in addition to water molecule(h 2 o), plant aquaporins can transports;

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In addition to water In addition to water molecule(H molecule(H 2 2 O), O), plant aquaporins can transports; plant aquaporins can transports; Substrate (researcher/paper) • CO2 (Kaldenhoff’s group, Katsuhara’s group) Silica (Ma’s group) Boron (Fujiwara’s group) Glycerol (many works) •H2O2 (JBC 282:1183) Ammonia (PMB 54:713) • Arsenite (Ma, Katsuhara) and more… 中中中中中中中中中中 Neutral low molecular-weight compounds

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中性低分子化合物輸送 Neutral low molecular-weight compounds. In addition to water molecule(H 2 O), plant aquaporins can transports;. Substrate (researcher/paper) CO 2 (Kaldenhoff’s group, Katsuhara’s group) Silica (Ma’s group) Boron (Fujiwara’s group) Glycerol (many works) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

In addition to water molecule(HIn addition to water molecule(H22O), O), plant aquaporins can transports; plant aquaporins can transports;

Substrate (researcher/paper)• CO2 (Kaldenhoff’s group, Katsuhara’s group) • Silica (Ma’s group)• Boron (Fujiwara’s group)• Glycerol (many works)• H2O2   (JBC 282:1183)• Ammonia (PMB 54:713)

• Arsenite   (Ma, Katsuhara)   and more…

中性低分子化合物輸送 Neutral low molecular-weight compounds 

Page 2: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

Tissue and cellular structures are not to scale

chloroplast

cytoplasm an aquaporin in the plasma-membrane of a mesophyll cell

cell wallsintercellular space

leaf surface with stomata

CO2 固定の律速段階   Limitting steps for CO2 fixation

RuBisCO 炭酸固定酵素の効率

Internal conductance葉内透過性細胞へ(原形質膜で)の透過

Stomatal conductance気孔透過性

Page 3: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

• CO2 permeability

CO2

Aquaporin

•  Oocyte + micro-pH electrode

Micropipette PIP cRNA

Carbonic-anhydrase: CA ( enzyme)

Micro pH electrode

Voltage electrode

CO2  →  HCO3-   +   H+   (pH 変化検出 )

Ulreich et al. 2003 NtAPQ1•  Transgenic plants + CO2 conductance

Need high throughput system →   New yeast system

Our group 2004 HvPIP2;1, gas exchange and carbon isotope (C13/C12) ratio

3

CA

(Reported)

Page 4: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

Screening system to identify aquaporins transporting CO2.

CA - EGFP アクアポリン遺伝子

酵母を用いたCO2 透過性スクリーニング系。ターゲットのアクアポリンがCO2を透過させれば、カーボニックアンヒドラーゼ(CA)が重炭酸イオンを生成して細胞内が酸性化して、pH感受性GFPの発光強度変化で検出できる。 0

1020304050607080

480 500 520 540 560nm

RFU

0 min5 sec30 sec1 min2 min

Acetic acid

Model examination

酢酸添加による細胞内 pH 低下がGFP 蛍光強度の変化で検出できた

イネ、オオムギ、シロイヌナズナの PIPs をスクリーニング →   CO2 透過活性をもつ PIP を網羅的に検出

4

Aquaporin genes (Gal-inducebile)

Page 5: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

Experimental data

Time (sec)

450

460

470

480

490

500

CA-EGFPHvPIP2;1T228M HvPIP2;1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Positive control (NtAQP1) 1 sec after addition of NaHCO3

Fluo

resc

ence

蛍光

強度

(任

意単

位)

 →

ΔFΔt

F

NaHCO3

Fluo

resc

ence

蛍光

強度

(任

意単

位)

 →

NtAQP1タバコアクアポリン(CO2 透過性が既知のコントロール)

HvPIP2;1オオムギ PIP の一つ

T228MHvPIP2;1活性中心の228番目の Thr をMet に置換した不活性 (inactive form)

Page 6: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

genes (ΔF/F)/sec genes (ΔF/F)/sec genes (ΔF/F)/sec genes (ΔF/F)/sec

No PIPs 0.34 ± 0.05 OsPIP2;1 0.43 ± 0.04 HvPIP1;1 0.50 ± 0.06 HvPIP2;1 0.43 ± 0.06

OsPIP2;2 0.37 ± 0.04 HvPIP1;2 0.37 ± 0.07 HvPIP2;2 0.34 ± 0.04

NtAQP1 0.43 ± 0.05 OsPIP2;3 0.33 ± 0.04 HvPIP1;3 0.31 ± 0.08 HvPIP2;3 0.43 ± 0.07

OsPIP2;4 0.34 ± 0.03 HvPIP1;4 0.37 ± 0.02 HvPIP2;4 0.35 ± 0.06

OsPIP1;1 0.33 ± 0.05 OsPIP2;5 0.35 ± 0.03 HvPIP1;5 0.35 ± 0.07 HvPIP2;5 0.31 ± 0.04

OsPIP1;2 0.32 ± 0.03 OsPIP2;6 0.33 ± 0.04

OsPIP1;3 0.36 ± 0.05 OsPIP2;7 0.38 ± 0.05 T228M HvPIP2;1 0.33± 0.03

OsPIP2;8 0.33 ± 0.04

イネ (Os) PIP1;1PIP1;2

PIP1;3

PIP2;1

PIP2;2

PIP2;3

PIP2;4

PIP2;5

PIP2;6

PIP2;7

PIP2;8

TIP1;1

TIP1;2

TIP2;1

TIP2;2

TIP3;1

TIP4;2

TIP5;1

NIP2;1

NIP2;2

NIP2:3

NIP3;2

NIP3;3

CO2 透過性 X X X ○ X X X X X X X X X X ○ X X X X X X X X

オオムギ (Hv) PIP1;1PIP1;2

PIP1;3

PIP1;4

PIP1;5

PIP2;1

PIP2;2

PIP2;3

PIP2;4

PIP2;5

TIP1;1

TIP1;2

TIP2;1

TIP2;2

TIP2;3

TIP3;1

TIP4;1

TIP5;1

NIP1;1

NIP1;2

NIP2;1

CO2 透過性 ○ X X X X ○ X ○ X X ○ X X X X ○ X X ○ X X

( CO2 透過性アクアポリン遺伝子)/(調べたアクアポリン遺伝子) イネ 2/23  オオムギ 6/21 

Future: High photosynthetic activity via improvements of aquaporins

Page 7: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

• Si permeability

(Si は耐病性と収量を向上させる)

Lsi1 →positional cloning→ OsNIP2;1

Page 8: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

pYES2HvNIP1;1HvNIP1;2HvNIP2;1HvNIP2;2OsNIP1;1OsNIP2;1OsNIP2;2OsNIP3;1OsNIP3;2OsNIP3;3OsNIP4;1

No As(OH)3 5μM As(OH)3

Growth of yeast ΔACR3 expressing various NIP aquaporins

As(OH ) 3

Acr3 yeast assay

Aquaporins transporting As(OH)3

Acr3 Lethal

• Arsenite (As(OH)3) permeabiliyu

Oocytes assay (PNAS 105;9931)

LSi1=OsNIP2;1Lsi6=OsNIP2;2

Page 9: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

0 mM H2O2 0.25 mM H2O2

0.5 mM H2O2 0.75 mM H2O2

pYES2( ベクター)

HvPIP2;1

HvPIP2;3

HvPIP2;4

HvPIP2;5

HvTIP2;2HvPIP2;2

→   HvPIP2;5 and HvTIP2;2 probably transport H2O2

• H2O2 peramiablity H2O2 sensitive ( Δskn7) yeast assay

H2O2 signaling in plants is essential for response to stress defense against pathogens and the regulation of programmed cell death.

Page 10: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

H2O, other molecules

アクアポリン研究のアウトプットアクアポリン研究のアウトプットPossible ApplicationsPossible Applications

Improving yield/quality in flowers and fruits

Crop improvements via aquaporin engineering(activity, expression regulation…..)

Two examples

Enhancement of growth and stress tolerances

Aquaporins

Page 11: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

OsNAC6 PIP2

PIP2

乾燥ストレス誘導的に発現抑制(PIP2を RNAi で抑制)乾燥ストレス(脱水)耐性強化イ

ネ ?

OsPIP2;4  ・・・  Lpr ↑( Previously descried )

Rice plants overexpressing PIPs

OsPIP1;1 ・・・   salt resistance ↑  seed germination ↑(PPB 63:151, 2013)

HvPIP2;1  Lpr ↑   but salt sensitive( PCP 44:1378, 2003 ) RNAi (Rice) against PIP2s

PIP expression ・・・ water uptake

Tolerance?

Down-regulation

Drought

Preventing dehydration

Stress-inducedRNAi  

Not Yet Performed ( まだできていない)

Page 12: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

シロイヌナズに導入

アサガオに導入

みずみずしい花持ちの良い花き?

高糖度で日持ちの良い果実?

PIP2

InMYB1

花弁特異的に発現抑制( PIP2 を RNAi で抑制)

PIP2

トマトに導入

PIP2CaM 35S

全身で過剰発現(リン酸化を mimic した PIP2 )

P P 生育旺盛に?(うまく行かない) Not good

PIP2全身でに発現抑制

( PIP2 のアンチセンス鎖)

CaM 35S

果実、花卉( Flowers and fruits)

恒常活性型

恒常抑制型

名古屋大学共同研究Nagoya university 

Page 13: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

PIP2

InMYB1

花弁特異的に発現抑制( PIP2 を RNAi で抑制)

PIP2

PIP2Knockdown

WT

In MYB1 geneアサガオ InMYB1 上流 1 kb

「花弁特異的プロモーター」  特願 2008-264646  白武勝裕,森本玲奈,  飯田滋,星野敦,森田将裕

Little delay?

Page 14: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

Model plant forfruit study

MicroTom

PIP2

全身でに発現抑制( PIP2 のアンチセンス鎖)

CaM 35S

形質転換体16 系統, 41 個体

No difference to date

Page 15: In addition to water molecule(H 2 O),  plant aquaporins can transports;

Summary and future of aquaporin researchSummary and future of aquaporin research

T-DNAAnti-sense /RN

Ai

Expression(mRNA)

Homo-tetramer Hetero-tetramer

vs

Hydraulic conductivity

Expression (Protein)

Molecular engeneering

• Water stress tolerant crops• High quality of flowers and fruits• Improvements of plant functions

Overexpression

Functional analyze

Mutants, transgenic

Interaction(heteromeriozation)

Profiling, physiological analysis

イネの根組織および細胞

免疫前血清   Anti-OsPIP2;1 Anti-OsPIP2;5

OsPIP1;3( 根 )   OsPIP1;3( 根 )  OsPIP1;1( 根 )

CO2 permeability Si permeability

Intracellular trafficking

Structural analysisMutated aqauporins

1/16

1/8

1/4

1/2

1

2

4

1 h 2 h 4 h 8 h 12 h 24 h

はるな二条 200 mM NaCl

Rela

tive

ratio

HvPIP1;1

HvPIP1;2

HvPIP1:3

HvPIP1;4

HvPIP1;5

HvPIP2;1

HvPIP2;2

HvPIP2;3

HvPIP2;4

HvPIP2;5