Improving the Utility of Automated Processing for Digital Video Archives

Penn StateMarch 1, 2010

Mike Christelchristel@cs.cmu.edu

Entertainment Technology CenterCarnegie Mellon University

Talk OutlineTalk Outline

• Automatically creating metadata for digital videoAutomatically creating metadata for digital video

• Informedia demonstrations (oral history collection, news Informedia demonstrations (oral history collection, news video collection)video collection)

• Types of search: beyond fact-findingTypes of search: beyond fact-finding

• Exploratory search through multiple viewsExploratory search through multiple views

• Evaluation hurdlesEvaluation hurdles

• DiscussionDiscussion

……now is a perfect opportunity for leveraging user now is a perfect opportunity for leveraging user involvement for better video information-seeking involvement for better video information-seeking experiencesexperiences

User Involvement

• User Correction: Corrective action for metadata errors (analogous to Harry Shum’s vision at Microsoft for human-assisted computer vision success)

• User Control: Driving the interface to overcome metadata errors

• User Context: More useful interfaces driven implicitly by context

CMU Informedia Digital Video Research

• Details at: http://www.informedia.cs.cmu.edu

• Speech recognition and alignment

• Image processing

• Named entity tagging

• Synchronized metadata for search and navigation

• Fast, direct video access to oral histories, news, etc.

• Demonstration oral history corpus: 913 hours of interviews from 400 individuals, 18,254 interview story segments (average story segment length of 3 minutes)

• Demonstration news corpus: TRECVID 2006 test set (165 hours of U.S., Arabic, and Chinese news with 79,484 reference shots)

Speech Recognition Functions

• Generates transcript (if one is not given) to enable text-based retrieval from spoken language documents

• Improves text synchronization to audio/video in presence of scripts (align speech with text)

• Supplies necessary information for library segmentation and multimedia abstractions (e.g., break stories apart at silence points rather than in the middle of sentences)

Speech Alignment Example

Image Understanding Functions

• Scene segmentation

• Similarity matching

• Camera motion determination and object tracking

• Optical Character Recognition (OCR) on video text and titles

• Face detection and recognition

• Ongoing research work in object identification and scene characterization, e.g., indoor/outdoor, road, building, etc.

Images containing similar colors…

Image search with tropical rainforest image leads to…

Images containing similar colors

Images containing similar shapes

Images containing similar content

Shots

Camera

Objects

Action

Captions

Scenery

Yellowstone

Static

Adult Female

Head Motion

CNN LIVE

Studio

Static

Animal

Left Motion

CNN

Outdoor

Zoom

Two adults

None

An Online First

Indoor

Goal: Automatic Video Characterization

Shots

Camera

Objects

Action

Captions

Scenery

Yellowstone

Static

Adult Female

Head Motion

CNN LIVE

Studio

Static

Animal

Left Motion

CNN

Outdoor

Zoom

Two adults

None

An Online First

Indoor

Goal: Automatic Video Characterization

Automated Video Processing

• Produces descriptive metadata for video libraries

• Metadata has errors greater than metadata produced by a careful, human-provided annotation

• Errors in metadata can be reduced:• By more computation-intensive algorithms• By taking advantage of video frame-to-frame redundancy• By folding in context, e.g., probable text sizes in video• By folding in extra sources of knowledge, e.g., a

dictionary for cleaning up VOCR, or labeled data revealing patterns for named entity detection

• By human review and correction, which can generate additional labeled data for machine learning

Camera and Motion Detection

Pan

Right object motion (not pan left)

Success through Lucas-Kanade

optical flow algorithm

Text and Face Detection

Face Detection: A Success Story

• Many deployments, from digital cameras to remove red-eye and improve focus, to interactive art (see ETC hallways)

• Henry Schneiderman, PhD from Carnegie Mellon who worked with Informedia group at CMU• Founder of Pittsburgh Pattern Recognition (PittPatt)• Test out state of the art yourself at www.pittpatt.com

Video OCR Block Diagram

Text Area

Detection

Text Area

Preprocessing

Commercial

OCR

Video

ASCII Text

(1/2 s intervals)

Video Frames Filtered Frames AND-ed Frames

VOCR Preprocessing Problems

Augmenting VOCR with Dictionary Look-up

Video Transcript

…said President Clinton.Al Gore presented hispolicies….Gorestated…. In a gala affair,Clinton addressed….

Face/Name Association(Co-occurrence evaluation)

Face Extraction

Name Extraction

Who is Gore?

Clinton

“Name-It” Face/Name Association

Named Entity Extraction

CNN national correspondent John Holliman is at Hartsfield International Airport in Atlanta. Good morning, John. …But there was one situation here at Hartsfield where one airplane flying from Atlanta to Newark, New Jersey yesterday had a

mechanical problem and it caused a backup that spread throughout the whole system because even though there were a lot of planes flying to the New York area from the Atlanta

area yesterday, ….

Key: Place, Time, Organization/Person

F. Kubala, R. Schwartz, R. Stone, and R. Weischedel, “Named Entity Extraction from Speech”, Proc. DARPA Workshop on Broadcast News Understanding Systems, Lansdowne, VA, February 1998.

Enhancing Library Utility via Better Metadata

(final representation)Summarizer

People Event TopicsAffiliation Location Time

User Interface

Metadata Extractor

Perspective Templates

Improving the Interface via Usage Context

Example: query-based thumbnail selection

Improving Utility through End-User Control

Example: filtering storyboard based on visual concepts with user controlling precision and recall

Improving the Metadata via User Interaction

• Example: collecting positive and implicit negative sets of labeled shot data for visual concepts

• Reference: Ming-yu Chen, et al., ACM Multimedia 2005

User Involvement

User Correction: Corrective action for metadata errors (analogous to Harry Shum’s vision at Microsoft for human-assisted computer vision success)

User Control: Driving the interface to overcome metadata errors

• User Context: More useful interfaces driven implicitly by context

Video Summaries (without User Context)

• BBC rushes video summarization task in TRECVID 2007 and TRECVID 2008 shows difficulty of the task

• Video summary is “a condensed version of some information, such that various judgments about the full information can be made using only the summary and taking less time and effort than would be required using the full information source”

• Maximum 4% duration (2% in TRECVID 2008)

• Benefits of this TRECVID task: provides a reasonably large video collection to be summarized, a uniform method of creating ground truth, and a uniform scoring mechanism

BBC Rushes

• 42 test videos (+ development ones) from BBC Archive

• Test videos:• minimum duration 3.3 minutes• maximum duration 36.4 minutes• mean duration 25 minutes

• Raw (unedited) rush video with a great deal of Raw (unedited) rush video with a great deal of redundancy (repeated takes), mixed quality audio, redundancy (repeated takes), mixed quality audio, “junk” frames“junk” frames

Video Summaries (with/without User Context)

• BBC Rush video has no context to build from

• However, users often provide cues as to what is important, as will be seen shortly

Storyboards: TRECVID Search Success

• For the shot-based directed search information retrieval task evaluated at TRECVID, storyboards have consistently and overwhelmingly produced the best performance (see references in paper, e.g., [Snoek et al. 2007])

• Motivated users can navigate through thousands of shot thumbnails in storyboards, better even than with “extreme video retrieval” interfaces: 2487 shots on average per 15 minute topic for TRECVID 2006 [Christel/Yan CIVR 2007]

• Storyboard benefits: packed visual overview, trivial interactive control needed for “overview, zoom and filter, details on demand” – Shneiderman’s Visual Information-Seeking Mantra

Beyond Fact-Finding

• CACM April 2006 special issue on this topic

• G. Marchionini (“Exploratory Search: From Finding to Understanding,” CACM 49, April 2006) breaks down 3 types of search activities:• Lookup (fact-finding; solving stated/understood need)• Learn• Investigate

• Computer scientists and information retrieval specialists emphasize evaluation of lookup activities (NIST TREC)

• Real world interest in learn/investigate: for an oral history collection, State Univ. New York at Buffalo Workshop library science and humanities participants quite interested in learn/investigate activities

Exploratory Search (Demonstrations)

• Examples where storyboards still useful: visual review, e.g., of disaster field footage

• Where storyboards fail: • Showing other facets like time, space, co-occurrence,

named entities (When did disasters occur? Which ones? Where?)

• Providing collection understanding, a holistic view of what’s in say 100s of segments of 1000s of matching shots

• Providing window into visually homogenous results, e.g., results from color search perhaps, or a corpus of just lecture slides, or head-and-shoulder interview shots

• Claim: Storyboards are not sufficient, but are part of a useful suite of tools/interfaces for interactive video search

Anecdotal Support for Claim

• Collected 2006-2007 from:• Government analysts with news data• History students and faculty with oral history data

• Views Tested: • Timeline• Visualization By Example (VIBE) Plot (query terms)• Map View• Named Entity view (people, places, organizations)• Text-dominant views:

• Nested Lists (pre-defined clusters by contributor)

• Common Text (on-the-fly grouping of common phrases)

Anecdotal Results

• 38 HistoryMakers corpus users (mostly students, 15 female, average age 24), experienced web searchers, modest digital video experience

• 6 intelligence analysts (1 female; 2 older than 40, 3 in their 30s, 1 in 20s), very experienced text searchers, experienced web searchers, novice video searchers

• View use minimal aside from Common Text

• Text titling and text transcripts used frequently

• A bit of evidence for collection understanding (e.g., diffs in topic between New York and Chicago), but overall, cautious use of default settings for initial trial(s).

Evaluation Hurdles

• How does one evaluate information visualization for promoting exploratory video search?• Low level simple tasks vs. complex real-world tasks• Traditional effectiveness, efficiency, satisfaction are

even problematic: is “fast” interface for exploration good or bad?

• HCI discount usability techniques offer some support, but ecological validity may limit impact of conclusions (e.g., HCII students found Common Text well suited for History students)

• Look to field of Visual Analytics for help, e.g., Plaisant

• “First hour with system” studies, or “developer as user” insights too limiting. Rather, consider Multi-dimensional In-depth Long-term Case-studies (MILC)

Concluding Points - 1

• “Interactive” allows human direction to compensate for automation shortcomings and varying needs• Interactive fact-finding better than automated fact-

finding in visual shot retrieval (TRECVID)• Interactive computer vision has successes (Harry Shum

at Microsoft, Michael Brown et al. at NUS)• Interactive view/facet control == ??? (too early to tell)

• Users need scaffolding/support to get started

• Evaluations need to run longer term, in depth, with case studies to see what has benefit (Multidimensional In-depth Long-term Case studies - MILC)

Concluding Points - 2• Storyboards work well for visual overviewStoryboards work well for visual overview

• Video surrogates can be made more effective, efficient, Video surrogates can be made more effective, efficient, and satisfying when tailored to user activity (leverage and satisfying when tailored to user activity (leverage context)context)

• Interface should provide easy tuning of precision vs. recallInterface should provide easy tuning of precision vs. recall

• As cheap storage and transmission is producing a wealth As cheap storage and transmission is producing a wealth of digital video, exploratory search will gain emphasis of digital video, exploratory search will gain emphasis regarding video repositoriesregarding video repositories

• Augment automatically produced metadata with human-Augment automatically produced metadata with human-provided descriptors (take advantage of what users are provided descriptors (take advantage of what users are willing to volunteer, and in fact solicit additional feedback willing to volunteer, and in fact solicit additional feedback from humans through motivating games that allow for from humans through motivating games that allow for human computation, a research focus of Luis von Ahn at human computation, a research focus of Luis von Ahn at Carnegie Mellon University)Carnegie Mellon University)

Games with a PurposeGames with a Purpose

• Spearheaded by von Ahn, www.gwap.comSpearheaded by von Ahn, www.gwap.com

• ESP Game showed success of “human computation” ESP Game showed success of “human computation” for tagging imageryfor tagging imagery

• Ongoing projects, including a current one at CMU Ongoing projects, including a current one at CMU Entertainment Technology Center, Prometheus, to Entertainment Technology Center, Prometheus, to further explore further explore crowd-sourced games crowd-sourced games (www.etc.cmu.edu/projects)(www.etc.cmu.edu/projects)

CreditsCredits

Many members of the Informedia Project, CMU research community, Many members of the Informedia Project, CMU research community, and and The HistoryMakersThe HistoryMakers contributed to this work, including: contributed to this work, including:

Informedia Project Director:Informedia Project Director: Howard Wactlar Howard Wactlar

The HistoryMakersThe HistoryMakers Executive Director: Executive Director: Julieanna Richardson Julieanna Richardson

HistoryMakers Beta Testers:HistoryMakers Beta Testers: Joe Trotter (CMU History Dept.), SUNY Joe Trotter (CMU History Dept.), SUNY at Buffalo and all UB Workshop participants: Schomburg Center for at Buffalo and all UB Workshop participants: Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, NY Public Library, Randforce Associates, Research in Black Culture, NY Public Library, Randforce Associates, University of Illinois (3 campuses)University of Illinois (3 campuses)

Informedia User Interface:Informedia User Interface: Ron Conescu, Neema Moraveji Ron Conescu, Neema Moraveji

Informedia Processing:Informedia Processing: Alex Hauptmann, Ming-yu Chen, Wei-Hao Lin, Alex Hauptmann, Ming-yu Chen, Wei-Hao Lin, Rong Yan, Jun YangRong Yan, Jun Yang

Informedia Library Essentials:Informedia Library Essentials: Scott Stevens, Bob Baron, Bryan Scott Stevens, Bob Baron, Bryan MaherMaherThis work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. This work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos.

IIS-0205219 and IIS-0705491IIS-0205219 and IIS-0705491