameters.
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Memory-Based Marker?
During the period when TCP flows experience congestion, either or both of the following occurs: a) The cwnd reduces reducing the value of W b) The RTT increases causing a decrease in throughput or rate of flow. The TCP window size W and the round trip time RTT are related to the
throughput by the equation:BW = ¾*(MSS*W)/(RTT) where W is expressed in
number of segments. Any variation in W or RTT is reflected as subsequent changes in BW, i.e., in our
case, the avg_rate. The parameter previous average rate (par) is compared with the present average
rate to track any change in the rate of flow and thus indirectly extract the variations in RTT or W.
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MBM Algorithm
For each packet arrival If avg_rate cir then mp=mp+(1-avg_rate/cir)+ (par- avg_rate)/avg_rate; par = avg_rate; mark the packet using: cp 11 w.p. mp cp 00 w.p. (1-mp)
else if avg_rate > cir
then
mp= mp + (par – avg_rate)/avg_rate;
par=avg_rate;
mark the packet using:
cp 11 w.p. mp
cp 00 w.p. (1-mp)
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MBM Algo. Cont’d..
where,avg_rate= the rate estimate upon each packet arrival
mp = marking probability (1)cir = committed information rate (i.e., the target rate)par = previous average ratecp denotes ‘codepoint’ and w.p. denotes ‘withprobability’.
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MBM Algo. Explained
In the expression for the marking probability mp, (par – avgrate)/avgrate tracks the variations
in RTT and window size (W) and thus increases or decreases the marking probability according to the changes in the flow rate.
(1- avgrate)/cir constantly compares the average rate observed with the target rate to keep the rate closer to the target.
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Experiments
We used FTP bulk data transfer for the TCP traffic in all our experiments.
NS (2.1b7a) simulator on Red Hat 7.0 Modified Nortel’s DiffServ module for our architecture implementation. Core routers use RIO like mechanism We conducted simulation studies for:
Assured service for aggregates with different target rates. Effect of different RTTs Effect of different window sizes Protection from best effort UDP flows Effect of UDP flows with target rates.
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Topology
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Results
Expt #Rt 1 Rt 2 BE TCP flow Link goodput
Total Marked Total Marked (Mbps) (Mbps)1 1 1 2.85 1.45 3.35 1.97 2.94 9.142 1 2 2.93 1.76 3.6 2.7 2.64 9.173 1 3 2.93 2.08 4.08 3.44 2.2 9.214 1 4 2.93 2.21 4.29 3.84 1.93 9.155 1 5 2.8 2.32 4.89 4.64 1.51 9.26 2 2 3.4 2.58 3.56 2.73 2.49 9.457 3 3 3.75 3.34 3.53 3.08 1.85 9.138 4 4 3.88 3.7 3.94 3.7 1.31 9.139 5 5 4.38 4.38 4.35 4.35 0.42 9.15
10 6 6 4.35 4.35 4.5 4.5 0.34 9.199.192 Average link utilization = 92% (approx.)
Ra1 Ra2 Target Rates (Mbps) Achieved Rates (Mbps)
Achieved Rates (Ra) for different Target Rates (Rt).
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Results..
RTT (ms) Ra 1 Ra 2
60 1.82 3.81 5.6380 1.49 3.74 5.23
100 1.52 3.52 5.04120 1.38 3.58 4.96140 1.43 3.45 4.88
25.74
Achieved Rates ( Mbps)
Total link goodput
per source pair goodput(Mbps)
Achieved Rates (Ra) for different RTT values
window size(KB ) Without MBM With MBMAchieved Rates Achieved Rates Ra (Mbps) Ra (Mbps)
384 0.58 1.88768 3.1 3.06
1125 3.21 2.871536 2.76 3.071920 1.25 2.93
13.81Total Link utilization 10.90
Achieved Rates (Ra) for different window sizes
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Results..
Target Rate (Mbps) Rt Ra(udp_be) Ra(tcp_be)
Total Marked2 3.83 2.03 2.95 2.64 4.85 4.13 2.91 1.666 5.76 5.6 2.84 0.818 7.13 7.13 2.22 0.04
10 7.94 7.94 1.4 0
Achieved Rates (Mbps) Ra(tcp_prio)
Achieved Rates in presence of BE UDP and TCP
Target Rate (Mbps)Ra(udp_prio) Ra(tcp_be)
Total Marked2 3.73 1.83 2.98 2.634 4.73 4.04 2.98 1.646 5.66 5.58 2.98 0.738 6.08 6.08 2.98 0.32
Achieved Rates (Mbps) Ra(tcp_prio)
Achieved Rates in presence of AS UDP and BE TCP
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Inference
MBM Achieves transparency from the end hosts, simplicity,
and least sensitivity to parameters of both TCP as well as its own parameters.
helps in achieving the target rate, with a better fairness in terms of sharing the excess bandwidth among flows.
provides the TCP flows, a greater degree of insulation
from differences in RTT and window sizes. The overall link utilization also seems to be much better.
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Memory-Based Three Color Marker(MBTCM)
An Extension of MBM suitable for DiffServ
with AF PHB. Solves some issues in MBM. an improvement over TSWTCM
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MBTCM Algorithm
For each packet arrival If avg_rate cir then mp=mp+(1-avg_rate/cir)+ (par- avg_rate)/avg_rate; par = avg_rate; mark the packet using: cp 10 (green) w.p. mp
cp 11 (yellow) w.p. (1-mp)
else if (avg_rate cir) && (avg_rate pir) then mp= mp + (par – avg_rate)/avg_rate – (avg_rate-cir)/pir; par=avg_rate; mark the packet using: cp 11 w.p. mp cp 00 (red) w.p. (1-mp) else cp 00 w.p 1
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MBTCM Algo. Explained
(avg_rate-cir)/pir acts as the reduction factor for reducing the probability as the avg_rate increases towards pir. This component is particularly useful when the traffic stream has a constant avg_rate (e.g., UDP traffic) and is above cir. In such a scenario, mp doesn’t remain constant but reduces to zero.
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Results…
Expt #Rt 1 Rt 2 BE TCP flow Link goodput
Total Marked Total Marked (Mbps) (Mbps)1 1 1 2.55 0.01 2.64 0.01 3.99 9.22 1 2 2.57 0.02 2.9 0.74 3.67 9.143 1 3 2.28 0.13 3.53 1.95 3.33 9.144 1 4 2.17 0.19 3.89 3.41 3.19 9.255 1 5 2.29 0.31 3.93 3.76 3.25 9.476 2 2 3.13 0.95 3.14 0.73 3.4 9.677 3 3 3.41 2.62 3.2 2.12 2.45 9.068 4 4 3.31 2.92 3.58 3.2 2.64 9.539 5 5 3.13 3.07 4.6 4.3 2.2 9.93
10 6 6 3.83 3.82 4 3.99 1.8 9.63 Average link utilization 9.402 Average link utilization= 94 % (approx.)
Ra1 Ra2 Target Rates(Mbps) Achieved Rates (Mbps)
Achieved Rates (Ra) for different Target Rates (Rt).
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Results..
window size(KB ) Without MBTCM With MBTCMAchieved Rates Achieved Rates Ra (Mbps) Ra (Mbps)
384 0.58 2.07768 3.1 3.12
1125 3.21 3.521536 2.76 2.581920 1.25 3.85
15.14Total Link goodput 10.90
Achieved Rates (Ra) for different window sizes
Target Rate (Mbps) Rt Ra(udp_be) Ra(tcp_be)
Total Marked2 3.24 3 2.97 3.224 3.99 3.7 2.96 2.256 3.36 3.3 2.97 3.178 3.5 3.48 2.97 3.01
10 3.5 3.48 2.97 3.01
Achieved Rates (Mbps) Ra(tcp_prio)
Achieved Rates in presence of BE UDP and TCP
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TSWTCM vs. MBTCM: A Comparison
TSWTCM 3 color TSW-TC based marker Marking based on two parameters- Committed
Target Rate (CTR), and Peak Target Rate (PTR).
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Results..
Expt #Rt 1 Rt 2 BE TCP flow Link goodput
Total Marked Total Marked (Mbps) (Mbps)1 1 1 2.58 1.96 2.57 1.96 3.98 9.132 1 2 2.53 2.1 2.9 2.9 3.62 9.053 1 3 2.52 1.97 3.14 3.14 3.36 9.024 1 4 2.7 1.97 3.06 3.06 3.31 9.075 1 5 2.41 1.96 3.85 3.85 3.17 9.436 2 2 2.91 2.87 2.92 2.84 3.1 8.937 3 3 3.57 3.57 3.5 3.5 2.7 9.778 4 4 3.52 3.52 3.12 3.12 2.56 9.29 5 5 3.84 3.84 3.53 3.53 1.75 9.12
10 6 6 3.11 3.11 4.25 4.25 1.65 9.01 Average link utilization 9.173 Average link utilization= 92 % (approx.)
Ra1 Ra2 Target Rates(Mbps) Achieved Rates (Mbps)
Achieved Rates (Ra) for different Target Rates (Rt).
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Results..
window size(KB ) Without TSWTCM With TSWTCMAchieved Rates Achieved Rates Ra (Mbps) Ra (Mbps)
384 0.58 3.23768 3.1 1.4
1125 3.21 0.011536 2.76 4.271920 1.25 4.47
13.38Total Link goodput 10.90
Achieved Rates (Ra) for different window sizes.
Target Rate (Mbps) Rt Ra(udp_be) Ra(tcp_be)
Total Marked2 2.92 2.7 2.97 3.394 3.12 3.12 2.97 2.976 3.18 3.18 2.97 2.938 3.25 3.25 2.97 3
10 3.25 3.25 2.97 3
Achieved Rates (Mbps) Ra(tcp_prio)
Achieved Rates in presence of BE UDP and TCP
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The Comparison.
MBTCM achieves the target rates for priority flows with optimum
marking. helps in achieving consistency of goodput in cases of
flows with different window settings. performs better than TSWTCM in terms of protection
from BE UDP flows. has an overall link utilization much better than
TSWTCM.
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Congestion-aware Traffic Conditioner(CATC)
Congestion-aware Least sensitive to the marker parameters. Transparent to end hosts. Maintain optimum marking.
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Edge-to-Edge Feedback Architecture
Two edge routers Control sender (CS) and control receiver (CR)
Upstream: At CS:
CS sends control packets (CP) at regular interval of time, control packet interval (cpi). CPs are given highest priority.
At Core: Core routers maintain the status of drops of the best effort packets. Information maintained as a status flag to a max. of cpi time. CP’s congestion notification (CN) bit set or reset based on status flag.
At CR: Responds to the incoming CP with a CN bit set by setting the congestion echo (CE) bit of the
outgoing acknowledgement. Downstream
At CS: Maintains a parameter, congestion factor (cf). Cf is set to 1 or 0 based on status of the CE bit in acknowledgement received
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CATC Algorithm
For each packet arrival If avg_rate cir then mp=mp+(1- avg_rate/cir)*(1+ cf*(cir/cir_max)); mark the packet using : cp 11 w.p. mp cp 00 w.p. (1-mp)
else if avg_rate > cir
then
mp=mp+ (1- avg_rate/cir)*(1- cf*(cir/cir_max));
mark the packet using :
cp 11 w.p. mp
cp 00 w.p. (1-mp)
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CATC Algo. Explained
The effect on mp: i)Flow component (1- avg_rate/cir) constantly compares
the average rate observed with the target rate to keep the rate closer to the target.
ii)Network component cf*(cir/cir_max) provides a dynamic indication of congestion level status in the network. The marking probability increment is done in proportion to the target rate by multiplying cf with a weight factor cir/cir_max to mitigate the impact of the target rates.
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Results
Expt #Rt 1 Rt 2 Ra1 Ra2 BE TCP flow Link goodput
(Mbps) (Mbps)1 1 1 2.54 2.58 3.76 8.882 1 2 2.54 2.58 3.76 8.883 1 3 2.41 2.93 3.46 8.84 2 3 2.36 2.89 3.58 8.835 3 3 2.8 2.8 3.21 8.816 3 4 2.73 3.49 2.59 8.81
8.835
Target Rates(Mbps) Achieved Rates (Mbps)
Average link bandwidth (Mbps)
Achieved Rates (Ra) for different Target Rates (Rt) -- under- and well-subscribed cases.
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Results..
Expt #Rt 1 Rt 2 Ra1 Ra2 BE TCP flow Link goodput
(Mbps) (Mbps)1 2 6 1.83 4.85 2.06 8.742 3 5 2.5 4.04 2.05 8.593 3 6 2.4 4.6 1.53 8.534 1 8 1.2 6 1.28 8.485 4 6 3.17 4.5 0.11 7.786 2 8 1.55 6.16 0.72 8.43
8.425
Target Rates(Mbps) Achieved Rates (Mbps)
Average link bandwidth (Mbps)
Achieved Rates (Ra) for different Target Rates (Rt) -- over-subscribed cases
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Results: Goodput vs Time Graph (2/6 Mbps target rate.)
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 50 100 150 200 250
t ime (s)
go
od
pu
t (M
bp
s)
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 50 100 150 200 250
time (s)
good
put (
Mbp
s)
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Results..
Expt #Rt 1 Rt 2 Ra1 Ra2 BE TCP flow BE UDP Link goodput
(Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps)1 2 6 1.52 4.18 0.46 3.54 6.162 3 5 2.08 3.41 0.44 2.52 5.933 3 6 2 4.42 0.13 2.12 6.554 1 8 0.66 6.34 0.01 1.87 7.015 4 6 2.65 4.6 0 1.5 7.256 2 8 1.21 6 0 1.6 7.21
6.685
Target Rates(Mbps) Achieved Rates (Mbps)
Average link bandwidth (Mbps)
Achieved Rates in presence of BE UDP and TCP
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Results..
Expt #Rt 1 Rt 2 Ra1 Ra2 BE TCP flow AS UDP Link goodput
(Mbps) (Mbps) (Mbps)1 1 1 1.7 1.77 2.61 2.99 6.082 2 2 1.92 1.88 2.27 2.99 6.073 3 3 2.37 2.47 1.18 2.99 6.024 4 4 2.92 2.98 0.13 2.98 6.035 5 5 3.12 2.83 0.1 2.97 6.05
6.05
Target Rates(Mbps) Achieved Rates (Mbps)
Average link bandwidth (Mbps)
Achieved Rates in presence of AS UDP and BE TCP
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Inference
Achieves goodput close to the target rates. Succeeds in taking the share of BE TCP and UDP flows
in the worst case scenario. The average link utilization pretty good. The AS UDP flow gets its assured rate.
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Linux Implementation of MBM
Incorporated with the existing traffic control functions of Linux.
Linux kernel version used was 2.2.14 , Redhat 6.2.
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Traffic Control setup for Linux implementation of MBM
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Areas for Deployment
Marker anywhere (lack of sensitivity to marker parameters).
MPLS over DiffServ.
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Conclusion
transparency from the end hosts, simplicity, and least sensitivity to parameters of both TCP as well as marker parameters.
helps in achieving the target rate, with a better fairness in terms of sharing the excess bandwidth among flows.
provides the TCP flows, a greater degree of insulation from differences in RTT and window sizes.
overall link utilization also seems to be much better.
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Conclusion…
Provides an architecture which is transparent to TCP sources and hence doesn’t require any modifications at the end hosts.
The edge-to-edge feedback control loop helps the marker to take proactive measures in maintaining the assured service effectively, especially during periods of congestion.
A single feedback control is used for an aggregated flow. Hence this architecture is scalable to any number of flows between the two edge gateways.
The architecture is adaptive to changes in load and network conditions.
The marking algorithm takes care of any bursts in the flows.
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Acknowledgement
Dr. Lillykutty Jacob Prof. A.L.Ananda NS Community Rajesh,Boon Peng Michael, Srijith, Yong Xiang Saswat, Prashant, Sriram, RK All my dear friends My Family God Almighty
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Papers published
Conferences: 1. K.R.R.Kumar, A.L.Ananda, Lillykutty Jacob,“A Memory-Based Approach
for a TCP-Friendly Traffic Conditioner in DiffServ Networks”, in Proc. of the 9 th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP 2001), Riverside, California.
2. K.R.R.Kumar, A.L.Ananda, Lillykutty Jacob, “Using Edge-To-Edge Feedback Control to make Assured Service More Assured in DiffServ Networks”, in Proc. of the 26th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2001), Tampa, Florida.
Journal: 1. K.R.Renjish Kumar, A.L.Ananda, Lillykutty Jacob,“TCP-Friendly
Traffic Conditioning in DiffServ Networks : A Memory-Based Approach ”, accepted (invited paper) in Computer Networks, Elsevier Publications.
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Q & A
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Thank You